Volume 16 [MEN


Tweet 9th Edition of Encyclopedia Britannica - free ninth edition online encyclopedia Britannica Volume 16 [MEN - MOS] American Mineral Water8 AMERICAN MINERAL WATER8. - The number of springs in the United. States and Canada to which public attention has been called on account of their supposed therapeutic virtues is very large, amounting in all to more than three hundred. Of this number comparatively few are in Canada, and of these not more than six (St Catharines, Caledonia, Plantagenet, Caxton, Charlottesville, and Sandwich) have atta… Anaxonia ANAXONIA - forms destitute of axes, and consequently wholly irregular in form, e.g., Arncebw and many Sponges. A ..X7 06N I A - forms with definite axes. I. HOMAXONIA - all axes equal. Spheres, where an indefinite number of equal axes can be drawn through the middle point, e.g., Spluerozoum. Polyhedra, with a definite number of like axes. Of these a considerable number occur in nature, for example… Branch BRANCH A. - Glossophora. BRANCH P,. - Lipocephala ( = A ce phala, Cuvier). Class 1. - GASTROPODA. Class 1. - LAMBILlaRANCBIA Br. a. - Isopleura. (Syn. Conch ifera ). Examples - Chiton, Neo- Example,s - Oysfer, Mussel, menia. Clam, Cockle. Br. b. - .elnisopleura. Examples - Limpet, Whelk, Snail, Slug. Class 2. - SCArlIOPODA. Example - Tooth-shell. Class 3. - CEPHALOrolla. Br. a. - I'teropoda. Examp… City Of Mexico CITY OF MEXICO, the capital formerly of the Aztec empire and of the Spanish colony of New Spain, and now of the republic, state, and federal district of Mexico, stands on the Anahuac plateau, 7524 feet above sea-level, 2i miles from the southwest side of Lake Tezcuco (Texcoco), the lowest and largest of six basins filling the deepest depression in the hill-encircled Mexican valley. Situated in 19?… Duchesse De DUCHESSE DE (1627-1693), one of the most remarkable names on the somewhat arbitrary list of royal and noble authors, was born at the Louvre on 29th May 1627. Her father was Gaston of Orleans, "Monsieur," the brother of Louis XIII., celebrated for the invariable ill fate which attended his favourites and partisans. Her mother was Marie de Bourbon, heiress of the Montpensier family. Being thus of th… Frans Van Mieris FRANS VAN MIERIS the younger (1689-1763) also lived on the traditions of his grandfather's painting-room. Iniercator, Gerardus INIERCATOR, GERARDUS (Latinized form of Gerhard Kramer) (1512-1594), mathematician and geographer, was born at Rupelmonde in Flanders, May 5, 1512. Hav- ing completed his studies at Louvain, he devoted himself to geography, and, after being for some time attached to the household of Charles V., he was appointed cosmographer to the duke of Juliers and Cleves in 1559, taking up his residence at Duis… Labid LABID is the only one of these poets who embraced Islam. His Mo'allaka, however, like almost all his other poetical works, belongs to the pagan period. He is said to have lived till 661 or even latt r ; certainly it is true of him, what is asserted with le s likelihood of several others of these poets, that he lived to a ripe old age. We have already mentioned that the old Arabic poetry was transm… Menage, Gilles MENAGE, GILLES (1613-1692), described by Bayle as "one of the most learned men of his time, and the Varro of the 17th century," was the son of Guillaume M?nage, king's advocate at Angers, and was born in that city on August 15, 1613. A tenacious memory and an early developed enthusiasm for learning carried him speedily through his literary and professional studies, and we read of him practising at… Mena, Juan De MENA, JUAN DE, one of the Italianizing Spanish poets of the 15th century, was born at Cordova about court circles, and having neither general interest nor permanent value ; most of them are to be found in the Cancionero General. Menander MENANDER, the most famous Greek poet of the New Comedy, which prevailed from about the death of Alexander the Great (323 n.c.) to 250. He was born at Athens in 342, and died, it was said, by drowning in the harbour of that city (Pincus) in 291. His social tastes induced him to write plays rather for the upper classes, and to raise comedy to a gentility which it had hardly possessed in the hands of… Mencius MENCIUS, the Latinized form of Mang-tsze, "Mr Mang," or " Mang the philosopher," a name in China only second as a moral teacher to that of Confucius. His statue or spirit-tablet (as the case may be) has occupied, in the temples of the sage, since our 11th century, a place among "the four assessors "; and since 1530 A.D. his title has been "the philosopher Mang, sage of the second degree." The Mang… Mendelssohn, Felix MENDELSSOHN, FELIX (1809-1847). Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, one of the greatest corn-. posers of this century, was the grandson of Moses Mendelssohn noticed below, and was born in Hamburg on February 3, 1809. In consequence of the troubles caused by the French occupation of Hamburg, Abraham Mendelssohn, his father, migrated in 1811 to Berlin, where his grandmother, Fromet, then in th… Mendelssohn, Moses MENDELSSOHN, MOSES (1729-1786), philosopher and scholar, well known as Lessing's friend and the prototype of his "Nathan," was born on September 6, 1729, at Dessau on the Elbe, where his Jewish father made a scanty livelihood by teaching a small school and transcribing copies of the "law." The leading events of Mendelssohn's career have been indicated elsewhere (see JEWS, vox, xiii. p. 680). His n… Mendoza MENDOZA, a city of the Argentine Republic, the only town of the province of Mendoza, lies 700 miles west-north-west of Buenos Ayres, at the foot of the Cordilleras, 2510 feet above the sea-level, in 32? 53' S. lat. and 68? 45' W. long. It was formerly a frequent stopping-place on the route across the Andes by the Uspallata Pass, and used to rank as one of the best-built towns in the country, but i… Mendoza, Diego Hurtado De MENDOZA, DIEGO HURTADO DE (c. 1503-1575), novelist, poet, diplomatist, and historian, was a younger son of the member of the illustrious Mendoza family to whom the government of Granada was entrusted not long after its surrender, and was born in that city about the year 1503. The marquis of Santillana, so prominent a figure at the court of John II. of Castile, was his great-grandfather. At an earl… Menelaus MENELAUS, king of Sparta, was the brother of AGAMEMNON (q.v.) and the husband of HELENA (q.v.). Men Gs, Antony Raphael MEN GS, ANTONY RAPHAEL (1728-1779), was the most celebrated representative of the eclectic school of painting in the 18th century, and played a great part in the early days of the classic revival. He was born in 1728 at Aussig in Bohemia, but his father, a Danish painter, established himself finally at Dresden, whence in 1741 he conducted his son to Rome. Mengs early showed that active intelligenc… Menhaden MENHADEN, economically one of the most important fishes of the United States, known by a great number of local names, " menhaden " and " mossbunker " being those most generally in use. In systematic works it appears under the names of Clupea menhaden and Brevoortia tyrannus. It is allied to the European species of shad and pilchard, and, like the latter, approaches the coast in its wanderings in i… Men In MEN IN, a small Belgian town, in the province of West Flanders ; it is traversed by the river Lys, which there forms the boundary between France and Belgium. Meningitis MENINGITIS (from p.ipty$, a membrane), a term in medicine applied to inflammation affecting the membranes of the brain (cerebral meningitis) or spinal cord (spinal meningitis) or both. Of cerebral meningitis there are two varieties : - (1) that due to the presence of tubercle in the membranes of the brain, which gives rise to the disease known as tubercular meningitis, or acute hydrocephalus ; and… Mennonites MENNONITES is a name borne by certain Christian communities in Europe and America, denoting their adherence to a type of doctrine of which Menno Simons was, not indeed the originator, but the chief exponent at the time when the anti-preclo-baptism of the congregations in which he laboured took permanent form in opposition to ordinary Protestantism on the one hand and to the theocratic ideas of the… Menton MENTON (Ital., .ilfentone), a cantonal capital in the department of Alpes-Maritimes, France, situated 15 miles north-east of Nice, on the shores of the Mediterranean. The town, which has a population of about 8000, rises like an amphitheatre on a promontory by which its semicircular bay (5 miles wide at its entrance, and bounded on the W. by Cape Martin and on the E. by the cliffs of La Murtola) i… Menzel, Wolfgang MENZEL, WOLFGANG (1798-1873), poet, critic, and historian, was born June 21, 1798, at Waldenburg in Silesia, studied at Breslau, Jena, and Bonn, and after living for some time in Aarau and Heidelberg finally settled in Stuttgart, where, from 1830 to 1838, he had a seat in the Wiirtemberg " landtag." His first work, a clever and original volume of poems, entitled Streckverse (Heidelberg, 1823), was… Mephistopheles MEPHISTOPHELES, the name of one of the personifications of the principle of evil. In old popular books and puppet-plays the word appears in various forms, - as Mephistopheles, Mephistophiles, Mephistophilis, and Mephostophilis. In the Tragical History of Doctor Faustus, Marlowe writes " Mephistophilis"; in the Merry Iirives of Windsor we find " Mephistophilus." The etymology of the word is uncerta… Mequinez MEQUINEZ (the Spanish form of the Arabic Mikndsa), a town of Morocco, the ordinary residence of the emperor, is situated in a fine hilly country about 70 miles from the west coast and 35 west-south-west of Fez on the road to Sallee, in 34? N. lat. and 5? 35' W. long. The town-wall, with its four-cornered towers, is kept in good condition; and a lower wall of wider circuit protects the luxuriant ga… Meran MERAN, a favourite health resort, and the capital of a district in South Tyrol, Austria, is picturesquely situated at the foot of the vine-clad Kiichelberg, on the right bank of the Passer, about half a mile above its junction with the Adige, and 45 miles to the south of Innsbruck. Meran proper consists mainly of one long narrow street, called the Laubengasse, flanked by covered arcades. In a wide… Mercurial Air-pump MERCURIAL AIR-PUMP. This name is given to two distinct instruments, one of which is founded on statical, the other on hydrodynamical principles. time before, by H. Geisler of Bonn, which at once, and justly, met with universal acceptance. The general scheme of Geisler's pump is shown in fig. 1. A and B are pear-shaped glass vessels connected by a long narrow india-rubber tube, which must be suffi… Mercury MERCURY was the Roman god who presided over barter, trade, and all commercial dealings. His nature is probably more intelligible and simple than that of any other Roman deity. His very name, which is connected with merx, mercato?, &c., shows that he is the god of merchandise and the patron of merchants. In the native Italian states no merchants and no trade existed till the influence of the Greek … Mercury MERCURY, in chemistry, is a metal (symbol Hg) which is easily distinguished from all others by its being liquid at even the lowest temperatures naturally occurring in moderate climates. To this exceptional property it owes the synonyms of quicksilver in English (with the Germans quecksilber is the only recognized name) and of hydrargyrum (from Musp, water, and ei prpos, silver) in Grmco-Latin. Thi… Merganser MERGANSER, a word originating with Gesner (Hist. Animalium, iii. p. 129) in 1555, and for a long while used in English as the general name for a group of fish-eating as a Subfamily, ifergina, of the Family Anatidx. The Mergansers have a long, narrow bill, with a small but evident hook at the tip, and the edges of both mandibles beset by numerous horny denticulations, whence in English the name of … Mergiii MERGIII, chief town of the above district, is situated on an island at the mouth of the Tenasserim river. Mergul MERGUL a district of British Burmah, between 9? 58' and 13' 24' N. lat. It forms the southernmost district of the Tenasserim division, and is bounded on the N. by Tavoy, E. and S. by Siam, and W. by the Bay of Bengal, with an area of 7810 square miles. Two principal ranges cross Mergui from north to south, running almost parallel to each other for a considerable distance, with the Tenasserim river… Merida MERIDA, a city of 7390 inhabitants (1877), in the province of Badajoz, Spain, lies about 36 miles by rail eastward from Badajoz, on the Madrid and Badajoz line, on a small eminence on the right bank of the Guadiana. It is connected by a branch line of rail with Llerena on the south-east. The population is mostly agricultural. The city owes its interest entirely to its Roman remains, which are nume… Merida MERIDA, the capital of the Mexican state of Yucatan, stands in a great plain in the north of the peninsula, on a surface of limestone rock, about 25 miles from the port of Progreso on the Gulf of Mexico, with which it is connected by a railway opened in 1880. It is a well-built city, with broad streets and squares ; and the flat-roofed stone houses, after the style introduced by the Spaniards, giv… Meriden MERIDEN, a city of the United States, in New Haven county, Connecticut, 18 miles from New. Merimee, Prosper MERIMEE, PROSPER (1803-1870), novelist, archeologist, essayist, and in all these capacities one of the greatest masters of French style during the century, was born at Paris on September 28, 1803, and died at Cannes on the 23d of the same month sixty-seven years later, having lived just long enough to know that ruin was threatening France. Not many details have been published in reference to his f… Merioneth MERIONETH (Welsh Meirionydd), a maritime county of North Wales, is bounded N. by Carnarvon and Denbigh, acres, or about 600 square miles. Next to Carnarvon, Merior smiling vales. The outlines of its rugged crags are softened and adorned by rich foliage. The sea views are frequently fine, and rivers, lakes, and waterfalls add a romantic charm to the valleys. The highest summits in the county are th… Mermaids And Mermen MERMAIDS AND MERMEN, in the popular mythology of England and Scotland, are a class of beings more or less completely akin to man, who have their dwelling in the sea, but are capable of living on land and of entering into social relations with men and women.' They are easily identified, at least in some of their most important aspects, with the Old German Meriminni or Meerfrau, the Icelandic Hafguf… Meroe MEROE, in classical geography (Strabo, xvii. 2, 2 ; ii. 73, v. 10 ; Ptol., p. 201), was the metropolis of /Ethiopia, situated on an island of the same name between the Nile and the Astaboras (Atbara). The " island " is only an inaccurate name for the fertile plain between the two rivers. This Meroe, first mentioned by Ilerodotus (ii. 29 sq.), succeeded an older Ethiopian kingdom of Napata lower do… Merseblirg MERSEBLIRG, the chief town of a district of the same name in the Prussian province of Saxony, is situated on the river Saale, 10 miles to the south of Halle and 17 to the west of Leipsic. It consists of a quaint and irregularly built old town, with two extensive suburbs, and contains six churches and several schools and charitable institutions. The cathedral is an interesting old pile, with a Roma… Merthyr Tydfil, Or Merthyr MERTHYR TYDFIL, or MERTHYR. TYDVIL, a parliamentary borough and market-town of Glamorganshire, South Wales, is situated in a bleak and hilly region on the river Taff, and on several railway lines, 25 miles north-north-west of Cardiff and 30 east-north-east of Swansea. The town, which consists principally of the houses of workmen, is for the most part meanly and irregularly built, and at one time, … Merton, Charles MERTON, CHARLES (1821--1868). The name of Mdryon is associated with that spirited revival of etching in France which took place inn the middle of the 19th century, - say from 1850 to 1865, - but it is rather by the individuality of his own achievements, and the strength of his artistic nature, than by the influence he exercised that Mdryon best deserves fame. No doubt his work encouraged others to… Merv, Meru MERV, MERU., or MAoult,1 a district of Central Asia, situated on the border-land of Iran and Turan. The oasis of Mery lies in the midst of a desert, in about 37? 30' N. lat. and 62? E. long. It is about 250 miles from Herat, 170 from Charjui on the Oxus, 360 from Khiva, and 175 from Gawars, the nearest point in the newly acquired (1881) Russian territory of Akhal. The great chain of mountains whic… Meschery MESCHERY,.AKS, or MEscumts, a people inhabiting eastern Russia. Nestor regarded them as Finns,? and even now part of the Mordvinians (of Finnish origin) call themselves Meschers. Klaproth, on the other hand, supposed they were a mixture of Finns and Turks, and the Hungarian traveller Begun discovered that the Tartarized Meschers of the Obi closely resembled Hungarians. They formerly occupied the b… Meschovsk MESCHOVSK, a district town of Russia, in the government of Kaluga, 45 miles to the south-west of the capital of the province. It is an old town supposed to date from the 13th century, and it is often mentioned in Russian annals under the names of Mezetsk, Mezechevsk, or Meschorsk. About the end of the 14th century it was embraced in Lithuania, and it was ceded to the Moscow " great principality " … Meshed MESHED (properly Mesh-hed, i.e., "place of martyrdom," "shrine "), a city of northern Persia, capital of Khorasan, 472 miles east of Tehran, 201 miles north-west of Herat, 36? 17' 40" N., 52? 35' 29" E., lies on a plain watered by the Keshaf-rtid, a tributary of the Heri-rtid, and is surrounded by mud walls 4 miles in circumference, with a dry ditch 40 feet deep at some points, which could be floo… Meshed-ali MESHED-ALI, i.e., the shrine of the " martyr " Ali, is a town of Asiatic Turkey, province of Baghdad, 50 miles south of Kerbela, close to the ruins of Kufa, and 2 miles west of the Hindiye branch of the Euphrates, the reputed burial-place of the caliph Ali.2 It stands on the east scarp of the Syrian desert, and is enclosed by nearly square brick walls flanked by massive round towers dating from th… Mesopotamia MESOPOTAMIA, the "country between the rivers," is a purely geographical expression, the countries which it comprehends never having formed a self-contained political unity.' It was first introduced by the Greeks at or after the time of Alexander, but probably had its origin in the earlier Aramaean name be'tit naltrin (the country between the rivers), to which again corresponds the Biblical Arain Y… Messene MESSENE, the chief city of Messenia, founded, under the auspices of Epaminondas, as a bulwark against the Spartans. After the battle of Leuctra that general sent to all the exiled Messenians, - in Africa, Sicily, or Italy, - and invited them to return to the land of their fathers. Many came with eagerness, and in 369 B.C. the city was built by the combined army of Thebans under Epaminondas and Arg… Messenia MESSENIA (in Homer Messene), a state of Greece, and the most westerly of the three peninsulas of the Peloponnesus. Its area is a little over 1160 square miles. It is separated from Elis and Arcadia on the north by the river Neda and the Nomian mountains, and from Laconia on the east by the lofty range of Taygetus. The other sides are washed by the sea, which indents its shores with four gulfs or b… Messiah MESSIAH (Dan. x. 25, 26), MESSIAS (John i. 41 ; iv. 25), are transcriptions (the first form modified by reference to the etymology) of the Greek MErro-Cas (Mccrias, Mco-c?as), which in turn represents the Aramaic (neshilki), answering to the Hebrew rop'tz7, "the anointed." 1 The Hebrew word with the article prefixed occurs in the Old Testament only in the phrase " the anointed priest " (Lev. iv. 3… Messina MESSINA, a city and seaport at the north-east corner of Sicily, capital of the province of the same name,3 is situated on the Straits of Messina (at this point about 4 miles wide), S miles north-west of Reggio and 130 miles cast by north of l'alermo, in 38? 15' N. lat., 15? 30' E. long. The town is built between the sea and a range of sharp and rugged hills, called the Dinnamare, 3707 feet at thei… Metallurgy METALLURGY, a branch of applied science whose object is to describe and scientifically criticize the methods used industrially for the extraction of metals from their ores. Of the large number of metals enumerated in the handbooks of chemistry, the vast majority, of course, lie outside its range ; but it is perhaps as well for us to point out that in metallurgic discussions even the term " metalli… Metals METALS. The earliest evidence of a knowledge and use of metals is found in the prehistoric implements of the so-called Bronze and Iron ages. In the earliest periods of written history, however, we meet with a number of metals in addition to these two. The Old Testament mentions six metals - gold, silver, copper, iron, tin, and lead. The Greeks, in addition to these and to bronze, came also to know… Metal-work METAL-WORK. Among the many stages in the development of primeval man, none can have been of greater moment in his struggle for existence than the discovery of the metals, and the means of working them. The names generally given to the three prehistoric periods of man's life on the earth - the Stone, the Bronze, and the Iron age - imply the vast importance of the progressive steps from the flint kn… Metaphysic METAPHYSIC, term metaphysic, originally intended to mark the place of a particular treatise in the collection of Aristotle's works, has, mainly owing to a misunderstanding, survived several other titles, - such as " First Philosophy," "Ontology," and "Theology," which Aristotle himself used or suggested. Neo-Platonic mystics interpreted it as signifying that which is not merely "after" but "beyond… Metapontum, Or Metapontiiim METAPONTUM, or METAPONTIIIM (the first form is that generally found in Latin writers, but Thucydides, Strabo, and other Greek authors employ the latter form), was a city of Magna Grrecia situated on the Gulf of Tarentum, near the mouth of the river Bradanus, and distant about 24 miles from Tarentum and 14 from Heraclea. It was founded by an Adman colony about 700 B.C., though various traditions ex… Metcalfe, Charles Treopriliis Metcalfe METCALFE, CHARLES TREOPRILIIS METCALFE, BARON (1785-1846), a distinguished administrator, was born at Calcutta on January 30, 1785; he was the second son of Thomas Theophilus Metcalfe, then a major in the Bengal army, who afterwards became a director of the East India Company, and was created a baronet in 1802. Having been educated at Eton, where he read extensively, be in 1800 sailed for India as… Metellus METELLUS, the name of the most important family of the Roman plebeian gens Ciucilia. Metempsychosis METEMPSYCHOSIS, the transmigration of the soul, as an immortal essence, into successive bodily forms, either human or animal. This doctrine, famous in antiquity, and one of the characteristic doctrines of Pythagoras, appears to have originated in Egypt. This indeed is affirmed by Herodotus (ii. 123) : - " The Egyptians are, moreover, the first who propounded the theory that the human soul is immor… Meteor, Meteorite METEOR, METEORITE. The term meteor, in accordance with its etymology (i.ter&pos), meant originally something high in the air. It has been applied to a large variety of phenomena, most of them of brief duration, which have place in the atmosphere. Disturbances in the air are aerial meteors, viz., winds, tornadoes, whirlwinds, typhoons, hurricanes, Sc. The vapour of water in the atmosphere creates b… Meteorology METEOROLOGY, in its original and etymological sense, included within its scope all appearances of the sky, astronomical as well as atmospherical, but the term is now restricted to the description and explanation of the phenomena of the atmosphere which may be conveniently grouped under weather and climate. These phenomena relate to the action of the forces on which the variations of pressure, temp… Meteorology Diurnal March Of Phenomena METEOROLOGY DIURNAL MARCH OF PHENOMENA, Temperature. - Of the daily changes which take place in the atmosphere, the first place must be assigned to those which relate to temperature, seeing that on these all other changes are either directly or indirectly dependent. Observations of the temperature of the air are therefore of the first importance in meteorology. A perfectly accurate observation of … Meteorology Recurring Phenomena METEOROLOGY RECURRING PHENOMENA, The Temperature of the Sea. - Figs. 8 and 9, representing the distribution of the temperature of the surface water of the ocean for the two extreme months February and August, are reproduced chiefly from The Wind and Current Charts for Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans, published by the British Admiralty in 1872. In February (fig. 8) the temperature of the surf… Meteorology Terrestrial Magnetism METEOROLOGY TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM, 1. In the preceding portion of this article sonic account has been given of the influence which the sun and moon exert upon the air, the earth, and the ocean, their strictly tidal effects being left to be separately dealt with. The discussion of the influence of these bodies on what may be termed the movables of the earth will not be complete, however, without em… Methodism METHODISM, history of Wesleyan Methodism embraces - (1) the Methodism of Oxford, which was strictly Anglican and rigidly rubrical, though it was also more than rubrical; (2) the evangelical Methodism of the Wesleys after their conversion (in 1738), of which the Wesleyan doctrines of conversion and sanctification were the manifesto and inspiration, while preaching and the class-meeting were the gre… Methodism American Episcopal METHODISM AMERICAN EPISCOPAL, the beginnings of American Methodism are traceable to the year 1766, when a few pious emigrants from Ireland introduced Methodism into New York. On receiving an appeal in 1768 from the New York Methodists, who were engaged in building a preaching-house, Wesley laid the case of America before the Conference at Leeds in 1769, and two preachers, Boardman and Pihnoor, vol… Methodist Bodies In Britain METHODIST BODIES IN BRITAIN, the bodies still to be noticed, while differing as to points of church government, agree as to doctrine and in general as to the means of grace and as to inner spiritual fellowship with the parent " Connexion." They all maintain class-meetings and love-feasts, have leaders' meetings and quarterly meetings, and largely employ local preachers. The Methodist Now Connexion… Methodius METHODIUS, the apostle of the Slays, was a native of Thessalonica, and was born about the year 825. His nationality is unknown, but most probably he was a Grmcized Slav ; the family of which he was a member appears to have been one of considerable social distinction, and he himself had already attained high official rank in the government of Macedonia before he determined to abandon his secular ca… Metsu, Gabriel METSU, GABRIEL, a Dutch painter of celebrity (born in 1630, died after 1667), is one of the few artists of renown in Holland whose life has remained obscure. Houbraken, who eagerly collected anecdotes of painters in the 18th century, was unable to gather more from the gossip of his contemporaries than that, as early as 1658, Metsu, at the age of forty-three, submitted to a dangerous surgical opera… Metternich, Clemens Wenzeslaus METTERNICH, CLEMENS WENZESLAUS, PRINCE (1773 - 1859), first minister of Austria from 1809 to 1848, was the son of a Rhenish nobleman employed in high office by the Austrian court. He was born at Coblentz in 1773. At the age of fifteen he entered the university of Strasburg. The French Revolution was then beginning. Everywhere the spirit of hope gave to men's language an exaltation and a confidence… Metz METZ, the capital of German Lorraine, and one of the strongest fortresses in Europe, is situated at the confluence of the Moselle and the Seille, 80 miles to the north-west of Strasburg, and 190 miles to the east of Paris. is the seat of a military governor, the judicial and administrative authorities of Lorraine, a Roman Catholic bishop, Protestant and Jewish consistories, and a chamber of commer… Meulen, Antony Francis Van Der MEULEN, ANTONY FRANCIS VAN DER (1634-1690), was called to Paris about 1666 by Colbert, at the instance of Le Brun, to fill the post of battle painter to Louis XIV. Born in 1634 at Brussels, he had at an early age eclipsed his master Peter Snayers, and the works executed by him for the king of France during the campaigns of Flanders (1667) so delighted Louis that from that date Van der Meulen was o… Meurthe-et-moselle MEURTHE-ET-MOSELLE, a department in the northeast of France, formed in 1871 out of those parts of the old departments of Meurthe and Moselle which continued French, and deriving its name from the two principal rivers which water it. Prior to 1790 it belonged to ancient Lorraine, or to one or other of the bishoprics of Toul, Metz, , and Verdun. It lies between 5? 25' and 7? 5' E. long. and 48? 25' … Meuse MEUSE, a department in the north-east of France, formed out of a part of Lorraine and portions of the Three Bishoprics, the Clermontais, and Champagne, derives its name from the river by which it is traversed from south to north. It lies between 4? 52' and 5? 50' E. long., and between 48? 25' and 49? 38' N. lat., and is bounded on the N. by Belgium and the department of Ardennes, on the E. by that… Meuse, Masse, Or Maas MEUSE, MASSE, or MAAS, a river of France, Belgium, and Holland, discharging into the North Sea or German Ocean, has a course (variously measured) of some 500 or 550 miles, about 300 miles lyin,; within France. Rising in the department of Haute-Marne (1342 feet), at a point where the plateau of Langres borders on the Monts Faucilles, it follows a winding course, first from south to north, then to n… Mexico MEXICO, name Mexico is connected with the name of the group of American tribes calling themselves Mexico (sing. Mexicatl), or Azteca. The word is related to or derived from the name of the Mexican national war-god Mexitl, better known as Huitzilopochtli. The Aztecs from the 12th century appear to have migrated from place to place over the mountain-walled plateau of Anahuac, the country " by the wa… Meyerbeer, Giacomo MEYERBEER, GIACOMO (1791-1863), first known in Germany as Jakob Meyer Beer, was born at Berlin on September 5, 1791,1 of a wealthy and talented Jewish family. His father, Herz Beer, was a banker ; his mother, Amalie (nee Wulf), was a woman of high intellectual culture ; and two of his brothers distinguished themselves in astronomy and literature. He studied the pianoforte, first under Lauska, and … Mezo-t 011 MEZO-T 011,1 a corporate town in the Cis-Tisian county of Jasz-Nagy-Kun-Szolnok, Hungary, situated on the right bank of the Beretty6, and on the railway from Arad to Szolnok, in 47? 1' N. lat., 20* 39' E. long. Mezzofanti, Giuseppe MEZZOFANTI, GIUSEPPE (177 4-1849), cardinal, whose colloquial linguistic acquirements have become proverbial, was born, September 17, 1774, at Bologna, where his father followed the occupation of a carpenter. Educated first at one of the " scuole pie," and afterwards at the episcopal seminary of his native city, he was ordained to the priesthood in 1797, and in the same year became professor of Ar… Mfrzapiir MfRZAPIIR, chief town and administrative headquarters of the above district, is situated on the south bank of the Ganges, 56 miles below Allahabad (25? 9' 43" N. lat., 82? 38' 10" E. long.). The population in 1872 was 67,274, of whom 55,917 were Hindus and 11,053 Mohammedans. Up to quite recent years Mirzapur was the largest mart in upper India for grain and cotton ; but of late its commercial imp… Miautse MIAUTSE. The Miautse or Meaou-tsze of southern China are one of the aboriginal tribes of the country. At one time they occupied a considerable portion of the rich and fertile lands which now form the central province of the empire, but as the Chinese advanced southwards they were driven, like the Ainos in Japan and the Welsh in Britain, into the more inaccessible districts until they were compelle… Micah MICAH (VP) is the short form of a name which in various modifications - Micaidha, lyicce e1tu, .21ficatiah - is common in the Old Testament, expressing as it does a fundamental point of Hebrew faith Who is like Jehovah I The name was borne among others by the Danite whose history is given in Judg. xvii. sq., by the prophet who opposed Ahab's expedition to Ramoth-Gilead (1 Kings xxii.), and by the … Michael MICHAEL V. (Calaphates or The Caulker), nephew and successor of the preceding, derived his surname from his father Stephen, who had originally followed the occupation of a caulker of ships. Michael MICHAEL I. (Rhangabe) was an obscure nobleman who had married Procopia, the daughter of Nicephorus I., and been made master of the palace ; his elevation to the throne was due to a revolutionary movement against his brother-in-law Stauracius, who reigned only two months after the death of Nicephorus on the battlefield (812). Michael MICHAEL ('P, "who is like God ?") appears in the Old Testament as a man's name, synonymous with Micaiali or Micah. Michael Ii MICHAEL II. (The Stammerer), a native of Amorium in Phrygia, was of humble origin, and began life as a private soldier, but rose by his talents and assiduity to the rank of general. He was one of those who had favoured the election to the throne of his old companion in arms Leo the Armenian in 813, but, detected in a conspiracy against the government of that emperor, had been sentenced to death in… Michael Iii MICHAEL III. (The Drunkard) was the grandson of Michael the Stammerer, and succeeded his father Theophilus when only three years of age (842). Until his majority at the age of eighteen the affairs of the empire were managed by the empress-regent his mother Theodora ; his education was shamefully neglected, and it was during this period that Michael formed the disgraceful personal habits which are … Michael Iv MICHAEL IV. (The Paphlagonian) owed his elevation to Zoe, daughter of Constantine IX., the last of the Macedonian dynasty ; this princess was married to Romanus III., but becoming enamoured of Michael, her chamberlain, she poisoned her husband and married her attendant (1034). Michael, however, being of a weak character and subject to epileptic fits, possessed the supreme power only in name, and w… Michael Vi MICHAEL VI. (The Warlike) was already an old man when chosen by the empress Theodora as her successor shortly before her death in 1056. Michael Vii MICHAEL VII. (Ducas or Parapinaces) was the eldest son of Constantine XI. Michael Viii MICHAEL VIII. (Palteologus), born in 1234, was the son of Andronicus Paheologus Comnenus and Irene Angela the granddaughter of Alexius Angelus, emperor of Constantinople. At an early age he rose to distinction, and ultimately became commander of the French mercenaries in the employment of the emperors of Nic.a. A few days after the death of Theodore Lasearis II. in 1259, Michael, by the assassinat… Michaux MICHAUX, FRANgois ANDii (1770-1855), son of the preceding, was, like his father, employed by the French Government to explore the forests of North America with a view to the introduction into France of trees valuable for their wood or other products. Michelangelo MICHELANGELO (1475-1564). Michelangelo Buonarroti, best known simply as Michelangelo, the last and most famous of the great artists of Florence, was the son of Ludovico Buonarroti, a poor gentleman of that city, and of his wife Francesca di Neri. Ludovico was barely able to live on the income of his estate, but made it his boast that he had never stooped to add to it by mercantile or mechanical pu… Michelet, Jules MICHELET, JULES (1798-1874), one of the most voluminous and remarkable writers of France, and one who only lacked a keener power of self-criticism to make him one of the greatest, was born at Paris, August 21, 1798. He belonged to a family which had Huguenot traditions, and which was latterly occupied in the art of printing. His father was a master printer, but seems not to have been very prospero… Michell, John MICHELL, JOHN, an eminent English man of science of the 18th century. He received his university education at Queen's College, Cambridge. His name appears fourth in the Tripos list for 1748-49 ; and in 1755 he was moderator in that examination. He was a fellow of his college, and became successively Woodwardian professor of geology (in 1762) and rector of Thornhill in Yorkshire. He was elected a m… Michelozzi, Michelozzo MICHELOZZI, MICHELOZZO (1391-1472 ?), was a Florentine by birth, the son of a tailor, and in early life a pupil of Donatello. He was a sculptor of some ability in marble, bronze, and silver. The statue of the young St John over the door of the Duomo at Florence, opposite the Baptistery, is by him ; and he also made the beautiful silver statuette of the Baptist on the altar-frontal of San Giovanni.… Michigan MICHIGAN, one of the States of the American Union, situated in the region of the great lakes. It lies between 41? 42' and 47? 32' N. lat., and 82? 24' and 90? 31' W. long., the centre of the State being 670 miles north of west from New York, the nearest point on the seaboard. The area is 58,915 square miles. The State consists of two natural divisions, known as the Upper and the Lower Peninsula. T… Michigan, Lake MICHIGAN, LAKE. Michmash MICHMASH (vc?r.:`,, DI.P7?), the scene of one of the most striking episodes in Old Testament history (1 Sam. xiv., comp. vol. xii. p. 403), was a place in Benjamin, about 9 Roman miles north of Jerusalem (Onoin., ed. Lag., p. 280). Though it did not rank as a city (Josh. xviii. 21 sq.), Michmash was recolonized after the exile (Neh. xi. 31), and, favoured by the possession of excellent wheat-land … Mickiewicz, Adam MICKIEWICZ, ADAM (1798-1855), Polish poet, was born in 1798, near Nowogrodek, in the present government of Minsk, where his father, who belonged to the schlachta or lesser nobility, had a small property. The poet was educated at the university of Vilna ; but, becoming involved in some political troubles there, be was forced to terminate his studies abruptly, and was ordered to live for a time in R… Mickle, William MICKLE, WILLIAM Jump's (1734-1788), son of the minister of Langholm, Dumfriesshire, holds a respectable place among the imitative minor poets of the 18th century. He wrote a poem on Knowledge - carefully versified, pointing a moral on the vanity of intellectual pride - at the age of eighteen, entered into business as a brewer at his father's request and against his own inclinations, soon became ba… Micrometer MICROMETER, an instrument generally applied to telescopes and microscopes for measuring small angular distances with the former or the dimensions of small objects with the latter. Before the invention of the telescope the accuracy of astronomical observations was necessarily limited by the angle that could be distinguished by the naked eye. The angle between two objects, such as stars or the oppos… Micronesia MICRONESIA. The term "Micronesia" embraces that region of the Pacific north of the great Melanesian islands, where, either perhaps from a greater or more rapid subsidence, or from the decreasing activity northwards of the coral builders, the islands become, generally speaking, smaller and fewer, and finally cease. Accordingly, excepting the Marianas or Ladrones, which are of volcanic origin, and a… Microscope MICROSCOPE is an optical instrument for the examination of minute objects or parts of objects, which enlarges the visual pictures formed upon the retina of the observer by the rays proceeding from them. Microscopes are distinguished as simple or compound. In the former, the rays which enter the eye of the observer come from an object brought near to it after refraction through either a single lens… Midas MIDAS, king of Phrygia, is one of those half-legendary heroes in whom religious legends have gathered round a real person. The name Midas the king, MIAAI FANAKTEI, occurs on a very ancient tomb in the valley of the Sangarius, the legendary seat of the Phrygian kingdom (Iliad iii. 189). The Phrygian monarchy was destroyed by the Cimmerians about 670 B.C., and the last king Midas committed suicide b… Middelburg MIDDELBURG, in Holland, the ancient capital of the province of Zealand, situated in the middle of the island of Walcheren, is mentioned as early as 1153, and receives the title " town " in a charter granted it in 1227. It has all the characteristics of an old and worn-out place. The population (25,000 in 1739) had sunk to 12,000 or 13,000 by the beginning of the 19th century, and has only begun re… Middleborough MIDDLEBOROUGH, a town of the United States, in Plymouth county, Massachusetts, 34 miles south of Boston. Middlesborough MIDDLESBOROUGH, situated near the mouth of the Tees, on its south bank, in the North Riding of Yorkshire, has now become the principal scat of the English iron trade. It is a municipal and parliamentary borough, locally governed by a mayor and corporation, and returns a member to parliament. The earlier history of the place is meagre. Where Middlesborough now stands (Graves s History of Cleveland)… Middlesex MIDDLESEX, an inland county in the south-east of England, lying between 51? 25' and 51? 40' N. lat., and between 0? and 0? 36' W. long. On the south it is divided from Surrey and Kent by the Thames, on the east from Essex by the Lea, on the west from Buckinghamshire by the Colne, and on the north from Hertfordshire by a partly artificial and very irregular line. Although with the exception of Rutl… Middleton MIDDLETON, a market and manufacturing town of Lancashire, is situated on the Irk, near the Rochdale Canal, and on the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway, about 5 miles north of Manchester and 4 west of Oldham. It includes the township of Tonge, an isolated portion of the parish of Prestwich. The church of St Leonards is an old structure of mixed architecture, with a low square tower. The oldest port… Middleton, Conyers MIDDLETON, CONYERS (1683-1750), the earliest and most eminent example of the spirit of theological rationalism in the English Church of the 18th century, was the son of the rector of Hinderwell near Whitby, and was born at Richmond in Yorkshire, on December 27 (or, according to another account, on August 3), 1683. He graduated at Cambridge, took orders, and in 1706 obtained a fellowship, which he … Middleton, Thomas MIDDLETON, THOMAS (c. 1570-1627), held a leading place among the dramatists of the reign of James I. His popularity would seem to have first come to a height about 1607. This is a fair inference from the fact that in this and the following year a whole swarm of comedies from his pen were licensed and published - A Trick to Catch the Old One, The Family of Love, The Phcenix, Michaelmas Term, Your F… Middletown MIDDLETOWN, a city and port of entry of the United States, and one of the shire towns of Middlesex county, Connecticut, lies on the right bank of the Connecticut river, about 30 miles from its mouth, directly opposite the well-known Portland quarries, and 24 miles from New Haven by rail. Built on ground rising gently from the river, with its principal streets keeping the direction of the valley, a… Middletown MIDDLETOWN, a manufacturing village of the United States, in Wallkill township, Orange county, New York, 55 miles N.N.W. of New York, at the junction of four railroads. Midhurst MIDHURST, an ancient parliamentary borough and market-town of Sussex, is picturesquely situated on a gentle eminence above the south bank of the West Bother, on three railway lines, 50 miles south-west of London and 12 north from Chichester. The church of St Denis (restored in 1881-83) is chiefly Perpendicular in style, but the lower part of the embattled tower is probably Norman. At the grammar s… Midian MIDIAN was one of the peoples of North Arabia whom the Hebrews recognized as distant kinsmen, representing them as sons of Abraham's wife Keturah. The word Keturah means "incense "; thus the sons of Keturah are the "incense-men," not indeed inhabitants of the far south incense-land, but presumably the tribes whose caravans brought the incense to Palestine and the Mediterranean ports. So the Midian… Midnapijr MIDNAPIJR, chief town and headquarters station of the above district, is situated on the north bank of the Kasai river, with a population in 1872 of 31,491. Midnapur MIDNAPUR, a district in the lieutenant-governorship of Bengal, India, between 21? 37' and 22? 57' N. lat., and between 86? 35' 45" and 88? 14' E. long., is bounded on the N. by Bankura and Bardwan, on the E. by Hooghly and Howrah, on the S. by the Bay of Bengal, and on the W. by Singbhfun and Manbham, with an area of 5082 square miles. Its general appearance is that of a large open plain, of which… Midrash MIDRASH. Like all nouns of a similar form Midrash is the equivalent of the Niph`al participle,) and as such yields as many modified meanings as the root Darosh (V17), to search, &c., itself has. The practical significa, tions, however, of Midrash, taken in historical order, are as follows : - (1) a book of records ; (2) a recension of older, especially historical, materials ; (3) search in and exp… Miedzyrzecz Podlaski MIEDZYRZECZ PODLASKI (Russian, hfejiryecliie), district town of Russian Poland, in the government of Siedlce, 16 miles to the east of the government capital, on the railway between Warsaw and 13rest-Litovskiy. 1 It is first mentioned in the year 1390 as a feudal dominion of King Yagliello. Mieris MIERIS, the name of a family of artists who practised painting at Leyden for three generations in the 17th and 18th centuries. I. FRANS VAN MI iris, the elder, son of Jan van Mieris, a goldsmith and diamond setter, was born, according to Houbraken, at Leyden on the 16th of April 1635, and died there on the 12th of March 1681. His father wished to train him to his own business, but Frans preferred … Mignard, Pierre MIGNARD, PIERRE (1610-1695), called - to distinguish him from his brother Nicholas - Le Rol-slain, was the chief French portrait-painter of the 17th century. He was born at Troyes in 1610, and came of a family of painters. In 1630 he left the studio of Simon Vouet for Italy, where he spent twenty-two years, and made a reputation which brought him a summons to Paris. Successful with his portrait of… Mignonette, Or Mignonnette MIGNONETTE, or MIGNONNETTE (i.e., "little darling "), the name given to a popular garden flower, the Reseda odoratce of botanists, a "fragrant weed," as Cowper calls it, highly esteemed for its delicate but delicious perfume. The mignonette is generally regarded as being of annual duration, and is a plant of diffuse decumbent twiggy habit, scarcely reaching a foot in height, clothed with bluntish … Miguel, Maria Evarist MIGUEL, MARIA EVARIST (1802-1866), usually known as DON MIGUEL, whose name is chiefly associated with his pretensions to the throne of Portugal, was the third son of King John VI. of Portugal, and of Carlotta Joachima, one of the Spanish Bourbons ; he was born at Lisbon on October 26, 1802. In 1807 he accompanied his parents in their flight to Brazil, where he was permitted to grow up a spoiled ch… Migulinskaya MIGULINSKAYA, a Cossack village (stanitsa) of Russia, in the government of the Don Cossacks, and in the district of Ust-Medvyeditsa, 79 miles to the west of that town, on the left bank of the Don. Milan MILAN (the Latin Mediolanuin, Italian MthIno, and German Mailand), a city of Italy, situated near the middle of the Lombard plain, on the small river Olona, in 45? 27' 35" N. lat. and 9? 5' 45" E. long. It is 390 feet above the sea-level, and lies 25 miles south of the Alps at Como, 30 miles north of the Apennines, 20 miles east of the Ticino, and 15 miles west of the Adda. The plain around Milan … Milazzo MILAZZO, a city of Italy in the province of Messina in Sicily, 201 miles west of Messina, is built on the eastern shore of the Bay of Milazzo, partly on the isthmus of the promontory, Capo Milazzo, which divides it from the Bay of Olivieri. It consists of an old or upper town protected by strong bastioned walls, and a lower or modern town outside of the enceinte. The fine old castle is now used as… Mildew MILDEW (explained as " meal-dew " or, with more probability, as " honey-dew ") is a popular name given to various minute fungi from their appearance, and from the sudden, dew-like manner of their occurrence. Like many other popular names of plants, it is used to denote different species which possess very small botanical affinity. The term is applied, not only to species belonging to various syste… Miletus MILETUS, an ancient city on the southern shore of the Latmic Gulf opposite the mouth of the Mmander. Before the Ionic migration it was inhabited by the Carians (Iliad ii. 876 ; Herod. i. 146) ; other authorities call the original people Leleges, who are always hard to distinguish from Carians. The Greek settlers from Pylus under Neleus massacred all the men in the city, and built for themselves a … Milford MILFORD, a seaport, market-town, and contributory parliamentary borough (one of the Pembroke district) of Pembrokeshire, South Wales, is finely situated on the north side of Milford Haven, about 8 miles west-north-west of Pembroke. Milford MILFORD, a post-village of the United States, in Worcester county, Massachusetts, lies 34 miles south-west of Boston, at the junction of the Milford branch of the Boston and Albany Railroad with the Hopkinton, Milford, and Woonsocket Railroad. It is one of the principal seats of the boot manufacture in New England, and also produces large quantities of straw goods. The population was 9310 in 1880.… Military Frontier MILITARY FRONTIER (German, Militargrenze ; Slavonic, Granitza), a narrow strip of Austrian-Hungarian territory stretching along the borders of Turkey, which had for centuries a peculiar military organization, and from 1849 to 1873 constituted a crown-land. As a separate division of the monarchy it owed its existence to the necessity of maintaining during the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries a strong… Military Law MILITARY LAW consists of the statutes, rules of procedure, royal warrants, and orders and regulations which prescribe and enforce the public obligations of the officers, soldiers, and others made subject to its provisions. Its essential purpose is the maintenance of discipline ; but it also includes the administrative government of the military forces of the state, more especially in the matters o… Militia MILITIA. The militia of the United Kingdom consists of a number of officers and men maintained for the purpose of augmenting the military strength of the country in case of imminent national danger or great emergency. In such a contingency the whole or any part of the militia is liable, by proclamation of the sovereign, to be embodied, - that is to say, placed on active military service within the… Milk MILK is the fluid secreted by the mammary glands of the division of vertebrate animals called Jfainmalia. These glands are in a rudimentary form in the Monotremes. In arnithorhynchus there is no nipple, but the mouth and tongue are closely applied over the area on which the ducts open, and the fluid is withdrawn by suction on the part of the young and compression of the gland by the mother. In Ech… Millau, Or Militaii MILLAU, or MILITAII, capital of an arrondissement in the department of Aveyron, France, is situated on the left bank of the Tarn, half a mile below the point at which that river is joined by the Dourbie, and 48 miles to the south-east of Rodez, on the Rodez and Montpellier line. Itself 1210 feet above the level of the sea, it is overlooked by hills covered with vineyards and fruit trees or by bare… Millennium MILLENNIUM. In the history of Christianity three main forces are found to have acted as auxiliaries of the gospel. They have elicited the ardent enthusiasm of many whom the bare preaching of the gospel would never have made decided converts. These are (1) a belief in the speedy return of Christ and in His glorious reign on earth; (2) mystical contemplation, which regards heavenly blessings as a po… Miller, Hugh MILLER, HUGH (1802-1856), eminent in science and literature, and one of the most remarkable among self-taught men of genius, was born at Cromarty, on the northeast coast of Scotland, on the 10th of October 1802. His father, a sagacious and strong-willed seaman, who earned a livelihood by sailing his own sloop, perished at sea when Hugh was five years old. His mother looked much, in the upbringing … Miller's Thumb MILLER'S THUMB (Cottus gobio), a well-known little fish, abundant in all rivers and lakes of northern and central Europe with clear water and gravelly bottom. The genus Cottus, to which the Miller's Thumb belongs, is easily recognized by its broad, flat bead, rounded and scaleless body, large pectoral and narrow ventral fins, with two dorsal fins, the anterior shorter than the posterior ; the prxo… Miller, William MILLER, WILLIAM (1796-1882), one of the greatest of modern line-engravers, was born in Edinburgh on the 28th of May 1796. After studying in London under George Cook, a pupil of Basire's, he returned to his native city, where he continued to practise his art during a long lifetime. He executed plates after Thomson of Duddingston, Macculloch, D. 0. Hill, Sir George Harvey, and other Scottish landsca… Miller, William MILLER, WILLIAM (1781-1849), the founder of an American religious sect holding peculiar millennarian views, was born at Pittsfield, Massachusetts, in 1781. He received a very imperfect education. In the war of 1812 he served as captain of volunteers on the Canadian frontier. While residing at Low Hampton, N.Y., lie began in 1833 publicly to lecture on the subject of the millennium, asserting that … Millet MILLET (French, millet; Italian, miglietto, diminutive of miglio -= Latin male, a thousand, in allusion to its fertility) is a name applied with little definiteness to a considerable number of often very variable species of cereals belonging to distinct genera and even subfamilies of Cramineze. The true millet, however, is generally admitted to be Panicum (Setaria) miliaceum, L. (German Hirse, wit… Millet, Jean MILLET, JEAN FRANgois (1814-1875), was a painter of French peasant life, and it may be questioned whether France has produced in our day any greater or more original artist. He himself came of a peasant family, and was born on the 4th of October 1814 in the hamlet of Gruchy, near Grdville (La Manche), in the wild and picturesque district called La Hague. His boyhood was passed working in his fathe… Mill, James MILL, JAMES (1773-1836), historian and political and mental philosopher, was born 6th April 1773, in the little village called Northwater Bridge (Bridge of North Esk), in the parish of Logie-Pert, in the county of Forfar. His father, James Mill, was a shoemaker ; his mother, Isabel Fenton, belonged to a race of respectable farmers. The father was industrious, good-natured, and pious, but not known… Mill, John MILL, JOHN (c. 1645-1707), editor of an historically important critical edition of the New Testament, was born about 1645 at Shap in Westmoreland, entered Queen's College, Oxford, as a servitor in 1661, and took his master's degree in 1669. Soon afterwards he was chosen fellow and tutor of his college ; in 1676 he became chaplain to the bishop of Oxford, and in 1681 he obtained the rectory of Blec… Mill, John Stuart MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873), son of JAMES MILL (q.v.), was born in London on the 20th May 1806. His education was from first to last undertaken by his father, and is likely long to remain a standing subject for wonder and discussion. Much of the wonder is no doubt due to his father's monstrous inversion of custom, the boy being set almost as soon as he could speak to work at our time-honoured su… Millville MILLVILLE, a city of the United States, in Cumberland county, New Jersey, at the head of navigation of Maurice river, 40 miles by rail from Philadelphia by the Cape May, Millville, and Vineland section of the West Jersey Railroad. Milman, Henry Hart MILMAN, HENRY HART (1791-1868), dean of St Paul's, was born February 10, 1791, and was the third son of Sir Francis Milman, physician to George III. He was educated at Eton and at Brasenose College, Oxford ; his university career was brilliant, and among other distinctions he gained the Newdigate prize with a poem on the Apollo Belvedere. In 1816 he was ordained, and was soon afterwards presented … Milo MILO was the surname of T. Annius Papianus, one of the best-known of the partisan leaders and ruffians in the stormy times that preceded the dissolution of the Roman republic. His father was C. Papius Celsus, but he was adopted by his mother's father T. Annius Luscus. Ile joined the Pompeian party, and led the band of mercenaries and gladiators which was required to defend the cause and its chief … Milo MILO, one of the most famous athletes of Greece, whose name became proverbial for personal strength. Milton, John MILTON, JoHN (160S-1674), was born in Bread Street, Cheapside, London, on the 9th of December 1608. His father, known as Mr John Milton of Bread Street, scrivener, was himself an interesting man. Ile was a native of Oxfordshire, having been born there in or about 1563, the son of a Richard Milton, yeoman of Stanton-St-John's, of whom there are traces as one of the sturdiest adherents to the old Ro… Milwaukee MILWAUKEE, the largest city in the State of Wisconsin, United States, is situated on the west shore of Lake Michigan, 100 miles north of its southern end, 80 miles north of Chicago, and 1000 miles north-west of New York by rail, in 43? 3' N. lat., 87? 56' W. long. (44 min. W. of Washington). The shore of the lake is 600 feet above the level of the sea. The Milwaukee and Menomonee rivers unite in t… Mimicry MIMICRY is the name given in biology to the advantageous resemblance (usually protective) which one species of animal or plant often shows to another. The word was first applied in this metaphorical sense by Mr W. H. Bates, and it has since been accurately defined and limited, in its biological application, by Mr A. R. Wallace. Briefly put, the essence of the phenomenon of mimicry consists in the … Mimnermlts MIMNERMLTS, a Greek elegiac poet, born at Smyrna, lived about 600 B.C. His life fell in the troubled time when the old Greek city of Smyrna was struggling to maintain itself against the rising power of the Lydian kings. One of the extant fragments of his poems refers to the struggle and contrasts the present effeminacy of his countrymen with the bravery of those who had once defeated the Lydian ki… Mimosa MIMOSA. The Mimosex (so named from their mimicry of animal movements) form one of the three suborders of Leguminosm, and are characterized by their (usually small) regular flowers and valvate corolla. Their 28 genera and 1100 species are arranged by Baillon in four series, of which the acacias (see ACACIA) and the true mimosas are the most important. They are distributed throughout almost all trop… Minden MINDEN, the chief town of a district of the same name in Prussia, province of Westphalia, is situated about 22 miles to the west-south-west of Hanover, on the left bank of the Weser, which is spanned there by two bridges. The older parts of the town retain an old-fashioned appearance, with narrow and crooked streets ; the modern suburbs occupy the site of the former fortifications. The most intere… Mineral Waters MINERAL WATERS. No absolute line of demarcation can be drawn between ordinary and mineral waters. There is usually in the latter an excess of mineral constituents or of temperature, but some drinking waters contain more mineral constituents than others that are called mineral waters, and many very pure waters, both cold and warm, have been regarded for ages as mineral springs. As to the origin of … Minerva MINERVA (i.e., menes-va, endowed with mind) was the Roman goddess who presided over all handicrafts, inventions, arts, and sciences. She was probably an Etruscan deity, but her character was modified on Roman soil through her identification with the Greek Pallas Athena (see ATHENA). No legend of her birth is recorded ; the Roman deities were abstractions, not distinct persons with an individual hi… Mingrelia MINGRELIA, a former principality of Transcaucasia, which became subject to Russia in 1804, and since 1S67 has constituted three circles of the government of KutaisLetchguin, Senakh, and Zugdidi. Miniature MINIATURE is a term which by common usage has come to be applied to two different branches of painting. Derived from the Latin word nziniunt, the red pigment used in the primitive decoration of MSS., in the first place it is the technical word employed to describe a painting in a MS. ; and, from the fact of such pictures being executed on a reduced scale, it has its secondary and modern significat… Mining MINING, art of mining consists of those processes by which useful minerals are obtained from the earth's crust. This definition is wider than what is popularly known as mining, for it includes not only underground excavations but also open workings ; at the same time it excludes underground workings which are simply used for passages, such as railway tunnels and sewers, and galleries for military … Ministry MINISTRY. Ever since the introduction of monarchical institutions into England the sovereign has always been surrounded by a select body of confidential advisers to assist the crown in the government of the country. At no period could a king of England act, according to law, without advice in the public concerns of the kingdom ; the institution of the crown of England and the institution of the pr… Mink MINK. The genus Pletorius, belonging to the family Mustelidx or Weasel-like animals (see MAMM A LIA, xv. p. 440), contains a few species called Minks, distinguished from the rest by slight structural modifications, and especially by serniaquatic habits. They form the subgenus Lutreola of Wagner, the genus ?ison, of Gray. As in other members of the genus, the dental formula is c 1, p m ; total 34. … Minneapolis MINNEAPOLIS, the county seat of Hennepin county, Minnesota, United States, and in 18S0 the first city of the State as regards population, lies ou both banks of the Mississippi, at the falls of St Anthony, 14 miles by river above St Paul. The east side was first settled, under the name of St Anthony, which was incorporated as a city in 1860. The west side settlement, named Minneapolis, was incorpor… Minnesota MINNESOTA, one of the north-western States of the American Union, extending from 43? 30' N. lat. to the British Possessions (about 49? N. lat.), and from Wisconsin and Lake Superior on the east to Dakota on the west, between the meridians of 89? 39' and 97? 5' W. long. Its area, including half of the lakes, straits, and rivers along its boundaries, except Rainy Lake and Lake of the Woods, amounts … Minnow MINNOW (Leuciscvs phoxinvs or Phoxinus lxvis) is the smallest British Cyprinoid, readily distinguished by its very small scales. It is abundant in rivers, brooks, and lakes, always swimming in schools, and shifting its ground in search of food, which consists of every kind of vegetable in the Alps it attains to a higher altitude than any other Cyprinoid, viz., to nearly 8000 feet. Its usual size v… Minos MINOS, a legendary king of Crete, in whom both historical and religious elements are united. The historical element lies in the fact that an early civilization and maritime power had its seat in Crete. The Plicenician intercourse played a great part in developing this island state, and Minos is sometimes called a Phoenician. The name Minoa is often found where Phoenician influence was strongest, e… Minsk MINSK, the capital of the above province, is situated on the Svisloch, a tributary of the Berezina, at the junction of the Moscow and Warsaw and the Libau and Kharkoff railways, 465 miles by rail west from Moscow. It has 43,500 inhabitants, of whom one-third are Jews of the poorest class ; the others are White Russians, Poles, and Tartars (about 700). The manufactures are few and insignificant. Si… Minsk MINSK, a western government of Russia, is bounded by Vilna, Vitebsk, and Moghileff on the N. and E., and by Tchernigoff, Kieff, Volhynia, and Grodno on the S. and W., and has an area of 35,175 square miles. The surface is undulating and hilly in the north-west, where a narrow plateau and a range of hills of the Tertiary Formation runs to the north-east, separating the basin of the Niemen, which fl… Minstrel MINSTREL. The " minstrels," according to Bishop Percy, " were an order of men in the Middle Ages who united the arts of poetry and music, and sang verses to the harp of their own composing, who appear to have accompanied their songs with mimicry and action, and to have practised such various means of diverting as were much admired in those rude times, and supplied the want of more refined entertai… Mint MINT, botanically Mentha, a genus of labiate plants, comprising about twenty species of perennial herbs, widely distributed throughout the temperate and sub-tropical portions of the globe. All the species are furnished with square stems, opposite, aromatic leaves, and creeping roots. The flowers are arranged in axillary cymes, which either form separate whorls or are crowded together into a termin… Mint MINT. The mint is the place where the coinage of a country is manufactured, and whence it is issued by sovereign authority, under special conditions and regulations. The privilege of coining has in all ages and countries belonged to the sovereign, and has, in England at least, been rarely delegated to any subject, and in any case in a restricted form, the crown always reserving the right of determ… Minto, Sir Gilbert Elliot MINTO, SIR GILBERT ELLIOT, FIRST EARL OF (1751- 1814), was descended from an old border family, the Elliots of Minto, and was born at Edinburgh, April 23, 1751. His father, Sir Gilbert Elliot, was a member of the administration of Pitt and Grenville, and is spoken of by Horace Walpole as "one of the ablest men in the House of Commons." Young Elliot was educated by a private tutor, with whom at the… Minucius Felix, Marcus MINUCIUS FELIX, MARCUS, one of the earliest, if not the earliest, of the Latin apologists for Christianity. Of Jerome (De Fir. Ill., 58) speaks of him as " Romze insignis causidicus," but in this be is probably only improving on the expression of Lactantius (Inst. Div., v. 1) who speaks of him as "non ignobilis inter causidicos loci." He is now exclusively known by his Octaeius, a dialogue on Chri… Minuet MINUET (Fr. Menuet, from [pas] menus), a very graceful kind of dance, consisting of a toupee, a high step, and a balance. Its invention is universally ascribed to the inhabitants of Poitou. The melody begins with the down beat, and contains three crotchets in a bar. The music is made up of two strains, which, from being repeated, are called reprises, each consisting of eight or more bars, but very… Mirabeau, Honore Gabriel Riqueti MIRABEAU, HONORE GABRIEL RIQUETI, COMTE DE, (1749-1791), one of the greatest statesmen and orators France has ever produced, was born at Bignon, near Nemours, on March 9, 1749. M. de Lornenie has shown that the family of Riquet or Riqueti came originally from the little town of Digne, that they won wealth and municipal honours as merchants at Marseilles, and that in 1570 Jean Riqueti bought the ch… Miramon, Miguel MIRAMON, MIGUEL, a Mexican soldier of French extraction, was born in the city of Mexico, September 29, 1832, and shot along with the emperor Maximilian at Queretaro, June 19, 1867. Miranda, Francesco MIRANDA, FRANCESCO (1754-1816), was born at Santa Fe in New Granada in 1754. He entered the army, and served against the English in the American War of Independence. The success of that war inspired him with a hope of being the Washington of his own country, and a belief that the independence of Spanish America would increase its material prosperity, With these views he began to scheme a revolutio… Mirkhond MIRKHOND (1433-1498). Mohammed bin Khawandshah bin Mahmud, commonly called Mirkhwand or Mirkhhwand, more familiar to Europeans under the name of Mirkhond, was born in 1433, the son of a very pious and learned man who, although belonging to an old Bokhara family of Sayyids or direct descendants of the Prophet, lived and died in Balkh. From his early youth he applied himself to historical studies an… Miro Polie MIRO POLIE, a town of Russia, situated in the government of Kursk, district of Suja, 83 miles south-west of Kursk and 25 miles from the Sumy railway station. Mirror MIRROR. It is only since the early part of the 16th century that mirrors have become articles of household furniture and decoration. Previous to that time - from the 12th to the end of the 15th century - pocket mirrors or small hand mirrors carried at the girdle were indispensable adjuncts to ladies' toilets. The pocket mirrors consisted of small circular plaques of polished metal fixed in a shall… Mirzapur MiRZAPUR, a district in the North-Western Provinces of India, lying between 23? 51' 30" and 25? 31' N. lat., and between 82? 9' 15" and 83? 0' 36" E. long., is bounded on the N. by Jaunpur and Benares, on the E. by Shahabad and Lohardaga, on the S. by Sargtija state, and on the W. by Allahabad and Rewah state, and has an area of 5217 square miles. It is crossed from east to west by the Vindhya and… Misdemeanour MISDEMEANOUR. " The word misdemeanour," says Russell (Ole Crimes, vol. i. chap. iv.), " is applied to all those crimes and offences for which the law has not provided a particular name." Stephen, in his Digest of the Criminal Law, adopts the following mode of distinguishing between misdemeanour and other crimes. " Every crime is either treason, felony, or misdemeanour. Every crime which amounts to… Mishnah MISHNAH. The Mishnah, in the most familiar application of the name, is the great collection of legal decisions by the ancient rabbis which forms in each Talmud the text on which the Gemara rests, and so is the fundamental document of the oral law of the Jews. The question What is Mishnah ? was asked, however, as early as the latter part of the 1st or the early part of the 2d century, though in a s… Miskolcz MISKOLCZ, capital of the Cis-Tisian county of Borsoo, Hungary (49? 6' N. lat., 20? 49' E. long.), is picturesquely situated in a valley watered by the Szinva, 90 miles northeast from Budapest, with which, as also with Debreczen and Kassa (Kaschau), it is directly connected by railway. Miskolcz is one of the most thriving provincial towns in the kingdom, and has many fine buildings, including Roman… Missal MISSAL,8 the book containing the liturgy, or office of the mass, of the Latin Church. This name (e.g., Missale Gothicum, Francorum, Gallicanum Vetus) began to supersede the older word Sacramentary (Sacramentarium, Liber Sacramentorum) from about the middle of the 8th century. At that period the books so designated contained merely the fixed canon of the mass or consecration prayer (actionem, prece… Missions MISSIONS. The history of Christian missions may, for practical purposes, be best divided into three chief periods - (1) the primitive, (2) the medieval, and (3) the modern. None of these periods can be neglected, for they have an intimate connexion with each other, and illustrate the activity respectively of individuals, of the church in her corporate capacity, and of societies. Christian missions… Mississippi MISSISSIPPI. The territory drained by the Mississippi river and its tributaries includes the greater part of the United States of America lying between the Allet, othany Mountains on the east and the Rocky Mountains on the west, and has an area (1,244,000 square miles) considerably larger than all central Europe. The central artery through which the drainage of this region passes is called the Mis… Mississippi MISSISSIPPI, one of the Southern States of the American Union, derives its name from the river which for more than 500 miles forms its western boundary between the 35th and 31st parallels of north latitude, separating it from Arkansas and Louisiana. The boundary with the latter State is continued along the 31st parallel, for 110 miles, to the Pearl river, and then down the Pearl to its mouth. The … Missolonghi, Or Mesolonghi MISSOLONGHI, or MESOLONGHI (MccroXoyyiov), a city of Greece, the chief town of the nomarehy of Acarnania and )Etolia, situated on the north side of the Gulf of Patras, about 7 miles from the coast, in the midst of a shallow lagoon, with a population of 6324 in 1879, is notable for the siege of two months which Mavrocordatos with a handful of men sustained in 1821 against a Turkish army 11,000 strong, and for the more famous defence of 1825-26 (see vol. xi. p. 125). Missouri MISSOURI, a Central State of the American Union, lying almost midway between the Atlantic and the Rocky Mountains, British America and the Gulf of Mexico. Its eastern boundary is the Mississippi, separating it from Illinois, Kentucky, and Tennessee. North and south its boundaries with Iowa and Arkansas respectively are mainly coincident with the parallels of 40? 30' and 36? 30' N. lat. ; but a sma… Mistletoe MISTLETOE r ( Viscum, album, L.), a species of Fri.:SCUM, of the family Loranthacem. The whole genus is parasitical, and seventy-six species have been described ; but only the mistletoe proper is a native of Europe. It forms an evergreen bush, about 4 feet in length, thickly crowded with (falsely) dichotomous branches and opposite leaves. The leaves are about 2 inches long, obovate-lanceolate, yel… Mitau MITAU (the Lettish Jelgava), a town of Russia, capital of the government of Courland. It is situated 27 miles by rail to the south-west of Riga, on the right bank of the river Aa, in a fertile plain which rises only 12 feet above sea-level, and which probably has given its name to the town (Mille in der Awe). At high water the plain and sometimes also the town are inundated. Mitau is surrounded by… Mitchell MITCHELL, Sin. THOMAS LIVINGSTONE (1792-1855), Australian explorer, was a son of Mitchell of Craigend, Stirlingshire, where he was born, June 16, 1792. From 1808 to the end of the Peninsular War he served in Wellington's army, and for his services received the medal and five clasps, and was raised to the rank of ? major. He was appointed to survey the battlefields of the Peninsula, and his map of … Mitchel, Ormsby Manight MITCHEL, ORMSBY MaNIGHT (1810-1862), American general and writer on astronomy, was born in Union county, Kentucky, August 28, 1810. He began life as a clerk, but, obtaining an appointment to a cadetship at West Point in 1825, he graduated there in 1829, and became assistant professor of mathematics in 1831. Subsequently he was called to the bar, but forsook law to become professor of mathematics a… Mite MITE. Mites (Acarina) are minute creatures which firm a large division of the Arachnida, distinguished by the absence of any constriction between the cephalothorax and abdomen. Linnwus included all in the single genus /Icarus. They are now divided into several families (mostly containing numerous genera), viz., Trombidiiche (harvest mites), usually scarlet specks seen running on stones, grass, &c… Mitford, Mary Russell MITFORD, MARY RUSSELL (1786-1855), born at Aires-ford, Hampshire, on the 16th of December 1786, retains an honourable place in English literature as the authoress of Our Village, a series of sketches of village scenes and characters unsurpassed in their kind, and after half a century of imitations as fresh as if they had been written yesterday. Washington Irving was Miss Mitford's literary model, … Mitheadates MITHEADATES, or, as it is often wrongly spelt, centuries B. C., and was also common in Persia and the neighbouring countries. The dynasty of Pontus was a Persian family, claiming descent from the Achannenithe, and the earliest of them known in history was satrap under the Persian empire. When that empire was destroyed Mithradates II. made himself king of Pontus; and he and his successors gradually… Mithras MITHRAS was a Persian god whose worship spread over the Roman world during the 2d and 3d centuries after Christ. His name is found in the oldest records of the East Aryan races. In the Rig-Veda, Mitra, i.e., the friend, and Varuna, i.e., Oi.paves., are a pair of gods regularly associated : they denote the 'heaven of day and the heaven of night. Mithras is therefore by origin the god of the bright … Mitscherlich, Eiliiardt MITSCHERLICH, EILIIARDT (1794-1863), was born January 7, 1794, at Neuende near Jever, in the grand-duchy of Oldenburg, where his father was pastor. He was educated at the gymnasium of Jever under the historian Schlosser. In 1811 lie went to Heidelberg, where he devoted himself to philology, giving special attention to the Persian language. In 1813 he went to Paris, partly for study, partly with th… Mnemon MNEMON [CS, or artificial helps to the memory, have been employed in a more or less systematic form from a very early period. Mnemonics (-a that the strength of his memory- was famous. Cicero, who of Carneades (or perhaps Charmades) of Athens and Metrodorus of Scepsis as distinguished examples of the use of well-ordered images to aid the memory. The latter is said by Pliny to have carried the art … Moab MOAB. Moab and Ammon (children of Lot) constitute along with Edom and Israel (children of Isaac) that group of four Hebrew peoples which in early antiquity had issued from the Syro-Arabian wilderness, and settled on the border of the cultivated country eastward of the great depression which extends from the Gulf of Elath to the Dead Sea, and up the valley of the Jordan. According to the book of Ge… Mobile MOBILE, a city and port of entry of the United States, the capital of Mobile county, and, though not the capital, the largest city of Alabama, lies 140 miles east of New Orleans, on a sandy plain on the west bank of Mobile river, one of the arms of the Alabama.. The municipal boundary includes an area about 6 miles long by 2 or 3 in breadth ; but, excluding the suburban villas scattered about the … Mobius, August Ferdinand MOBIUS, AUGUST FERDINAND (1790-1SOS), astronomer and mathematician, was born at Schulpforta, November 17, 1790. At Leipsic, Giittingen, and Halle he studied for four years, ultimately devoting himself to mathematics and astronomy. In 1815 he settled at Leipsic as privatdocent, and the next year became extraordinary professor of astronomy in connexion with the university. Later he was chosen direct… Mocha MOCHA, a town of Yemen on the coast of the Red Sea, in E. long. 43? 20', N. lat. 13? 19'. The point of the coast where Mocha lies appears to have owed early importance to its good anchorage, for the Muza of the Peri plus (Geog. Gr. Min., i. 273 sqq.), a great seat of the Red Sea trade in antiquity, seems to be identical with the modern Mfiza` (Yakfit, iv. 680; Niebuhr, Desc. de l'Arabie, p. 193), … Mocking-bird MOCKING-BIRD, or isfocK-Thun (as Charleton, Ray, and Catesby wrote its name), the .ilimus polyqlottus of modern ornithologists, and the well-known representative of an American group of birds usually placed among the THRUSHES (q.v.), Turdicke, though often regarded as forming a distirict section of that Family, differing by having the tarsus scntellate in front, while the typical Thrushes have it … Modena MODENA, one of the principal cities of Northern Italy, formerly the capital of a duchy, and still the chief town of a province and the seat of an archbishop, is situated in the open country in the south side of the valley of the Po, Bologna, and 37 S. of Mantua. The observatory stands 135 feet above the level of the sea, in 44? 38' 52' N. lat. and 10? 55' 42" E. long. Dismantled since 1816, and no… Modica MODICA, a city of Italy, in the province of Syracuse, in Sicily, 8 miles from the south coast, on the line of railway decreed in 1879 between Syracuse and Licata. Moe, Jorgen Engebretsen MOE, JORGEN ENGEBRETSEN (1813-1882), Norwegian poet and comparative mythologist, was born at Hole in Sigdal, Ringerike, Norway, on 22d April 1813, and entered the university of Christiania as a theological student at the age of seventeen. After leaving the university in 1839 he acted as. tutor in various schools and families, and in 1845 was appointed professor of theology in the Military School o… Moffat MOFFAT, RonEftr, D.D. (1795-1883), African missionary, was horn at Orrniston, Haddingtonsliire, Scotland, on 21st 1)ecember 1795, of humble parentage. Moffat learned the craft of gardening, but in 1814 offered himself to the London Missionary Society, who, in 1816, sent him out to South Africa. After spending a year in Namaqua Land, with the powerful and dreaded chief Africaner, whom he converted,… Moffat MOFFAT, a health resort of some nett in Scotland, is situated in Upper Annandale, Dumfriesshire, occupying an agreeable position at the base of the Callow Hill, 63 miles from Edinburgh, and 42 miles from Carlisle by railway. Mogador, Or Sueraii MOGADOR, or SUERAII (Berber Tasurt), the most southern seaport town on the Atlantic coast of Morocco, and the capital of the province of Halm, stands from 10 to 20 feet above high water on a projecting ridge of calcareous sandstone in 31? 30' N. lat. and 10? 41' W. long. in certain states of wind and sea it is turned almost into an island, and a sea-wall protects the road to Saffi. The streets are… Moghileff MOGHILEFF, a north-western government or province of the Russian empire, situated on the upper Dnieper, between the provinces of -Vitebsk and Smolensk on the north and east, Tcbernigoff and Minsk on the south and west. In the north it is occupied by the watershed which separates the basins of the Dwina and the Dnieper, an undulating tract from 650 to 900 feet above the sea-level, the Dnieper, whic… Moghileff On Tiie Dniester MOGHILEFF ON TIIE DNIESTER (3fokilov), a district town of Russia, situated in the province of Podolia, on the left tion. Mogilas, Petrus MOGILAS, PETRUS (c. 1600-1647), metropolitan of and other minor works, but is principally celebrated for the Orthodox Confession, drawn up at his instance by the .abbot Kosslowski of Kieff, approved at a provincial synod in 1640, and accepted by the patriarchs of Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, and Antioch in 1642-3, and by the synod of Jerusalem in 1672. Mogul, Or Mitgha MOGUL, or MITGHA L, 3,4, the Arabic and Persian form of the word Mongol, usually applied to the Mongol empire in India. Mohacs MOHACS, a market town in the Trans-Danubian county of Baranya, Hungary, stands on the right bank of the west .arm of the Danube, 25 miles east-south-east of Pecs (Fiinfkirchen), with which it is connected by railway, 45? 5S' N. lat., 18? 37' E. long. At Mohacs there are several churches and schools, belonging both to the Roman Catholics and the Calvinists, also the summer palace of the bishop of P… Mohammedanism Abbasids MOHAMMEDANISM ABBASIDS From the death of IMerwan may be reckoned the s real accession of the 'Abbasid dynasty to the Caliphate, which thus returned to the hands of the grand-nephews of the Prophet. Abn '1-Abbas, whose proper name was `Abdallah, and who afterwards received the surname of Saffah, was, as has been said above, a man of energetic will, who hesitated at nothing to ensure the triumph of … Mohammedanism Eastern Caliphate MOHAMMEDANISM EASTERN CALIPHATE Mohammed had begun to bestow political unity on Arabia; but he had done still more ; he had given her the Koran, as the starting-point and base of the future civilization of Islam. It was for the preservation and the better understanding of the sacred text that the first believers were led to create grammar and lexicography, and to make collections of the poems of t… Mohammedanism Omayyads MOHAMMEDANISM OMAYYADS commencing the history of the Omayyad dynasty we must first recur to the causes which brought about the trimnph of this family, and which led its chief to substitute Damascus for Medina as the seat of the Caliphate ; an event which led to profound changes in the Moslem empire, and exercised a considerable influence on its development. In the same way, at a later date, the tr… Mohlei1, Johann Adam MOHLEI1, JOHANN ADAM (1796-1838), Roman Catholic theologian, was born at the village of Igersheim in Wiirtemberg on 6th May 1796, and, after studying philosophy and theology in the Lyceum at Ellwangen, entered the Wilhelmstift in the university of Tubingen in 1817. Ordained to the priesthood in 1819, he was appointed to a curacy at Riedlingen, but speedily returned as " repetent " to Tubingen, whe… Mohl, Jules MOHL, JULES (1800-1876), Orientalist, was born at Stuttgart 2:5th October 1800, and educated for the Lutheran Church at Tiibingen ; ? but his inclinations carried him from theology through Hebrew to Oriental studies, and in 1823 he betook himself to Paris, at that time under De Sacy the great European school of Eastern letters. He soon acquired reputation, and from 1826 to 1833 was nominally profe… Mohr, Karl Friedrich MOHR, KARL FRIEDRICH (1806-1879), a philosopher whose greatest claims to scientific distinction are as yet, though indubitable, only partially admitted, was the son of a well-to-do druggist in Coblentz, and was born 4th November 1806. Being a delicate child, he received much of his early education at home, in great part in his father's showed in devising instruments and methods of analysis which a… Moiiatin, Leandro Fernandez De MOIIATIN, LEANDRO FERNANDEZ DE (1760-1828), Spanish dramatist and poet, was the son of N. F. Moratin mentioned below, and was born at Madrid on 10th March 1760. His poetical and artistic tastes were early developed, but his father, keenly alive to the difficulties of the literary calling, caused him to be apprenticed to a jeweller. At the age of eighteen Moratin surprised his friends by winning th… Moir, David MOIR, DAVID MAonETD (1798-1851), the "Delta" of Blackwood's magazine, one of its most popular contributors in its early days, was born at Musselburgh 5th January 1798, and was a physician in active practice there from his manhood to his death (6th July 1851). Ile seems to have been a man of winning manners and noble integrity of character, and the intrinsic value of his poetry has been in conseque… Moir, George MOIR, GEORGE (1800-1870), author of the treatises on " Poetry " and "Romance" in the seventh edition of the Encyclopedia. Moissac MOISSAC, chief town of an arrondissement in the department of Tarn-et-Garonne, France, is situated on the right bank of the Tarn, and on the railway line from Bordeaux to Cette, 17 mileswest-north-west of Montauban. The church of St Peter, belonging to the 15th century, has a doorway of the 12th century, remarkable for its elaborate and beautiful sculpture, representing Scriptural scenes. Connecte… Mokanna MOKANNA (Al-Molsannd, "the veiled") was, as explained above, p. 580, the surname given to Hakim, or `Ata, a man of unknown parentage, originally a fuller in Merv, who posed as an incarnation of Deity, and headed a revolt in Khorasan against the caliph Mandf. Mokshan MOKSHAN, a town of Russia, situated in the government of Penza, 27 miles to the north-west of the capital of the province, and 18 miles from the Ranzay railway station. Mola MOLA, or :MLA DI BARI, a seaport town of Italy, in the province of Bari, 13 miles from Bari on the railway to Brindisi. Molay, Jacques De MOLAY, JACQUES DE, a native of Burgundy, became grand-master of the order of the Temple in 1298, and was the last who held that dignity. Mole MOLE (contracted form of mould-warp, i.e., mould-caster), a term restricted in England to the common mole (Talpa europwa), a small, soft-furred, burrowing mammal, with minute eyes, and broad fossorial fore feet, belonging to the order Insectirora and family Ta/pida., but generally applied elsewhere to any underground burrowing animal of the class Mammalia. Thus, in North America we find, represent… Molecular Dimensions MOLECULAR DIMENSIONS, Many attempts have been made in recent years to form an estimate or conjecture, more or less accurate, of the numerical value of the dimensions of a molecule and the absolute force between molecules." In accordance with the view of the subject considered in this article, we are here concerned with such speculations only in so far as they are founded upon the kinetic theory of… Molecule MOLECULE, in the conception of the atomic as opposed to the continuous and infinitely divisible constitution of matter, it is supposed that portions of matter called atoms exist, which are separated, or are capable of being separated, from each other by empty space. (See ATOM). It may be the case that each atom has unchangeable shape and volume as well as unchangeable mass, but such a conception o… Molecule Chemical Aspect MOLECULE CHEMICAL ASPECT, The word Molecule is used by chemists to express the unit of a pure substance, that quantity of it which its formula ought to represent. What this quantity is, in any particular case, must be ascertained by studying the chemical actions by which the substance is produced and the chemical changes which it undergoes. We may give one or two illustrations to show how this can… Molecule Diffusion Of Gases MOLECULE DIFFUSION OF GASES, If any further light is to be thrown on the physical nature of a molecule from investigations, experimental or analytical, concerning gases, it will most probably be by means of experiments on the diffusion of gases, or else on the internal friction or viscosity of gases, and the comparison of these results with those obtained analytically by the methods of the kinetic… Molecule Friction Of Gases MOLECULE FRICTION OF GASES, Suppose two layers of gas separated by an imaginary plane, similar in all respects except that the molecules of one have a small common momentum in a certain direction parallel to the plane. We may take the imaginary plane for that of yz, and the average direction of motion of the molecules on one side of the plane, e.g., the left-hand side, for the axis of y, the molec… Moleskin MOLESKIN is a stout heavy cotton fabric of leathery consistence woven as a satin twill on a strong warp. Molesworth, Sir William MOLESWORTH, SIR WILLIAM (1810-1855), the eighth baronet,was born in London, 23d May 1810, and succeeded to the extensive family estates in Devon and Cornwall in 1823. On the passing of the Reform Act of 1832 he was returned to parliament, though only twenty-two years old, for the eastern division of the county of Cornwall, to support the ministry of Lord Grey. For some time he took little part in … Molfetta MOLFETTA, a city and seaport of Italy, in the province of Bari, 16 miles by rail north-north-west of Bari. Moliere MOLIERE (1622-1673), to give Jean Baptiste Poquelin the stage name which he chose, for some undiscovered reason, to assume, was born in Paris, probably in January 1622. The baptismal certificate which is usually, and almost with absolute certainty, accepted as his is dated 15th January 1622, but it is not possible to infer that he was born on the day of his christening. The exact place of his birt… Molina MOLINA, Luis (1535-1600), a Spanish Jesuit, whom Pascal's Lettres d'un Provincial have rendered immortal, was born at Cuenca in 1535. Having at the age of eighteen become a member of the Company of Jesus, he studied theology at Coimbra, and afterwards became professor in the university of Evora, Portugal. From this post he was called, at the end of twenty years, to the chair of moral theology in M… Moline MOLINE, a city of the United States, in Rock Island county, Illinois, is situated in a picturesque district on the left bank of the Mississippi, opposite the upper end of Rock Island. First settled in 1832, the town was organized as a city in 1872. It is noted for its water-power, developed and maintained by the Government, and for the number and importance of its manufacturing establishments. By … Molinos, Miguel De MOLINOS, MIGUEL DE (1627-c. 1696), a Spanish priest whose name is intimately associated with that type of religion known in Italy and Spain during the latter half of the 17th century as Quietism, was born of good family in the diocese of Saragossa, on 21st December 1627. Having entered the priesthood, he settled about his fortieth year in Rome, where he speedily rose to high repute as a father con… Molise MOLISE, now CAMPOBASSO, a province of Italy, stretching twenty miles along the coast of the Adriatic, and bounded by the Abruzzi (Chieti and Aquila), Terra di Lavoro (Caserta), Benevento, and Capitanata (Foggia). Most of it lies on the north-eastern side of the Apennines, and is watered by the Biferno, the Forlone, and the Trigno ; but it also includes the country on the other side which contains … Mollusca MOLLUSCA, the Mollusca form one of the great "phyla," or subkingdoms of the Animal Pedigree or Kingdom. Literary History of the Group. - The shell-bearing forms belonging to this group which were known to Linnaeus were placed by him (in 1748) in the third order of his class Vermes under the name "Testacea," whilst the Echinoderms, Hydroids, and Annelids, with the naked Molluscs, formed his second … Molluscoids MOLLUSCOIDS. See BRACIIIOPODA and POLYZOA. MOLOCH, or MoLEcu - in Hebrew, with the doubtful in the last ages of the kingdom were wont to propitiate by the sacrifice of their own children. The phrase employed in speaking of these sacrifices is "to make one's son or daughter pass through fire to the Moloch " (2 Kings xxiii. 10; Jer. xxxii. 35, and so without the words "through fire" Lev. xviii. 21) … Moluccas, M0l17ccos, 01 Spice Islands MOLUCCAS, M0L17CCOS, 01 SPICE ISLANDS, THE, Comprise, in the wider use of the term, all the islands of the East Indian Archipelago between Celebes on the west, the Papuan Islands and New Guinea on the east, Timor on the south, and the open Pacific on the north. They are thus distributed over an area measuring about 450 miles from east to west, and about 800 from north to south, and include - (1) t… Molybdenum MOLYBDENUM, one of the rarer metallic elements (symbol for atomic weight, Mo = 96 ; H = 1), occurs in nature chiefly in the two forms of Yellow Lead Ore (130Mo03) and Molybdeuite (MoS2). The latter mineral is very similar in appearance and in mechanical properties to graphite or black lead, and, in fact, was long confounded with it chemically, until Scheele in 1778 and 1779 proved their difference… Mombasa MOMBASA, or less correctly MOMBAS, the Manta of the Sawahili, a town on the east coast of Africa, in 4? 4' S. lat., with the best harbour on all the Zanzibar mainland. The coralline island of which it occupies the eastern portion is 3 miles long by 21 broad, and lies in the middle of a double inlet of the sea stretching northward into Port Tudor (so called after the English officer who surveyed it… Monachism MONACHISM, the word Monachism, or Monasticism, primarily meaning the act of "dwelling alone" (p.ovaxOs, p.ovd.Cecv, juOvog), has come, by an easy and natural transition, to denote the corporate life of religious communities living a life of poverty, celibacy, and obedience, under a fixed rule of discipline. The root-idea of monachism, in all its varieties of age, creed, and country, is the same - … Monaco MONACO (French Jfonegue), the smallest of the sovereign principalities of Europe, with an area of 8.34 square miles, a population (1878) of 7049, and an army of 72 men, is situated on the coast of the Mediterranean, 9 miles east of Nice, and bounded on all sides by the French department of the Maritime Alps. Previous to 1861, when the communes of Mentone (Menton) and Roccabruna (Roquebrun) were so… Monaghan MONAGHAN, an inland county of Ireland in the province of Ulster, is bounded. E. by Armagh, S.E. by Louth, S. by Meath, S.W. by Cavan, W. by Fermanagh, and N. by Tyrone. The area is 318,806 acres, or 498 sq. miles. The north-western part of the county is included in the great central plain of Ireland ; but in the south-east there is an uprising of Lower Silurian rocks. The surface is irregular, alt… Mona Rch Ian Ism MONA RCH IAN ISM, in its technical Christologica I sense, designates the view taken by those Christians whc, within the church, towards the end of the 2d century and during the 3d, opposed the doctrine of a hypostatic Logos (hypostasianism) or of an independent personal subsistence of the Divine Word. It is usual (and convenient) to speak of two kinds of monarchianism, - the dynamistic and the mod… Monastir, Bitolia, Or Toli MONASTIR, BITOLIA, or TOLI MoNAsTirt, a city of Macedonia, now the chief town of the Turkish vilayet of Roumelia, is situated at a height of 1880 feet above the sea, in a western inlet of the beautiful, fertile, and manyvillaged plain which, with a breadth of about 10 miles, stretches for 40 miles eastward from Mount Peristeri (7714 feet high) to the Babuna chain. It is embosomed in rich masses of… Monboddo, James Burnett MONBODDO, JAMES BURNETT, LORD (1714-1799), author of works on the Origin and Progress of Language (published in 1773), and Ancient Metaphysics (1779), was one of the most marked characters in Scottish literary circles in the 18th century. He was born in 1714 at Monboddo in Kincardineshire, studied at Aberdeen and Groningen, and quickly took a leading position at the Edinburgh bar, being made one o… Moncton MONCTON, a town of the Dominion of Canada, in Westmoreland, New Brunswick, 89 miles by rail northeast of St John, is a port at the head of navigation on the Petitcodiac, and the seat of the workshops and general offices of the Intercolonial Railway. Mondonedo MONDONEDO, an ancient city of Spain, 27 miles. north-north-east from Lugo, in the province of that name, is situated on the Sixto, a small tributary of the Masma, on the Atlantic side of the Cantabrian chain, in a sheltered site surrounded on all sides by considerable hills. The population in 1878 was 10,112. The principal buildings are the cathedral, a Corinthian structure of the 17th century, an… Mondovi MONDOVI, a city of Italy, in the province of Cuneo, 15 miles east of Cuneo and about 55 west of Genoa by rail, was formerly the chief town of the Sardinian province of Mondovi, and between 1560 and 1719 the seat of a Piedmontese university. Money MONEY. Definition and Functions of Money. - The precise definition of Money is a question presenting no small difficulty, and it has been complicated by the attempts of some writers to define the term so as to lend support to their favourite theories. The real difficulties of the subject are, however, chiefly connected with paper-money, and as that side of the question has been dealt with in the a… Monferrato, Or Montferrat MONFERRATO, or MONTFERRAT, an ancient marquisate of North Italy, in the valley of the Tanaro, the name of which still survives in the fuller title (Casale Monferrato) of the town of Casale. Monge, Gaspard MONGE, GASPARD (1746-1818), French mathematician, the inventor of descriptive geometry, was born at Beaune on the 10th May 1746. He was educated first at the college of the Oratorians at Beaune, and then in their college at Lyons, - where, at sixteen, the year after he had been learning physics, he was made a teacher of it. Returning to Beaune for a vacation, lie made, on a large scale, a plan of … Monghyr, Or Miingir MONGHYR, or MIINGIR, a district in the lieutenant-governorship of Bengal, lying between 24? 22' and 25? 49' N. lat., and 85? 40' and 86? 52' E. long., is bounded on the N. by Darbhangah and Bhagalpur, on the E. by Bhagalpur, on the S. by the Santal Parganis and Hazaribagh, and on the W. by Gaya, Patna, and Darbhangah, with an area of 3922 square miles. The Ganges divides the district into two port… Mongols MONGOLS, the early history of the Mongols, like that of all central-Asian tribes, is extremely obscure. Even the meaning of the name " Mongol "is a disputed point, though a general consent is now given to Schott's etymology of the word from " mong," meaning brave. From the earliest and very scanty notice we have of the Mongols in the history of the T'ang dynasty of China (A.D. 619-90) and in works… Monition MONITION, in the practice of the English ecclesiastical courts, is an order requiring or admonishing the person complained of to do something specified in the monition, " under pain of the law and penalty thereof." It is the lightest form of ecclesiastical censure, but disobedience to it, after it has been duly and regularly served, entails the penalties of contempt of court. Monk, George MONK, GEORGE (1608-1669), English general, was the second son of Sir Thomas Monk, a gentleman of good family but in embarrassed circumstances, and was born at Potheridge, near Torrington in Devonshire, on 6th December 1608. An exploit which brought him within the reach of the law compelled him to begin his career as a soldier of fortune at the age of seventeen. He acted under Sir It Grenville as a… Monmouth MONMOUTH, a small manufacturing city of the Vnited States, in Warren county, Illinois, 180 miles southwest of Chicago by the main line of the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railroad, and 182 miles north of St Louis, by the St Louis division of the same railway. Monmouth MONMOUTH, a maritime county of England, is bounded ] E. by Gloucester, N.E. by Hereford, N.W. by Brecknock, W. and S.W. by Glamorgan, and S. by the Bristol Channel. Its greatest length from north to south is about 35 miles, and its greatest breadth about 28 miles. The area is 368,399 acres, or about 572 square miles. The surface of Monmouth is very varied, and in many districts picturesque, especi… Monmouth MONMOUTH (Welsh Mynwy), a parliamentary and municipal borough of England, and the county town of Monmouthshire, is picturesquely situated at the confluence of the Wye and Monnow, in a valley almost surrounded by hills, 18 miles south of Hereford, and 128 west of London. has now ceased. Portions of the old walls and of the four gates still remain; but there are only insignificant ruins of the old c… Monmouth, James, Duke Of MONMOUTH, JAMES, DUKE OF (1649-1685), was the son of Lucy Walters, "a brown, beautiful, bold, but insipid creature," who became the mistress of Charles II. during his exile at the Hague. He was born at Rotterdam on 9th April 1649. That Charles was his father is more than doubtful, for Lucy Walters had previously lived with Robert Sidney, brother of Algernon, and the boy resembled him very closely.… Monopoli MONOPOLI, a city of Italy, in the province of Bari, is situated on the coast of the Adriatic, 25 miles by rail south-east of Bari. Monopoly MONOPOLY Cuovoz-coX(a, exclusive sale). Though still used in the sense of the original Greek, the term is more accurately applied only to grants from the crown or from parliament, the private act of an individual whereby he obtains control over the supply of any particular article being properly defined as " engrossing." It was from the practice of the sovereign granting to a favourite, or as a re… Monothelites MONOTHELITES (i.covo0aijrac, mortotkelitm) was the name given to those who, in the 7th century, while otherwise orthodox, fell into the heresy of maintaining that Christ had only one will. The monothelite controversy had its origin in the efforts of the emperor Heraclius to win back for the church and the empire the excommunicated and persecuted Monophysites or Eutychians of Egypt and Syria. It se… Monreale MONREALE, a contraction of " monte-reale," was so called from a palace built there by the Norman Roger I., king of Sicily. It is now a town of about 16,300 inhabitants, situated 5 miles inland from Palermo, on the slope of Mount Caputo overlooking the beautiful and very fertile valley called "La Concha d'Oro " (the Golden Shell), famed for its orange, olive, and almond trees, the produce of which … Monroe MONROE, a city of the United States, county seat of Monroe county, Michigan, lies 32 miles south-south-west of Detroit, on both banks of the Raisin river, 3 miles inland from Lake Erie, with which it has been connected by a ship-canal since 1843. Monroe, James MONROE, JAMES (1758-1831), fifth president of the United States, was born 28th April 1758, in the county of Westmoreland, Virginia. According to the family tradition, their ancestors are traced back to a family of Scottish cavaliers descended from Hector Monroe, an officer of Charles I. At the outbreak of the Revolutionary war, James Monroe was a student at the College of William and Mary, but lef… Mons MONS, a town of Belgium, the capital of the province of Hainault, on the rivers Haine and Trouille, and 31 miles south-west of Brussels. The population in 1880 was 25,600. Mons is divided by the river Trouille into an upper and lower town, the first built on rising ground in the shape of an amphitheatre, the second extending into the plain ; four bridges connect the two. The place is pleasing and … Monster MONSTER. Monsters or monstrous births are the subject of Animal Teratology, a department of morphological science treating of deviations from the normal development of the embryo. The term " embryo " is conventionally limited, in human anatomy, to the ovum in the first three months of its intrauterine existence, while it is still developing or acquiring the rudiments of its form, the term "foetus"… Monstrelet, Enguerrand De MONSTRELET, ENGUERRAND DE (ob. 1453) (who, rather owing to accident than to merit, held, until within the present century, the same position as chronicler of French affairs during the early part of the 15th century as Froissart deservedly holds with regard to the last half of the 14th), was born at an uncertain date, apparently not later than 1400, and died in July 1453. He was of a noble family i… Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley MONTAGU, LADY MARY WORTLEY (1690-1762), one of the most brilliant letter-writers of the 18th century, was the eldest daughter of Evelyn Pierrepont, duke of Kingston, and Lady Mary Fielding, daughter of the earl of Denbigh. Her near relationship with Fielding the novelist is worth remarking. She was born at Thoresby in Nottinghamshire in 1690. Her mother died when she was a child, and by some chanc… Montaigne, Michel De MONTAIGNE, MICHEL DE (1533-1592), essayist, was born, as he himself tells us, between eleven o'clock and noon on 28th February I 533. The patronymic of the Montaigne family, who derived their title from the chateau at which the essayist was born and which had been bought by his grandfather, was Eyquem. It was believed to be of English origin, and the long tenure of Gascony and Guienne by the Engli… Montalembert, Charles Forbes De MONTALEMBERT, CHARLES FORBES DE (1810-1870), historian, was born on 29th May 1810. The family was a very ancient one, belonging to Poitou, or rather to Angoumois. Direct descent is said to be provable to the 13th century, and charters and other documents carry the history of the house two centuries further back. For some generations before the historian the family had been distinguished, not merel… Montal Van, Juan Perez De MONTAL VAN, JUAN PEREZ DE (1602-1638), Spanish dramatist and writer of fiction, was the son of the king's bookseller, and was born at Madrid in 1602. At the early age of seventeen he became a licentiate in theology, and in 1626, after entering the priesthood, he received a notarial appointment in connexion with the Inquisition. His overtasked brain succumbed under the numerous literary labours he … Montana MONTANA, one of the north-western Territories of the United States, is limited on the N. by British Columbia, on the E. by Dakota, on the 4, by Wyoming and Idaho, and on the W. by Idaho. Its boundaries, as established by statute, are as follows : - on the N., the 49th parallel ; on the E., the 27th meridian west of Washington, or the 104th west of Greenwich ; on the S. and W. the boundary follows … Montanism MONTANISM is a somewhat misleading name for the movement in the 2c1 century which, along with Gnosticism, occupied the most critical period in the history of the early church. It was the overthrow of Gnosticism and Montanism that made the " Catholic" church. The credit of first discerning the true significance of the -.)./1 ontanistic movement belongs to Ritschl.' In this article an account will b… Montargis MONTARGIS, chief town of an arrondissement in the department of Loiret, France, lies 40 miles east-north-east of Orleans on the railway from Paris to Lyons. Traversed by the Loing, Montargis belongs to the basin of the Seine, but it communicates with the Loire by the Orleans and the Briare canals. It has a fine church (Ste Magdelaine), dating in part from the 12th century, a museum, and a public l… Montauban MONTAUBAN, chief town of the department of Tarnet-Garonne, France, is situated on a slight eminence between the right bank of the Tarn and its tributary streams the Tescou and Lagarrigue, 128 miles by rail east-southeast of Bordeaux. It is connected with the suburb of Ville-Bourbon on the left bank of the Tarn by a remarkable brick bridge of the 14th century, which is 672 feet in length, and consi… Montbeliard MONTBELIARD, chief town of an arrondissement in the department of Doubs, France, is situated 1020 feet above the sea at the confluence of the Allaine and the Lusine, tributaries of the Doubs, and on the canal between the Rhine and the Rhone, about 40 miles north-east of Besancon. Once a fortified city, it still retains the old castle of the ?ounts of Montbeliard. A bronze statue of envier, the mos… Monte Casino MONTE CASINO (or CAsstxo). The Benedictine monastery known as the abbey of Monte Cassino is a huge square building of three stories, built on the usual Benedictine plan (see ABBEY) on the summit of a picturesque isolated hill, about 3. miles to the north-east of the town of Cassino (Casinum) or San Germano (population about 5000), which lies midway between Rome and Naples in the valley of the Gari… Montecuculi, Raimondo, Count Of MONTECUCULI, RAIMONDO, COUNT OF (1608-1680), a prince of the empire and duke of Melfi, a famous Austrian general, was born at the castle of Montecuculi in Modena, in 1608. At the age of nineteen he began his career in a regiment of infantry under his uncle, Ernest, count of Montecuculi ; and during the Thirty Years' War lie found many opportunities of displaying his military genius in the imperial… Monteleone MONTELEONE (usually called Monteleone of Calabria to distinguish it from Monteleone of Apulia in the province of Avellino, which gave its name to the medieval duchy of the Pignatelli family) is a city of Italy in the province of Catanzaro, on the western side of the Bruttian peninsula, and is beautifully situated on an eminence gently sloping towards the gulf of Sta Eufemia. It was almost totally … Montelimar MONTELIMAR, chief town of an arrondissement and canton in the department of Drdme, France, is situated near the left bank of the Rhone, 93 miles south of Lyons on the railway to Marseilles. The waters of the Roubion and Jabron, which unite at Montelimar, spread fertility over the plains surrounding the town. A well-planted park separates the town from the station, but within the four gates that st… Montenegro MONTENEGRO, often pronounced and sometimes written MONTENERO (Montenegrin, i.e., Servian, Crnagora, Russian Tchernogoriya, and Turkish Karadczgh, all equivalent to Black Mountain), one of the smallest of European countries, lies on the eastern side of the Adriatic, and is bounded by Dalmatia, Herzegovina, Bosnia, and Albania. Previous to 1878 it had an area variously estimated at 1669 square miles… Monterey MONTEREY, a city of the United States, the capital of California up to 1847, is situated on Monterey Bay, 125 miles south from San Francisco by the southern division of the Southern Pacific Railroad. Originally founded in 1770 as a mission station and presidio (garrison) by Junipero Serra, it is still in the main a Spanish-looking town, with Spanish talked in its streets and painted on its signboa… Monterey MONTEREY, a city of Mexico, capital of the state of Nuevo Leon, lies 1600 feet above the sea on a sub-tributary of the Rio Grande del Norte, 150 miles south-south-west of Nuevo Laredo, and 190 west-south-west of Matamoras. Monte San Giuliano MONTE SAN GIULIANO, a city of Sicily, in the province of Trapani and 12 miles north-east of the town of Trapani, occupies the summit of the mountain from which it takes its name. Rising in the midst of an undulating plain, this magnificent and conspicuous peak (the Eryx of the ancients) has, whether seen from sea or land, such an appearance of altitude that, while it really does not exceed 2464 fe… Monte Sant' Angelo MONTE SANT' ANGELO, a city of Italy in the province of Foggia (Capitanata), 10 miles north of Manfredonia, stands on an offshoot of Monte Gargano 2824 feet high. In 491 the archangel Michael pointed out the place to St Laurentins, archbishop of Sipontum (Manfredouia), and the chapel, which was built over the cave, to which he drew more particular attention, soon became a famous place of pilgrimage… Montesquieu, Charles Louis De Secondat MONTESQUIEU, CHARLES LOUIS DE SECONDAT, BARON DE LA BlaDE ET DE (1689-1755), philosophical historian, was born at the chateau of La Brede, about 10 miles to the south-east of Bordeaux, in January 1689 (the exact date being unknown), and was baptized on the 18th of that month. His mother was Marie Francoise de Penel, the heiress of a Gascon-English family. She had brought La Brede as a dowry to his… Monteverde, Claudio MONTEVERDE, CLAUDIO (1568-1643), the inventor of the "free style" of musical composition, was born at Cremona in 1568 ; he was engaged at an early age as violist to the duke of Mantua, and studied composition with some success under Ingegneri, the duke's " maestro di capella," though without thoroughly mastering the difficulties of musical science. His knowledge of counterpoint was limited, and hi… Montevideo, San Felipe MONTEVIDEO, SAN FELIPE Y SANTIAGO DE, the capital of the republic of Uruguay (Banda Oriental) in South America, lies on the eastern side of a nearly semicircular bay on the northern shore of the estuary of the La Plata, 120 miles from Buenos Ayres, with which communication is maintained by a daily service of steamers. The small peninsula on which the city is built does not rise more than 95 feet a… Montezuma MONTEZUMA. See CORTES and MEXICO. M ON TFAUCON, BERNARD DE (1655-1741), critic and scholar, was born of a noble and ancient family at the chateau of Soulage (now Soulatge, in the department of Aube, France), on 13th January 1655. Though destined for the army, he passed most of his time in the library of the castle of Roquetaillade (the usual residence of his family), devouring books in different l… Montgomery MONTGOMERY, a city of the United States, the capital of Alabama, is built on a high bluff on the left bank of the Alabama river, 158 miles north-east of Mobile, with which it is connected by rail (180 miles) and by a steamboat service (330 miles). The State-house, rebuilt in 1851 at a cost of i75,000, occupies a commanding site on Capitol Hill. There are a city-hall, a court-house, and two theatre… Montgomery MONTGOMERY, the county town, is situated on the declivity of a well-wooded hill near the eastern bank of the the time of Henry VIII., but by the Reform Act of 1832 it was constituted one of the Montgomery district of boroughs, which together return one member. Montgomery MONTGOMERY (Welsh, Sirydd Tie Faldwyn), an inland county of Wales, is bounded E. by Shropshire, N.E. by Denbigh, N.W. by Merioneth, S.W. by Cardigan, and S. by Radnor. Its greatest length from south-east to northwest is about 40 miles, and its breadth from east to west about 35 miles. The area is 495,089 acres, or about 773 square miles. The surface is broken and undulating, but it is only round t… Montgomery MONTGOMERY, a district in the lieutenant-governorship of the Punjab, lying between 29? 58' and 31? 33' N. lat., and between 72? 29' and 74? 10' E. long., is bounded on the N.E. by Lahore, on the S.E. by the river Sutlej, on the S.W. by Milltan, and on the N.W. by Jhang. The area is 5573 square miles. Montgomery district, formerly known as Gugaira, occupies a wide extent of the Bari Doab, or wedge … Montgomery, Alexander MONTGOMERY, ALEXANDER, whose life fell between 1550 and 1610, was the last of the series of Scottish poets who flourished in the 16th century under the patronage of the Jameses. With the union of the crowns, and the transference of James VI. from Edinburgh to London, court favour was withdrawn from Lowland Scotch ; it practically ceased to be a literary language, and no poetry of mark was written … Montgomery, James MONTGOMERY, JAMES (1771-1851), poet and journalist, was justly described by Lord Byron, in a footnote to English Bards and Scotch Reviewers, as "a man of considerable genius," though it was going far beyond the mark to speak of his Wanderer of Switzerland (his first notable poem, published in 1806) as being worth a thousand "Lyrical Ballads." Montgomery was born 4th November 1771, at Irvine in Ayr… Montgomery, Robert MONTGOMERY, ROBERT (1807-1855), author of The Omnipresence of the Deity (1828), Satan (1830), and The Messiah (1832), was the Montgomery ridiculed and denounced in Macaulay's famous essay. Montilla MONTILLA, a small and unimportant city of Spain in the province of Cordova, 32 miles to the south of the city of Cordova, on the Malaga railway, is strikingly situated on two hills which command a beautiful and extensive prospect of the surrounding country. Montlucon MONTLUCON, the industrial capital of the centre of France, sometimes called the French Manchester, is the head of an arrondissement, and the largest town (26,079 inhabitants in 1881) of the department of Allier. The upper town consists of steep, narrow, winding streets, and preserves several buildings of the 15th and 16th centuries ; the lower town, traversed by the river Cher (there converted int… Montmorency MONTMORENCY, the name of one of the oldest and most distinguished families in France, is derived from Montmorency, now in the department of Seine-et-Oise, in the immediate neighbourhood of Enghien and St Denis, and about 9 miles to the north-north-west of Paris. The family, since its first appearance in history in the person of BOUCHARD or BURcIIARD I., sire de Montmorency in the 10th century, has… Montoro MONTORO, a town of Spain, in the province of Cordova, 27 miles to the north-north-east of that city, on the Madrid railway, stands on a rocky peninsula on the south bank of the Guadalquivir, here crossed by a fine bridge of four arches dating from the 16th century. Montpelier MONTPELIER, a town of the United States, the capital of Vermont (since 1805), and the county seat of Washington county (since 1S11), is situated in 44? 17' N. lat. and 72? 36' W. long., on the Winooski or Onion river, which falls into Lake Champlain. Montpellier MONTPELLIER, chief town of the department of Herault, France, is situated at the junction of several railway lines, on a small bill rising above the Lez, at its confluence with the Merdanson, about 480 miles south of Paris, and about 7 miles from the Mediterranean, from which it is separated by the lagoons of Perols and l'Arnel. As the headquarters of the 16th corps d'armee, as the seat of a bisho… Montreal MONTREAL, the largest city in the Dominion of Canada, its chief seat of commerce and principal port of entry, is situated on an island of about 30 miles in length and 7 in breadth, at the confluence of the rivers Ottawa and St Lawrence, 45? 32' N. lat. and 73? 32' W. long. It stands at the head of ocean navigation, 160 miles above Quebec, and nearly 1000 miles (986) from the Atlantic Ocean, and li… Montrose MONTROSE, a royal and parliamentary borough and and 38 south-south-west of Aberdeen. Its harbour basin, formed by the estuary of the South Esk, has an area of about 4 square miles, and is dry at ebb-tide, but at high water there is a depth of about 18 feet at the bar. The length of the quays and docks is about 11- miles. The South Esk is crossed by a suspension bridge erected in 1829 at a cost of … Montserrat MONTSERRAT. Thirty miles to the north-west of Barcelona in Spain there rises a very remarkable mountain of grey conglomerate, 24 miles in circumference, and at its loftiest point (San Geronimo) a little more than 4000 feet in height. From the comparative lowness of the surrounding district, and from its extraordinary configuration, it is a conspicuous object for many miles around. The mountain con… Montserrat MONTSERRAT, one of the Leeward Islands in the West Indies, situated 16? 45' N. lat. and 62? 7' W. long., is 12 miles long and 8 broad in its widest part, and has an area of 32 square miles. The uneven and rugged surface suggests possibly volcanic origin. Its general appearance is very picturesque, the most interesting natural feature being the Souffriere. The island was discovered by Columbus in 1… Mont St Michel MONT ST MICHEL, a curious rocky islet, consisting of a mass of granite about 3000 feet in compass and 165 feet in height, rises at a distance of nearly a mile from the shore in the bay of St Michel, near the mouth of the Couesnon, at the vertex of the angle formed by the coasts of Brittany and Normandy. The quicksands by which it is surrounded, and which stretch far to seaward, are exposed at low … Montucla, Jean-etienne MONTUCLA, JEAN-ETIENNE (1725-1799), a learned mathematician, was the son of a merchant, and was born at Lyons in 1725. He attended the college of the Jesuits in his native city, and was early distinguished for his tenacious memory and his aptitude for mathematics. At the age of sixteen he removed to Toulouse to prosecute the study of law ; and after taking the usual degrees he repaired to Paris. T… Monza MONZA (locally Monscia), a city of Italy in the province of Milan, at the branching of the railway for Lecco and Como, lies on the Lambro, a tributary of the Po, mainly on the right bank, in a healthy and attractive situation. Of the mediaeval fortifications little remains save the Porta d'Agrate. The cathedral of St John Baptist is the principal object of interest : Theodelinda's basilica was enl… Mooiiileff On Tiie Dnieper MOOIIILEFF ON TIIE DNIEPER, a town of Russia, capital communication with these capitals. Moon, The MOON, THE. The subject of the moon divides itself into two separate branches, the one concerned with the constitution of the lunar globe, the other with its motions. For the first subject the reader is referred to the article ASTRONOMY (vol. ii. p. 801 sq.) ; the present article is confined to the second, which is commonly called the Lunar Theory. The lunar theory does not yet form a well-defined … Moorcroft, William MOORCROFT, WILLIAM (c. 1770-1825), traveller in Asia, was born in Lancashire, about 1770. He was educated as a surgeon in Liverpool, but on completing his course he resolved to devote himself to veterinary surgery, and, after studying the subject in France, began its practice in London. In 1795 he published a pamphlet of directions for the medical treatment of horses, with special reference to Ind… Moore MOORE, TnolootA.s (1779-1852), born at Dublin on 28th May 1779, fairly shares with Lord Byron the honour of being the most popular poet of his generation. Whatever may be thought now of the intrinsic qualities of his verse, this much cannot be denied. The most trustworthy of all measures of popularity is the price put upon a writer's work in the publishing market, and when Moore's friend Perry, in… Moore, Dr John MOORE, DR JOHN (1730-1802), born at Stirling in 1730, was one of the most prominent writers of travels and novels in the latter part of the 18th century. His novel Zeluco (published in 1789) produced a powerful impression at the time, and indirectly, through the poetry of Byron, has left an abiding mark on literature. The novel would in these days be called a psychological novel ; it is a close an… Moore, Edward MOORE, EDWARD (1712-1757), minor poet, dramatist, and miscellaneous writer, was the son of a dissenting minister of Abingdon, where he was born in 1712. He was the author of the thrilling domestic tragedy of Time Gamester, originally produced in 1753 with Garrick in the leading character, and still in the repertory of acting plays. It is perhaps the strongest lesson against gambling ever preached … Moore, Sir MOORE, SIR Joux (1761-1809), the only English general who has gained lasting fame by the conduct of a retreat, was the son of Dr Moore (the subject of the preceding notice), and was born at Glasgow on 13th November 1761. It was his appointment as tutor to the young duke of Hamilton which procured for John Moore educational advantages by which he profited so much as to be called in after life the m… Moor-hen MOOR-HEN,1 the name by which a bird, often called Water-hen and sometimes Gallinule, is most commonly known in England. An earlier name was Moat-lien, which was appropriate in the days when a moat was the ordinary adjunct of most considerable houses in the country. It is the Gallinula chloropus of ornithologists, and almost too well known to need description. About the size of a small Bantam-hen, … Moratin, Nicolas Fernandez De MORATIN, NICOLAS FERNANDEZ DE (1737-1780), Spanish poet, was descended from an old Biscayan family, and was born at Madrid in 1737. He was educated at the Jesuit college in Calatayud, and afterwards studied law at the university of Valladolid. He then received an appointment in the service of Queen Elizabeth, the widow of Philip V., which enabled him to see much of the society of leading statesmen… Moravia MORAVIA (in German MiHREN), a margraviate and crownland in the Cisleithan part of the Austrian-Hungarian empire, lies between 15? 5' and 18? 45' E. long., and 48? 50' and 50? 10' N. lat. Its superficial extent is about 8580 square miles. Physically Moravia may be described as a mountainous plateau sloping from north to south, and bordered on three sides by mountain ranges of considerable elevation… Moravian Brethren, The MORAVIAN BRETHREN, THE, are a society of Christians whose history can be traced back to the year 1457 and their origin found among the religious movements in Bohemia which followed the martyrdom of John Huss by the council of Constance. The beginnings of the Bohemian Brethren (for that was their earlier name) are somewhat obscure. The followers of Huss broke up into two factions, one of which, the… Morbihan MORBIHAN, a department of western France, formed of part of Lower Brittany, lies on the Atlantic seaboard between 2? 2' and 3? 45' W. long., and between 47? 26' and 48? 12' N. lat., being boundedS.E. by the department of Loire-Inferieure, E. by that of Ille-et-Vilaine, N. by Mtes du Nord, and W. by Finistere. Its chief town, Vannes, is 218 miles west-south-west of Paris in a direct line and 310 by… Mordvinlvns MORDVINLVNS, more correctly MORDVA or MORDVS, are a people numbering about one million, of Finnish origin, belonging to the 1Tral-Altaie family, who inhabit the middle Volga provinces of Russia and spread in small detached communities to the south and east of these. Their settlement in the basin of the Volga is of high antiquity. One of the two great branches into which they are divided, the Aorse… Moreau, Ih MOREAU, IH:GESIPPE, a minor lyric poet of disputed but considerable talent, was born at Paris on the 9th April 1810, and died in the hospital of La Charite on the 10th December 1838. In Isis early youth his parents, who were very ill-off, migrated to Proving, where the mother went into service and the father took the post of usher in a public school. Both died in the same refuge for the destitute … Moreau, Jean Victor MOREAU, JEAN VICTOR (1763-1813), the greatest general of the French republic after Napoleon and Hoche, was born at Morlaix in Brittany in 1763. His father was an " avoeat " in good practice, and instead of allowing him to enter the army, as he wished, insisted on his studying law at the university of Rennes. Young Moreau showed no inclination for law, but revelled in the freedom of a student's lif… More, Hannah MORE, HANNAH (1745-1833), who was born at Stapleton near Bristol in 1745, may be said to have made three reputations in the course of her long life : first, as a clever verse-writer and witty converser in the circle of Johnson, Reynolds, and Garrick ; next, as an animated writer on moral and religious subjects on the Puritanic side ; and lastly, as a practical philanthropist. She was the youngest … More, Henry MORE, HENRY (1614-1687), one of the most remarkable and interesting of the "Cambridge Platonists," was born at Grantham in Lincolnshire in the year 1614. His father was "Alexander More, Esq., a gentleman of fair estate and fortune," highly spoken of by his son, who attributes to his father his own poetical tastes and generous love of learning from his early youth. Both his father and mother, he fu… Morelia MORELIA, formerly VALLADOLID, a city of Mexico, capital of the state of Michoacan de Ocampo, is situated 125 miles west by north of Mexico, at a height of 6400 feet above the sea, in 19? 42' N. lat. and 101? W. long. The site is a rocky hill on the Guayangareo valley, and the western horizon is bounded by the great Quinceo mountain (11,000 feet). Since the middle of the centurya considerable exten… Morellet, A MORELLET, A-xrati: (1727-1819), economist and miscellaneous writer, was born at Lyons on the 7th of March 1727. He was long regarded as almost the last survivor of the Philosophe school ; and in this character he figures in many memoirs, - for instance in Madame de Remusat's. He was educated by the Jesuits in his native town, then at a seminary in Paris, and finally at the Sorbonne ; and he took h… More, Thomas MORE, THOMAS (1478-1535), lord chancellor, and one of the most illustrious Englishmen of his century, was born in Milk Street in the City of London, 7th February 1478. He received the rudiments of education at St Anthony's School in Threadneedle Street, at that time under Nicolas Holt held to be the best in the city. He was early placed in the household of Cardinal Morton, archbishop of Canterbury… Moreto MORETO, Aousn?t (1618-1669), Spanish dramatist and playwright, was born at Madrid in 1618. Of his personal and even of his literary history little is known. He studied at Alcala between 1634 and 1639, and afterwards removed to Toledo, where he entered the household of the cardinal-archbishop and took holy orders. Ultimately he withdrew altogether from the world, and died a member of an ascetic rel… Moretto, Il MORETTO, IL (" The Blackamoor," a term which has not been particularly accounted for), is the name currently bestowed upon ALESSANDRO BONVICINO (1498-c.1560), a celebrated painter of Brescia, Venetian school. He was born at Rovato in the Brcseian territory in 1498, and studied first under Fioravante Ferran-tole of Brescia, afterwards, still youthful, with Titian in Venice. his own earlier method, … Morgagni, Giovanni Battista MORGAGNI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA (1682-1771), the founder of pathological anatomy, was born 25th February 1682 at Forli, an ancient and important town on the tEmilian road southwards from Bologna.' His parents were in comfortable circumstances, but not of the nobility; it appears from his letters to Lancisi that Morgagni was ambitious of gaining admission into that rank, and it may be inferred that he … Morghen, Raffaello Sanzio MORGHEN, RAFFAELLO SANZIO (1758-1833), a distinguished engraver, was born at Naples on 19th June 1758. He received his earliest instructions from his father, himself an engraver ; but, in order to be initiated more fully in the art, he was afterwards placed as a pupil under the celebrated Volpato. He assisted this master in engraving the famous pictures of Raphael in the Vatican, and the print whi… Morhof, Daniel Georg MORHOF, DANIEL GEORG (1639-1691), the learned author of a survey of universal literature entitled Polyhistor sive de auctorum notitia et rerune commentarii, was born at Wismar in 1639, studied law at Rostock, and was appointed professor of poetry there in 1660. Moriail MORIAIL in 2 Chron. iii. 1 we read that Solomon built the Temple at Jerusalem on Mount Moriah rinvor)). This name for the Temple hill, the ancient Zion, is not found elsewhere in the Old Testament, and can hardly have been a current one. But a mountain in the " land of Moriah " was the place where Abraham was commanded to sacrifice Isaac ; Josephus (Ant., i. 13, 2) assumes that this M(Lptor upon w… Morier, James MORIER, JAMES (1780-1849), traveller and author, was born in 1780. Through the influence of his uncle Admiral William Waldegrave, Baron Radstock, he at an early period entered the diplomatic service, and as secretary to Lord Elgin followed the grand vizier in the Egyptian campaign. An account of his Eastern experiences was published in 1812, under the title A Journey through Persia, A.rmenia,and A… Morillon MORILLON, a name commonly given by fowlers to the female or immature male of the GOLDEN-EYE (vol. X. p. 757), the Clangula glaucion of modern ornithology, under the belief which still very generally obtains among them, as it once did among naturalists, that they formed a distinct species of Duck. The mistake no doubt originated in, and is partly excused by, the facts that the birds called Morillon… Morlaix MORLAIX, the chief town of an arrondissement in the department of Finistere, France, lies 350 miles west of Paris on the railway from Paris to Brest, and at the confluence of two small streams, 7 miles distant from the sea. Its port has 13 feet of water at ordinary and 23 feet at sea, and was- built in 1542 to protect the town from the English. Morlaix still contains a considerable number of curio… Morland, George MORLAND, GEORGE (1763-1804), animal and subject painter, was born in London on the 26th of June 1763. He came of a race of artists. His father, a painter, mezzotint-engraver, and picture-dealer, gave him a careful art-training, and at an exceptionally early age he produced works of wonderful promise. At sixteen he exhibited sketches at the Royal Academy, and even before this his productions found … Mormons MORMONS, or The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, are a religious sect founded by Joseph Smith at Manchester, New York, in 1830, and for the last thirty. six years settled in Salt Lake City, Territory of Utah, United States. Smith was born 23d December 1805 at Sharon, Windsor county, Vermont, from which place ten years later his parents, a poor, ignorant, thriftless, and not too honest … Mornay, Philippe De MORNAY, PHILIPPE DE (1549-1623), Seigneur du Plessis-Marly, very generally known as Mornay Du Plessis or Du Plessis-Mornay, one of the most distinguished members of the Protestant party in France, was born at Bully in Normandy on 5th November 1549. As a younger son he was destined for the church, and with this view was sent to the College de Lisieux in Paris, but in his eleventh year, along with t… Morny, Charles Auguste Louis Joseph MORNY, CHARLES AUGUSTE LOUIS JOSEPH, DUD DE (1811-1865), was the natural son of Hortense Beauharnais, queen of Holland, and of the comte de Flahaut, a leading dandy of the period, and was thus brother to Napoleon III. The secret of his birth (23d October 1811) was carefully kept ; he was acknowledged as son by the comte de Morny for a consideration, and was brought up by his paternal grandmother, … Morocco, Or Morocco MOROCCO, or MOROCCO (Marrakush), one of the quasi-capitals of the sultanate (Fez and Meknes being the other two), lies in a spacious plain about 15 miles from the northern underfalls of the Atlas, and 90 miles east-southeast of Saffi, at a height variously estimated as 1639 feet (Hooker and Ball), 1410 (Beaumier), and 1500 (Leared). Ranking during the early centuries of its existence as one of the… Moroni, Giadibattista MORONI, GIADIBATTISTA. (C. 1510-1578), an eminent portrait-painter of the Venetian school, was born at Albino near Bergamo about 1510, and became a pupil of Bonvicino named II Moretto. Beyond the record of his works very few particulars regarding him have reached us. Titian, under whom also Moroni, while still very young, is said to have studied (but this appears hardly probable), had at any rate … Moron, Or Moron De La Frontera MORON, or MORON DE LA FRONTERA, a town of Spain, in the province of Seville, about 32 miles to the southeast of that city, occupies an irregular site upon broken chalk hillocks at a distance of a mile and a half from the right bank of the Guadaira. It is connected by rail with Utrera on the Cadiz and Seville line. On the highest elevation to the eastward are the ruins of the ancient castle, of con… Morosini MOROSINI, the name of a noble Venetian family. According to the best authorities, Cappellari and Barbaro, there would seem to have been two families of that name, distinguishing themselves by the variation of their shield. The one came from Mantua at the time of Attila's invasion, and bore or, a fess azure. The other came from Illyria in the 7th century ; they bore or, a bend azure. However that m… Morpeth MORPETH, a municipal and parliamentary borough of Northumberland, England, is situated in a fine valley on the Wansbeck, and on the North-Eastern Railway, 50 miles south of Berwick and 16 north of Newcastle. Morphology MORPHOLOGY, the term Morphology (copyq, form), introduced by Goethe to denote the study of the unity of type in organic form (for which the Linnan term METAMORPHOSIS (q.v.) had formerly been employed), now usually covers the entire science of organic form, and will be employed in this more comprehensive sense in the present article. ? 1. Historical Outline. - If we disregard such vague likenesses … Morris-dance, Or Morrice-dance MORRIS-DANCE, or MORRICE-DANCE, a performance for a long time associated with certain festive seasons in England, but now wholly discontinued. The origin of the name is doubtful ; and whether the dance was indigenous to England, or was introduced by John of Gaunt from Spain, or was borrowed from the French or Flemings, must be left to conjecture. That, as the name would seem to indicate, it was a … Morrison, Robert MORRISON, ROBERT (1782-1834), the first Protestant missionary to China, was born of Scottish parents at Morpeth, Northumberland, on 5th January 1782. After receiving an elementary education in Newcastle, he was apprenticed to a lastmaker, but his spare hours were devoted to studies connected with theology, and in 1803 he was received into the Independent academy at Hoxton. In the following year he… Morris, Robert MORRIS, ROBERT (1734-1806), American statesman, was born at Liverpool, England, on 20th January 1734. At the age of thirteen he accompanied his father to America, and after serving in a counting-house at Philadelphia he became in 1754 partner in the business. From 1776 to 1778 he was delegate to the Continental Congress, and he was one of those who signed the Declaration of Independence. During th… Morristown MORRISTOWN, a city of the United States, county seat of Morris county, New Jersey, lies on the Whippany river, 31 miles from New York by the Morris and Essex division of the Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western Railroad. Morse, Samuel Finley Breese MORSE, SAMUEL FINLEY BREESE (1791-1872), artist and inventor, was born at the foot of Breed's Hill, Charlestown, Massachusetts, on 27th April 1791. His father was the Rev. Jedediah Morse, D.D., the author of Morse's Geography. At the age of fourteen Samuel Morse entered Yale College ; under the instruction of Professors Day and Silliman he received the first impulse towards those electrical studie… Morshansk MORSHANSK, a district town of Russia, situated in the government of Tamboff, 58 miles (187 miles by rail) to the north of the capital of the province on the Tsna river, a tributary of the Oka, and on the railway between Moscow and Orenburg. The village Morsha was founded only in the middle of the 17th century, and received municipal institutions in 1779 ; but a hundred years ago it was already a w… Mortgage MORTGAGE. The general object of mortgage is to secure a money debt by making it a charge on land, so that, if the debt be not paid by a time agreed upon between the parties, the creditor may sell the land and pay himself out of the proceeds. In English law this is done by a conveyance of the land in absolute terms to the creditor, subject only to its being defeated if the debt should be paid at th… Mortification MORTIFICATION, a term used in surgery signifying a local death. Any cause which interferes with the blood-supply of a portion of the body will, if sufficiently prolonged or sufficiently severe, give rise to mortification. In some cases the death may be preceded by inflammation ; in others, as in old people with diseased vessels, the part may die in consequence simply of insufficient blood-supply w… Mortmain, Statutes Of MORTMAIN, STATUTES OF. Morton, James Douglas MORTON, JAMES DOUGLAS, fourth earl of (1530-1581), regent of Scotland, second son of Sir George Douglas of Pittendriech, was born at Dalkeith in 1530. Having married Elizabeth, daughter of the third earl of Morton, he through her succeeded in 1553 to the title and estates of his father-in-law. After the return of Queen Mary in 1561 he was chosen a privy councillor, and in 1563 he became lord high … Mosaic MOSAIC (late Greek c,60.)o-ts-, from tpl-jsbos, a small stone ; also 1sovocIov, i.e., refined, delicate work ; hence the Latin opus musimnene) is the fitting together of many, generally small, pieces of marble, opaque glass, coloured clays, or other substances, so as to form a pattern ; the 1?N71" design may be of various degrees of elaboration, from the simplest, almost monochromatic, geometrical… Moscheles, Ignaz MOSCHELES, IGNAZ (1794-1870), one of the most refined and accomplished pianists of the present century, was born at Prague, 30th May 1794, and first studied music at the Conservatorium in that city under the direction of Dionys Weber. At the age of fourteen he made his first appearance before the public in a pianoforte concerto of his own composition with marked success. Soon after this he removed… Moschus MOSCHUS, of Syracuse, is one of the Greek bucolic poets ; he was a friend of the Alexandrian grammarian Aristarchus (about 200 n.c.). His chief work is the epitaph of Bion of Smyrna, another of the bucolic poets, who seems to have lived in Sicily. It is probable that the miscellaneous collection of poems which we possess by the three poets Theocritus, Bion, and Moschns was known to Artemidorus in … Moscow MOSCOW, a government of Central Russia, bounded by Tver on the N.W., Vladimir and Ryazan on the E., Tula and Kaluga on the S., and Smolensk on the W., and having an area of 12,858 square miles. The surface is undulating, with broad depressions occupied by the rivers, and varies in elevation from 500 to 850 feet. 11oscow is situated in the centre of the so-called Moscow coal-basin, which extends in… Moscow MOSCOW (Russian, Afos?va), the second capital of the Russian empire and chief town of the government and district of the same name, is situated in 55? 45' N. lat. and 37? 37' E. long., on both banks of the river Moskva, a tributary of the Oka, at its confluence with the rivulet Yauza. The popular idea is that Moscow is built on seven hills, and in fact the city covers several eminences, the altitu… Moser, Johann Jai Ob MOSER, JOHANN JAI OB (1701-1785), jurist, was born at Stuttgart on 18th January 1701. lie studied at the university of Tubingen, where, at the early age of nineteen, he became professor extraordinarius of law. A year later he resigned his chair, with the expectation of receiving an appointment at Vienna, but this was refused him on his Tithingen, and in 1736 he accepted a chair and directorship he… Moses MOSES. Of the life of Moses we have few certain details, though the history of Israel bears witness to the importance of his work. To what has been said under ISRAEL there will here be added a brief summary of what has been handed down about him. His origin and the history of his childhood can be read in Exod. (comp vi. 16 sq.) ; the statements there given are enlarged and modified in the Jewish M… Moses Of Chorene MOSES OF CHORENE was a native of Khor`ni 5 in Taron, a district of the Armenian province of Turuberan. According to the only trustworthy authority - the History of Arnzenia6 which bears his name - he was a pupil of the two fathers of Armenian literature, the patriarch or catholicos Sahak the Great and the vartabed Mesrob. Shortly after 431 he was sent by these men to Alexandria to study the Greek … Mosheim, Johann Lorenz Von MOSHEIM, JOHANN LORENZ VON (e. 1694-1755), well known as a church historian, but also distinguished in his day as a master of eloquence, was born at Liibeck on the 9th of October. There is some uncertainty as to the year, but the probability is in favour of 1693 or 1694. He received a somewhat irregular education at the gymnasium of his native place, and afterwards entered the university of Kiel, … Mosque MOSQUE (Jain`, or more fully Masjid Jcinii`, the place of congregational prayer). Owing to the almost complete absence of ritual in the Moslem worship, the mosque, at least in its earlier forms, is one of the simplest of all religious buildings, - its normal arrangement being an open court (Saha) surrounded by a covered cloister (Lizvan), in the centre of which is a cistern for the ablutions requi… Mosquito MOSQUITO (sometimes written " Mosquita"), a Spanish word signifying "little fly," is a name popularly applied to certain annoying dipterous insects, and, strictly speaking, it should probably be used only for species of Culicithe (and for the genus Cities in particular), for which "gnat" is the English synonym ; but in many countries it is by almost common consent applied to all small dipterous in… Mosses MOSSES, or Mum, one of the two divisions of the botanical class Muscinex, which includes also the Liverworts or Hepaticx. Mossley MOSSLEY, a manufacturing town of Lancashire, England, is situated on the London and North-Western Railway and on the Huddersfield canal, near the west bank of the Tame, which here separates Lancashire from Cheshire, 3 miles north-east of Ashton-under-Lyne, and 10 east-north-east of Manchester. Mostar MOSTAR, the chief town of Herzegovina., is built on both banks of the Narenta, about 35 miles from its mouth, and 40 miles south-west of Scraievo (Bosna Serai), the capital of Bosnia. Among the public buildings are a palace, two Greek churches, and forty mosques, in several cases with Roman or Byzantine tracery in their windows. The fine old bridge from which the town takes its name (Yost Star, Ol… Muallakat MUALLAKAT. Ai-JA`a//44/ is the title of a group of seven longish Arabic poems, which have come down to us from the time before Islam. The name signifies "the suspended" (pl.), the traditional explanation being that these poems were hung up by the Arabs on or in the Ka`ba at Mecca. The oldest passage known to the writer where this is stated occurs in the 'Ad of the Spanish Arab, Ibn `Abd-Rabbib (A.… Neur De NEUR DE (c. 1503-1577), marshal of France, was born about 1503, at the family seat near Condom in the modern department of Gers. He was the eldest son, and his family was a good one, but it was large and poor, and, like most gentlemen of Gascony, be had to trust for endowment to his sword. He served first as a private archer and man-at-arms in Italy, with Bayard for his captain, fought all through… Painting PAINTING. - Holy Family, Uffizi, Florence. This circular picture, painted for Angelo Doni, and mentioned by the earliest biographers, is the only perfectly well-attested panel-painting of Michelangelo which exists. His love of restless and somewhat strained actions is illustrated by the action of the Madonna, who kneels on the ground holding up the child on her right shoulder ; his love of the nud… Pedal Nerve-cords PEDAL NERVE-CORDS and the VISCERAL NERVE-CORDS. The latter meet and join one another posteriorly. A right and left (D, g.v), and a median abdominal (g.ab) ganglion are placed on these cords, and from them are given off the osphradial nerves which have special ganglia (g.olf). In the region of the prostomium the pedal nerve-cords are enlarged behind the mouth, forming the pedal ganglia (g.pe), and … Quintus Cacilitts Metellus Macedonicus QUINTUS CACILITTS METELLUS MACEDONICUS, praetor QIII\TTIS CIECILIUS METELLUS NUMIDICIIS, whose reputation for integrity was such that when he was accused of extortion the jury refused to examine his accounts, was selected to command against Jugurtha in 109 B.C. Quintus Ciecilius Metellus Pius QUINTUS CiECILIUS METELLUS PIUS, SO called from his efforts to restore his father Numidicus, commanded in the Social War, defeating Q. Pompadius (88 B.c.). Sulla c.n departing gave him proconsular command over South Italy. When Marius returned, the soldiers, who had no confidence in Octavius, wished Metellus to command, but he refused. Metellus retired to Africa and afterwards to Liguria, resuming… Quintus Clecilius Metelliis Pius Scipio QUINTUS CLECILIUS METELLIIS PIUS SCIPIO, son of Scipio Nasica, was adopted by the preceding. Quintus Ctecilius Metellus Celer QUINTUS CtECILIUS METELLUS CELER, prxtor 63 B.C., was sent to cut off Catiline's retreat northward. Republic Of Mexico REPUBLIC OF MEXICO, Mexico, Aztec Mexitli 1 (Estados Unidos de Mexico), is a federal republic in North America, bounded N. by the United States (California, Arizona, and New Mexico), E. by Texas and the Gulf of Mexico, S. by Guatemala and British Honduras, where the boundary lines are still partly undetermined, W. by the Pacific Ocean. Lying between 33? and 15? N. lat. and 875 and 117? W. long., M… Sculpture SCULPTURE. - Florence, 1489-94. Head cf a Faun, National Museum, Florence (I). Condivi describes Michelangelo's first essay in sculpture as a head of an aged faun with a front tooth knocked out, this latter point having been an afterthought suggested by Lorenzo dei Medici. The head is commonly identified with one in the National Museum at Florence, which, however, bears no marks of Michelangelo's … The Koran THE KORAN (Ko'ran) is the foundation of Islam. It is the sacred book of more than a hundred millions of men, some of them nations of immemorial civilization, by all whom it is regarded as the immediate word of God. And since the use of the Koran in public worship, in schools and otherwise, is much more extensive than, for example, the reading of the Bible in most Christian countries, it has been t… Towus TOWUS. - CETTINYE (q.v.), with about 2000 inhabitants, is the capital of the country. Podgoritza (about 6000 or 7000 in 1879, since reduced to 4000) is the principal trading town ; it lies at the foot of the mountains (as its name imports), at the junction of the Ruibnitza with the Moratcha, and iu Turkish hands was one of the strongest of their fortresses towards Montenegro. Duleigno (see vol. vi… Wesia WESIA (in Greek Mysia, or, to distinguish it from the country of the same name in Asia, Mysia in Europe), in ancient geography the territory immediately- to tile south of the Danube corresponding in the main to Servia and Bulgaria. It became a Roman province between 27 B.C. and 6 A.D., probably about 16 B.c.1 In the time of Tiberius and Caius the province was under the same, governor with Macedoni… Willem Van Mieris WILLEM VAN MIERIS (1662-1747), son of Frans. Volume 17 [MOT - ORM]: Anatomy* to Newton [next] [back] Volume 15 [LOO - MEN]: Anatomy Of Mammalia to Manantadi Copyright © 2013 Net Industries and its Licensors – All Rights Reserved – Terms of Use Share this page: Tweet More To Explore	Contact & About Privacy Policy

Volume 16 [MEN - MOS]