An alternative fuel that is produced from biological materials including crops (especially trees) and animal wastes. Examples include ethanol, methanol, and biodiesel. …
A mixture of methane and carbon dioxide that is generated by the anaerobic fermentation of organic matter such as plant residues and animal manure, and can be used as a renewable fuel or a fertilizer. …
Material that results from the activity of living things. …
The upper zone within a sediment that is actively burrowed by benthic organisms. …
Biological sources, such as plants and animals, that emit air pollutants such as volatile organic compounds. …
One of the large‐scale long‐term environmental cycles that circulates elements (such as carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, calcium, and sulphur) between the biotic and abiotic components of the environment (including the atmosphere, soil, water cycle, and ecosystems) by living organisms, geological processes, or chemical reactions. Biogeochemical cycles function at the global scale, and nutri…
The study of the exchange of materials between living (biotic) and non‐living (abiotic) components of the biosphere. …
Relating to the geographical distribution of plants and animals. …
One of the eight geographical regions from which particular assemblages of plants and animals evolved and dispersed. See also Afrotropical realm, Antarctic realm, Australian realm, Indomalayan realm, Nearctic realm, Neotropical realm, Oceanian realm, Palaearctic realm. …
The study of the geographical distribution of organisms, past and present. See also island biogeography. …
A feedback mechanism that connects the biological and geophysical parts of the climate system. …
The health risk to humans or animals that is posed by the possible release of a pathogen into the environment. …
The study of the interactions between the water cycle and plants and animals. …
An organism (plant or animal species) that has a known sensitivity to particular types of stress (such as pollution) at relatively low levels, so its and health can be used as an indicator of environmental quality. Also known as environmental indicator See also indicator. …
The use of computers and statistical methods in the classification, storage, retrieval, and analysis of biological information, particularly relating to genomes. Also known as computational biology. See also informatics. …
Any factor that determines or restricts the growth of a particular life form. …
A microbiological culture, enzyme, or nutrient additive that is deliberately introduced into an oil discharge to promote biodegradation in order to reduce the effects of the discharge. …
An evaluation of the biological condition of a population or habitat. Also known as bioassessment. …
The presence of infectious agents (such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, and mammal and bird antigens) in an environment. See also contamination. …
The use of natural predators, pathogens, or competitors to regulate pest populations. Examples include introduced or naturally occurring predators such as wasps, or hormones that inhibit the reproduction of pests. …
The ability of an ecosystem to support and maintain a balanced, adaptive community of organisms that has a species composition, diversity, and functional organization comparable to that of natural habitats within the same region. See also Index of Biological Integrity. …
Processes by which species become established in ecosystems to which they are not native. The invading species are often weeds, pests, or disease‐causing organisms. …
A species that is the only living representative of an entire genus or family. …
Measurement of the levels of particular chemicals that are present in biological materials (such as blood or urine) in order to determine whether chemical exposure has occurred. Also known as biomonitoring. …
The decomposition of complex organic materials by bacteria and micro‐organisms, as occurs in the self‐purification of water bodies and in activated sludgewastewater treatment. …
An indirect measure of the concentration of biologically degradable material that is present in organic wastes, usually based on the amount of oxygen that is consumed in five days by biological processes breaking down the organic waste. Also known as biochemical oxygen demand. See also chemical oxygen demand. …
A substance that is biological in origin, such as a virus, bacteria, pheromone, or natural plant compound, used as a pesticide. Also known as a biopesticide . See Bacillus thuringiensis. …
The amount of organic matter, carbon, or energy content that is accumulated in a given area over a given period of time. Usually expressed in terms of weight per unit area per unit time (grams per metre squared per year, g m?2 year?1). …
A collective term for preparations (such as vaccines and cultures) that are made from living organisms and their products, and are used in diagnosing, immunizing, or treating humans or animals, or in related research. Also known as biologics. …
The reduction of biodiversity that results from altering the environment in ways that favour certain species over others, either directly (through management) or indirectly (for example, through pollution). …
The most commonly used definition of species, as a group of natural populations that interbreed between themselves but not with other such groups. This explains why members of a particular species resemble one another and differ from other species. Compare cladistic species concept, ecological concept, recognition species concept. …
An organism that finds itself, by accident or design, in a habitat to which it does not naturally belong. Examples include the fungus causing Dutch elm disease and certain types of algae and bacteria. …
The collection, processing, and analysis of a representative sample of a community of plants and animals in order to determine the structural and/or functional characteristics of that community. Also known as biosurvey . …
A waste treatment technology that uses bacteria to consume waste material. …
The intentional use of micro‐organisms or toxins derived from living organisms to cause death or disease in humans, animals, or plants. See also bioterrorism. …
Any biological substance (such as a deadly virus or bacterium) that can be used to kill or injure people, animals, and plants. A type of weapon of mass destruction. …
The production of light without heat by living organisms. The process occurs in many bacteria and protists, as well as certain animals and fungi. Also known as phosphorescence. …
1 The magnetic field that is created by a living organism. 2 The effect of an external magnetic field on living organisms. …
A chemical compound that is produced by an organism which can be used as an indicator of the presence or health of that organism. …
1 The total weight of living matter in an area, including plants, animals, and insects. The term is sometimes used to refer specifically to organisms of one type. 2 Living material (such as wood and vegetation) that is grown or produced for use as fuel. …
The burning of organic matter for energy production, forest clearing, and agricultural purposes, which releases carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the air. …
Energy that is produced from burning organic waste, such as sawmill wood waste or crop waste. …
Organic material produced by plants, animals, or micro‐organisms that can be burned directly as a heat source or converted into a gaseous or liquid fuel. Examples include wood and forest residues, animal manure and waste, grains, crops, and aquatic plants. …
A plant that produces electricity from biomass fuel. …
A forest harvest method in which whole trees are chipped and used as fuel. …
A large naturally occurring regional ecosystem that contains communities of plants and animals that are adapted to the conditions in which they occur. Biomes are strongly influenced by climate, and their distributions often coincide with climate regions, although many other factors also influence the distribution of plants and animals. Biomes are characterized by a dominant vegetation, and defined…
The study of the ability of organisms to cope with environmental stress, and the application of basic sciences to problems in clinical medicine. …
A measurable physical characteristic or personal behavioural trait that can be used to recognize or confirm the identity of an individual. …
1 The science of measuring and statistically analysing biological data. Also known as biometry . See also biostatistics. 2 The use of biological properties (such as fingerprints, retina scans, or voice recognition) to identify individuals. …
A species that is sensitive to changes in the environment, such as changes in pollution levels, and shows measurable responses to them. …
Proteins produced by living organisms that have medical or diagnostic uses. …
A mound of soil built to allow aerobicbioremediation by aeration. …
The unauthorized and uncompensated collection of biological resources (indigenous plants and animals) by individuals or companies who then use or patent them for their own benefit. Illegal bioprospecting or biological theft. Also known as ecopiracy. …
A process in which living cells, or components of them (such as enzymes), are used to produce a desired product. See also biocatalyst, biotechnology. …
The search for economically valuable new genetic and biochemical resources from nature that may serve as sources for natural products. See also biopiracy. …
A large container in which micro‐organisms are grown for the production of biologically useful materials, such as enzymes and insulin. …
A territory defined by ecological systems (such as drainage basins or ecosystems), rather than by political or administrative units. An area of relatively homogeneous ecological characteristics, or a specific assemblage of ecological communities. Similar to a biome but smaller and with more specific characteristics. See also bioregional planning, ecoregion. …
Planning based on seeking to preserve the integrity of a bioregion rather than a political or administrative unit. …
The use of living organisms to clean up oil spills or remove pollutants from soil, groundwater, or wastewater. Short for biological remediation. Also known as bioreclamation. See also land farming. …
An area of natural ecosystems and high biodiversity that has been designated and protected for nature conservation purposes. See also Biosphere Reserve. …
Safety from exposure to infectious agents, particularly those created by biotechnology. …
Biological security, particularly protection against bioterrorism and the use of biological weapons. …
The part of the Earth in which living organisms exist and interact, which includes the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere; the sum of all ecosystems. The biosphere extends from less than 11 kilometres below sea level, to the tropopause which is less that 17 kilometres above sea level. This gives it a maximum thickness of 38 kilometres?roughly 0.5% of the radius of the Earth (6371 kilometres)…
A man‐made, closed ecological system that was constructed in the Arizona desert between 1987 and 1989 , in which experiments were conducted to study how ecosystems operate and to evaluate whether people could live and work in a closed biosphere (for example during colonization of other planets). It involved artificially recreating a range of habitats under a geodesic glass dome, using nearly …
A large, protected area of natural habitat, established by UNESCO under the Man and the Biosphere Programme. Designed to create a representative network of the world's ecosystems where research and monitoring activities are conducted, with the participation of local communities, to protect and preserve healthy natural systems threatened by development. Each reserve contains a core area (dedicated …
The use of statistics to analyse biological data. See also biometrics. …
The addition of nutrients to a population of micro‐organisms in order to stimulate growth and activity during bioremediation or biotreatment. …
The organization of layers of sedimentary rock into units, based on their fossil content, for the purposes of dating and correlation. Contrast lithostratigraphy. …
The production of a chemical substance by a living organism. See also anabolism. …
All of the living organisms (including animals, plants, fungi, and micro‐organisms) that are found in a particular area. …
Any technology that uses living organisms (or parts of organisms) to make or modify products, improve plants and animals, or develop micro‐organisms for specific use. An example is the use by industry of recombinant DNA. See also biocatalyst, genetic engineering, industrial biotechnology. …
The unlawful use of biological agents, such as a deadly virus or bacteria, to kill or harm people, animals, or plants. See also biological warfare, biosecurity, terrorism. …
A natural assemblage of plants and animals that live in the same environment and are mutually sustaining and interdependent. Also known as biotic association . See also biome. …
The maximum reproductive rate of an organism, given unlimited resources and ideal environmental conditions. …
Trade in biological resources within and between countries. See also biopiracy, CITES. …
The process of reducing pollution in waste streams, such as industrial wastewater, by biological treatment (particularly the use of micro‐organisms). …
An organism that derives nutrients from the living tissues of another organism (its host). …
The mixing of a sediment by the burrowing, feeding, or other activities of living organisms. …
The ability to walk upright on two legs, as in humans. …
A warm‐bloodedvertebrate animal that lays eggs and has two legs, feathers, and wings. Most birds can fly. …
A group of individuals who are born during a specific period of time. …
Any method that is used to reduce births, including celibacy, delayed marriage, contraception, and sterilization. See also family planning. …
The number of live births per year per 1000 population. Also known as natality. …
A black, sticky, hydrocarbon substance that is obtained naturally or from petroleum, used for surfacing roads. …
A soft, black coal that burns with a smoky yellow flame, derived from the lithification of lignite. It can be turned into anthracite by folding and hardening. …
A mollusc that has two shells hinged together, for example oysters, clams, scallops, mussels, and other shellfish. …
Having two broods and generations in a year or season. See also voltinism. Contrast multivoltine, univoltine. …
A mass or body that absorbs and emits all wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, and at constant temperatures will radiate as much heat as it absorbs to remain in a steady state. See also emissivity. …
The temperature that the surface of a body (such as a planet, like the Earth) would be if it were not warmed by its own atmosphere. It can be calculated using the Stefan?Boltzmann equation. The black body temperature of the Earth is -23?C, but the actual surface temperature is about 15?C. The difference (38?C) is the amount by which the planet is warmed by the absorption of radiation within its at…
In systems terms, an unknown and often unknowable mechanism, process, or system which is judged solely by observing its inputs and outputs. …
A dark‐coloured chernozem soil with a high humus content, which is often deep and very fertile. …
Thin, new ice that forms when rain falls on surfaces that are below freezing. It is common on roads during autumn and early winter. It appears black because it is transparent and can create hazardous driving conditions because it often cannot be seen. …
A type of sedimentary rock that is deposited in conditions with very little oxygen. It is generally dark‐coloured and has a high organic content. …
A vent in a geologically active region of the ocean floor from which superheated water laden with minerals (sulphide precipitates) flows out into the ocean, looking like black smoke. …
Wastewater that contains animal, human, or food waste. Contrast gray water, white water. …
A peatland formed in areas of high rainfall and humidity that covers large areas of flat and gently sloping ground. …
A severe storm characterized by blowing snow, low temperatures, strong winds (56 kilometres per hour or higher), and reduced visibility (less than 0.40 kilometres). It usually lasts for three hours or longer. …
A type of geological faulting in which the topography is divided by faults of different heights and orientations. …
1 A depression in the surface of sand or dry soil that is caused by wind erosion. 2 A sudden release of oil or gas which can be disasterous. …
1 The second full moon in a calendar month. 2 A sky condition caused by the presence of large quantities of suspended particles in the atmosphere which selectively remove the longer visible wavelengths more than the blue or green wavelengths. …
A book published by The Ecologist in 1971 as a manifesto for radical changes in lifestyle and patterns of economic development, which had a significant impact on attitudes towards the environment, and on the development of modern environmentalism. …
A walkway made of wooden planks that is used in fragile sites which are heavily used by people, such as on sand or across boggy ground. …
See biochemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand. …
The total amount of a chemical that is stored in the body of an organism at a given time, particularly a potential toxin (such as lead) to which the organism has been exposed. …
A poorly drained area of shrubby peat dominated by specialized acid‐tolerant vegetation including shrubs, sedges, and peat moss. It is a spongy wetland habitat with a high water table, and has a high content of organic remains. A bogs is similar to, but more acidic than, a fen. Also known as a peat bog. …
A type of light‐water nuclear reactor in which water is boiled in the core, producing steam that drives a turbine to generate electricity. Contrast pressurized water reactor. …
A small, greyish beetle ( Anthonomus grandis ) that is common throughout the south‐eastern USA. It has destructive larvae that hatch in and damage cotton bolls. …
In arid regions, a basin that is filled with alluvium and intermittent playa lakes, and has no outlet. …
A sealed apparatus that is used to measure the heat produced by combustion of a particular material. …
The use of bees as pollinators of specific crops such as hothouse tomatoes and other fruit. Contrast apiculture. …
The force that holds together two atoms in a molecule or crystal. …
1 The physical and chemical processes that join substances together (such as individual crystals in rock, to make minerals). 2 The making of close relationships between individual of the same species. …
An international treaty, formally called the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, which came into force in 1983 . Its aim is the to protect those species of wild animals that migrate across or outside national boundaries, and the species covered include marine mammals, sea turtles, and sea birds. …
1 A floating device that is used to contain oil on a body of water. 2 Equipment used to apply pesticides from a tractor or other vehicle. …
A cold katabatic wind that blows downslope from former Yugoslavia into the coastal plain of the Adriatic Sea, usually in winter and associated with heavy precipitation. …
A fungicide that contains copper sulphate, lime, and water and is used as a spray on grapevines to fight fungal diseases. …
A tidal wave that surges upstream in an estuary, and occurs during high tides (particularly during spring tides). Also known as a tidal bore. …
Relating to cool or cold temperate regions at high latitudes in the northern hemisphere. See also austral. …
A hole drilled into the ground either for subsurface exploration (for example in the search for reserves of oil or gas) or for extraction (for example the pumping groundwater from an aquifer). …
American scientist (born 1914 ), considered by some to be the ?father of modern agriculture?. Winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970 for his contribution to the Green Revolution because of his efforts in the 1960s to introduce crossbred seeds into agricultural production in Pakistan and India, which saved over a billion people from starvation. …
A trace element that occurs naturally as boric acids in soil solutions and in the ore borax. It is a micronutrient that is important for plant growth, essential for bone development in animals, and can be toxic at high concentrations in humans. …
A facility in which trees and shrubs are cultivated for exhibition, or preserved for conservation or reintroduction, as part of a living collection. See also zoo. …
The use of plants or plant extracts for medicinal purposes. …
An organicpesticide that is derived from another plant, for example pyrethrin or rotenone. …
The study of plants and their structures and functions. Also known as phytology. …
A place where glass bottles can be deposited for recycling. …
The heavy residue from burning coal in a boiler which falls to the bottom of the boiler and is removed mechanically. It may include toxic compounds. …
An iceberg that originates from near the base of a glacier. They are usually black (from trapped rock material) or dark blue (made from old, coarse, bubble‐free ice), and are heavy so they sit low in the water. …
A North American term for low‐lying land along a waterway. …
The dense, cold water at the deepest depths of the ocean, near the ocean floor, which has different properties (such as temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen content) from the overlying deep water. …
A large particle of sediment, which has a particle size greater than 256 millimetres. …
A glacial deposit, consisting of unsorted boulders and smaller particles in a matrix of clay, that is laid down beneath a glacier or ice sheet. Also known as drift, glacial diamicton, glacial drift, and till. …
1 The layer of fluid that is in contact with a surface. Contrast mainstream flow. 2 The layer of air closest to the ground the ground (up to about 100 metres), which is affected by exchanges of heat, moisture, or momentum with the surface. Also called the atmospheric boundary layer. …
A river or lake that is part of the boundary between two or more countries or provinces that have rights to the water. …
A treaty that was signed in 1909 providing the principles and mechanisms to help resolve disputes and to prevent future ones relating to water quantity and water quality along the boundary between Canada and the USA. …
Mad cow disease. A chronic, progressive and ultimately fatal disease that affects the brains and central nervous systems of adult cattle. Humans have been known to develop new variant CJD as a result of eating the meat of affected animals. …
A group of benthicmarine animals that have hinged half shells and a soft body, and attach themselves to the sea floor with a stalk. …
A large coarse fern, often several feet high, with a widespread distribution. Common on moorland. …
Mixed fresh water and seawater, as occurs in a river estuary. Also known as briny. …
In traffic planning, the tendency for traffic flows (and thus congestion) to increase when new links are added to a transport network such as a highway or motorway. …
A river that carries coarse sediment as bedload, and flows through multiple channels with islands in between them. …
See Independent Commission on International Development. …
In the sea, the zone within which waves approaching the shore start to break, normally in water depths of between 5 and 10 metres. See also surf zone. …
A clasticsedimentary rock composed of angular pieces of broken rock cemented together by a fine matrix. Contrast volcanic breccia. …
1 To produce more of a species; animals have babies and plants produce seeds or spores. 2 A group of animals or plants that are related by descent from common ancestors and look similar. One species can have numerous breeds, which can look very different. Breeds are often domesticated or cultivated by humans. …
Any breed that is in danger of becoming extinct if the factors that are causing a decline in its numbers are not removed or controlled. …
A nuclear reactor that produces more fuel than it consumes, by bombarding isotopes of uranium and thorium with high‐energy neutrons. This converts inert (unreactive) atoms to ones that can be split (fission), which sustains the nuclear chain reaction but can be dangerous because the chain reaction is difficult to control. Also known as breeder nuclear fission reactor, or fast breeder. …
1 The sexual activity of conceiving and bearing offspring. 2 The production of animals or plants by inbreeding, outbreeding, or hybridization. …
The movement between successive breeding sites of individuals that have reproduced. See also dispersal. …
The genetic history of an individual or species of plant or animal, which breeders need to know in order to breed new varieties. …
A group of individuals (plants or animals) that tends to reproduce among itself, and much less frequently with individuals from other members of the same species. These separated subpopulations are important sources of migrants, and their genetic variability can prove critical to the survival of a species as a whole. …
The number of new individuals that are born in a given period of time. …
1 Individuals (usually animals) that are kept specifically for breeding purposes. 2 The group of individuals within a given population which is capable of breeding. …
Any breed in which the population size is increasing, and there are more than 1000 breeding females and more than 20 males. …
Light wind, or a local air movement such as a sea breeze or land breeze. …
A salt solution. Water that is saturated with or contains a large amount of salts, especially of sodium chloride. …
Waste material that comes from well‐drilling or mining and is composed of mineral salts or other inorganic compounds. …
A unit of measurement for heat. It is the amount of energy that is required to raise the temperature of 1?lb of water by one degree from 62?63?F (about the amount of energy released when a match tip burns). One Btu is equal to 252 calories or 1055 joules. …
The process of spreading a chemical (such as a pesticide) over an area. …
A controlled fire that is started deliberately and is allowed to burn a designated area. Such fires are used to remove organic debris after a clear‐cut deforestation project, and as part of ongoing vegetation management to reduce wildfire hazards, improve forage for wildlife and livestock, and encourage successful regeneration of trees. …
Equipment that is used to scatter (broadcast) seeds. …
Scattering seed on the surface of the soil. Contrast drill seeding. …
Any tree with broad leaves and not leaves like pine‐needles. This includes both evergreens (such as holly) and deciduous trees (such as oak). They belong to the angiosperm group of plants. …
A North American chaparall type of forest vegetation with a closed canopy of trees that are adapted to drought by having small, broad, waxy‐coated leaves, which is found in dry areas like California (for example, on the western foothills of the Sierra Nevada). …
Clouds that cover between six‐tenths and nine‐tenths of the sky. …
In greenhouse gasemissions trading, a broker acts as an intermediary between a buyer and a seller, for which they usually charge a commission. …
A halogen chemical that works as a disinfectant, and is often used as an alternative to chlorine to kill bacteria and algae in the water of pools and spas. It is one of the most common chemicals found in seawater. It exists as a volatile liquid at room temperature and is also used for petrol additives. Liquid bromine is harmful to human tissue, and the vapour irritates the eyes and throat. …
The prehistoric period of human culture in Europe from about 2000 bc to about 1000 bc , during which bronze (an alloy of copper and tin) was the main material used for making tools and weapons. It followed the Stone Age and ended with the start of the Iron Age. …
The young of certain animals, particularly young birds and fowl, that are hatched and cared for one at one time. …
Low vegetation (such as grasses or herbs) that offers protection for ground nesting birds to raise their young. …
A form of parasitism in which a bird of one species (such as a cuckoo) lays an egg in the nest of a bird of a different species, and the latter then looks after the young. Also known as breeding parasitism, nest parasitism. …
US environmental campaigner and activist ( 1912 ? 2000 ) who founded many environmentalist organizations including the Sierra Club Foundation, the John Muir Institute for Environmental Studies, Friends of the Earth, the League of Conservation Voters, Earth Island Institute, North Cascades Conservation Council, and Fate of the Earth Conferences. He was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize three …
A type of soil that develops under deciduous forest on calcium‐rich parent material, has a high base status, and lacks a well‐developed illuvial horizon. …
An abandoned industrial or commercial site where expansion or redevelopment is compromised by the possibility that it may be contaminated with hazardous substances from operations on the site. After remediation it may be reclassified as a greenfield site. See also infill. …
1 Leaves, young shoots, herbs, shrubs, trees, and other vegetation that serve as food for livestock and wildlife. 2 The act of eating such food. See also graze. …
The height limit on trees and tall shrubs to which livestock and big game browse. Also known as grazing line. …
See World Commission on Environment and Development. …
1 A type of woody vegetation, comprising shrubs and small trees. Also known as undergrowth or underwood. 2 Material such as twigs that are cut from undergrowth. …
The deliberate removal or reduction of brush in order to reduce wildfire fuel, or to allow the growth of plant species that are preferred for growing timber or forage. …
In silviculture, the removal from beneath the trees of brush and weed species, which compete with seedlings for sunlight, water, and soil nutrients. …
The management of stands of brush using mechanical, chemical, or biological methods, or by prescribed burning. …
A plant of the division Bryophyta (a moss, liverwort, or hornwort) that grows in damp places. Contrast vascular plant. …
A concept used in air pollution control, based on the idea that reductions anywhere within a specific area should count towards a common reduction goal. See also emissions bubble, EU Bubble. …
In pollution control, an approach that allows polluters to discharge more pollutants at one source, if an equivalent reduction occurs at other sources within the bubble. Also known as bubble policy. See also emissions bubble, emissions trading. …
1 A solution that works to keep pH levels fairly constant when acids or bases are added, effectively neutralizing them. 2 See buffer strip. …
Anything that turns an acidic (pH less than 7.0) or alkaline (pH greater than 7.0) solution neutral (pH 7.0). See also buffer solution. …
The ability of a medium (such as soil or water) to resist rapid changes in pH. Also known as alkalinity or acid neutralizing capacity. …
A solution that contains a buffer and is thus able to oppose changes in pH when small quantities of acid or base are added to it. …
A non‐game or undesirable species of animal that provides food for predators and thus reduces the loss of game or other desirable species. …
An area of land or water, usually around or beside a sensitive wildlife habitat (such as a wetland), that contains undisturbed vegetation and is designed to minimize sharp changes in habitat, inhibit soil erosion, or prevent disturbance from surrounding land uses. Also known as buffer, buffer zone or filter strip. …
Local regulations that control the design, construction, and materials used in construction, usually based on health and safety standards. …
A discrete, identifiable disease or illness (such as legionnaire's disease) that can be linked to a specific pollutant or source within a building. Contrast sick building syndrome. See also Legionella. …
The mass or weight of unconsolidated material, such as soil, usually expressed in grams per millilitre (g mL?1). Compaction (for example by recreational use, grazing animals, or logging equipment) increases bulk density. …
