AuthoritiesAUTHORITIES. - A real knowledge of engraving can only be attained by a careful study and comparison of the prints themselves, or cf accurate facsimiles, so that hooks are of little use except as guides to prints when the reader happens to he unaware of their existence, or else for their explanation of technical processes. The department of art-literature which classifies prints is called Iconograp… Bufmuller, Ernst Moriz LujdwigBUFMULLER, ERNST MORIZ LUJDWIG (1802-1877), an able and erudite philologist, who has contributed largely to the critical literature of the Germanic tongues. He was born at Gersdorf near Lilian, in Saxony, October 5, 1802, was privately educated by his father, the Protestant pastor of the village, entered the gymnasium at Zittau in 1816, and studied from 1823 to 1826 at the university of Leipsic. A… CondeCONDE, Due Li' (1772-1804), was the son of Henri-LouisJoseph, prince of Conde, and of Louise-Marie-ThereseBathille d'Orleans, and was born at Chantilly on the 2nd August 1772. 11e was educated privately by the Abbe Millot, and was trained in the art of war by his grandfather the prince of Conde, with whom he was present at the battle of St Omer in 1788. In 1789 he, along with the other members of … DefinitionDEFINITION. - The quantity of energy which, if entirely converted into heat, is capable of raising the temperature of the unit mass of water from 0? a to 1? a is called the mechanical equivalent of heat. One of the first who took in hand the determination of the mechanical equivalent of heat was Seguin, a nephew of Montgulfier. He argued that, if heat be energy, then, when it is employed in doing … Eiiard, SbastienEIIARD, SBASTIEN (1752-1831), a manufacturer of musical instruments, distinguished especially for the improvements he made upon the harp and the pianoforte, was born at Strasburg on the 4th April 1752. While a boy he showed great aptitude for practical geometry and architectural drawing, and in the workshop of his father, who was an upholsterer, he found opportunity for the early exercise of his m… Eleatic SchoolELEATIC SCHOOL, a Greek school of philosophy, so called because Elea was the birth-place or residence of its chief representatives. Parmenides, who was born at Elea probably about the year 515, was the first completely to develop the Eleatic doctrines; but his philosophy has a very -close connection with that of Xenophanes, who was born more than a century earlier. Xenophanes, indeed, has been des… ElectimieterELECTIMIETER. An electrometer; according to Sir WM. Thomson, who is the greatest living authority on this subject, and has done more than any one else to perfect this kind of physical apparatus, is "an instrument for measuring differences of electric potential between two conductors through the effects of electrostatic force." A galvanometer, on the other hand, which might also be defined as an in… ElectionsELECTIONS. The law of parliamentary and municipal elections in England is now governed as to procedure by the 35 and 36 Vict. c. 33 (the Ballot Act, 1872), and as to disputed returns by the 31 and 32 Vict. c. 125 (Parliamentary Elections Act, 1868) and 35 and 36 Vict. c. 60. See BALLOT and BRIBERY. The inquiry into a disputed parliamentary election was formerly conducted before a committee of the … ElectrolysisELECTROLYSIS. A very slight acquaintance with the phenomena of conduction of electricity by different bodies shows us that conductors may be arranged in two very distinct classes. In one the passage of electricity produces no change in the chemical composition of the substance, unless indeed the electromotive force be so great that disruptive discharge occurs, or so large an amount of heat is gene… Electro-metalluboyELECTRO-METALLUBOY, a term introduced by the late Mr Alfred Smec to include all processes in which electricity is applied to the working of metals. It is far more appropriate than the French equivalent gatvanoplastie, or the German Galvanoplastik, since the metals are certainly not rendered plastic under galvanic action, though it is true that in electrotypy, which forms one branch of electrometal… ElemiELEMI. ElephantELEPHANT (Elephantidce), a family of pachydermatous mammals belonging to the order Proboscidea, containing only a single existing genus and two species - the sole surviving representatives of the entire order. The elephants are characterized by great massiveness of body, constituting them the largest of living terrestrial mammals, by peculiarities in their dentition, and by the possession of a len… Elephanta IsleELEPHANTA ISLE, called by the natives Gharipur, small island between Bombay and the mainland, is situated about seven miles from Bombay, 18? 57' N. lat. and 73? E. long. It is nearly five miles in circumference, and the few inhabitants it contains are employed in the cultivation of rice, and in rearing sheep and poultry for the Bombay market. The island was, till within recent times, almost entire… ElephantiasisELEPHANTIASIS (synonyms, Elephantiasis Arabvnm, Barbados Leg, Boncnemia), a term applied to a disease which is characterised by a peculiar over-growth of the skin and subjacent textures. This condition appears to arise from repeated attacks of inflammation of the skin and concurrent obstruction of the veins and lymphatic vessels of the part. It may attack any portion of the body, but most commonly… EleusiniaELEUSINIA, a festival witb mysteries in honour of the goddess Demeter and her daughter Persephone, so named, it was supposed, from the celebration of the most ancient of these festivals at Eleusis. The institutional legend connects the festival at Eleusis directly with the mythical incidents arising out of the rape of Persephone, known preeminently as Bore or the Maiden. Mourning bitterly for the … EleusisELEUSIS, a small city of Attica about fourteen miles north-west of Athens, occupying the eastern part of a rocky ridge close to the shore opposite the island of Salamis. Like most of the other cities of Greece, its origin is ascribed to various fabulous characters, and, among these, to Ogyges, a fact which at least proves it to be of the highest antiquity. In the earlier period of its history it … EleutheropolisELEUTHEROPOLIS, an ancient city of Palestine, about 25 miles from Jerusalem, on the road to Gaza, identified by Robinson with the ruins at the modern village of Beit Jibrin. It is mentioned by Ptolemy under the older name of Baitogabra, and did nut acquire the title of Eleutheropolis, or Free City, till the Syrian visit of the emperor Septimius Severus. In the time of Eusebius it was so well known… ElginELGIN, a royal and parliamentary burgh of Scotland, and the county town of the above county, which, from its having been once the see of a bishop, and occasionally the residence of the kings of Scotland, claims for itself the designation of a city. It occupies a sheltered situation on the banks of the small river Lossie, about five miles from where the latter enters the Moray Firth. From Edinburgh… Elgin And KincardineELGIN AND KINCARDINE, JAMES BRUCE, EARL OF (1811-1863), was the eighth earl of Elgin and twelfth earl of Kincardine in the peerage of Scotland, and the first Baron Elgin in that of the United Kingdom. The eldest son of Thomas, the seventh earl, by his second marriage he was born in 1811, and succeeded to the peerage in 1841. He was educated at Eton and at Christ Church, Oxford, where he had as com… Elgin, Or MorayseitreELGIN, or MORAYSEITRE, a maritime county in the north of Scotland, bounded on the N. by the Moray Firth, along which it extends for thirty miles, on the E. and S.E. by Banffshire, on the S. and S.W. by Inverness-shire, and on the W. by Nairnshire. The distance from the sea to its furthest inland point is 33 miles. It contains, since the alterations made by the Inverness and Elgin County Boundaries… Elgin, Thomas BruceELGIN, THOMAS BRUCE, SEVENTH EARL or (1766-1841), was born July 20, 1766, and succeeded his brother in the Scotch earldoms of Elgin and Kincardine when only seven years of age. He was educated at Harrow and Westminster, and, after studying for some time at the university of St Andrews, he proceeded to the Continent, where he prosecuted the study of international law at Paris, and of military scien… ElgoleaELGOLEA, a town on the southern frontiers of Algeria, iu that part of the Sahara which bears the name of El-erg. about 160 miles S.W. of Wargla, in 30? 35' N. lat. and 3? 10' E. Ion. It consists of three portions - the citadel on a limestone hill, the upper town, and the lower town, each separated from the others by irregular plantations of date trees. In itself it is of no particular interest, bu… Elias LevitaELIAS LEVITA (1472-1549), a Jewish rabbi, the most distinguished Hebrew scholar of his time, was burn at Neustadt, on the Aiseb, in Bavaria, in 1472, Front the fact that he spent most of his life in Italy, some have supposed him to have been an Italian by birth. There can be no doubt, however, that he was a German, as he asserts the fact in the preface to one of his works, and his pupil Minister s… Elie De BeaumontELIE DE BEAUMONT, JEAN BAPTISTE APNAND LOUTS TAONCE (1798-1874), a celebrated French geologist, was born at Canon, in Calvados, on the 25th September 1798. He was educated at the Lycoe Henri IV., where he took the first prize in mathematics and physics ; at the Ecole Polytechnique, where he ,stood first at the exit examination in 1819 ; and at the Ecole des Mines, where he began to show a decided … ElijahELIJAH (ErnAtur,liferally God-Jehovah; in N. T., EmAs), the greatest and sternest of the Hebrew prophets, makes his appearance in the narrative of the Old Testament with an abruptness that is strikingly in keeping with his character and work. The words in which he is first introduced - " Elijah the Tishbite, of the inhabitants of Gilead " (1 Kings xvii. 1) - contain all that is told of his origin,… EliotELIOT, Sin JOHN (1592-1632), one of the greatest among the English statesmen of the reign of Charles I., was born at his father's seat at Port Eliot, a small fishing-village on the River Tamar, in the month of April 1592. He was the salt of a country gentleman of hospitable habits, and of considerable influence, if we may judge from Eliot's early entrance into public life. Against his youth no fau… Eliot, JohnELIOT, JOHN (1604-1 690), "the Apostle of the Indians of North America," was born at Nasing, in Essex, in 1604, and was educated at Jesus College, Cambridge, where he took his bachelor's degree in 1623. He there displayed a partiality for philology which may have had some influence in stimulating the zeal he afterwards displayed in acquiring the language of the native Indians. After leaving the un… ElishaELISHA (literally, Cod is deliverance ; LXX., 'EXarat; N.T., Eliseits), the disciple and successor of Elijah, was the some of Shaphat of Abel-meholah, which lay in the valley of the Jordan. He was called to the prophetic office in the manner already related (see ELIJAH), some time before the death of Ahab, and he survived until the reign of Joash. His official career thus appears to have extended … Elis, Or EletaELIS, or ELETA, a country of the Peloponnesus, bounded on the N. by Achaia, E. by Arcadia, S. by Messenia, and W. by the Ionian Sea. The local form of the name was Valis, or Valeia, and its meaning, in all probability, the lowland. In its physical constitution Elis is practically one with Achaia and Arcadia; its mountains are mere offshoots of the Arcadian highlands, and its principal rivers are f… ElizabethELIZABETH, queen of England, one of the most fortunate and illustrious of modern sovereigns, was born in the palace of Greenwich on the 7th 'of September 1533. She was the only surviving issue of the ill-starred union between Henry VIII. and Anne Boleyn, which extended over a space of less than three years. Anne was crowned at Westminster June 15, 1533, and was beheaded within the Tower of London … ElizabethELIZABETH, originally ELIZABETHTOwN, a city of the? United States, capital of Union rowdy, New Jersey, is situated eleven miles 1V.8. IV. of New York, on the Elizabeth river, near its .jeuetien v.-ith Staten Sound. It is a well-built and flourishing place, and possesses twenty-eight churches, a 1 taniau Catholic nunnery, a court-house and county jail, a city hall, two high schools, a business coll… Elizabethgrad, Or YelizavetcradELIZABETHGRAD, or YELIZAVETCRAD, a fortified town and military depot of South Russia, in the government of Kherson, is situated on the left bank of the Ingul, 153 miles N. by W. of Kherson, in 48? 31' N. lat, and 31? 17' E. long. Elizabeth PetrovnaELIZABETH PETROVNA (1709-1762), empress of Russia, daughter of Peter the Great and of Catherine L, was horn on the 5th September 1709. In consequence of a law of her father, lay which the sovereign had the power to choose his successor, she had no legal claim to the throne, The empress Anna Ivanova died in 1740. She had appointed Ivan, son of her niece Anne duchess of Brunswick, a child only a few… ElizabethpolELIZABETHPOL, YELizAvETroL, or GANSHA, the chief town of a government in the province of Tiflis, in Russian Transcaucasia, is situated 1449 feet above the sea-level, on an affluent of the Kur, 90 miles south-east of Tiflis, in 40? 40' 42" N. lat. and 46? 21' 19" E. long. It was at one time a place of considerable importance, but on account of having been frequently stormed and pillaged is now in a… Elizabeth, StELIZABETH, ST (1207-1231), of Hungary, daughter of Andrew IL, king of Hungary, was born in Presburg in 1207. At four years of age she was betrothed to Louis IV., landgrave of Thuringia, and conducted to the Thuringian court to be educated under the direction of his parents. From her earliest years she is said to have evinced an aversion to worldly pleasures, and, making the early Christians her ch… Ellenborough, Edward LawELLENBOROUGH, EDWARD LAW, BARON (1750 - 1818), chief-justice of the Court of King's Bench, was born on the 16th November 1750, at Great Salkeld, in Cumberland, of which place his father, afterwards bishop of Carlisle, was at the time rector. Educated at the Charterhouse school and at St Peter's College, Cambridge, be passed as third wrangler, and was soon afterwards elected to a fellowship at Trin… Ellesmere, Francis EgertonELLESMERE, FRANCIS EGERTON, FIRST EARL OF (1800-1857), born in London on the 1st January 1800, was the second son of the first duke of Sutherland. He was known by his patronymic as Lord Francis Leveson Gower until 1833, when he assumed the surname of Egerton alone, having succeeded on the death of his father to the estates which the latter inherited from the duke of Bridgewater. Educated at Eton a… EllichpurELLICHPUR (with Melghat), a district of British Lydia, in the comtnissionership of East Berar, within the Hyderabad Assigned Districts, lies between 20? 51' and 21? 46' N. lat. and 76? 40' and 78? 30' E. long. It is bounded on the N. by the Tapti river and the Betul and Chindwara districts of the Central Provinces, on the E. by the Wardha river, on the S. by time Am?aoti district, and on the W. by… ElliotsonELLIOTSON, Dii JOHN, was born at Southwark, London, towards the end of the last century. He studied medicine first at Edinburgh and then at Cambridge, in both whisk places he touk the degree of M.D., and subsequently at the Borough Hospitals in London. In 1817 Ire obtained the post of assistant physician, and six years later that of physician at St Thomas's Hospital. He there introduced clinical l… ElliottELLIOTT, Enfes urn (1781-1849), the corn-law rhymer, was born at Masborough, Yorkshire, on the 17th of March 1781. His father Ebenezer, a man of vigorous intellect but bigoted in his theological tendencies, exercised a powerful sway over the mind of the future poet. At school Ebenezer was considered a dull pupil; and his childhood was solitary. A touching autobiographic fragment, which appeared af… Ellis, GeorgeELLIS, GEORGE (1745-1815), a miscellaneous writer distinguished for his services in promoting a knowledge of early English literature, was born in London in 1745. Educated at Westminster School and at Trinity College, Cambridge, he commenced his literary career as a contributor to the Rolliad and the Probationary Odes, political satires directed against Pitt's administration. He was afterwards, ho… Ellis, Sir HenryELLIS, SIR HENRY (1777-1869), a distinguished antiquarian writer, for many years principal librarian to the British Museum, was born in London of a Yorkshire family in 1777. He was educated at the Merchant Taylors' School, and at St John's College, Oxford, where he took his degree and obtained a fellowship. After having held for a few months a sub-librarianship in the Bodleian, he was appointed to… Ellis, WilliamELLIS, WILLIAM (1794-1872), one of the most devoted and successful of modern missionaries, was born in London on the 29th August 1791. When he was about four years old his father, who was a working man, removed with his family to Wisbeach, where accordingly his boyhood was spent. His school education was even scantier than boys of his class at that time usually received, but being naturally bright… ElloraELLORA, a town of India, in the native state of Hyderabad, near the city of Dowletabad, situated in 20? 2' N. lat. and 75? 13' E. long. In a mountain near this town there are some remarkable excavations, containing mythological symbols of the Hindu worship, and temples ornamented with statues of many of the deities. The principal figures are those of Indra, the god of the firmament, and his consor… EllsworthELLSWORTH-, a city of the United States, capital of Hancock county, Maine, is situated 25 miles east of Bangor, on the Union river, about four miles from its mouth. As the port of entry for the district of Frenchman's Bay, and the seat of an extensive trade in timber, it enjoys great commercial prosperity ; and, besides a considerable variety of wooden wares, it manufactures iron, brass, sailcloth… Elmes, Harvey LonsdaleELMES, HARVEY LONSDALE (1814-1847), the architect of St George's Hall, Liverpool, was the son of James Elmes (see next article), and was born at Chichester in 1814. Elmes, JamesELMES, JAMES (1782-1862), father of the preceding, an architect, civil engineer, and writer on the arts, was born in London 15th October 1782. He was educated at Merchant Taylors' School, and, after studying building under his father, and architecture under Mr George Gibson, became a student at the Royal Academy, where lie gained the silver medal in 1804. He designed a large number of buildings in… ElminaELMINA, a town and fort on the Gold Coast, Upper Guinea, West Africa, now a British possession, is situated on a peninsula bounded on the north by the River Benyan or Beynh, about six miles west of Cape Coast Castle, in 5? 4' 45" N. lat. and 1? 20' 30" W. long. The streets of the native town are narrow and dirty, but there are a considerable number of neat and spacious cottages, occupied by the of… ElmiraELMIRA, a city of the United States, capital of Chemung county New York, is situated in a fertile valley on the Chemung river, and on the Erie and Northern Central railroads, 274 miles W.N.W. of New York. El-obeid, Lobeid, Or ObeidiiEL-OBEID, LOBEID, or OBEIDII, the chief town of the country of Kordofan, in Africa, and the seat of an Egyptian governor, is situated at a height of 1700 feet above the sea, at the foot of Jebel Kordofan, about 150 miles west of the Bahr-el Abiad, or White Nile, in 13? 15' N. lat. and 30? 7' E. long. It is scattered over a large area, and in fact consists of several distinct townships, each inhabi… Eloi, StELOI, ST (588-659), originally a goldsmith, but afterwards bishop of Noyon, was born at Cadillac, near Limoges, in 588. Having manifested at an early age a decided talent for the art of design, lie was placed by his parents with the master of the mint at Limoges, where lie made rapid progress in goldsmith's work. He became coiner to Clotaire II. of France, and treasurer to his successor Dagobert. … El PasoEL PASO, or Et. Elphinstone, Tile Honourable MountstltartELPHINSTONE, TILE HONOURABLE MOUNTSTLTART (1779-1859), an eminent Indian statesman, fourth son of the eleventh Baron Elphinstone in the peerage of Scotland, was born in 1779. Having received an appointment in the civil service of the East India Company, of which one of Ids uncles was a director, he reached Calcutta in the beginning of 1796. After filling several subordinate posts, lie was appointe… Elphinstone, WilliamELPHINSTONE, WILLIAM (1431-1514), a Scottish prelate and statesman of considerable eminence, was born at Glasgow in 1431. He received his education at the grammar school and the university of that city, and took his degree as M.A. about his twentieth year. Having received ordination, he was appointed priest of the church of St Michael's, Glasgow, an office which he held for four years. He afterwar… El RosarioEL ROSARIO, a town of Mexico, in the state of Xinoloa, 55 miles east of Mazatlan. Elsinore, Or ElsineurELSINORE, or ELSINEUR (Danish, HELSINGN, a seaport town of Denmark, is situated in the district of Frederiksborg, on the east coast of the island of Seeland, 56? N. lat., 12' 38' E. long. It stands at the narrowest part of the Sound,opposite the Swedish town of fielsingborg, which is only about three miles distant, and with which the means of intercourse are ample. The town is well built, but its … ElthranorELTHRANOR, a painter and statuary of Greece, who flourished about the middle of the 4th century B.C., was born in the territory of Corinth, but, having practised his art and acquired his renown at Athens, is always identified with the Athenian school. ElvasELVAS (the ancient Helow), a fortified frontier city of Portugal, in the Portalegre district of the province of Alemtejo, is situated near a sub-tributary of the Guadiana, on a bill belonging to the mountain chain of Zoledo, 105 miles east of Lisbon and 10 miles west of the Spanish town of Badajoz, with which towns it is connected by railway. Its streets are winding, narrow, and dirty, and many of… ElyotELYOT, Stu THOMAS, one of the most learned Englishmen of the time of Henry VIII., was the son of a certain Sir Richard Elyot, usually said to be of Suffolk, but, according to a suggestion by C. H. Cooper in Kotes and Queries, 1853, more probably of Wiltshire. If an identification proposed by Wood be correct, Sir Thomas studied at St Mary's Hall, Oxford, and obtained the degree of bachelor of arts … ElysiumELYSIUM, a name given by the Greeks to the abode of the righteous dead, who, in the words of Pindar, inherit there a tearless eternity (01., ii. 120). In the Odyssey, iv. 563, this region, which answers to the Hindu Sutala, is spoken of as a plain at the end of the earth, where the fair-haired Rhadamanthys lives, and where the people are vexed by neither snow nor storm, heat nor cold, the air bein… ElzevirELZEVIR, the name of a celebrated family of Dutch printers belonging to the 17th century. The original name was Elsevier, or Elzevier, and their French editions mostly retain this name; but in their Latin editions, which are the more numerous, the name is spelt Elzeverius, which was gradually corrupted into Elzevir. The family originally came from Louvaine, and there Louis, who first made the name… EmanuelEMANUEL (Portuguese, Maxon') I. (1469-1521), king of Portugal, surnamed the Happy, was the son 01 Duke Ferdinand of Viseu and cousin of John II. of Portugal, and was born May 3, 1469. The care of his early education was confided to a Sicilian named Cataldo, under whom he made rapid progress, especially in the classical languages. He succeeded to the throne on the death of John II., 27th October 14… EmbalmingEMBALMING (Greek, ,13/1Xo-ap.ov, balsam ; German, einbalsamiren; French, embaumement), the art of preparing dead bodies, chiefly by the use of medicaments, in order to preserve them from putrefaction and the attacks of insects. The ancient Egyptians carried the art to great perfection, and embalmed not only human beings, but cats, crocodiles, ichneumons, and other sacred animals. It has been sugge… EmbankmentEMBANKMENT is an engineering term used to denote any large heap of materials collected together by artificial means. Ember Days And Ember WeeksEMBER DAYS AND EMBER WEEKS, the four seasons set apart by the Western Church for special prayer and fasting, and the ordination of clergy, known in the medixval church as gnat nor tempora, or jejunia quatuor tern perum. The Ember weeks are the complete weeks next following Holy Cross Day (September 14), St Lucy's Day (December 13), the first Sunday in Lent, and Whitsun Day. The Wednesdays, Fridays… EmbezzlementEMBEZZLEMENT, in English law, is a peculiar form of theft which is distinguished from the ordinary crime in two points : - (1) It is committed by a person who is in the position of clerk or servant to the owner of the property stolen ; and (2) the property when stolen is in the possession of such clerk or servant. The definition of embezzlement as a special form of theft arose out of the difficult… EmblementsEMBLEMENTS, in English law, means the growing crops which belong to the tenant of an estate of uncertain duration, which has unexpectedly determined without any fault of his own. " It is derived from the French emblavenee de bled (corn sprung or put up above ground), and strictly signifies the growing crops of sown land ; but the doctrine of emblements extends not only to corn sown, but to roots planted and other annual artificial profits" (Woodfall on Landlord and Tenant). EmbossingEMBOSSING is the art of producing raised portions or patterns on the surface of metal, leather, textile fabrics, cardboard, paper, and similar substances. Strictly the term is applicable only to raised impressions produced by means of engraved dies or plates brought forcibly to bear on the material to be embossed, by various means, according to the nature of the substance acted on. Thus raised pat… EmbroideryEMBROIDERY' is the art of working with the needle flowers, fruits, human and animal forms upon wool, silk, linen, or other woven texture. That it is of the greatest antiquity we have the testimony of Moses and Homer, and it takes precedence of painting, as the earliest method of representing figures and ornaments was by needle-work traced upon canvas. From the earliest times it served to decorate … EmbryologyEMBRYOLOGY is a branch of biological inquiry comprising the history of the young of man and animals, and it may be also of plants. The term is derived from the Greek Zti/3pnev, signifying a growing part or thing, and has been somewhat vaguely applied to the product of generation of any plant or animal which is in process of formation. Among the higher animals, and especially in the human species, … EmeraldEMERALD (Greek, o-ruipa-y80s), a precious stone classed mineralogically with the beryl (see vol. iii. p. 613), from which, however, it differs in having a fine green colour, attributed to the presence in it of chromium sesquioxide it also never presents the internal stria; often seen in the beryl. The chemical composition of the emerald may be represented by the formula 6Si02,Al203,3010. It occurs… Em Eric-david, Toussaint-bernardEM ERIC-DAVID, TOUSSAINT-BERNARD (1755-1839), a French archmeologist and writer on art, was born at Aix, ill Provence, 20th August 1755. He was destined for the legal profession, and having gone in 1775 to Paris to complete his legal education, he acquired there a taste for art which influenced his whole future career. After being made advocate, he went to Italy, where he continued his art studies… Emerson, WilliamEMERSON, WILLIAM (1701-1782), an eminent but eccentric mathematician, was born May 14, 1701, at Hurworth, near Darlington, where his father Dudley Emerson, also a mathematician of high attainments, taught a school. From him young Emerson received a thorough mathematical education, and the bequest of a good mathematical library. For his classical training he was indebted to the curate of Hurworth, … EmerunEMERUN (the ancient Ebroduroon), a fortified town of France, capital of the arrondissement of the same name, in the department of Hautes-Alpes, is situated on a steep rock near the right bank of the Durance, 25 miles east of Gap. EmeryEMERY (Greek, o-p,tipcs ; Spanish, esmeril), an impure variety of the mineral corundum, bluish-grey to brownish in colour, dimly translucent, and granular and rough in fracture, and having a hardness of 9, and specific gravity varying between 3-7 and 4.3, Much of the emery of commerce is artificially coloured of a rich reddish brown. Analyses of emery show a percentage composition of from about 60… EmeticsEMETICS, substances which are administered for the purpose of producing vomiting. They are usually regarded as of two varieties, viz,, those which produce their effect in virtue of their absorption into the blood and consequent influence upon the nerve centres, and those which act topically on the mucous membrane of the stomach, giving rise to vomiting as the result of reflex action. The former cl… EmeuEMEU, evidently from the Portuguese Erna,) a name which has in turn been applied to each of the earlier-known forms of Ratite Birds, but has in all likelihood finally settled upon that which inhabits Australia, though, until less than a century ago, it was given by most authors to the bird now commonly called Cassowary - this last word being a corrupted form of the Malayan Suwari (see Crawford, Gr… EmigrationEMIGRATION, now one of the most constant and orderly movements of human society, must have been one of the earliest, however irregular, of human impulses. It is the act of men, families, tribes, or parts of tribes,- leaving the place of their birth with the .view of settling in some other place. They are emigrants-in the country they leave, and immigrants in the country they pass into. But this co… EmmausEMMAUS, a village to which, in the narrative of Luke, it is said two of the disciples of Jesus were journeying when he appeared to them on the day of his resurrection. The Authorized Version makes its distance from Jerusalem 60 furlongs, and although some manuscripts read 160, not only is the weight of authority in favour of the shorter distance, but it is impossible that the disciples, starting i… EmmerichEMMERICH (the ancient Embrica), a town of Prussia, in the government district of Dusseldorf, i3 situated on the right bank of the Rhine, and on the railway from Cologne to Amsterdam, 5 miles N.E. of Cleves. Emmet, RobertEMMET, ROBERT (1778-1803), brother of the subject of the next article, was born in Dublin in 1778. He was a school-fellow of the poet Thomas Moore, and his senior by a year at Trinity College, Dublin. Both were members of the Historical Society, and the great champions of the popular side. In 1798 Emmet was expelled from the university, on the ground of being connectedwith.the association of Unite… Emmet, Thomas AddisEMMET, THOMAS ADDIS (1764-1827), a lawyer and politician, was born in Cork the 24th April 1764. He was the second son of Dr Robert Emmet, who latterly was state-physician in Dublin. After attending the school of Mr Kerr in Cork, Thomas in 1778 entered Trinity College, Dublin. In 1783 he went to study medicine at the university of Edinburgh, where he continued four years. He then visited the chief … Emmius, UbboEMMIUS, UBBO (1547-1626), a celebrated Dutch historian and geographer, was born at Cretin,. in East Friesland. EmpedoclesEMPEDOCLES, one of the most imposing and enigmatic figures in early Greek philosophy, was a native of Agrigentum in Sicily, and lived in the 5th century, probably from 490 to 430 B.C. The details of his life are full of fable and contradictions. The most probable accounts represent him as belonging to an honourable family in the palmy days of his city, as a champion of free institutions, like his … EmphysemaEMPHYSEMA (from a/AC/WM:6, to inflate), in medicine, means an abnormal presence of air in certain parts of the body. In its restricted sense, however, it is generally employed to designate a peculiar affection of the lungs, of which there are two forms. In one of these there is over-distension of the air-cells of these organs (see ANATOMY), and in parts destruction of their walls, giving rise to t… EmpireEMPIRE, a term used to denote either the territories governed by a person bearing the title of emperor (see EUPEROR), or, more generally, any extensive dominion. The historians of a former age were accustomed to enumerate a succession of great empires, and especially the 13abylonian and. Assyrian, the Medo-Persian, and the Macedonian, which had embraced the greater part of the civilized world befo… EmpoliEMPOLI, a town of Italy, in the province of Florence and district of San Miniato, is situated in a fertile plain on the river Arno, 6 miles from Florence, with which it is connected by railway. EmpvemaEMPVEMA (from iv, within, and 7rdov, pus), a term in medicine applied to an accumulation of purulent fluid within the cavity of the pleura (see PLEURISY). EnamelENAMEL. An enamel may be best defined as a vitreous glaze fused to a metallic surface. There is indeed no difference between an enamel and a glaze, save in the character of the surface to which it is applied. Both are vitrified substances, either with or without colour, and exhibiting every degree. of translucency, - some varieties being perfectly transparent, while others are completely opaque. C… Encaustic PaintingENCAUSTIC PAINTING. Encaustic TilesENCAUSTIC TILES. The term "encaustic" as applied to tiles is of modern though somewhat doubtful origin. The art bears no resemblance to the " encaustic painting " mentioned by Pliny and other ancient writers, although the expression (which signifies executed by fire) is perhaps as correctly applied to this manufacture as to the wax-incised pictures of the ancients. The term is, strictly speaking, … Enchaseng, Or CliasincENCHASENG, or ClIASINC:, is the art of producing figures and ornamental patterns, either raised or indented, on metallic surfaces by means of steel tools or punches. It is practised extensively for the ornamentation of gold and silversmith work, electroplate, and similar objects, being employed to produce bold utings and bosses, and in another manner utilized for imitating engraved surfaces. The c… Encina Or EnzinaENCINA or ENZINA, JUAN DEL, the founder of the Spanish drama, was born in 1468 or 1469, either in the city of Salamanca or more probably in the neighbouring village of Encino.% After studying at the university of Salamanca under the patronage of the chancellor Don Gutierre de Toledo, brother of Don Garcia, count of Alva., he proceeded to Madrid, and became, when about twenty-five years of age, a m… Encke, Johann FranzENCKE, JOHANN FRANZ (1791-1.865), a celebrated astronomer, was born at Hamburg on the 23d September 1791. He received his early education from his father, who was a clergyman, and he afterwards studied at the university of Gottingen, devoting himself specially to astronomy under the instruction of Professor Gauss. In 1813-14 he served in the Hanseatic legion in the war with Napoleon, and in 1S15 h… EndiveENDIVE, Cichorium Endivia, L., an annual esculent plant of the natural order Compositw, commonly reputed to have been introduced into Europe from the East Indies, but, according to some authorities, more probably indigenous to Egypt. There are numerous varieties of the endive, forming two groups, namely, the curled or narrow-leaved (C. E. crispa), and the Batavian or broad-leaved (C. Klatifolia), … EndorENDOR, an ancient town of Palestine, originally belonging to the Philistines, and chiefly memorable as the abode of the sorceress whom Said consulted on the eve of the battle of Gilboa, in which he perished. Endowed Schools ActsENDOWED SCHOOLS ACTS. Since the beginning of the present reign a number of statutes have been passed dealing with the endowed grannuar schools of England. The Act 3 and 4 Vict. c. 77, which notices in the preamble the great number of grammar schools in England, both of royal and private foundation, and remarks that the term " grammar " had been construed to mean Creek and Latin, and that the gover… EndymionENDYMION. In the genealogy of the Iapetids Endymion is said to be the son of Aethlius, who is the son of Zeus by Protogeneia, the daughter of Deucalion and Pyrrha. The legend of Endymion was localized in Elis, the westernmost land in the Peloponnesus, where his tomb was shown in the days of Pausanias. The simplest form of the story is perhaps that of Apollodorus (i. 7, 5), who merely says that Sel… EnergyENERGY may be defined as the power of doing work, or of overcoming resistance. A bent spring possesses energy, for it is capable of doing work in returning to its natural form ; a charge of gunpowder possesses energy, for it is capable of doing work in exploding ; a Leyden jar charged with electricity possesses energy, for it is capable of doing work in being discharged. A complete account of our … Enfantin, Bartiieiemy ProsperENFANTIN, BARTIIEIEMY PROSPER [LE PERE ENFANT1 N], (1796-1S64), one of the founders of Saint-Simonism, was born at Paris, February 8, 1796. He was the son of a banker of Dauphiny, and after receiving his early education at a lyceum, was sent in 1813 to the Ecole Polyt-echnique In March 1814 he was one of the band of students who, on the heights of Montmartre and Saint-Chaumont, attempted resistanc… EnfieldENFIELD, a town of the United States, in'' Hartford co., Connecticut, is situated on the Connecticut river, and on the railway from Hartford to Springfield, 14 miles N. of Hartford. EnfieldENFIELD, Wit.mAm (1741-1797), a dissenting divine, noted for the number and variety of his literary works, was born at Sudbury in 1741. He received his education at the dissenting academy at Daventry, under the care of 1)r Ashworth, where he passed through the usual curriculum of five years. Immediately afterwards he was chosen minister of the congregation of Benn's Garden, Liverpool, in 1763. Dur… EnfieldENFIELD, a market town of Middlesex, is situated ten miles N.E. of London. Engel, JohannaENGEL, JOHANNA. JAKOB (1741-1802), a German writer, chiefly distinguished as a dramatist, was born at Parchim, in Mecklenburg, on the 1 1 th September 1741. His father was a clergyman, and he himself studied for the church, though he did not enter upon the clerical profession. He studied at Rostock and Biitzow, and afterwards at Leipsic, where he took his doctor's degree in 1769. In the same year … EnglandENGLAND. ?. S. a. ?. s. d. Cambridge 17,510 7 10 20,973 4 2I London (City of): i Charities Administered I by Society of Friends. It will ha seen from the preceding table that the endow meat of the mass of the charities is mainly in land. The total area of land belonging to the endowed charities at the date of the report, June 1877, amounted to 524,311 acres, which brought an annual rental of ?1,44… EnglandENGLAND, comprising, with Wales, the southern portion of the island of Great Britain, extends from 49? 48' to 55? 45' N. lat., and from 1 45' E. to 5? 44' W. long., and covers an area of 58,320 square miles. It corresponds in latitude with Northern Germany and the Netherlands. In shape it is nearly triangular; and owing to its being surrounded by the sea on all sides, except for a distance of abou… England, The Church OfENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF, is that portion of the universal church of Christ located in England, having for its ministers bishops, priests, and deacons (see Preface to Ordinal), and being legally and historically continuous with the church of the most ancient times. The Church of England claims to be a "true and apostolical church, teaching and maintaining the doctrine of the apostles" (canon iii). I… English BibleENGLISH BIBLE. The history of the vernacular Bible of the English race resolves itself into two distinctly marked periods, - the one being that of Manuscript Bibles, which were direct translations from the Latin Vulgate, the other that of Printed Bibles, which were, more or less completely, translations from the original Hebrew and Greek of the Old and New Testaments. The Manuscript Bible. As far … English LanguageENGLISH LANGUAGE. In its widest sense, the name is now conveniently used to comprehend the language of the English people from their settlement in Britain to Modern English. In works yet recent, and even in some still current, the name English is confined to the third, or at most extended to the second and third of these stages, since the language assumed in the main the vocabulary and grammatical… EngravingENGRAVING. The verb engrave is an old French word adopted by the English language, in which it bears at the present day but one signification, that of marking by incision. In old English the word was used in other senses, with which we need not now trouble the reader, and the verb engraver in modern French, used for a boat when she runs her keel into the beach or for a cart when its wheels stick i… EngueraENGUERA, a town in the province of Valencia, in Spain, is situated in a mountainous district 32 miles S.S.W. of Valencia and 12 miles W.N.W. of San Felipe. Olives and mulberries abound in the surrounding country. In the town there are a convent and a hospital. It possesses woollen mills, and has also a considerable general trade. Population, 5700. EN1(HUIZEN, a seaport town of the Netherlands, in … EnlistmentENLISTMENT, as defined in the annual Mutiny Act (39 Vict. c. 8), consists in the recruit answering the questions put by the person authorized to recruit or to enrol under the Reserve Force Act or to enlist under the Militia Reserve Acts, and in his accepting the enlisting money with the accompanying notice. The recruit is then entitled to be billeted, and must, in not less than twenty-four and not… EnnisENNIS, a municipal and parliamentary borough and market-town of Ireland, the capital of the county of Clare, province of Munster, is situated on the Fergus, about 25 miles W.N.W. from Limerick, with which town and Athenry it is connected by railway. EnniscorthyENNISCORTHY, a market-town of Wexford county, 1:eland, 13 miles N.N.W. of Wexford, on the side of a steep bill above the Slaney, which here becomes navigable for barges of a large size. Ennisk1 LlenENNISK1 LLEN, a municipal and parliamentary borough and market town of Ireland, capital of the county of Fermanagh, province of Ulster, is situated on an island in the strait or river which connects the upper and lower lakes of Lough Erne, 102 miles N,W, from Dublin and 22 miles from Clones by railway. The town occupies the whale island, and is connected with two suburbs on the mainland on each si… EnniusENNIUS, Q. Although Enniusis known to us only from fragments of his writings and from ancient testimony, yet there is sufficient evidence from both sources to justify us in assigning to him a position of great eminence and influence in Roman literature. Although not the creator of that literature, for he is later in date, not only than Livius Andronicus and N2evius, but than Plautus, yet he did mo… EnochENOCH. Four persons of this name are mentioned in the Old Testament Scriptures. The first was the eldest son of Cain, who called a city which be built by the same name as his first-born (Gen. iv. 17). In the English Authorized Version Enoch appears, in the form hanoch, as the name of the eldest son of Reuben (Gen. xlvi. 9) and of a son of Midian (Gen. xxv. 4). The name is most familiar, however, a… EnosENOS (the ancient /Enos), a seaport town in the metropolitan province of European Turkey, vilayet of Adrianople and sandjak of Gallipoli; is situated on the south side of the Gulf of Enos, 38 miles N.W. of Gallipoli and 80 miles S.W. of Adrianople. Enriquez Gomez, AntonioENRIQUEZ GOMEZ, ANTONIO, the name filially adopted by a Spanish dramatist and poet, who was the son of Don Diego Enriquez Villanueva, a converted Portuguese Jew, and during the first part of his public life was known as Enrique Enriquez de Paz. He was born in Seville, probably between 1600 and 1602, and obtained a classical education. His twentieth year was hardly out when be entered the army, and… EnschedeENSCHEDE, a town in the Overyssel province of Holland, is situated near the Prussian boundary, about 45 miles S.E. of Zwolle, at the junction of three railways. EntailENTAIL (from tailler, to cut) really means a limited succession - one cut out by the will of the maker of the entail from the ordinary legal course .of succession. The derivation of the word from talis (tales hmredes qui in tenore investiturm contineautur) is now abandoned. But, as an existing social institution, entail has also generally involved more or less restriction on the proprietary powers… Entrecasteaux, Josepii-antoine BruniENTRECASTEAUX, JOSEPII-ANTOINE BRUNI (1739-1793), a celebrated French navigator, was born at Aix in 1739. He entered the navy at the age of fifteen. At the commencement of the war in 177S he commanded a frigate of 32 guns, and by his clever seamanship was successful in convoying a fleet of merchant vessels from Marseilles to the Levant, although they were attacked by two pirate vessels, each of wh… EnzioENZIO, king of Sardinia (1225-1272), who played a great part in the conflict between the empire and the papacy in the first half of the 13th century, was one of the natural sons of the emperor Frederick II. by his mistress the beautiful Bianca Lancia. He was born at Palermo at the close of the year 1225, the same year in which his father married as his second wife Iolaute of Jerusalem. His name is… Eon De BeaumontEON DE BEAUMONT, CHARLES GENEVIEVE LOUISE AUGUSTE ANDRE TIMOTHEE n' (1728-1810), commonly known as the Chevalier d'Eon, a political adventurer, was born at Tonnerre, in Burgundy, on the 5th October 1728. He was the son of an advocate of good position, and after a distinguished course of study at the College Mazarin, he became a doctor of law by special dispensation before the usual age, and adopte… Eotitos, Jozsef, BaronEOTITOS, JoZSEF, BARON (1813-1871), a distinguished Hungarian statesman, author, poet, and orator, was born at Buda on the 3d September 1813. He was educated partly at his father's estate at Ercsi, in the meg,ye or county of Szekesfehdrvar (Stuldweissenburg), and partly in Buda, where also he studied law and philosophy from 1826-31. As early as 1830, Eotvos commenced his literary career by a trans… EpaminondasEPAMINONDAS, the most celebrated general of Thebes, burn towards the close of the 5th century B.C., was the son of Polymnis, and belonged to a noble family. Brought up in poverty, he was diligent in acquiring the culture of the age, and became skilful in gymnastic exercises and in playing the flute. For his intellectual education he was chiefly indebted to Lysis of Tarentum, a Pythagorean exile. A… Epee, Charles-michel, AbuEPEE, CHARLES-MICHEL, ABU: DE L' (1712-1789) celebrated for his labours in behalf of the deaf and dumb, was born at Paris 25th November 1712, being the son of the king's architect. He studied for the church, but having declined to sign a religious formula opposed to the doctrines of the Jansenists, he was denied ordination by the bishop of his diocese. He then devoted himself to the study of law ;… EpeiraimEPEIRAIM, the younger son of Joseph, who received the precedence over the elder (Manasseh) by the blessing of Jacob, on the occasion when he adopted both into the numl)er of his sons iu place of Joseph their father. Both, accordingly, were the founders of tribes which bore their names, the intention of Jacob being that Joseph should by this means have double the honour accorded to his brethren. At… Eperies, Or PresovaEPERIES, or PRESOVA, in Hungarian EPERJES, a royal free town of Hungary, capital of the varmegye or county of Sams, and situated on the left bank of the River Tarcza, an affluent of the Theiss (48' 55' N. let., 21' 15' E. long.), 1-l3 miles northeast of Pesth. Next to Kaschati, Eperies is the finest town in Upper Hungary, and has considerable manufactures of cloth, wool, table-linen, and earthenwa… EpernayEPERNAY (the ancient Aguce Perennes), the chief town of a French arrondissement in the department of the Marne, is situated on the left bank of the Marne, at the extremity of a beautiful and fertile valley on the line of railway between Paris and Strasburg, 20 miles W.N.W. of Chalons, and 75 miles east of Paris. The town is neatly built, and in its suburbs are many handsome villas, inhabited chief… EphemeridieEPHEMERIDiE, a remarkable family of PseudoNeuropterons Insects, deriving the name from 411/zepos, in allusion to the very short lives of the winged insects. In some species it is possible that they have scarcely more than one day's existence, but others are far longer lived, though the extreme limit is probably rarely more than a week. The family has very sharply defined characters, which separate… Ephesians, The Epistle To TheEPHESIANS, THE EPISTLE TO THE. Destination of the Epistle. - The first and most important inquiry connected with the epistle to the Ephesians has reference to the persons to whom it was originally addressed; and this inquiry again depends so much upon the reading of the first verse of the epistle that, before proceeding further, it is necessary to determine as far as possible what that reading is.… EphesusEPHESUS, a very ancient city on the west coast of Asia Minor. It was situate on some hills which rose out of a fertile plain near the mouth of the river Cayster, while the temple and precincts of Artemis or Diana, to the fame of which the town owed much of its celebrity, were in the plain itself, at the distance of about a mile. The situation of the city was such as at all times to command a great… EphorusEPHORUS, a Greek historian of Gurnee in "Eons, flourished about 408 B.C. His father's name was Demophilus or Antiochus ; and he studied along with Eudoxus and Theopompus under the philosopher Isocrates. The chief work of Ephorus was a history of the wars between the Greeks and Persians, in which, like Herodotus, he introduced the description of foreign and barbarous nations in the form of episodes… Ephraem SyrusEPHRAEM SYRUS, or Ephraim the Syrian, flourished in the 4th century of the Christian era, acquired great renown among his contemporaries, and has since been esteemed one of the most celebrated fathers of the church. So highly was he honoured that, according to the testimony of Jerome (Script. Eccl., c. 115), his homilies were read in many of the churches of Greece immediately after the reading of … EpicharmusEPICHARMUS (540-450 rac.), a celebrated poet of the old comedy, was born in the island of Cos, where his father Elothales was a physician, of the race of the Asclepiads. According to Diogenes Laertius, he was brought to Megara, in Sicily, when only three months old ; but it is more probable that he migrated thither, as Suidas asserts, of his own accord at a later period. After the destruction of M… EpictetusEPICTETUS (the word means "acquired," but no other name has been handed down for him) was, according to the received account, born at Hierapolis, a town in the southwest quarter of Phrygia. His life extends between a date slightly anterior and a date slightly posterior to the second half of the 1st century A.D. While young, he was one of the slaves of Epaphroditus, a freedman and courtier of the e… EpicurusEPICURUS, the founder of the Epicurean school of philosophy, was born in the end of 342 or the beginning of 341 B. C., seven years after the death of Plato. His father Neocles belonged to Gargettos, one of the small villages of Attica, but had settled in Samos, not later than 352, as one of the colonists sent out by the Athenian state after the conquest of the island by Timotheus in 366. In Samos,… Epi Da Mn UsEPI DA MN US, an ancient city of Illyricum, was founded by a joint colony of Corcyreans and Corinthians towards the close of the 7th century B.C., and from its admirable position and the fertility of the surrounding country soon rose into very considerable importance. The dissolution of its original oligarchical government by the increasing power of the democrats was one of the causes that contrib… EpidaurusEPIDAURUS, a maritime city of ancient Greece, on the eastern coast of Argolis, sometimes distinguished as 7) leper 'Eni,8acpos, or Epidaurus the Holy. It stood on a small rocky peninsula with a natural harbour on the northern side and an open but serviceable bay on the southern ; and from this position acquired the epithet of 8L'arop.og, or the two-mouthed. Its narrow but fertile territory consist… EpidaurusEPIDAURUS, a city of the Peloponnesus on the east coast of Laconia, distinguished by the epithet of Limera, which is explained as either the Well-havened or the Hungry. EpigoniEPIGONI, a Greek word denoting simply sons or drscfaidai,is, but applied more particularly to certain mythical chiefs who fought against Thebes. After the terrible catastrophe which brought about the death of Iokaste (Jocasta) and the blinding of CEdipus, Eteocles and Polynices, the sons of this ill fated pair, incurred the wrath of their father, whom they cast out from his home to fight with pove… EpigramsEPIGRAMS. Nothing perhaps could be more hopeless than an attempt to discover or devise a definition wide enough to include the vast multitude of little poems which at one time or other have been honoured with the title of epigram, and precise enough to exclude all others. Without taking account of its evident misapplications, we find that the name has been given - first, in strict accordance with … EpilepsyEPILEPSY (from 61-1 upon, and Xa,uficivoi, to seize), synonym, Fulling Sickness. The term as generally understood is applied to a nervous disorder characterized by a fit of sudden loss of consciousness, attended with convulsions. There may, however, exist manifestations of epilepsy much less marked than this, yet equally characteristic of the disease ; while, on the other hand, it is to be borne i… EpimenidesEPIMENIDES, a poet and prophet of Crete, was born at Phmstus, or according to others at Gnossus, in the 7th century before the Christian era. EpinalEPINAL, a town of France, capital of the department of Vosges, is situated on both sides of the Moselle, at the foot of the Vosges chain of mountains, and on the railway from Nancy to Belfort, 35 miles S.S.E. of Nancy and 200 E.S.E. of Paris. The town is tolerably well built, and in its vicinity are some beautiful promenades. It was formerly fortified, and has still the remains of an ancient castl… Epinay, Louise Florence P4tronille De La LiveEPINAY, LOUISE FLORENCE P4TRONILLE DE LA LIVE D' (1725-1783), a French authoress, well known on account of her liaisons with Rousseau and Baron von Grimm, and her acquaintanceship with Diderot, D'Alembert, D'Holbach, and other French litterateurs, was born at Paris in 1725. Her father, Tardieu d'Esclavelles, a brigadier of infantry, was killed in battle when she was nineteen years of age ; and in … Epiphanius, StEPIPHANIUS, ST, a celebrated father of the church, was born in the beginning of the 4th century at Bezanduca, a village of Palestine, near Eleutheropolis. He is said to have been of Jewish extraction. In his youth he resided in Egypt, where, under the Gnostics, he began an ascetic course of life ; and on his return to Palestine be became a zealous disciple of the patriarch Ililarion, and eventuall… Epiphany, Festival OfEPIPHANY, FESTIVAL OF, one of the chief festivals of the Christian church, kept on the Gth of January, as the closing day of the Christmas commemoration, the English " Twelfth Day." The name " Epiphany" (7) 'E7rtg5ciFeta, nr Ta 'E7recbcivta, also Oet;Vivatt, and Xpto-roc6O.vta) marks it oat as a commemoration of the manifestation of Jesus Christ to the world as the Son of God, This manifestation 1… Epirus, Or EpeirusEPIRUS, or EPEIRUS, was that part of Northern Greece which stretched along the Ionian Sea from the Acroeerannian promontory on the N. to the Ambracian gulf on the S., and was conterminous on the landward side with Elyria, Macedonia, and Thessaly - thus corresponding to the southern portion of Albania. The name Epirus ("II7rapos, or in the local dialects 'Avapos) signified mainland, and was origina… EpiscopacyEPISCOPACY. By Episcopacy we understand that form of church organization in which the chief ecclesiastical authority within a defined district or diocese is vested in bishops (episcopi), having in subordination to them priests, or presbyters, and deacons, and with the power of ordination. Of this form of government there are traces in apostolic times ; evidences of its existence become increasingl… EpiscopiusEPISCOPIUS, &MON (1583-1643), a distinguished theologian (whose name in Dutch was Bisschop), was born at Amsterdam on the 1st January 1583. In 1600 he entered the university of Leyden, where he took his master of arts degree in 1606. He afterwards studied theology under Arminius, and Arminius's opponent Gomar ; but soon becoming a strong sympathizer with the Arminian doctrines, he, on the death of… EpitaphEPITAPH (1711.7j.cbtos, sc. X6yos, from hri, upon, and T4os, a tomb) means strictly an inscription upon a tomb, though by a natural extension of usage the name is applied to anything written ostensibly for that purpose whether actually inscribed upon a tomb or not. Many of the best known epitaphs, both ancient and modern, are merely literary memorials, and find no place on sepulchral monuments. So… EpithalamiumEPITHALAMIUM (from 171, and Otaattos, a nuptial chamber), originally among the Greeks a song which was sung by a number of boys and girls at the door of the nuptial chamber. According to the scholiast on Theocritus, one form the KaTalcotp.nrcx4y, was employed at night, and another, the &cycpTtKOv, to amuse the bride and bridegroom on the following morning, In either case, as was natural, the main … EpromEPROM. This name, which exactly corresponds with the Greek episkopos, meaning bishop or overseer, was given to certain magistrates in many Dorian cities of ancient Greece. But the most prominent are the ephors of Sparta, who, whatever may have been their origin, appear during the times for which we have historical knowledge. as the supreme power in the state, controlling alike its civil and milita… EpsomEPSOM, a market town in the county of Surrey, is situated about 14 miles S.W. of London, on a branch of the London and Brighton railway. The town is irregularly built, but contains some handsome new houses. The principal building is the parish church, a Gothic edifice, rebuilt in 1825, the interior of which contains some fine sculptures by Flaxman and Chantrey. Epsom has attained a wide celebrity … Epsom SaltsEPSOM SALTS, the magnesice sulphas of pharmacy, and the epsomite or hair-salt of mineralogical treatises, is an hydrated magnesium sulphate, of the chemical constitution MgSO4.7H20, and isomorphous with zinc sulphate (see vol. vi, p. 527), which it resembles in appearance. The salt crystallizes in four-sided, right-rhombic, lustrous, colourless prisms, which in the commercial article are usually a… EquationEQUATION. The present article includes DETERMINANT and THEORY OF EQUATIONS; and it may be proper to explain the relation to each other of the two subjects. Theory of Equations is used in its ordinary conventional sense to denote the theory of a single equation of any order in one unknown quantity; that is, it does not include the theory of a system or systems of equations of any order between any … EquitesEQUITES, an order of men in the commonwealth of Rome to which there is no exact parallel in modern times. Their origin goes back to the earliest period of Roman history. During the reign of the kings they appear to have been of noble birth, the younger branches of patrician families. This we may infer from the statement of Polybius (vi. 20), that the knights now are chosen according to fortune, - … EquityEQUITY in its most general sense means justice ; in its most technical sense it means a system of law, or a body of connected legal principles, which have superseded or supplemented the common law on the ground of their intrinsic superiority. Aristotle (Ethics, bk. v. c. 10) defines equity as a better sort of justice, which corrects legal justice where the latter errs through being expressed in a … Erast Us, ThomasERAST US, THOMAS (1521-1583), was born at Baden in Switzerland on the 7th of September 1521. His family name was Liebler or Lieber, Erastus being the Greek equivalent. In 1540 he went to Basel, and in 1542 he entered the university there as student of philosophy and theology. An outbreak of the plague in 1544 drove him to Bologna, where he studied philosophy and medicine, taking his doctor's degre… EratosthenesERATOSTHENES, a celebrated astronomer and geometrician of Alexandria, was born at Cyrene, 276 B.C. ErbacliERBACLI, the chief town of a circle in Hesse-Darmstadt, province of Starkenburg, is situated on the Miimling, 22 miles S.E. of Darmstadt. It has cotton and woollen mills, lime and tile works, a tannery, and a manufactory for arms. Wool and cattle fairs are held twice a year. The castle contains interesting collections of Greek, Roman, and German antiquities, and the armour and weapons of many cele… ErcillaERCILLA Y ZUNIGA, Ar.oNso DE (1533-1595), a Spanish soldier and poet, was born in Madrid, August 7, 1533. On the death of his father, Fortunio Garcia do Arcilla y Arteaga, a learned and travelled jurisconsult of Biscayan origin, who held high office under the emperor Charles V., his mother obtained a place in the household of the empress Isabella, and the boy was brought up as a page to Philip, th… Erdelyi, JaERDELYI, JA Nos (1814-1868), an Hungarian poet and author, was born in 1814 at Kapos, in the county of Ungar, and educated at the Protestant college of Sarospatak. In 1833 he removed to Pesth, where, having attracted notice by his poetical talents, he was, in 1839, elected member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. His literary fame was much enhanced by his collection of Hungarian national poems… Erdmann, Otto LecneERDMANN, OTTO LECNE (1804-1869) a German chemist, was the son of Karl Gottfried Erdmann, the physician who introduced vaccination into Saxony He was born at Dresden April 11, 1804. In 1820 and the following year he attended the lectures of the medieo-chirurgical academy at Dresden, and in 1822 he entered the university of Leipsic, where he remained three years, devoting himself princi, pally to th… ErebusEREBUS. This word, which denotes darkness, comes probably from the same source as the Greek 1/34/50), to cover, and 6pogS,j, a roof, and has by some been connected also with the Hebrew Ereb, night, which reappears in Algarve. In the Hesiodic Theogony, 123, Erebus is, with Nyx, the night, the offspring of Chaos; and Erebus and Nyx become the parents of Aaher and Hemera, the pure air and the day. In… ErecfitheusERECFITHEUS, in Greek legend, apparently the same as Erichthonius, was a local hero of Attica, with whom was associated the belief of the Athenians in their ancestors having sprung from the soil (see AUTOMITHONES). But the story of his birth is turd generally under the name of Erichthonius, who, in the form of a serpent, was the offspring of Athena and Hephmstus, and was by the former handed over … ErfurtERFURT, a city of Prussian Saxony, and the capital of an administrative district, is situated on the Gera, and on the line of the Thuringian railway, about midway between Gotha and Weimar, which are 14 miles distant. It is irregularly built, having no street or square worthy of mention, with the exception of the Friedrich-Willehnsplatz, which con tains a monument to the elector Frederick Charles J… Ergot, Or Spurred RyeERGOT, or SPURRED RYE, the drug ergota or Secede cornutum (Germ. ifulterkorn ; Fr. Seigle ergote), consists of the sclerotium of a fungus, Clovieeps purpurea, Tulasne, of the order Pyrenomycete parasitic on the pistils of many species of the Craminucea, but obtained almost exclusively-from rye, Secale cereele, L. In the ear of rye that is infected with ergot a species of fermentation takes place, … ErieERIE, a city and port of entry, the capital of Erie co., Pennsylvania, is situated on Lake Eric opposite Presque Island, about 120 miles N. of Pittsburg, 42? 8' N. lat. and 80? 10' AV. long. Its streets are spacious and are laid out with great regularity. The principal buildings are the court house, the post office, the custom house, the opera house, the union depot, the academy, the marine hospit… ErigoneERIGONE. ErinyesERINYES, the Greek name for the beings whom the Latins called Fur* Furies. They were especially the avengers of iniquity, and, as such, acquired a character so fearful that those who had need to speak of them called them the Eumenides, or merciful beings, to win from them the pity which they were but little supposed to feel. The name Erinyes cannot be explained from the Greek language ; but in the… EriphyleERIPHYLE, in Greek mythology, the wife of the seer Amphiaraus, whom the Argive chief Adrastus took with him to Thebes, because a prophecy had said that that city could not otherwise be taken. Not wishing to meddle in a quarrel which was not his own, Amphiaraus was compelled, by a promise which he lead previously given to Adrastus, to abide by the decision of Eriphyle ; and Eriphyle had been bribed… ErisERIS, in Greek mythology, a sister of the war-god Are:, and in the Hesiodic theogony a daughter of Nyx, the night, who is also the mother of righteous recompense, Nemesis. EriskonigERISKONIG, or EntsKixo, a mythical character in modern German literature, represented as a gigantic, bearded man with a golden crown and trailing garments, who carries children away to that undiscovered country where he himself abides. There is no such personage in ancient German mythology, and the name is linguistically nothing more than the perpetuation of a blunder. It first appeared in Herder'… ErivanERIVAN, or Iaw.tx, in Persian R EWAN, a town of Russian Armenia, at the head of a province of the same I name, is situated 3430 feet above the level of the Black Sea, on the Zengui, Zanga, or Hrastan, an affluent of the Araxes, about 171 miles S.S.W. of Tiflis by road. The old Persian portion of the town consists mainly of narrow crooked lanes inclosed by mud walls, which effectually conceal the h… ErlangenERLANGEN, a town of Bavaria, in the district of Middle Franconia, is situated at the confluence of the Schwabaeh with the Regnitz, eleven miles N.N.W. of Nuremberg, and on the railway between that town and Bamberg. It is surrounded by walls, and divided into an old and new town, the latter consisting of wide, straight, and well-built streets. It possesses a large brewery, the beer of which is in h… ErlauERLAU (the Hungarian Eger, Slavonic Jager, and Latin rigria), a fortified town of Hungary, capital of the vdrmegye or county of Heves, on the Erlau, or Eger, an affluent of the Theiss (47? 54' N. lat., 20? 22' E. long.), 67 miles E.N.E. of Pesti'. Previous to 1803, Erlau was the see of a bishopric founded by St Stephen, king of Hungary, in the 11th century ; in 1804 it was elevated to an archbisho… Erman, PaulERMAN, PAUL (1764-1851), a German physicist, was born in Berlin February 29, 1764. ErmineERMINE (Mustela errninea), a carnivorous mammal belonging to the family3fustelidce, or Weasels, and resembling the other members of the family in the great length and slenderness of its body and the shortness of its limbs, to which it owes the peculiar snake-like character of its motions. It usually measures 10 inches in length exclusive of the tail, which is about 4 inches long, and which become… Ernesti, Johann AugustERNESTI, JOHANN AUGUST (1707-1781), one of the most illustrious philologists and theologians of the last, century. He was born August 4, 1707, at Tennstalt in; Thuringia, of which place his father, Johann Christoph: Ernesti, likewise a distinguished theologian, was pastor, besides being superintendent of the electoral dioceses of Thuringia, Salz, and Sangerhausen. After having received his first i… Ernesti, Johann Christian GottliebERNESTI, JOHANN CHRISTIAN GOTTLIEB (1756-1802), nephew of the preceding, a distinguished classical scholar and critic, was born at Arnstadt, Thuringia, in 1756. After attending the gymnasium of his native town, he entered the university of Leyden, where he had the advantage of his uncle's superintendence in his studies. He obtained his master's degree in 1777, but continued his studies till 1782. … Erniena, JohannesERNIENA, JOHANNES Scoxus, one of the most important thinkers of the Middle Ages, flourished during the 9th century. The date and place of his birth are still undetermined. He was undoubtedly a native of the British isles, but of which is quite uncertain. He has been claimed for England by Gale, who thinks that the name Erigena is derived from E.rgene in Herefordshire ; for Scotland by Mackenzie, w… Ernst, Heinrich WilhelmERNST, HEINRICH WILHELM (1814-1865), an eminent violinist and composer, was born at Brimn, in Moravia, in 1814. He received his musical education at the Conservatorium of Vienna, studying the violin under Joseph Boehm and Mayseder, and composition under Seyfried. At the age of sixteen he made a concert tour through various towns of south Germany, which was the means of establishing his reputation … ErosEROS, in Greek mythology, Love or Desire. ErpeniusERPENIUS (original name, VON ERPE), THOMAS (1584-1624), a distinguished Orientalist, was born at Gercum, in Holland, September 11,1584. After completing his early education at Leyden, he entered the university of that city, and in 160S took the degree of master of arts. By the advice of Scaliger he studied the Oriental languages whilst taking his course of theology; and he even then gave promise o… Ersch, Johann SamuelERSCH, JOHANN SAMUEL (1766-1828), the founder of German bibliography, was born at Gross Glogau, in Prussian Silesia, June 23,1766. In 1785 he entered the university of Halle with the view of studying theology, but very soon his whole attention became engrossed with history, bibliography, and geography. At Halle he made the acquaintance of Fabri, professor of geography; and when the latter was made… ErskineERSKINE, TuomAs, of Linlathen (1788-1870), a writer on theology and religion, son of David Erskine, writer to the signet in Edinburgh, and of Anne Graham, of the Grahams of Airth, was born 13th October 1788. He was a descendant of the earl of Mar, regent of Scotland in the reign of James VI., a grandson of John Erskine of Carnock, and a nephew of the Rev. Dr John Erskine, both noticed above. After… Erskine, BalmERSKINE, BALM (1685-1752), brother of Ebenezer Erskine, was born 18th March 1685. Erskine, EbenezerERSKINE, EBENEZER (1680-1754), the chief founder of the Secession Church (formed of dissenters from the Church of Scotland), was the son of the Rev. Henry Erskine, who at one time was minister at Cornhill, North Durham, but was ejected in 1662 by the Act of Uniformity, and, after suffering some years' imprisonment, was after the Revolution appointed to the parish of Chirnside, Berwickshire. Ebenez… Erskine, JohnERSKINE, JOHN, D.D. (1721-1803), son of the above, a minister of the Church of Scotland, was born on the 2d June 1721. It was his early desire to enter the church; and although, in deference to his father's wish, he studied law for a time after completing his course in arts at the university of Edinburgh, he was eventually permitted to follow his own inclination. He was licensed to preach by the p… Erskine, JohnERSKINE, JOHN, of Carnock (1695-1768), an eminent writer on the law of Scotland and professor in the university of Edinburgh, was born in 1695. His father, LieutenantColonel John Erskine, son of Henry, second Lord Cardross, was a noted Whig and zealous Presbyterian, who made himself conspicuous at the Revolution by refusing to take the oath of abjuration notwithstanding his strong attachment to Ki… Erskine, Titomas, BaronERSKINE, TITOMAS, BARON (1750-1823), probably the greatest forensic orator that Britain has produced, was the third and youngest son of Henry David, tenth earl of Buchan, and was born in Edinburgh on the 10th of January 1750, From an early age he showed a strong desire to enter one of the learned professions ; but his father, whose means had barely permitted him to afford the expense of a liberal … ErysipelasERYSIPELAS (a Greek word, 4)eo-/z-eAas, probably derived from Epvepoc, and iriAAa, skin) - synonyms, the Rose, St Anthony's Fire - a disease characterized by diffuse inflammation of the skin, attended with fever. Two kinds of this disorder are recognized, namely, - trannudie erysipelas, which occurs in connexion with some wound or external injury, and may?thus affect any part of the body where suc… EryxERYX, an ancient city and mountain in the west of Sicily, six miles from Drepana, and a short distance from the sea shore. Erzeroum, ErzrumERZEROUM, ERZRUM, or sometimes ARZEROUM, an important town of Turkish Armenia, at the head of an extensive vilayet of the same name, the residence of a pasha, and the seat of an Armenian patriarch and a Greek bishop, as well as the centre of the fourth army corps, and one of the main strategical points on the Turkodlussian frontier. It is situated 6200 feet above the level of the sea on the southe… ErzgebirgeERZGEBIRGE, a mountain chain of Germany, forming the boundary between Saxony and Bohemia, and extending in a W.S.W. direction from the Elbe to the Fichtelgebirge, where the White Elster has its source. Its length from E.N.E. to W.S.W. is over 100 miles, and its average breadth about 25 miles. The southern declivity is generally steep and rugged, forming in some places an almost perpendicular wall … EsarESAR H D ON (Assur-akhi-i ddina, " Assu r gave brothers ") succeeded his father Sennacherib as king of Assyria, January 680 B.C. He had had to fight a battle a few weeks previously against his elder brothers, Adrammelech and Nergal?sharezer, who had murdered their father, and after their defeat fled to Armenia. The murder had probably been occasioned by the partiality shown by Sennacherib for Esar… EsauESAU, or Enos!, the father of the Edomites, was the son of Isaac and Rebecca, and the elder twin brother of Jacob. According to the narrative contained in Genesis, the name Esau (hairy) was given to him on account of his hairy appearance at his birth, and the name Edom (red) wbeis he sold his birthright to Jacob for a meal of red lentile pottage. Esau, who was a hunter, having returned famished fr… EschatologyESCHATOLOGY, or the "doctrine of last things," is a theological term for the facts revealed in Scripture about a future state, and the result of Christian speculation on these facts. The origin of the term is to be found in the phrases " the last day," " the last times," and similar expressions adopted by New Testament writers from ancient prophecy.1 It was the universal feeling among primitive Ch… EscheatESCHEAT (escceta), in English law, is the reversion of lands to the next lord on the failure of heirs of the tenant. " When the tenant of an estate in fee simple dies without having alienated his estate in his lifetime or by his will, and without leaving any heirs either lineal or collateral, the lands in which lie held his estate escheat, as it is called, to the lord of whom he held them " (Willi… Eschenburg, Johann JoachimESCHENBURG, JOHANN JOACHIM (1743-1820) a German litteratenr, was born at Hamburg, 7th December 1743. After receiving his early education in his native town, he studied at Leipsie and Gottingen. In 1767 he was brought by the court-preacher Jerusalem to Brunswick, and through his influence he became 6. professor in the Collegium Carolinum. Ile was also made an aulic councillor, and senior of the Syr… Eschenmayer, Karl Adolf August VonESCHENMAYER, KARL ADOLF AUGUST VON (1770- 1852) a German philosopher and physicist, was born at Nuremberg 4th January 1770. After receiving his early education at the Caroline academy- of Stuttgart, he entered the university of Tfibingen, where he received the degree of doctor of medicine. He practised for some time as a physician at Sulz, and then at Kirehheim, and in 1811 he was chosen extraordi… Eschscholtz, Johann FriedrichESCHSCHOLTZ, JOHANN FRIEDRICH, a German traveller and naturalist, born November 12, 1793, at Dorpat, where he died May 12, 1831. EschwegeESCHWEGE, the head town of a circle in the district of Cassel, province of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, is situated on the Werra, and on the &bra-Friedland railway, about 28 miles south-east of Cassel. EschweilerESCHWEILER, a town of Rhenish Prussia, in the government district of Aix-la-chapelle, is situated on the Inde, and on the Berg-Mark railway, about 8 miles E.N.E. from Aix-la-chapelle. Escobar X' MendozaESCOBAR X' MENDOZA, ANTONIO (1589-1669) a Spanish casuist, was a descendant of the illustrious house of Mendoza, and was born at Valladolid in 1589. He was educated by the Jesuits, and at the age of fifteen took the habit of that order. He soon became a famous preacher, and his facility was so great that for 50 years he preached daily, and sometimes twice a day. Notwithstanding his constant orator… EsdrasESDRAS, Boons OF. The books called Esdras third and fourth in the sixth Article of the Church of England (1563) have been more commonly known to English readers since the publication of the Geneva Bible (1560) as Esdras first and second. In the earliest Protestant edition of the German Bible (where for the first time the apocryphal books were sharply separated from the canonical) these two books o… EsherESHER, a village and parish in the county of Surrey, England, is situated about 15 miles S.W. of London. Eshref, Or AsiirefESHREF, or ASIIREF, a town of Persia in the province of Mazanderan, about 50 miles west of Astrabad, and 5 miles inland from the Caspian Sea. It lies in a hollow of the mountains richly embowered with cypress, orange, and melon trees. The inhabitants, who number about 5000 or 6000, comprise, according to Napier, the descendants of a Georgian colony introduced by Shah Abbas Sefawi, some families of… Eski-djuma, Or Eski-djumuaESKI-DJUMA, or ESKI-DJUMUA, a town of Bulgaria, in the sanjak of Rustchuk, about 22 miles west of Shumla, on the northern slopes of the Binar-dagh. EskilstunaESKILSTUNA, a town of Sweden in the government of Sodermanland, anddistrict of Nykoping, on the Ujelmar-Ac, which unites Lake Hjelmar with Lake Maier. EskimoESKIMO, EsKuuros, or ESQUIMAU; the name applied by European ethnologists to a large number of cognate but widely separated tribes, which are scattered along the coasts of the arctic regions of America and Asia. The Danish form of the word has recently supplanted the older French form. The name is a corruption of the Abenaki Indian Eskintat. sic or the Ojiba Askinzeg, both terms meaning " those who… Eski-sagraESKI-SAGRA, or EsKi-ZAcriA, a town of European Turkey, province of Adrianople, is pleasantly situated on the southern slope of the Balkans, 70 miles N.W. of Adrianople. Eski-siieiirESKI-SIIEIIR, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Asia kl inner, in the sanjak of Sultan Oegni, about 80 miles S.E. f l3roussa, and 130 miles W.N.W. of Angora, to the south of the Purssak-Chai, a tributary of the Sangarius, in 30? 32" E. long, and 39' 43'N. lat. It consists of two portions, the town proper and the market-town, united by a causeway ab.nut a mile and a half in length. There are at least ei… Esneii, Or NneESNEII, or NNE, the Latopolis of the Greeks, a town of Upper Egypt, on the left bank of the Nile, 28 miles S.S.W. of Thebes, in 25? 17' 38" N. lat. and 33? E. long. Its position at the upper end of the Nile valley, which here widens out to a breadth of 4.1,- miles, is greatly in its favour, and it forms an important depot in the caravan trade from Senna:rr. The local manufactures are shawls, cotto… Esparto, Or Spanish GrassESPARTO, or SPANISH GRASS, Macrockloa (Stipa, L.) tenacissima, Kurth, is a plant of the tribe Stipece, resembling the ornamental feather-grass of gardens. It is indigenous to the south of Spain and the north of Africa, and is especially abundant in the sterile and rugged parts of Murcia and Valencia, and in Algeria, flourishing best in sandy, ferruginous soils, in dry, sunny situations on the sea … Espinel, VicenteESPINEL, VICENTE (1551?-1634?), a Spanish poet and ecclesiastic, born probably in 1551, at Ronda, in the province of Granada. He was educated at Salamanca, was an early patron and friend of Lope de Vega, and served as a soldier in Flanders. His ecclesiastical position seems to have been that of a chaplain at Ronda, but he resided chiefly at Madrid. He is now chiefly noted as having produced one of… EsproncedaESPRONCEDA, Jost: BE (1810-1842), a Spanish poet and political agitator, whose life is remarkable for the variety of its incidents. His father was colonel of the Bourbon regiment, and it was while the army was on the march that the boy was born, on the highway near Almendralejo in Estremadura. On the close of the war, his parents settled at Madrid, and he thus had the opportunity of becoming a pup… EsquESQU [RE (Lat. Armiyer, Old Fr. Escuyer), originally a military office ranking immediately below a knight, whose attendant he was, and the bearer of his helmet, shield, and lance, in the tournament or in the battlefield. In early times the title was derived from office, not from birth, and was not hereditary ; latterly, however, it has come into such general use - or rather abuse - that all distin… Esquirol, Jean Etienne DominiqueESQUIROL, JEAN ETIENNE DOMINIQUE (1772-1840), a French physician celebrated for his treatment of the insane, was born at Toulouse in 1772. lie began his studies with a view to the church at the seminary of St Solpice, Paris, but being compelled by the Revolution to suspend them, he entered the medical service of the army. In. 1701 he became a pupil of the military hospital of Narbonne, hut as soon… EsquirosESQUIROS, TIENut ALPHONSE (1814-1876), a French poet, novelist, and politician, was horn at Paris in 1814. lie first work, a volume of poetry entitled Les Hirondelles, was published in 1834, but though it gained the commendation of Victor Hugo, it attracted little other attention, and obtained only a small sale. In 1837 he published a novel entitled Le iblwjicien, and in 1840 a historical romance,… EssekESSEK, Essr.G, or ESZEIC, a fortress and imperial free town of Austria-Hungary, in the province of Slavonia, and the capital of the county of Ver6eze, is situated on the Drave about 135 miles S. by W. of Pesti]. EssenESSEN, a town of Prussia, in the government district of Dusseldorf, province of the Rhine, is situated 19 miles N.E. of Dusseldorf. It is the seat of a court of justice and a board of trade. Among its principal buildings are the town-house, the post-office, the imperial bank, the real school, the two infirmaries, and the hospital. It has also an old Benedictine nunnery founded in 873, and a Cathol… Essen Es, TiieESSEN ES, TIIE, were one of the three principal sects of the Jews, appearing for the first time in Josephus, about the middle of the 2d century before Christ. The historian introduces them along with the Pharisees and Sadducees in his account of the period of Jonathan the Asmoucan. As to the circumstances under which they arose, the precise causes in Jewish life to which they owed their origin, an… EssexESSEX, the tenth in size of the English counties, is situated on the S.E. coast, and is consequently bounded on the E. and S.E. by the North Sea. On the S. it is separated from Kent by the river Thames, on the W. from Middlesex and Hertfordshire by the Lea and the Stort, and on the N.E. from Suffolk by the Stour, while on the N. it is conterminous with Cambridgeshire. Essex contains 1,055,133 acre… Ess, JohannESS, JOHANN ilEtsmett VAN (1772-1847), a Catholic theologian, was born at Warburg,Westphalia, 15th February 1772. He was educated at the Dominican gymnasium of his native town, and in 1700 entered, as a novice, the Benedictine abbey of Marienminster, in the bishopric of Paderborn. His Benedictine name was Leander. He was priest at Schwalenberg from 1799 to 1812, after which he became extraordinary… EsslingenESSLINGEN, a town of Wiirtemberg, circle of the Neckar, is situated on the river of the same name, and on the railway from Stuttgart to Ulm, 9 miles N.E. of Stuttgart. It is surrounded by walls, and has five suburbs, one of which is on an island in the river. On a commanding height above the town stands an old castle. The church of our lady is a fine Gothic edifice, built in the middle of the 15th… Estaing, Charles HectorESTAING, CHARLES HECTOR, COMTE D' (1729-1794), a French admiral, was born at the chateau of Ruvel, Auvergne, in 1729. He entered the army as a colonel of infantry, and in 1757 he accompanied Count de Lally to the East Indies, with the rank of brigadier-general. In 1759 he was made prisoner at the siege of Madras, but was released on parole. Before the ratification of his exchange he obtained comma… EstateESTATE, in English law, has many meanings, the common element of which is property. A man's entire belongings constitute his estate : so much of it as consists of land and certain other interests associated therewith is his REAL ESTATE; the rest is his PERSONAL ESTATE. The legal incidents which distinguish the one from the other may be ascertained by reference to these headings. The word is more p… Estates Of The RealmESTATES OF THE REALM. The proper meaning of this phrase, as applied to the English constitution, has been the subject of some dispute. Of its original meaning there can be no doubt. It indicated a division of society into classes or orders, and in England these orders were the nobles, the clergy, and the commons. The same kind of division is found in Continental states. In England there are, as Pr… EsteESTE, one of the oldest princely houses of Italy. Their genealogy, according to Muratori, can be traced back to the small princes who governed Tuscany under the Carlovingians, and who some time afterwards received certain districts or counties from them in fief. They are in all probability of Longobard origin, but there is no authentic record of their succession reaching farther back than to the m… EstellaESTELLA, a town of Spain, in the province of Navarre, is beautifully situated on the Ega, 25 miles S.W. of Pamplona. Its streets are wide and well paved, and it possesses several squares. It has six churches, three monasteries, an old castle, and a college which was formerly a university. Its principal industries are the manufacture of woollen and linen fabrics, and brandy making ; and it has also… EstepaESTEPA, the ancient Astepa, a town of Spain, in the province of Seville, is situated on the north side of ,Nlonnt San Francisco, 60 miles E.S.E. of Seville. EsteponaESTEPONA, a maritime town of Spain, in the province of Malaga, is situated on the Mediterannean, 25 miles E.N.E. of Gibraltar. EstherESTHER. The Book of Esther relates how a Jewish maiden, Esther, a foster-daughter of Mordecai, was raised to the position of queen by the Persian king Ahasuerus (Xerxes) after he had divorced Vashti ; next, how she and her uncle Mordecai frustrated Haman's resolution to extirpate the Jews out of the Persian empire ; how Hainan fell, and Mordecai was advanced to his place ; how Esther obtained the … EstoppelESTOPPEL, in law, is where a party in litigation is not permitted to assert or deny something, when such assertion or denial would be inconsistent with his own previous statements or conduct. Estoppel is said to arise in three ways - (1) by record or judgment, (2) by deed, and (3) by matter pais or conduct. (1.) Where a cause of action has been tried and final judgment has been pronounced, the jud… EstremaduraESTREMADURA, an old province of Spain, divided in 1833 into the provinces of Badajoz and Caceres, lies between 370 58' and 40' 32 N. lat., and between 4? 32' and 7? 26' W. long., being about 180 miles in length from N. to S. by 130 in extreme breadth, and having an area of about 14,280 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by Salamanca and Avila, E. by Toledo and La Mancha, S. by Cordova and Sevil… EstremaduraESTREMADURA (commonly derived from extrema ova, compare Land's End, Finistere, 3:4 a province of Portugal, bounded on the N. and N.E. by Beira, on the S. and S.E. by Alenetejo, and on the W. by the Atlantic Ocean. It lies between 38? 6' and. 40? 15' N. lat., and between 7? 43' and 9? 32' W. long., being about 140 miles in length from N. to S. by about 80 miles in breadth. The river Tagus divides i… EstremozESTREMOZ, a town of Portugal, in the province of Alemtejo, 22 miles W. of Elvas on the road to Lisbon. EszekESZEK, Germ. .E.Ise,ck or Esseric,, Slay. Oszeic, a fortified royal free town of Hungary, province of Croatia-Slavonia, situated on the right bank of the Drave, 13 miles from its confluence with the Danube, in 45? 33' N. lat.., 18?43'E. long. The town is divided by a wide esplanade into four parts, viz.,the fortress or town proper, the upper, the lower, and the new town. The most important buildin… Eszteb HazyESZTEB HAZY, the name of an ancient, influential, and wealthy Hungarian family, which some genealogists derive from a descendant of Attila, a certain Paul Estoraz, who embraced Christianity in 969 A.D. Authentic accounts, however, do not extend beyond 1238, when the family was divided into the two branches of Zerhazy and Illeshazy, the latter of which because extinct in 1838. Francis Zerhazy chang… EtahETAH, a district and town of British India, in the lieutenant-governorship of the north-western provinces, and included in the division of Agra. Etah District stretches along the eastern edge of the Dual) or alluvial plain enclosed by the Ganges and the Jumna, and lies between 27? 20' 30" and 28? 1' N. let., and between 78? 20' and 79? 19' 30" E. long. It is bounded on the N. by the Ganges, on the… Etaii TownETAII TOWN, the capital of the district, stands on the Grand Trunk Road, in 27? 33' 50" N. lat., and 78? 42' 25" E. long. Etampes, Or EstampesETAMPES, or ESTAMPES, a town of France, capital of an arrondissement of the same name in the department of Seine-et-Oise, is situated on the Paris and Orleans railway, 30 miles S. by W. of Paris, in a fertile valley, on the banks of two small streams, which fall into the Seine immediately below the town. It is the seat of a tribunal of primary instance, a communal college, and an agricultural soci… EtawahETAWAH, a district and city of British India, in the lieutenant-movernorsbip of the North-Western Provinces, and included in the division of Agra. Etowah District forms a purely artificial administrative division, stretching across the level plain of the Dual, and beyond the valley of the Junin% to the gorges of the Chainbal and. the last rocky outliers of the Vindbyan range. It lies between 26? 2… EteoclesETEOCLES, a mythical king of Thebes, son of CEdipus and Jocasta. lie and his brother Polynices were cursed by their father for shutting him up in a prison ; and in order to prevent the fulfilment of his prayer that they might engage in fratricidal combat for his throne, they resolved to reign alternately, each for a year. Eteocles as the cider ascended the throne first, but at the expiry of the ye… EthelredETHELRED (or /ETHELRED) II., surnamed the Unready (968-1016), an Anglo-Saxon king, the son of Edgar and Elfrida, was born in 968. On the murder of Edward the Martyr in 979, Ethelred succeeded him on the Anglo-Saxon throne. He is said to have owed his surname " Unready " (Le., without rede or counsel) to Dunstan, who even when he placed the crown on Ethelred's head prophesied that during his reign,… Ethel-wulfETHEL-WULF, or .ZETHELAVULF, an Anglo-Saxon king, succeeded his father Egbert about 836. His reign, like that of his father, was almost wholly occupied with wars against the Danish invaders. For a long time he held them in check, and when in 851 they took Canterbury and London, and defeated Beohrtwulf, king of the Mercians, lie met them at Ockley in Surrey; and there "made the greatest slaughter a… EtherETHER, (C2H020, the JEther or A'ther Sulphuricus of pharmacy, is a colourless, volatile, highly inflammable liquid, of specific gravity 0.723, boiling-point when pure 35.6? C, and fusing-point - 31? C. It has a strong and characteristic odour, and a hot sweetish taste, is soluble in ten parts of water, and in all proportions in alcohol, and dissolves bromine, iodine, and, in small quantities, sulp… EtherETHER, or rETHER (aithjp, probably from aitho, I burn, though Plato in his Cratylus (410, b) derives the name from its perpetual motion - ciri ad Oa 7rcp5 TOV c'4a (Vow, claB6p SucaLs U.v Kak071-0), a material substance of a more subtle kind than visible bodies, supposed to exist iu those parts of space which are apparently empty. The hypothesis of an wther has been maintained by different specula… EtheredgeETHEREDGE, Sin GEORGE (c. 1630-1689), an English dramatist, was born in or near London about the year Eatisbon in a tragical incliner, for whilst conducting a party of friends to the stairs after a banquet at his house, he fell over into the court below and broke his neck. But his death occurred at the moment when England was convulsed with revolution, and no one has preserved the exact date of it… Etheridge, John WesleyETHERIDGE, JOHN WESLEY (1804-1866), a Wesleyan minister, and a writer on church history and biblical literature, was born near Newport, Isle of Wight, 24th February 1804. He received most of his early education from his father, who was master of an academy at Portsea, which was afterwards removed to Newport. Though he never attended any university he acquired ultimately a thorough knowledge of Gre… EthiopiaETHIOPIA, or zErutomA, in Greek A10,07ria, the ancient classical designation of a country and kingdom of Northeastern Africa, lying immediately to the S. of Egypt, and extending eastwards to the Red Sea, but with no definitely marked boundaries in any other direction. According to the " folk's etymology" of the Greeks, the name was equivalent to the "land of the scorched faces," from arOcw, to bur… EthiopianETHIOPIAN, or Geez, is the name given in modern philology to a language of the Semitic family, which is still used in Abyssinia for literary and ecclesiastical purposes. It shows the closest affinity in grammatical structure with Arabic. The verb has ten conjugations, of which two are peculiar, and the remaining eight analogous to as many of the ten Arabic conjugations. The noun presents a greater… EtonETON, a village in Buckinghamshire, is situated on the left bank of the Thames, 21 miles W.S.W. of London, and is connected with Windsor on the opposite bank of the river by a cast-iron bridge erected in 1824. Eton is chiefly celebrated for its college, founded by Henry VI. in 1441, and endowed mainly from the revenues of the alien priories which were suppressed by Henry V. By Edward IV. its posse… EtruriaETRURIA. When or by what road the lffisena (Etrusci) reached their permanent seats in Etruria proper is by no means certain, though from the fact of their principal towns being well inland, from the tradition of their having been previously settled in Umbria, from the survival of their peculiar language down to late times among a people of the liffietian Alps, and from the discovery of works of ar… EttlingenETTLINGEN, the chief town of a district in the circle of Carlsruhe, Baden, Germany, is situated at the entrance of the valley of the Alb, on the railway from Manheim to Base], 44 miles south of Carlsruhe. Agriculture, the rearing of cattle, and the cultivation of madder and various kinds of fruits employ a portion of the population ; but they are chiefly engaged in manufactures, paper-making, cott… Ettmhller, MichaelETTMHLLER, MICHAEL (1644-1683), a German physician, born at Leipsic, May 26, 1644. After having studied languages, mathematics, and philosophy at his native town, he went to Wittenberg, and, returning to Leipsic, obtained a medical diploma there in 1666. He travelled in Italy, France, and England, and then retired to Leyden, where he had intended to spend some time in study; but he was suddenly re… EubceaEUBCEA (pronounced Evvia in the modern language), the largest island after Crete in the YEgean Sea, is separated from the coasts of Attica, Bceotia, Locris, and Thessaly by the Euboie Sea, which, at its narrowest part between Chalcis and the Bceotian shore, is called the Euripus. The length of the island, whose general outline is long and narrow, is about 90 miles ; its breadth varies censiderably… EubulidesEUBULIDES, a native of Miletus, was a philosopher of the Megaric school. EucalyptusEUCALYPTUS, a genus of trees of the natural order ?yrtacece, mostly, if not all, indigenous to Australia and Tasmania. In Australia the Eucalypti are commonly called "gumtrees," or "stringy-bark trees," from their gummy or resinous products, or fibrous bark. The genus, from the evidence of leaf remains, appears to have been represented by several species in Eocene times (see Schimper, Trade ie Pal… EucharistEUCHARIST, the sacramental ordinance instituted by Christ and enjoined on His church as of perpetual obligation, in which bread broken and wine poured out, after solemn benediction by the appointed minister, are partaken of by the faithful in commemoration of His atoning sufferings and death, and the benefits thereby purchased for mankind, and as a means by which those benefits are conveyed to the… EuchreEUCHRE, a game at cards, much played in America. Euchre is said to be a corruption of the word dcarte ; the game is believed to have been first played by the French settlers in Louisiana, but at what date is uncertain. Euchre is played with thirty-two cards, the twos, threes, fours, fives, and sixes being rejected from a complete pack. The players cut for deal, and the lowest deals. The non-dealer… EuclidEUCLID. Of the lives of the Greek mathematicians generally very little is known, and among the number Euclid is no exception ; we are ignorant not only of the dates of his birth and death, but also of his parentage, his teachers, and the residence of his early years. In some of the editions of his works, as will be seen, he is called iffegarensis, as if he had been born at Megara in Greece, a mist… EuclidEUCLID, of Megara, a Greek philosopher, the founder of the Megarian school, w as born in the latter half of the 5th century B.C., probably at Megara, though Gela in Sicily has also been named as his birth-place. He was one of the most devoted of the disciples of Socrates. If we may believe Aulus Gellius, such was his enthusiasm that, when a decree was passed forbidding the Megarians to enter Athen… EudociaEUDOCIA, the wife of Theodosius II., was the daughter of the Athenian sophist Beontius, or Leon. It is impossible to fix the date of her birth more precisely than in the last decade of the 4th century, though by an inference from a statement of Nicephorus Callistus (xiv. 50) the year 393-4 has been fixed upon. She was called Athenais prior to her conversion to Christianity. By her father she was c… Eudocia AugustaEUDOCIA AUGUSTA, of Macrembolis, lived in the second half of the 11th century. EudoxusEUDOXUS, a physical philosopher, was a native of Cnidus, and flourished about the middle of the 4th century B.C. It is chiefly in his quality of astronomer that his name has descended to our times. What particular service be rendered to that science beyond introducing the Egyptian sphere into Greece, and correcting the length of the year, cannot now be ascertained. Of his personal history it is kn… EudoxusEUDOXUS, of Cyzicus, a Greek navigator who flourished about 130 B.C. Eugene, FrancoisEUGENE, FRANcOIS (1663-1736), commonly called PRINCE EUGENE OF SAvov, one of the greatest generals of his time, burn at Paris on the 18th October 1663, was the fifth son of Eugene Maurice, count of Soissons, who was grandson of the duke of Savoy, Charles Emmanuel 11, and of Olympia Mancini, niece of Cardinal Mazarin. Originally destined for the church, Eugene was known at court as the petit abln ;… Euglt Bine Or Igijv1ne TablesEUGLT BINE or IGIJV1NE TABLES, Tabula, Eugv/lino?, are seven tablets of brass containing a series of sacerdotal iiiseriptions in the ancient -Umbrian 1,,Ir.,;nage, of inestimable value to the student of Italian linguistic. Ac- cording to Concioli, they were discovered in 1444 amid the ruins of a theatre in the vicinity of Gubbio (the ancient Eugnbium or Iguvium), and according to Passeri, they wer… EulenspiegelEULENSPIEGEL, in French Ulespiegle, in older English Howleglas, one of the most popular of European chapbooks, consisting in all its innumerable rifacimentos of stories of ludicrous roguery, in which the love of fun is not umningled with the love of mischief. The name in its present form is equivalent to Nuctute Speculum or Owl's Mirror, and may be compared with such appellations as Sch?abenspiege… EunapiusEUNAPIUS, a Greek sophist and historian, born at Sardis 347 A.D. III his native city he studied under his relative the sophist Chrysanthins, from whom it is supposed that he imbibed the enmity to Christianity which his works display. While still a youth he went to Athens, where he became a favourite pupil of Proresins. Ile possessed a considerable knowledge of medicine. In his later years he seems… EunomiusEUNOMIUS, one of the chief leaders of the extreme or Anomman Arians, who are sometimes accordingly called Ennomians, was born at Dacora in Cappadocia early in the 4th century. Under the advice of the Arian bishop Secundus of Antioch, he was sent to Alexandria to study theology under Aetius, whose secretary he became. He afterwards came under the influence of Eudoxius of Antioch, where he was ordai… EunuchEUNUCH ((Naxos), an emasculated person. From remote antiquity among the Orientals, as also at a later period in Greece, eunuchs were employed to take charge of the women, or generally as ch.amber/ain.q, - whence the name, at rip CIA/71V ZXOVTES, i.e., those who have charge of the bedchamber. Their position in the harems of princes affording them the ready means of access to the royal person, it is… EupenEUPEN (French Areau), the chief town of a circle in the district of Aix-la-Chapelle, Rhenish province of Prussia, is situated in a beautiful valley at the confluence of the Hill and Vesdre, on the Rhenish railway, 9 miles south of Aix-la-Chapelle. EuphoitionEUPHOITION, a Greek poet and grammarian, was the son of Polymnetus, and was born at Chalcis in Eubmit in the 126th Olympiad, 274 B.C. He studied philosophy under Lacy-des and Prytanis, and poetry under Archehulus the Therean. After amassing great wealth, he retired (221 n.c.) to the court of Syria, and there assisted Antiochus the Great in forming the royal library at Antioch, which it was intende… EuphorbeumEUPHORBEUM, an acrid dull-yellow or brown resin, consisting of the concreted milky juice of Et/pi/or/n.(1 resini- frau Berg., a cactus-like perennial plant of the natural order Euphorbiacete, indigenous to :Morocco. It is procured by snaking incisions in the branches of the plant, and allowing the juice to harden in the heat of the sun. In collecting it, the protection of the mouth and nostrils by… EuphratesEUPHRATES. The Euphrates has been one of the best known rivers of the world front the remotest antiquity. It may be considered, roughly speaking, as divided into three portions, the upper, middle, and lower divisions, each of which is distinguished by special physical features, and each of which has played a conspicuous part in the world's history, retaining to the present day monumental evidence … EupionEUPION (Greek, d, well, riwv, fat), a hydrocarbon of the paraffin series, discovered by lleichenbach in wood-tar. EupolisEUPOLIS, an Athenian poet of the Old Comedy, and, in the judgment of Horace, ranking, along with Cratinus and Aristophanes, as the greatest of that school, was the son of S'osipolis, and was born 445 B.C. Nothing whatever is known of his personal history. With regard. to his death, he is said to have been thrown into the sea by Alcibiades, who had suffered from his attacks in the Ba.'7rrat. Cicero… EupompusEUPOMPUS, one of the most celebrated of Greek painters, was a native of Sicyon, and a contemporary of Zeuxis and Parrhasius, who flourished in the 4th century n.c. EureEURE, a department iii the north-east of France, one of the five formed out of the old province of Normandy, is bounded on the N. by the department of Seine Iufdrieure, W. by Calvados, S. by Orne and Enre-et-Loir, and E. by Seine-et-Oise and Oise. It has an area of 2420 square miles, and lies between 48? 39' and 49' 29' N. lat., and 0? 15' and 1? 45' E. long. The surface is flat, with some ranges … Eure-et-loirEURE-ET-LOIR, a department in the northern part of France, formed out of portions of Orlaanais, Maine, and Isle.de-France, is bounded on the N. by the department of Eure, W. by Orne and Sarthe, S. by Loir-et-Cher, S.E. by Loiret, and N.E. by Seine-et-Oise. It has an area of 2361 square miles, and lies between 47? 57' and 48? 57' N. lat., and 0? 44' and 2? 0' E. long. The western and north-western … EuripidesEURIPIDES is the mediator between ancient and modern drama. No great poet is more difficult to estimate justly, and none has been judged more unfairly. He cannot claim the full excellence of the school from which he began the departure, nor yet that of the school which at last arose on the foundations laid by him. his time forced an inner conflict on the art to which his genius was devoted. We mus… EuropeEUROPE is the smallest of those divisions of the land- surface of the globe which are usually distinguished by the conventional name of continents ; but favoured as it is at once by its position, its configuration, and its climate, it has played the most important part in the modern history of the world, more especially since the 16th century. The ultimate civilization of mankind must in great mea… EurymedonEURYMEDON, an Athenian general, who, in the 5th year of the Peloponnesian war, 428 B.C., was sent by the Athenians, with a fleet of 60 vessels, to intercept the Peloponnesian fleet which was sailing to attack Corcyra, at that time rendered defenceless through internal feuds. On his arrival he found that Nicostratus with a small squadron from Naupactus had placed the island in security, but he took… EusebiusEUSEBIUS, of Emesa, a learned ecclesiastic of the Greek church, was born at Edessa about the beginning of the 4th century. After receiving his early education in his native town, he studied theology at Ca sarea and Antioch, and philosophy and science at Alexandria. Among his teachers were Ensebius of Czesarea and Patrophilus of Scythopolis. The reputation he acquired for learning and eloquence led… Eusebi UsEUSEBI US of Nicomedia is the only other of the many early fathers or bishops of the church bearing the name who claims our notice. He was the defender of Arius in a still more avowed manner than his namesake of Caesarea, and from him the Eusebian or middle party specially derived their name. He was known amongst them by the epithet of Great. He was a contemporary of the bishop of Caesarea and uni… EusebiusEUSEBIUS, of Caesarea, surnamed Pamphili, i.e., the friend of Pamphilus, and well known as the father of ecclesiastical history, was born probably in Palestine about the year 265. The date of his birth is, however, uncertain, and varies between 260 and 270. We know little of his youth beyond the fact that he was a diligent student of sacred literature, his biography by his episcopal successor Acac… EustathiusEUSTATHIUS, archbishop of Thessalonica, was a native of Constantinople, and flourished during the latter half of the 12th century. He was at first a monk, and afterwards teacher of rhetoric in his native city. In 1174 or 1175 he was chosen bishop of Myra in Lycia, and shortly afterwards archbishop of Thessaloniea. Such of his works as have descended to our times display a comprehensiveness and var… Eustathius, StEUSTATHIUS, ST, bishop of Bercea, was a native of Side in Pamphylia. EutropiusEUTROPIUS, a Roman historian who lived in tht latter half of the 4th century. Both his surname and the place of his birth are unknown, but from certain statements in his history it appears tha4 he held the office of a " seemtary" under Constantine the Great ; and the fact that his history is dedicated to Valens shows that he was alive in the reign of the latter emperor. This work, published under … EutychesEUTYCHES, the founder of the sect of the Eutychians, was a presbyter and archimandrite at Constantinople, and first came into notice in 431 A. D. at the council of Ephesus, where, as a zealous adherent of Cyril and the Alexandrine school, he vehemently opposed the doctrine of the Nestorians. They were accused of teaching that the divine nature was not incarnated in but only attendant on Jesus, bei… Euyuk, Or UyukEUYUK, or UYUK, a Turkish village of Asia Minor, is situated about 75 miles W.S.W. of Amasia, and 28 miles south of the Kizil I?mak river, on a small hill which is a spur from higher hills to the north of it. It consists of only about twenty houses, but contains perhaps the most important ruins in Asia Minor. They are the remains of a large building., and consist of colossal blocks of granite cont… EvagorasEVAGORAS, king of Salamis, is said to have been descended from a family who claimed Teucer, brother of Ajax, as their progenitor, and who for a long period had been rulers of Salamis until expelled by a Plicenician exile. Evagoras, notwithstanding the expulsion of his ancestors, seems to have been born at Salamis, and lived there till the throne was again usurped by a Cyprian noble, - when, either… EvagriusEVAGRIUS, surnamed Scholasticus and Ex-Pmfectus, was born at Epiphania in Syria, 536 A.D. Prom his surname he is known to have been an advocate, and it is supposed that he practised at Antioch. He was the legal adviser of Gregory, patriarch of that city ; and through this connection he was brought under the notice of the emperor Tiberius, who honoured him with the rank of qua:storian. His influenc… Evangelical AllianceEVANGELICAL ALLIANCE, an association of different Christian denominations formed in London in August 1846, at a conference of more than 800 clergymen and laymen from all parts of the world, and embracing upwards of fifty sections of the Protestant church. Though the proposal for an alliance was first mooted in England, it ultimately obtained wide support in other countries, more especially in Amer… Evangelical Union'EVANGELICAL UNION, a religious denomination which originated in the deposition of the Bev. James Morison, minister of a United Secession congregation in Kilmarnock, Scotland, for certain views regarding faith, the work of the Spirit in salvation, and the extent of the atonement, which were regarded by the supreme court of his church as anti-Calvinistic and heretical. His deposition took place in … EvansEVANS, Sin DE LACY (1787-1870), a distinguished British soldier, son of John Evans of Milltown, Limerick, Ireland, was born in 1787. He was educated at Woolwich Academy, and entered the army in 1807 as ensign in the 22d regiment of foot. His regiment was immediately after wards gazetted for India, and during his stay of three years in that country he served with distinction in various actions. In … Evans, OliverEVANS, OLIVER (1755-1819), an American mechanician, was born at Newport, Delaware, in 175.5. He was at an early age apprenticed to a wheelwright, and at the age of twenty-two he invented a machine for making card-teeth in lieu of the old method of making them by hand.. In 1780 he became partner with his brothers, who were practical millers ; and two years later he completed an invention which tota… Evanson, EdwardEVANSON, EDWARD (1731-1805), a theological writer whose views gave rise to much controversy, was born at Warrington, in Lancashire, April 21, 1731. At the age of seven he was placed under the care of an uncle, vicar of Mitcham, in Surrey. At fourteen he entered Emmanuel College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1749. In 1753 he took his degree of M.A.; and, after Iteing ordained, he officiate… EvansvilleEVANSVILLE, a city of America-, capital of Vanderburg county, Indiana, is situated on a high bank of the Ohio river, 200 miles below Louisville, Kentucky - measuring by the windings of the river, which double the direct distance. On account of the peculiar bend of the river at this point, Evansville is built somewhat in the shape of a crescent, and is sometimes called the " Crescent City." It has-… EvantderEVANTDER. In the Roman tradition, as given by Livy, i. 5-7, the story of the Arcadian Evander is connected with the arrival of Hercules in Italy and his recovery of the cattle of Geryon from the robber Cacus. Evander, having left the Arcadian town of Pallantium, becomes the eponymus, or name-giver, of the Palatine, one of the seven hills of Rome. This is only one of many Greek legends adopted by t… EvaporationEVAPORATION is that process by which liquids and solids assume the gaseous state at their free surfaces. The rate at which evaporation takes place depends upon the temperature of the liquid or solid, the extent of the exposed surface, and the facility with which the gaseous particles can escape from the neighbourhood of the surface either by diffusion through the air or by the motion of the air it… Evelyn, JohnEVELYN, JOHN (1620-170G), the diarist and author of ,SV-va, was born at his father's seat at Wotton, in Surrey, On the 31st October 1620. He was the younger son of a country gentleman of large estate, and much respected throughout the counties of Surrey and Sussex, of which he was high sheriff, one high sheriff at that time serving for both counties. Notwithstanding the wealth and position of his … Evemerus, Or EttiiemerusEVEMERUS, or EtTIIEMERUS, a Greek mythographer, : who flourished in the latter half of the 4th century B.C. The place of his birth is unknown, but most probably it was either Messina in Sicily or Agrigentum. Ile is noted chiefly for his Sacred llistory (lip& clvaypacty0, founded professedly on archaic inscriptions which he had collected during his travels in various parts of Greece, and more espec… EverdingenEVERDINGEN. Three painters of this name are recorded in the history of Dutch art, - all of them related; but one only deserves to be remembered. ALLART VON EVERDINGEN (1621-11675), the son of a Government clerk at Alkmaar, was born, it is said, in 1621, and educated, if we believe an old tradition, under Roeland Savery at Utrecht. He wandered in 1645 to Haarlem, where he studied under Peter de Mol… Everest, S1r GeorgeEVEREST, S1R GEORGE (1790-1866), C.B., a distinguished surveyor and geographer, was the son of Tristram Everest of Gwerndale, Brecknockshire, and was born there July 4, 1790. From school at Marlow lie proceeded to the military academy at Woolwich, where lie attracted the special notice of the mathematical master, Dr Hutton, and passed so well in his examinations that he was declared fit for a comm… Everett, Alexander HillEVERETT, ALEXANDER HILL (1792-1847), an American author and diplomatist, born at Boston, March 19, 1792, was the son of Rev. Oliver Everett, for some time a Congregational minister in Boston, and afterwards judge of probate for Norfolk County. lie graduated at Harvard College, Cambridge, in 1806, taking the highest honours of his year, though the youngest member of his class. lie spent one year as… Everett, EdwardEVERETT, EDWARD (1794-1865), brother of the preceding, was born in Dorchester, near Boston, on the 11th November 1794. His father died in his childhood, and his mother removed to Boston with her family after her husband's death. When he was little more than thirteen he entered Harvard College ; and as the full undergraduate course is four years, he became "bachelor of arts" at seventeen,. He then … EveshamEVESHAM, a municipal and parliamentary borough and market town of Worcestershire, England, is situated in the vale of Evesham, 15 miles S.E. of Worcester, on the Midland and Great Western Railways, and on the river Avon, over which there is an ancient stone bridge of eight arches, connecting it with Bengeworth parish, which forms part of the borough. It is a well-built town, and its two main stree… EvidenceEVIDENCE. It is necessary to distinguish two common meanings of the word evidence which are not unfrequently confused. Evidence sometimes means the ascertained facts from which we infer the existence of some other fact or principle. It also means the testimony of persons as to the existence of facts, from which testimony we infer that these or other facts do or do not exist. It is the latter sense… EvoraEVORA, a city of Portugal, capital of the province of Alemtejo, is situated on an eminence in the centre of a fertile plain, 85 miles E. by S. of Lisbon. It is surrounded by ramparts flanked with towers, and has two forts, but all in a ruinous condition, and quite useless as means of defence. The streets are narrow, crooked, and filthy, and the houses old and ill-built. The cathedral is a magnific… Ewald, Heinricii Georg August VonEWALD, HEINRICII GEORG AUGUST VON (1S03-1S75), Orientalist, biblicist, and theologian, was born, November 16, 1803, at Gottingen, where his father followed the occupation of a linen-weaver. After receiving the usual preliminary training, he entered the university of his native town in 1820; and there, with Eichhorn as teachsr, he at once began to devote himself specially to the study of Hebrew and… Ewald, J011-aEWALD, J011-A.NNES (1743-1781), the greatest lyrical poet of Denmark, was the son of a melancholy and sickly chaplain at Copenhagen, where he was born on the 18th of November 17 t3. At the age of eleven he was sent to school at Schleswig, his father's birth-place, and returned to the capital only to enter the university in 1758. His father was by that time dead, and in his mother, a frivolous and … Ewing, AlexanderEWING, ALEXANDER (1814-1873), a clergyman of the Scotch Episcopal Church, bishop of Argyll and the Isles, was descended from an old Highland family, and was born in Aberdeen 25th March 1814. After spending two sessions at the university of that city, where he manifested a special bent towards the study of natural history, he studied for a time at a private school in Chelsea, and in 1831 be attende… ExaminationsEXAMINATIONS. Examinations have lately come very widely into use, and call for consideration at once as educational appliances and as tests of proficiency. Something answering to examinations must enter into all effectual instruction; for in order that the pupil may gain solid advantage it is not enough that what he ought to know should be put before him - as by giving him a book, or by making him… ExarchEXARCH (aapxos, a chief person or leader), a title that has been conferred at different periods on certain chief officers or governors, both in secular and ecclesiastical matters. Of these, the most important were the exarchs of Ravenna, the first of whom was appointed by Justinian, emperor of the East, as governor of the middle part of Italy, which was made a province of the Eastern empire after … Excambion, Or EkcitangeEXCAMBION, or EKCITANGE. Excambion (a word connected with a large class of Low Latin and Romance forms, such as cambium, concambium, scambium, from Latin eambire, and Greek Kr1/2/3ctv or K4./.1.71-av, to bend, turn, or fold) means in Scotch law the exchange of one heritable subject for another. Its meaning is extended by Lord Stair (best., i. 14, 1) to every case of exchange or barter, the permuta… ExchangeEXCHANGE. The system by which commercial nations discharge their debts to each other has been termed "Exchange, " or " the Exchanges." It has been subject of much study both by merchants and bankers who have to deal with its phenomena in the course of business, and by economists desirous to discover the causes of the phenomena, and to explain the laws or method of their operation. In rude times th… Exchequer, Court Of ExchequerEXCHEQUER, COURT OF EXCHEQUER, EXCHEQUER CHAMBER. The name scaccarium, from which the word "exchequer" is derived, was used under the Norman kings of England to signify the treasury. Madox, in his learned History of the Exchequer, exhausts the possible definitions of the word. According to some, it is connected with scaccus or scaccum, a chess-board, and the exchequer of England " was in all proba… ExcommunicationEXCOMMUNICATION, the highest ecclesiastical censure, is the judicial exclusion of a baptized person from the fellowship of the visible church of Christ. As part of the discipline of the church it is based on the precept of Christ (Mat. xvi. 19, xviii. 15-18; John xx. 23), and on apostolic example (1 Cor. v. ; 1 Tim. i. 20, &c.). These and the other texts, however, bearing, or supposed to bear, on … Executors And AdministratorsEXECUTORS AND ADMINISTRATORS, in the law of England, are those on whom tire personal property of a deceased person devolves, according as he has or lies not left a will. if a man dies and leaves a will, the person or persons named therein to carry out his intentions are his executors, and their title to the personality vests at the moment of the testator's death. If there is no will, the right of … Exelmans, Reny Joseph IsidoreEXELMANS, RENY JOSEPH ISIDORE (1775-1852), a distinguished French general, was born at Bar-le-Due, November 13, 1775. He volunteered into the 3d battalion of the Meuse in 1791, became lieutenant in 1797, and in 1798 was attached as aide-de-camp to General Eble. In his first campaign in Italy he greatly distinguished himself ; and in April 1799 he was rewarded for his services by the grade of capta… ExeterEXETER, the chief town of Devonshire, in England, a city which is a county in itself, and a municipal and parliamentary borough, stands on the Exe, about ten miles northwest of the mouth of the river, where it opens to the English Channel. The distance of Exeter from London is 194 miles. The ancient city (round which suburbs have extended), occupies a broad ridge of land, which rises steeply from … ExhibitionsEXHIBITIONS. National and International Exhibitions may be ranked among the most remarkable features in the industrial records of the world, and have taken their place as prominent instruments of civilization, for by their means the diffusion of knowledge has been advanced and extended in the most wonderful manner. It is to the Society of Arts that the credit is due of ? having originated national… ExmouthEXMOUTH, a market-town and watering-place in the county of Devon, England, is situated at the mouth of the Ex, 10 miles E.S.E. of Exeter. It was the first watering-place on the coast of Devon, and is frequented, not only for bathing, but also as a winter residence by those suffering under pulmonary diseases, as it is celebrated for the mildness of its climate, and is well sheltered from the N.E. a… Exmouth, Edward PellewEXMOUTH, EDWARD PELLEW, VISCOUNT (1757-1833), an English admiral, was descended from a family which came originally from Normandy, but had for many centuries been settled in the west of Cornwall. He was born at Dover, April 19, 1757. At the age of thirteen he ' entered the navy, and even then his smartness and activity, his feats of daring, and his spirit of resolute independence awakened remark, … ExorcismEXORCISM, the act of expelling evil spirits from persons or places by means of certain adjurations and ceremonies, appears in the present custom or past history of almost every nation of the world. Its importance is greatest among barbarous peoples, whose belief in attacks of demons furnishes them with a general theory to account for misfortunes, mysterious events, and especially all diseases of b… Expiation Or AtonementEXPIATION or ATONEMENT, DAY OF (n,1p5 t1', iitapa EtA.ao-p.oZ), called in the Mishna simply "the Day," the only fast enjoined by the Mosaic legislation, occurred annually on the tenth day of the 7th month (Tisri). ExplosivesEXPLOSIVES. It lies beyond the object of this article to attempt an estimate of the influence, direct or indirect, upon modern civilization of the introduction of explosive agents for the purposes of war. Some eminent authors have gone so far as to consider the invention of gunpowder as next in importance, in its ultimate effects, to those of printing and the application of steam power. However th… ExtraditionEXTRADITION. When a person who has committed has broken ? To the general question international law render criminals only in consequence of some special treaty with the country which demands them. There are two practical difficulties about extradition which have probably prevented the growth of any uniform possibility of the process of extradition being employed to political character have always … Extreme UnctionEXTREME UNCTION, one of the seven sacraments of the Romish Church, now to be administered only after those of penance and the Eucharist to persons who are supposed to be at the point of death. Among the Orientals oil has long been employed as a cure for various disorders, as well as for the purpose of promoting the general health of the body. According to the narrative of Mark, it was employed by … Eyck, VanEYCK, VAN, the name of a family of painters in whose works the rise and mature development of art in western Flanders are represented. Though bred in the valley of the Meuse, they finally established their professional domicile in Ghent and in Bruges.; and there, by skill and inventive genius, they changed the traditional habits of the earlier schools, remodelled the primitive forms of Flemish des… EzekielEZEKIEL e2NRICR i.e., (23 PILl'? God will strengthen, or tAI P1!;1., God will prevail; 'IEEKE.O.; Ezechiel) was the son of Buzi a priest, probably of the line of Zadok, who appears to have lived in Jerusalem, and to have held a position of some prominence there. According to an ancient and not impossible interpretation of his own words (chap. i. 1), Ezekiel was born in 624 13.C. This interpretatio… Ezra And NehemiahEZRA AND NEHEMIAH, Boors or. The two canoni-' cal books entitled Ezra and Nehemiah in our English Bibles correspond to the 1 and 2 Esdras of the Vulgate, to the 2 Esdras and Nehemiah of the LXX., and to the Ezra and Nehemiah of the Massoretic text. Though for many centuries they have thus been treated as separate compositions, we have abundant evidence that they were anciently regarded as forming … Ezra KtEZRA KT i.e., help; "E.38par Esdras), the famous scribe, was a priest of the line of Zadok. According to the genealogy given in Ezra vii. 1-5, his father's name was Seraiah. If we identify this Seraiah with the person mentioned in Ezra ii. 2, Neb. xii. 1, then the Ezra who is the subject of the present article may well be identified, as has been done by Michaelis and others, with the Ezra named in… Faber, BasilFABER, BASIL (1520-1576), a German schoolmaster and theologian, was born at Sorau in Lower Lusatia in 1520. After studying at the university of Wittenberg, which at that time was under the direction of Melanchtlion, he chose the profession of a schoolmaster, and became rector of the school at Nordhausen, whence he went successively to Tennstiidt, Magdeburg, and Quedlinburg. His religious opinions … Faber, CeciliaFABER, CECILIA Dorm VON (1797-1877), the great woman-novelist of Spain, better known by her masculine pseudonym of Fernan Caballero, was born at Morges, Canton de Vaud, in 1797, her parents being then on a tour through Switzerland. Her father, Johann Nikolas &hi von Faber, the son of a Hamburg merchant, had removed early in life to Cadiz, prospered in business, professed the Catholic faith, and ma… Faber, Frederick WilliamFABER, FREDERICK WILLIAM (1814-1863), a famous hymn writer and theologian, the son of Thomas Henry Faber, secretary to Dr Barrington, bishop of Durham, was born on the 28th of June 1814, at Calverley, Yorkshire, of which place his grandfather, Thomas Faber, was vicar. He attended tho grammar school of Bishop Auckland for it short time, but a large portion of his boyhood was spent in Westmoreland ;… Faber, George StanleyFABER, GEORGE STANLEY (1773-1854), an English clergyman, son of Thomas Faber, vicar of Calverley, Yorkshire, was born October 25, 1773. He entered University College, Oxford, in 1789, graduated B.A. in 17,92, and in 1794 was elected fellow and tutor of Lincoln College. He received his M.A. degree in 1796, and his B.D. degree in 1803. In 1801 he was appointed to the office of proctor, and the same … Faber, Or LefevreFABER, or LEFEVRE, JOHANN (1478-1541), surnamed from the title of one of his works Malleus Hmreticoruni, was the son of a smith named Heigerlin, and was born at Leutkirch in Swabia in 1478. At an early age he joined the Dominicans, and he afterwards studied theology at Freiburg in Breisgau, where he received the degrees of M.A. and doctor of canon law. His reputation for ability and learning soon … Faber, Or LefiFABER, or LEFI:VRE, JACOBUS (c. 1450-1536), surnamed Stapulensis, an eminent pioneer of the Protestant, move- ment in France, was born of humble parentage at Maples in Picardy about 1450, and received his higher education at the university of Paris. After having graduated, and for some time made use of the privilege of teaching which the degree of magister at that time actually conferred, he went … Fabian GensFABIAN GENS, Tux, was said by the genealogists to have been descended from Hercules and a daughter of the Arcadian Evander. Niebuhr's supposition of the Sabine origin of the clan has been held to he inconsistent with the tradition regarding the pre-Sabine institution of the Lupercalia, the yearly festival inaugurated at the sacrifice which Romulus and Remus offered in the Lupercal after the death … Fabius Maximus VerrucosusFABIUS MAXIMUS VERRUCOSUS, QUINTUS, also named Cunctator and Ovicula, was one of the most distinguished Romans of the republic, - the incarnation of all that a Roman meant by patriotism. It appears that he served his first consulship in Liguria, 233 B.C., that he was censor in 230, and consul for the second time in 228. In 21S he was sent to Carthage to inquire whether that state approved of Hanni… Fabius PictorFABIUS PICTOR, Qui.Yrus, the father of Roman history, was the grandson of the Fabius who, surnamed Pictor for his artistic skill, bequeathed that name to a family of the Fabian gens. In the interval between the first and second Punic wars we find him taking an active part in the subjugation of the Gauls in the north of Italy (225 p.c.) ; and after the battle of Callum (216), he was employed by the… FableFABLE. With certain restrictions, the necessity of which will be shown in the course of the article, we may accept the definition which Dr Johnson proposes in his life of Gay : - " A fable or apologue seems to be, in its genuine state, a narrative in which beings irrational, and sometimes inanimate (arbores loquuntur, non tantum fern:), are, for the purpose of moral instruction, feigned to act and… Fabre D'eglantine, Philippe Francois NazaireFABRE D'EGLANTINE, PHILIPPE FRANCOIS NAZAIRE (1755-1794), a French dramatist and revolutionist, was born at Carcassonne, December 28, 1755. His real name was simple Fabre, the " d'Eglantine " being an addition which he adopted in commemoration of his receiving the golden eglantine of Clemence Isaure from the academy of the floral games at Toulouse. After travelling through the provinces as an acto… Fabretti, RaphaelFABRETTI, RAPHAEL (1618-1700), a celebrated Italian antiquary, was born in 1618, at Urbino in Umbria. A younger son, and destined to the pursuit of the law, be studied first at Cagli, and afterwards in his native city, where he took the degree of doctor at the age of eighteen years. While in Rome, preparing for practice at the bar, he early attracted the notice of Cardinal Lorenzo Imperiali, who e… FabrianoFABRIANO, a town of central Italy, province of Ancona, is situated at the foot of the Apennines, and on the railway from Ancona to Rome, 35 miles S.W. of Ancona. Fabriano, Gentile DaFABRIANO, GENTILE DA, an Italian painter, was born at Fabriano about 1370. He is said to have been a pupil of Allegretto di Nuzio, but there is every probability that he received most of his early instruction from Fra Giovanni, surnamed Angelico, to whose manner his bears in some respects a close similarity. About 1411 he went to Venice, where by order of the doge and senate he was engaged to ador… FabriciusFABRICIUS,GEORGE (1516-1571), poet, historian, and archaeologist, was born at Chemnitz in Upper Saxony, on the 24th April 1516. He completed his studies at Freiberg and Lcipsic. Travelling into Italy with one of his pupils, he made an exhaustive study of the antiquities of H mae. The result was the second work named below, in which the correspondence between every discoverable relic of the old cit… FabriciusFABRICIUS, Onus LUSCINUS, a Roman general and consul, was perhaps the first member of the Fabricia Bens who settled in Rome. He makes his earliest appearance in history as one of the ambassadors sent to the Tarentines to dissuade them from making war on the Romans. Elected consul in 282 B.C., he in the same year defeated the Boii and the Etruscans. When in the following year the Romans were defeat… Fabricius, HieronymusFABRICIUS, HIERONYMUS (1537-1619), a celebrated Italian anatomist and surgeon, was surnamed Acquapendente from the episcopal city of that name, where he was born in 1537. Fabricius, Joannes AlbertusFABRICIUS, JOANNES ALBERTUS (1668-1736), one of the most learned, laborious, and useful of bibliographers, was born at Leipsic, November 11, 1668. His father, Werner Fabricius, director of music in the church of St Paul at Leipsic, was the author of several works, particularly Delicite Harmonica?, published in 1657. Joannes Albertus himself commenced his studies under his father, who on his deathb… Fabricius, Johann ChristianFABRICIUS, JOHANN CHRISTIAN (1745-1808), one of the chief founders of scientific entomology, was born at inclination to study the natural sciences, and, after educating tiny, as he himself says, appears to have been laid. Of his career, apart from entomology, it may be briefly recorded that he devoted his attention professionally to political economy, and, after lecturing on that subject in 1769, … Fabroni, AngeloFABRONI, ANGELO (1732-1803), a celebrated Italian biographer, was born at Morradi, Tuscany, 25th September three years' curriculum, he resolved, being determined to atthe pontifical chapel before Benedict XIV., and made such a favourable impression that the pontiff settled on him an annuity left by the Countess liospigliosi to young men who had taken a degree in law. With the possession of this an… Fabrot, Charles Ann113alFABROT, CHARLES ANN113AL (1580-1659), a French jurisconsult, was born at Aix in Provence, 15th September 1580. At an early age he made great progress in the ancient languages and in the civil and the canon law ; and in 1602 he received the degree of doctor of law, and was made avocat to the parlement of Aix. In 1609 he obtained a professorship in the university of his native town. He is best known… FabyanFABYAN, RonFrr, an English chronicler, sprung from an Essex family, is said by Bishop Tanner to have been born in London about the middle of the 15th century. Even the date of his death, 1512, is an inference from that upon which his will was proved, namely, 12th July 1513. The records of the Draper's Company, of which he was a member, might have settled these and other chronological doubts ; but … FacciolatiFACCIOLATI, Jacoro (1682-1769), was born at Twiggia, in the province of Padua, in 1682. He owed his admission to the seminary of Padua to Cardinal Earberigo, who had formed a high opinion of the boy's talents. As professor of logic, and regent of the schools, Facciolati was the ornament of the Paduan university during a period of forty-five years. He published improved editions of several philolog… FactorsFACTORS, in mercantile law, are agents entrusted with goods for the purpose of sale. The general rule as to sales at common law is that no person but the true owner can give a title to a purchaser. If, therefore, a factor or any similar kind of agent, being in possession of goods belonging to his principal, dealt with them in any unauthorized way, the persons dealing with him acquired no right as … Factory ActsFACTORY ACTS. The long series of Factory Acts, culminating in the home secretary's bill of the present session (1878), constitutes one of the most important chapters in the history of modern English legislation. The Acts assert the right of the state to control the industrial organizations which depend upon the labour of women and children. As yet the freedom of the adult male labourer has been he… FacultyFACULTY, in law, is a dispensation or licence to do that which is not permitted by the common law. FaenzaFAENZA, a city of Italy, at the head of a circonclario in the province of Ravenna, situated in a fertile plain about 20 miles S.W. of Ravenna, at the junction of the Zanelli canal with the Lamone (the ancient Anemo), and on the railway with a fine marble fountain) are arranged the cathedral St Constantius), the town-hall, the theatre, and many handsome residences. The town-hall or palazzo communal… Fahrenheit, Gabriel DanielFAHRENHEIT, GABRIEL DANIEL (1686-1736), well known for the improvements made by him in the construction of the thermometer and barometer, was born at Dantzic, May 14, 1686. He early relinquished trade for the study of natural philosophy ; and, after having travelled in Germany and England, he settled in Holland, where Gravesande and other men of science were his teachers and friends. In 1714 he co… Faiilcrantz, Christian ErikFAIILCRANTZ, CHRISTIAN ERIK (1790-1866), a Swedish author, was born at Stora Tuna in Sweden on the 30th of August 1790. The family to which he belonged was a gifted one, and of his brothers, two, Carl Johan the landscape-painter, and Axel Magnus the sculptor, became hardly less distinguished than himself. In 1804 he entered on his career as a student; in 1821 he became tutor in Arabic, and in 1825… FairFAIR. A fair is defined as a " greater species of market recurring at more distant intervals," both have been distinguished by Lord Coke from "mart," which he considers as a greater species of fair ; and all three may comprehensively be described as customary or legalized public places for the sale of commodities (including labour). Thus, in England, no fair can be held without a grant from the so… FairbairnFAIRBAIRN, Sin WILLIAM, BARONET (1789-1874), a to change their place of residence, the education which the Notions. He afterwards received additional instruction in reading, writing, and accounts, and obtained from his uncle, who was a parish schoolmaster, same knowledge of mensuration ; but " the want of a good grammatical course, and a slight knowledge of the classics," was a frequent subject of… Fairfax, Edward 1580-1632FAIRFAX, EDWARD 1580-1632), the most poetical of all the translators of Tasso, was a native of Yorkshire, second son of Sir Thomas Fairfax of Denton, As Roger Dodsworth, the antiquary - a contemporary of Fairfax - styles him the " natural " son of Sir Thomas, it has been assumed that the poet was illegitimate, but it is certain that in the time of Queen Elizabeth the term "natural" was often used … Fairfax, Thomas, Third LordFAIRFAX, THOMAS, THIRD LORD, better known as Sir Thomas Fairfax, the eminent Parliamentary general and commander-in-chief during the civil wars, was the eldest son of Sir Ferdinand? (afterwards Lord) Fairfax by Mary, daughter of Lord Sheffield, president of the North, and was born at Denton, on the banks of the Wharfe, near Otley, Yorkshire, on the 17th of January 1611-12. He studied at St John's … FairfieldFAIRFIELD, a town and port of entry of Fairfield co., Connecticut, is situated near Long Island Sound, and on the New York and New Haven railroad, 22 miles S.W. of New Haven. It consists chiefly of one spacious street of new and handsome buildings. The beautiful scenery and fine sea air of the neighbourhood attract to the town a considerable number of summer visitors, but its prosperity depends ch… FairiesFAIRIES (Fr., fee,faerie ; Prov., fada; Sp., hada ; Ital., fata ; Med. Lat., fatare, to enchant, from Latin fatnm, fate, destiny). In early times, when so much of the energy of man was not, as now, applied to practice, it seems to have found a natural outlet in the imagination. Of all the minor creations of mythology, the fairies are the most beautiful, the most numerous, the most memorable in lit… Faithorne, WilliamFAITHORNE, WILLIAM (1656-1686), a mezzotinto engraver, son of the former, was born in 1656. Faithorne, 'WilliamFAITHORNE, 'WILLIAM, a painter and engraver, was born in London, at what date is uncertain, but most probably either in 1626 or 1627. He was apprenticed to Robert Peake, a painter and printseller, who received the honour of knighthood from Charles I. On the outbreak of the civil war he accompanied his master into the king's service, and being made prisoner at Basinghouse, he was confined for sonic… FaizabadFAIZABAD, a division or commissionership of Ondh in British India, now under the jurisdiction of the lieutenant-governor of the North-Western Provinces. FisiteriesFISITERIES. - The stagnation of trade which made itself felt, in recent years, in the chief manufactures, operated also upon the fisheries. It appears from official returns that there was a gradual decrease in the number of fishing boats, as will be seen from the subjoined table, which gives time number of boats of which the tonnage was known, for each division of the United Kingdom in the years 1… HintsHINTS.-1. The chances are that the dealer has one trump in hand ; if you order up, you must expect to meet two trumps. Therefore, you should not order up unless your hand gives you a two to one chance of winning three tricks against two trumps, and your cards are such that you would have a worse chance if you made the trump. If strong in trumps and equally strong in another suit, it is always righ… LeanorLEANOR, of Aquitaine (1122-1204), queen of France 1'1 and afterwards of England, was the daughter of William IX., the last duke of Guienue, and was born in 1122. She succeeded her father in 1138, and was married the same year to Louis VII. of France. Her lively and somewhat frivolous manners, and her love of pleasure, did not fit her for the society of a husband who was naturally austere, and who … LukeLUKE xvi. 19-11. Fourternth Century Version Authorized Version in Modern Spelling. now its use. There was a rich man, and was There was a certain rich tnanot hick was clothed in purple and white silk, clothed In purple and line linen, and ate every day shiningly : and fared somptiv only every day and there was a beggar, and there ,,,1 as a certain beggar Lazarus by name, that lay named Lazarus, wh… Modern EnglishMODERN ENGLISH thus dates from Caxton. The language had at length reached the all bait inflexionless state which it now presents. A single older verbal form, the southern -eth of the third person singular, continued to be the literary prose form throughout the 16th century, but the northern form in -s was intermixed with it in poetry (where it saved a syllable), and must ere long, as we see from S… Nicholas IvNICHOLAS IV., Prince Eszterhazy de Galanta, grandson of the last-named, was born 12th September 1765. Nicuolas JosepuNICUOLAS JOSEPU, Prince Eszterhazy de Galanta, Count of Forchtenstein, born 18th December 1714, was the grandson of Paul IV. ObizzoOBIZZO I., son of Falco I., entered into a league against Frederick ? Barbarossa, and was comprehended in the Venetian treaty of 1177 by which municipal podestas were instituted. lie was elected podesta of Padua in 1182; and in 1181 Frederick named him marquis of Milan and Genoa, a dignity somewhat similar to that of imperial vicar. By carrying of Marchesella, heiress of the Adelardi family of Fer… Ordinary ChargesORDINARY CHARGES. s. d. rent, &c. Officers' salaries, allowances, and Repayment of money borrowed, tions, and alterations The total amount raised by " poor rates " so-called i England and Wales in the year 1873 was ?12,657,943, and the amount expended ?12,426,566. But of this expenditure, not more than the sum of ?7,692,169, before mentioned, was employed directly for the relief of the poor, the r… Paul AnthonyPAUL ANTHONY, Prince Eszterhazy de Galanta, son of Nicholas IV., was born 11th March 1786, and devoted himself to diplomacy. VileVILE. - so close of the period has been brought down to 1250; but very shortly after 1200 in the south, and considerably before it in the north, the levelling of inflexions was complete, and the language possessed of a tolerably settled system of new grammatical forms, the use of which marks Middle English. Although the written remains of the TRANSITION OLD ENGLISH are few, sufficient exist to ena…
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