100-00100-00 ? Its formula in chemical symbols is C,1160. During the fermentation of sugar the change that takes place is represented as follows : - The complex body, grape-sugar, breaks up by the action of the ferment or yeast into alcohol or carbonic acid, without anything being added. This kind of chemical change is sometimes called an action of presence, or catalytic action, because the substance in… 1862-661862-66. It appeared as one of tha results of the experiments that the rate of the decline of temperature with elevation near the earth was very different when the sky was clear from what was the case when it was cloudy; and the equality of temperature at sunset and increase with height after sunset were very remarkable facts which were not anticipated, and which have an important bearing on the t… 1e, Or Ae1E, or AE, a diphthong, compounded of A and E, of frequent occurrence in Latin and in Anglo-Saxon. In the.best ,editions of the classics the form now preferred is ae. Iii English words derived from Latin the diphthong is generally converted into the simple e, but it is not unfrequently retained, as in Zolian, mediceval, &c. In some words it represents the Greek at, to which the Latin ce correspond… 2egina, Or Egina2EGINA, or EGINA, or ENGIA, an island in the Saronic gulf, 20 miles distant from the Pincus, formerly vying with Athens in naval power, and at the sea-fight of Salamis disputing the palm of victory with the Athenians. It was the native country and kingdom of JEacus, who called it ./Egina, from his mother's name. (Ovid.) The inhabitants were called ./Eginetce and Aiqinenses. JEgina is triangular in… 2egospotami2EGOSPOTAMI, in Ancient Geography, a small river in the Thracian Chersonesus, running south-east, and falling into the Hellespont to the north of Sestos, - with a town of the same name, and a station or road for ships, at its mouth. Here the Athenian's under Colon, through the fault of his colleague Philocles, received a signal overthrow from the Lacedemonians under Lysander (B.c. 405), which invo… 2emilius, Paulus2EMILIUS, PAULUS, the name of a celebrated family of the (Emilia Gens. 2eolus2EOLUS, in Heathen 3fythology, the god and father of the winds, was variously represented as the son of Hippotes, or of Neptune by a daughter of Hippotes, or of Jupiter. In the Odyssey he is mentioned as the king of the lEolian isle to whom Jupiter had given the superintendence and distribution of the winds. Later poets make him the god and father of the winds, who dwelt in one of the tEolian isla… A11t-engineA11t-ENGINE. Engines which have for their working fluid heated air instead of steam are called "air-engines." The name " caloric engine" has also been applied to them, but is not to be commended, for they have no more right to that title than steam-engines - the useful effect of both machines being due to the transformation of heat into mechanical energy, the air in the one case and the steam in t… AabamaAABAMA, one of the Southern States of the North American Union, lies between 30? 13' and 35? N. lat., and between 85? and 88? 35' W. long. It is bounded by Florida and the Gulf of Mexico on the S., Mississippi on the W., Tennessee on the N., and Georgia on the E. Its length is 330 miles, average breadth 154, and area 50,722 square miles. The Alleghany range stretches into the northern portion of… AalenAALEN, a walled town of Wiirtemberg, pleasantly situated on the Kocher, at the foot of the Swabian Alps, about 50 miles E. of Stuttgart. Aali3orgAALI3ORG, a city and seaport of Denmark, is situated on the Liimfiord, about 1.5 miles from its junction with the Cattegat. AardvarkAARDVARK (earth-pig), an animal very common in South Africa, measuring upwards of three feet in length, and having a general resemblance to a short-legged pig. AargauAARGAU (French, ARGOVIE), one of the cantons of Switzerland, derives its name from the river which flows through it, Aargau being the province or district of the Aar. It is bounded on the north by the Rhine, which divides it from the duchy of Baden, on the east by Zurich and Zug, on the south by Lucerne, and on the west by Bern, Soleure or Solothurn, and Easel. It has an area of 5021 square miles.… AarhuusAARHUUS, a city and seaport of Denmark, situated on the Cattegat, in lat. 56? 9' N., long. 10? 12' E. AaronAARON, the first high-priest of the Jews, eldest son of Amram and Jochebed, of the tribe of Levi, and brother of Moses and Miriam. When Moses was commissioned to conduct the Israelites from Egypt to Canaan, Aaron was appointed to assist him, principally, it would appear, on account of his possessing, in a high degree, persuasive readiness of speech. On the occasion of Moses' absence in Mount Sinai… Aar, Or AareAAR, or AARE, the most considerable river in Switzer. land, after the Rhine and Rhone. It rises in the glaciers of the Finster-aarhorn, Schreekhorn, and Grimsel, in the canton of Bern; and at the Handeck in the valley of Hash forms a magnificent water-fall of above 150 feet in height. It then falls successively into the lakes Brienz and Thun, and, emerging from the latter, flows through the canton… Aarssens, Francis VanAARSSENS, FRANCIS VAN (1572-1611), one of the greatest diplomatists of the United Provinces. AbabdeABABDE, an African tribe occupying the country between the Red Sea and the Nile, to the S. of Kosseir, nearly as far as the latitude of Derr. Abaca Or AbakaABACA or ABAKA, a name given to the Musa textilis, the plant that produces the fibre called Manilla Hemp, and also to the fibre itself. AbacusABACUS also signifies an instrument employed by the ;%ncients for arithmetical calculations; pebbles, bits of bone, or coins, being used as counters. AbacusABACUS, an architectural term (from the Gr. 434, a tray or flat board) applied to the upper part of the capita] of a column, pier, &c. The early form of an abacus is simply a square flat stone, probably derived from the Tuscan order. In Saxon work it is frequently simply chamfered, but sometimes grooved, as in the crypt at Repton (fig. 1), and in the arcade of the refectory at Westminster. The ab… AbakanskABAKANSK, a fortified town of Siberia, iu the government of Yeniseisk, on the river Abakan, near its confluence with the Yenisei. Abana And PharparABANA and PHARPAR, " rivers of Damascus " (2 Kings v. 12), are now generally identified with the Barada and the Awaj respectively. AbancayABANCAY, a town of Peru, in the department of Cuzco, 65 miles W.S.W. of the town of that name. AbandoningABANDONING a young child under two years of age, so that its life shall be endangered, or its health permanently injured, or likely to be so, is in England a misdemeanour, punishable by penal servitude or imprisonment, 24 and 25 Viet. c. 100, ? 273. AbandonmentABANDONMENT has also a legal signification in the law of railways. AbandonmentABANDONMENT, in Marine Assurance, is the surrendering of the ship or goods insured to the insurers, in the case of a constructive total loss of the thing insured. There is an absolute total loss entitling the assured to recover the full amount of his insurance wherever the thing insured has ceased to exist to any useful purpose, - and in such a case abandonment is not required. Where the thing ass… AbanoABANO, a town of Northern Italy, 6 miles S.W. of Padua. Abano, PietroABANO, PIETRO D', known also as Petrus de Apollo or Aponensis, a distinguished physician and philosopher, was born at the Italian town from which he takes his name in 1250, or, according to others, in 1246. After visiting the east in order to acquire the Greek language, he went to study at Paris, where he became a doctor of medicine and philosophy. In Padua, to which he returned when his studies w… AbarisABARIS, the Hyperborean, a celebrated sage of antiquity, who visited Greece about 570 B.C., or, according to others, a century or two earlier. Abatement, AbateABATEMENT, ABATE, from the French abattre, abater, to throw down, demolish. The original meaning of the word is preserved in various legal phrases. The abatement of a nuisance is the remedy allowed by law to a person injured by a public nuisance of destroying or removing it by his own act, provided he commit no breach of the peace in doina. so. In the case of private nuisances abatement is also al… Abatement, Or RebateABATEMENT, or REBATE, is a discount allowed for prompt payment ; it also means a deduction sometimes made at the custom-house from the fixed duties on certain kinds of goods, on account of damage or loss sustained in warehouses. Abati, Or Dell'abbatoABATI, or DELL'ABBATO, IsitccoLo, a celebrated fresco-painter of Modena, born in 1512. llis best works are at Modena and Bologna, and have been highly praised by Zanotti, Algarotti, and Lanzi. AbattoirABATTOIR, from abattre, primarily signifies a slaughterhouse proper, or place where animals are killed as distinguished from boucheries and etaux publics, places where the dead meat is offered for sale. But the term is also employed to designate a complete meat market, of which the abattoir proper is merely part. Perhaps the first indication of the existence of abattoirs may be found in the system… AbauzitABAUZIT, FiRmiN, a learned Frenchman, was born of Protestant parents at Uzes, in Languedoc, in 1679. His father, who was of Arabian descent, died when ho was but two years of age ; and when, on the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, the authorities took steps to have him educated in the Roman Catholic faith, his mother contrived his escape. For two years his brother and he lived as fugitiv… Abbadie, JamesABBADIE, JAMES, an eminent Protestant divine, was born at Nay in Bern about 1657. His parents were poor, but through the kindness of discerning friends, he received an excellent education. He prosecuted his studies with such success, that on completing his course at Sedan, though only seventeen year. of age, he had conferred on him the degree of doctor in theology. After spending some years in Ber… AbbasABBAS I., surnamed THE GREAT, one of the most celebrated of the sovereigns of Persia, was the youngest son of Shah Mohammed Khodabendeh. After heading a successful rebellion against his father, and causing one of his brothers (or, as some say, both) to be assassinated, he obtained possession of the throne at the early age of eighteen (1585). Determined to rais2 the fallen fortunes of his country, … Abbas MirzaABBAS MIRZA (b. 1785, d. 1833), Prince of Persia, third son of the Shah Feth Ali, was destined by his father to succeed him in the government, because of his mother's connection with the royal tribe of the Khadjars. AbbassidesABBASSIDES, the caliphs of Baghdad, the most famous dynasty of the sovereigns of the Mahometan or Saracen empire. They derived their name and descent from Abbas (b. 566, d. 652 A.D.), the uncle and adviser of Mahomet, and succeeded the dynasty of the Ommiads, tht caliphs of Damascus. Early in the 8th century the family of Abbas had acquired great influence from their near relationship to the Proph… AbbeABBE is the French word corresponding to ABBOT, but, from the middle of the sixteenth century to the time of the French Revolution, the term had a wider application. The assumption by a numerous class of the name and style of abbe appears to have originated in the right conceded to the King of France, by a concordat between Pope Leo X. and Francis I., to appoint abbes commendataires to 225 abbeys,… Abbeokuta, Or AbeokutaABBEOKUTA, or ABEOKUTA, a town of West Africa in the Yoruba Country, situated in N. lat. 7? 8', and E. long. 3` 25', on the Ogun River, about 50 miles north of Lagos, in a direct line, or 81 miles by water. It lies in a beautiful and fertile country, the surface of which is broken by masses of grey granite. Like most African towns, Abbeokuta is spread over an extensive area, being surrounded by mu… AbbessABBESS, the female superior of an abbey or convent of nuns. The mode of election, position, rights, and authority of an abbess, correspond generally with those of an abbot. The office was elective, the choice being by the secret votes of the sisters from their own body. The abbess was solemnly admitted to her office by episcopal benediction, together with the conferring of a staff and pectoral, an… AbbevilleABBEVILLE, a city of France, in the department of the Somme, is situated on the River Somme, 12 miles from its mouth in the English Channel, and 25 miles N.W. of Amiens. It lies in a pleasant and fertile valley, and is built partly on an island, and partly on both sides of the river. The streets are narrow, and the houses are mostly picturesque old structures, built of wood, with many quaint decay… AbbeyABBEY, a monastery, or conventual establishment, under the government of an ABBOT or an ABBESS. A priory only differed from an abbey in that the superior bore the name of prior instead of abbot. This was the case in all the English conventual cathedrals, e.g., Canter bury, Ely, Norwich, &c., where the archbishop or bishor occupied the abbot's place, the superior of the monastery being termed prior… Abbiate GrassoABBIATE GRASSO, a town in the north of Italy, near the Ticino, 14 miles W.S.W. of Milan. AbbotABBOT, the head and chief governor of a community of monks, called also in the East Archimandrita, from manclra, " a fold," or Hegumenos. The name abbot is derived front the Hebrew alb, or father, through the Syriac Abba. It had its origin in the monasteries of Syria, whence it spread through the East, and soon became accepted generally- in all languages as the designation of the head of a monaste… Abbot, CharlesABBOT, CHARLES, speaker of the House of Commons from 1802 to 1817, afterwards created Lord Colchester. Abbot, GeorgeABBOT, GEORGE, Archbishop of Canterbury, was born October 19, 1562, at Guildford in Surrey, where his father was a cloth-worker. He studied at Balliol College, Oxford, and was chosen Master of University College in 1597. He was three times appointed to the office of Vice-Chancellor of the University. When in 1601 the version of the Bible now in use was ordered to be prepared, Dr Abbot's name stood… Abbot, GeorgeABBOT, GEORGE, known as " The Puritan," has been oddly and persistently mistaken for others. He has been described as a clergyman, which he never was, and as son of Sir Morris Abbot, and his writings accordingly entered in the bibliographical authorities as by the nephew of the Archbishop of Canterbury. One of the sons of Sir Morris Abbot was, indeed, named George, and he was a man of mark, but th… Abbot Of FleuryABBOT OF FLEURY. Abbot, RobertABBOT, ROBERT. Noted as this Puritan divine was in his own time, and representative in various ways, he has hitherto been confounded with others, as Robert Abbot, Bishop of Salisbury, and his personality distributed over a Robert Abbot of Cranbrook; another of Southwick, Hants; a third of St Austin's, London ; while these successive places were only the successive livings of the one Robert Abbot. … AbbotsfordABBOTSFORD, the celebrated residence of Sir Walter Scott, situated on the south bank of the river Tweed, about three miles above Melrose. The nucleus of the property was a small farm of 100 acres, with the " inharmonious designation" of Clarty Hole, acquired by Scott on the lapse of his lease (1811) of the neighbouring house of Ashestiel. It was gradually increased by various acquisitions, the las… Abbotsford ClubABBOTSFORD CLUB, one of the principal printing clubs, was founded in 1834 by Mr W. AbbreviationABBREVIATION, a letter or group of letters, taken from a word or words, and employed to represent them for the sake of brevity. Abbreviations, both of single words and of phrases, having a meaning more or less fixed and recognised, are common in ancient writings and inscrip tions, and very many are in use at the present time. A distinction is to be observed between abbreviations and the contractio… AbbreviatorsABBREVIATORS, a body of writers in the Papal Chancery, whose business is to sketch out and prepare in due form the Pope's bulls, briefs, and oersistorial decrees. Abdallatif, Or Abd-ul-latifABDALLATIF, or ABD-UL-LATIF, a celebrated physician and traveller, and one of the most voluminous writers of the East, was born at Baghdad in 1162. An interesting memoir of Abdallatif, written by himself, has been preserved with additions by Ibn-Abu-Osaiba, a contemporary.' From that work we learn that the higher education of the youth of Baghdad consisted principally in a minute and careful study… Abd-el-kaderABD-EL-KADER, celebrated for his brave resistance to the advance of the French in Algeria, was born near Mascara, in the early part of the year 1807. His father was a man of great influence among his countrymen from his high rank and learning, and Abd-el-Kader himself at an early age acquired a wide reputation for wisdom and piety, as well as for skill in horsemanship and other manly exercises. In… AbderaABDERA (1.), in Ancient Geography, a maritime town of Thrace, eastward from the mouth of the river Nestus. AbderaABDERA (2.), a town in Hispania Bcetica, founded by the Carthaginians, on the south coast, between Jfalaca and Prom. AbdicationABDICATION, the act whereby a person in office renounces and gives up the same before the expiry of the time for which it is held. The word is seldom used except in the sense of surrendering the supreme power in a state. Despotic sovereigns are at liberty to divest themselves of their powers at any time, but it is otherwise with a limited monarchy. The throne of Great Britain cannot be lawfully ab… AbdomenABDOMEN, in Anatomy, the lower part of the trunk of the body, situated between the thorax and the pelvis. Abdominales, Or Abdominal FishesABDOMINALES, or ABDOMINAL FISHES, a sub-division of the Malacopterygious Order, whose ventral fins are placed behind the pectorals, under the abdomen. AbductionABDUCTION, a law term denotinc, the forcible or fraudulent removal of a person, limited by custom to the case where a woman is the victim. In the case of men or children, it has been usual to substitute the term KIDNAPPING (q.v.) The old severe laws against abduction, generally contemplating its object as the possession of an heiress and her fortune, have been repealed by 24 and 25 Viet. c. 100, s… Abdul MedjidABDUL MEDJID, Sultan of Turkey, the thirty-first sovereign of the house of Othman, was born April 23, 1823, and succeeded his father Mahmoud II. on the 2d of July 1839. Mahmoud appears to have been unable to effect the reforms he desired in the mode of educating his children, so that his son received no better education than that given, according to use and wont, to Turkish princes in the harem. W… AbelABEL (P:in, breath, vanity, transitoriness), the second son of Adam, slain by Cain his elder brother (Gen. iv. 1-16). The narrative in Genesis, which tells us that "the Lord had respect unto Abel and to his offering, but unto Cain and to his offering he had not respect," is supplemented by the statement of the New Testament, that "by faith Abel offered unto God a mere excellent sacrifice than Cain… Abelard, PeterABELARD, PETER, born at Pallet (Palais), not far from Nantes, in 1079, was the eldest son of a noble Breton house. The name Abcelardus (also written Abailardus, Abaielardug, and in many other ways) is said to be a corruption of Ilabelardus, substituted by himself for a nickname Bajolardus given to him when a student. As a boy, he showed an extraordinary quickness of apprehension, and, choosing a l… Abel, Karl FriedrichABEL, KARL FRIEDRICH (1726-1787), a celebrated German musician. Abel, Niels HenrikABEL, NIELS HENRIK, one of the ablest and acutest mathematicians of modern times, was born at. Abel, ThomasABEL, THOMAS, a Roman Catholic divine during the reign of Henry VIII., was an Englishman, but when or where born does not appear. He was educated at Oxford, where he passed B.A. on 4th July 1513, M.A. on 27th June 1516, and proceeded D.D. On 23d June 1530 he was presented by Queen Catherine to the rectory of Brad-well in Essex, on the sea-coast. He had been introduced to the court through the repo… AbencerragesABENCERRAGES, a family or faction that is said to have held a prominent position in the Moorish kingdom of Granada in the 15th century. Abenez1ta, Or Ibn EzraABENEZ1tA, or IBN EZRA, is the name ordinarily given to ABRAHAM BEN HEIR BEN EZRA (called also Abenare or h'venare), one of the most eminent of the Jewish literati of the Middle Ages. He was born at Toledo about 1090; left Spain for Rome about 1140; resided afterwards at Mantua (1145), at Lucca (1154), at Rhodes (1155 and 1166), and in England (1159); and died probably in 1168. He was distinguishe… AberavonABERAVON, a parliamentary and municipal borough of Wales, in the county of Glamorgan, beautifully situated on the Avon, near its mouth, 8 miles east of Swansea. Abercrombie, JohnABERCROMBIE, JOHN, an eminent physician of Edinburgh, was the son of the Rev. George Abercrombie of Aberdeen, in which city he was born in 1781. After attending the Grammar School and Marischal College, Aberdeen, he commenced his medical studies.at Edinburgh in 1800, and obtained his degree of M.D. there in 1803. Soon afterwards he went to London, and for about a year gave diligent attention to th… AbercrombyABERCROMBY, Sat RALPH, K. B., Lieutenant-General in the British army, was the eldest son of George Abercromby of Tullibody, Clackmannanshire, and was born in October 1734. After passing some time at an excellent school at Alloa, he went to Rugby, and in 1752-53 he attended classes in Edinburgh University. In 1754 he was sent to Leipsic to study civil law, with a view to his pro-ceding to the Scotc… Abercromby, DavidABERCROMBY, DAVID, M.D. This Scottish physician was sufficiently noteworthy half a century after his (probable) decease to have his Nova Medicince Praxis reprinted at Paris in 1740; while during his lifetime his Tuta ac ejicax leis venerece scepe absque mercurio ac semper absque salivatione mercuriali curando methodus (1684, 8vo) was translated into German and published at Dresden in 1702 (8vo). I… Abercromby, James, Lord DunfermlineABERCROMBY, JAMES, LORD DUNFERMLINE, third son of the celebrated Sir Ralph Abercromby, was born on the 7th Nov. 1776. Educated for the profession of the law, he was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1801, but he vas prevented from engaging to any considerable extent in general practice by accepting appointments, first as commissioner in bankruptcy, and subsequently, as steward of the estates o… Abercromby, RatrickABERCROMBY, RATRICK, M.D., was the third son of Alexander Abercromby of Fetterneir in Aberdeenshire, and brother of Francis Abercromby, who was created by James II. Lord Glasford. He was born at Forfar in 1656. As throughout Scotland, he could have had there the benefits of a good parish school; but it would seem from after events that his family was Roman Catholic, and hence, in all probability, … AberdareABERDARE, a town of Wales, in the county of Glamorgan, on the right bank of the river Cynon, four miles S.W. of Merthyr-Tydvil. The district around is rich in valuable mineral products, and coal and iron mining are very extensively carried on in the neighbourhood. Important tin-works, too, have been recently opened. Part of the coal is used at the iron-works, and large quantities are sent to Cardi… AberdeenABERDEEN, a royal burgh and city, the chief part of a parliamentary burgh, the capital of the county of Aberdeen, the chief seaport in the north of Scotland, and the fourth Scottish town in population, industry, and wealth. It lies in lat. 57? 9' N. and long. 2? 6' W., on the German Ocean, near the mouth of the river Dee, and is 542 miles north of London, and 111 miles north of Edinburgh, by the s… Aberdeen BanksABERDEEN BANKS Aberdeen has two native banks, besides branch banks, and a National Security Savings Bank ; three insurance companies, four shipping companies, three railway companies, and a good many miscellaneous companies. Aberdeen, George Hamilton GordonABERDEEN, GEORGE HAMILTON GORDON, Fourms EARL or, was born at Edinburgh on the 28th January 1784. He was educated at Harrow School, and at St John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated in 1804. He succeeded his grandfather in the earldom in 1801, and in the same year he made an extended tour through Europe, visiting France, Italy, and Greece. On his return he founded the Athenian Club, the memb… Aberdeen InstitutionsABERDEEN INSTITUTIONS Among the charitable institutions is Gordon's Hospital, founded in 1729 by a miser, Robert Gordon, a Dantzic merchant, of the Straloch family, and farther endowed by Alexander Simpson of Collyhill in 1816. It is managed by the Town Council and four of the Established ministers of Aberdeen, incorporated by royal charters of 1772 and 1792. The central part of the house was buil… Aberdeen Medico ChirurgicalABERDEEN MEDICO CHIRURGICAL The Medico-Chirurgical Society of Aberdeen was founded in 1789. The hall was built in 1820 at a cost of ?4000, and is adorned with an Ionic portico of four granite columns, 27 feet high. It has 42 members, and a library of 5000 volumes. The legal practitioners of Aberdeen have been styled advocates since 1633, and received royal charters in 1774, 1779, and 1862. They fo… Aberdeen Places Of WorshipABERDEEN PLACES OF WORSHIP aberdeen has about 60 places of worship, with nearly 48,000 sittings. There are 10 Established churches; 20 Free, 6 Episcopalian, 6 United Presbyterian, 5 Congregational, 2 Baptist, 2 Methodist, 2 Evangelical Union, 1 Unitarian, 1 of Roman Catholic, 1 of Friends, and 1 of Original Seceders. There are also several mission chapels. In 1843 all the Established ministers sec… Aberdeen SchoolsABERDEEN SCHOOLS In 1873 there were in Aberdeen about 110 schools, with from 10,000 to 11,000 pupils in attendance. About 2500 students attend the University, Mechanics' Institution, and private schools for special branches. Five miles south-west of Aberdeen, on the south side of the Dee, in Kincardineshire, is St Mary's Roman Catholic College of Blairs, with a president and three professors. The … Aberdeen ShipbuildingABERDEEN SHIPBUILDING Aberdeen has been famed for shipbuilding, especially for its fast clippers. Since 1855 nearly a score of vessels have been built of above 1000 tons each. The largest vessel (a sailing one) ever built here was one in 1855, of 2400 tons. In 1872 there were built 11 iron vessels of 9450 tons, and 6 wooden of 2980 tons, consuming 5900 tons iron, and costing ?252,700, including ?7… AberdeenshireABERDEENSHIRE, a maritime county in the northeast of Scotland, between 56? 52' and 57? 42' N. lat. and between 1? 49' and 3? 48' long. W. of Greenwich. It is bounded on the north and east by the German Ocean ; on the south by the counties of Kincardine, Forfar, and Perth ; and on the west by those of Inverness and Banff. Its greatest length is 102 miles, and breadth 50 miles. Its circuit with sinu… AberdourABERDOUR, a village in the county of Fife, in Scotland, pleasantly situated on the north shore of the Firth of Forth, and much resorted to for sea-bathing. AberfeldyABERFELDY, a village in Perthshire, celebrated in Scottish song for its " birks " and for the neighbouring falls of Moness. AbergavennyABERGAVENNY, -a market town in Monmouthshire, 14 miles west of Monmouth, situated at the junction of a small stream called the Gavenny, with the river Usk. AbernethyABERNETHY, a town in Perthshire, situated in the parish of the same name, on the right bank of the Tay, 7 miles below Perth. AbernethyABERNETHY, JonN, - a Protestant dissenting divine of Ireland, was born at Coleraine, county Londonderry, Ulster, where his father was minister (Nonconformist), on the 19th October 1680. In his thirteenth year he entered a student at the University of Glasgow. On concluding his course at Glasgow he went to Edinburgh University, where his many brilliant gifts and quick and ready witthought-born, not… Abernethy, JohnABERNETHY, JOHN, grandson of_. the preceding,' an eminent surgeon, was born in London on the 3d of April 1764. His father was a London merchant. Educated at Wolverhampton Grammar School, he was apprenticed in 1779 to Sir Charles Blicke, a surgeon in extensive practice in the metropolis. He attended Sir William Blizzard's anatomical lectures at the London Hospital, and was early employed to assist … AberrationABERRATION, or (rnore correctly) THE ABERRATION OF LIGHT, is a remarkable phenomenon, by which stars appear to deviate a little, in the course of a year, from their true places in the heavens. It results from the eye of the observer being carried onwards by the motion of the earth on its orbit, during the time that light takes to travel from the star to the earth. The effect of this combination of… AberystwithABERYSTWITH, a municipal and parliamentary borough, market town, and seaport of Wales, in the county of Cardigan, is situated at the western end of the Vale of Rheidol, near the confluence of the rivers Ystwith and Rheidol, and about the centre of Cardigan Bay. It is the terminal station of the Cambrian Railway, and a line to the south affords direct communication with South Wales, Bristol, &c. Th… AbettorABETTOR, a law term implying one who instigates, encourages, or assists another to perform some criminal action. AbeyanceABEYANCE, a law term denoting the expectancy of an estate. AbgarABGAR, the name or title of a line of kings of Edessa in Mesopotamia. Abiad, Baiir-elABIAD, BAIIR-EL-, a name given to the western branch of the Nile, above Khartoum. AbilaABILA, a city of ancient Syria, the capital of the tetrarchy of Abilene, a territory whose limits and extent it is impossible now to define. Abildgaard, NikolajABILDGAARD, NIKOLAJ, called "the Father of Danish Painting," was born in 1744. AbimelechABIMELECH (715ni, father of the king, or rather perhaps king-father), occurs first in the Bible as the name of certain kings of the Philistines at Gerar (Gen. xx. 2, xxi. 22, xxvi. 1). From the fact that the name is applied in the inscription of the thirty-fourth psalm to Achish, it has been inferred with considerable probability that it was used as the official designation of the Philistinian kin… AbingdonABINGDON, a parliamentary and municipal borough and market town of England, in Berkshire, on a branch of the Thames, 7 miles south of Oxford, and 51 miles W.N.W. of London. It is a place of great antiquity, and was an important town in the time of the Heptarchy. Its name is derived from an ancient abbey. The streets, which are well paved, converge to a spacious area, in which the market is held. I… AbiogenesisABIOGENESIS, as a name for the production of living by not-living matter, has of late been superseding the less accurate phrase " Spontaneous Generation." Professor Huxley, who made use of the word in his presidential address to the British Association in 1870, distinguished Abiogenesis from " Xenogenesis " or " Heterogcnesis," which occurs, or is supposed to occur, not when dead matter produces l… AbiponesABIPONES, a tribe of South American Indians, inhabiting the territory lying between Santa Fe and St Iago. They originally occupied the Chaco district of Paraguay, but were driven thence by the hostility of the Spaniards. According to M. Dobrizhoffer, who, towards the end of last century, lived among them for a period of seven years, they have many singular customs and characteristics. They seldom … AbjeABJE, a town of ancient Greece in the E. of Phoeis, famous for a temple and oracle of Apollo. AblutionABLUTION, a ceremonial purification, practised in nearly every age and nation. It consisted in washing the body in whole or part, so as to cleanse it symbolically from defilement, and to prepare it for religious observances, Among the Jews we find no trace of the ceremony in patriarchal times, but it was repeatedly enjoined and strictly enforced under the Mosaic economy. It denoted either - (1.) C… AbnerABNER ("?.in father of light), first cousin of Saul (1 Sam. xiv. 50) and commander-in-chief of his army. The chief references to him during the lifetime of Saul are found in 1 Sam. xvii. 55, and xxvi. 5. It was only after that monarch's death, however, that Abner was brought into a position of the first political importance. David, who had some time before been designated to the throne, was accept… AbomasumABOMASUM, caillette, the fourth or rennet stomach of Ruminantia. AbomeyABOMEY, the capital of Dahomey, in West Africa, is-, situated in N. lat. 7?, E. long. 2? 4', about GO miles N. of Whydah, the port of the kingdom. AboriginesABORIGINES, originally a proper name given to an Italian people who inhabited the ancient Latium, or country now called Campagna di Roma. Various deriva Lions of this name have been suggested; but there can be scarcely any doubt that the usual derivation (ab engine) is correct, and that the word simply indicated a settled tribe, whose origin and earlier history were unknown. It is thus the equival… AbortionABORTION, in Midwifery (from aborior, I perish), and connected with the shore by a chain of rocks, is a the premature separation and expulsion of the contents of small island remarkable for remains of ancient buildings. the pregnant uterus. When occurring before the eighth Stretching to the eastward as far as the Rosetta mouth of lunar month of gestation, abortion is the term ordinarily the Nile i… Abran TesABRAN TES, a town of Portugal, Estremaclura province, on the Tagus, about 70 miles N.E. of Lisbon, delightfully situated on the brow of a hill, of which the slopes are covered with olive trees, gardens, and vineyards. Abrantes, Duke And Duchess OfABRANTES, DUKE AND DUCHESS OF. See JUNOT. ABRAXAS, or ABRASAX, a word engraved on certain antique stones, which were called on that account Abraxas stones, and were used as amulets or charms. The Basilidians, a Gnostic sect, attached importance to the word, if, indeed, they did not bring it into use. The letters of 41310cLes, in the Greek notation, make up the number 365, and the Basilidians gave … Abriiasia, Or AbasiaABRIIASIA, or ABASIA, a tract of Asiatic Russia, on the border of the Black Sea, comprehending between lat. 42? 30' and 44?45' N. and between long. 37? 3' and 40? 36' E. The high mountains of the Caucasus on the N. and N.E. divide it from Oil-cassia; on the S.E. it is bounded by Mingrelia; and on the S.W. by the Black Sea. Though the country is generally mountainous, there are some deep well-water… AbruzzoABRUZZO, originally one of the four provinces of the continental part of the kingdom of the two Sicilies, afterward subdivided into Abruzzo Ulteriore I., Abruzzo Ulteriore II., and Abruzzo Citeriore, which were so named from their position relative to Naples, and now form three of the provinces of the kingdom of Italy. The district, which was the most northerly part of the kingdom of the two Sicil… Abruzzo CiterioreABRUZZO CITERIORE lies to the south and cast of the other two provinces. Abruzzo UlterioreABRUZZO ULTERIORE I. is the most northerly of the three provinces, and has an area of 1283 square miles, with a population in 1871 of 245,684. Abruzzo Ulteriore IiABRUZZO ULTERIORE II. is an inland district, nearly covered with mountains of various heights, one of which is the Gran Sasso. AbsalomABSALOM (tY;7jit!, father of peace), the third son of David, king of Israel. He was deemed the handsomest man in the kingdom. His sister Tamar having been violated by Amnon, David's eldest son, Absalom caused his servants to murder Amnon at a feast, to which he had invited all the king's sons. After this deed he fled to the kingdom of his maternal grandfather, where he remained three years ; and i… AbsalonABSALON, Archbishop of Lund, in Denmark, was born in 1128, near Soroe in Zealand, his family name being Axel. In 1148 he went to study at Paris, where a college for Danes had been established. He afterwards travelled extensively in different countries; and returning to Denmark in 1157, was the year after chosen Bishop of Roeskilde or Rothschild. Eloquent, learned, endowed with uncommon physical st… AbscessABSCESS, in Surgery (from abscedo, to separate), a collection of pus among the tissues of the body, the result of inflammation. AbsintheABSINTHE, a liqueur or aromatised spirit, prepared by pounding the leaves and flowering tops of various species of wormwood, chiefly Artemisia Absinthium, along with angelica root (Archangelica officinalis), sweet flag root (Acorns Calamus), the leaves of dittany of Crete (Origanum Dictamnus), star-anise fruit (Illiciuin anisatum), and other aromatics, and macerating these in alcohol. After soakin… AbsoluteABSOLUTE (from the Latin absolvere), having the general meaning of loosened from, or unrestricted, in which sense it is popularly used to qualify such words as " monarchy" or " power," has been variously employed in philosophy. Logicians use it to mark certain classes of names. Thus a term has been called absolute in opposition to attributive, when it signifies something that has or is viewed as h… AbsolutionABSOLUTION, a term used in civil and ecclesiastical law, denotes the act of setting free or acquitting. In a 'criminal process it signifies the acquittal of an accused person on the ground that the evidence has either disproved or failed to prove the charge brought against him. It is now little used except in Scotch law, in the forms ?assoilzie and absolvitor. The ecclesiastical usage of the word … AbsorptionABSORPTION, in the animal economy, the function possessed by the absorbent system of vessels of taking up nutritive and other fluids. AbstemiiABSTEMII, a name formerly given to such persons as could not partake of the cup of the eucharist on account of their natural aversion to wine. AbstractionABSTRACTION, in Psychology and Logic, is a word used in several distinguishable but closely allied senses. First, in a comprehensive sense, it is often applied to that process by which we fix the attention upon one part of what is present to the mind, to the exclusion of another part ; abstraction thus conceived being merely the negative of ATTENTION (q. v.) In this sense we are able in thought to… Absurdum, Reductio AdABSURDUM, REDUCTIO AD, a mode of demonstrating the truth of a proposition, by showing that its contradictory leads to an absurdity. It is much employed by Euclid. ABU, a celebrated mountain of Western India, between 5000 and G000 feet in height, situated in 24? 40' N. lat., and 72? 48' E. long., within the Rajputana State of Sirolif. It is celebrated as the site of the most ancient Jain temples in… Abu-i3ekrABU-I3EKR (father of the virgin), was originally called Abd-el-Caaba (servant of the temple), and received the name by which he is known historically in consequence of the marriage of his virgin daughter Ayesha to Mohammed. He was born at Mecca in the year 573 A.D., a Koreishite of the tribe of Benn-Taim. Possessed of immense wealth, which he had himself acquired in commerce, and held in high este… Abulfaragius, Gregor AbulfarajABULFARAGIUS, GREGOR ABULFARAJ (called also BARHEBRAUS, from his Jewish parentage), was born at Malatia, in Armenia, in 1226. His father Aaron was a physician, and Abulfaragius, after studying under him, also practised medicine witn great success. His command of the Arabic, Syriac, and Greek languages, and his know-[edge of philosophy and theology, gained for him a very high reputation. In 1244 he… Abulfeda, Ismael Ben-aliABULFEDA, ISMAEL BEN-ALI, EMAD-EDDIN, the celebrated Arabian historian and geographer, born at Damascus in the year 672 of the Hegira (1273 A.D.), was directly descended from Ayub, the father of the emperor Saladin. In his boyhood he devoted himself to the study of the Koran and the sciences, but from his twelfth year he was almost constantly engaged in military expeditions, chiefly against the cr… Abulghazi-bahadurABULGHAZI-BAHADUR (1605-1663), a khan of Khiva, of the race of Genghis-Khan, who, after abdicating in favour of his son, employed his leisure in writing a history of the Mongols and Tartars. AbulpazlABULPAZL, vizier and historiographer of the great Mongol emperor, Akbar, was born about the middle of the 16th century, the precise date being uncertain. His career as a minister of state, brilliant though it was, would probably have been by this time forgotten but for the record he himself has left of it in his celebrated history. The .Akbar .Arameh, or _Book of Akbar, as Abulfazls chief literary… Abu-simbel, Or IpsambulABU-SIMBEL, or IPSAMBUL, the ancient Aboccis or Abuncis, a place in Nubia, on the left bank of the Nile, about 50 miles S.W. of Derr, remarkable for its ancient Egyptian temples and colossal figures hewn out of the solid rock. Abu-temanABU-TEMAN, one of the most highly esteemed of Arabian poets, was born at Djacem in the year 190 of the Hegira (806 A.D.) In the little that is told of his life it is difficult to distinguish between truth and fable. He seems to have lived in Egypt in his youth, and to have been engaged in servile employment, but his rare poetic talent speedily raised him to a distinguished position at the court of… AbydosABYDOS (1.), in Ancient Geography, a city of Mysia in Asia Minor, situated on the Hellespont, which is hen scarcely a mile broad. AbydosABYDOS (2.), in Ancient Geography, a town of Upper Egypt, a little to the west of the Nile, between Ptolemais and Diospolis Parva, famous for the palace of Memnon and the temple of Osiris. AbyssiniaABYSSINIA is an extensive country of Eastern Africa, the limits of which are not well defined, and authorities are by no means agreed respecting them. It may, however, be regarded as lying between 7? 30' and 15? 40' N. lat., and 35? and 40? 30' E. long., having, N. and N.W., Nubia ; E., the territory of the Danakils ; S., the country of the Gallas; and W., the regions of the Upper Nile.1 It has an… AcaciaACACIA, a genus of shrubs and trees belonging to the natural family Leguininosm and the section 11.1imosea,=. The flowers are small, arranged in rounded or elongated clusters. The leaves are compound pinnate in generaL In some instances, however, more especially in the Australian species, the leaf-stalks become flattened, and serve the purpose of leaves; the plants are hence called leafless Acacia… AcademyACADEMY, in its modern acceptation, signifies a society or corporate body of learned men, established for the advancement of science, literature, or the arts. The first institution of this sort we read of in history was that founded at Alexandria by Ptolemy Soter, which he named the Museum, nova-dov. After completing his conquest of Egypt, -pt, he turned his attention to the cultivation of letters… AcademyACADEMY, EtKa8ilttcta,1 a suburb of Athens to the north, forming part of the Ceramicus, about a mile beyond the gate named Dypilum. It was said to have belonged to the hero Acadeinus, but the derivation of the word is unknown. It was surrounded with a wall by Hipparchus, and adorned with walks, groves, and fountains by Cimon, the son of Miltiades, who at his death bequeathed it as a public pleasur… AcademyACADEMY is a term also applied to those royal collegiate seminaries in which young men are educated for the navy and army. Aca Die, Or AcadiaACA DIE, or ACADIA, the name borne by Nova Scotia while it remained a French settlement. AcalephieACALEPHIE (from Ccak4077, a nettle), a name given to the animals commonly known as jelly-fish, sea-blubber, Meduste, sea-nettles, &e. AcanthocephalaACANTHOCEPHALA (from aKavea, a thorn, and KE0aX7, the head), a group of parasitic worms, having the heads armed with spines or books. AcanthopterygiiACANTHOPTERYGII (from I'licarOa, a thorn, and 77-7-4,,$, a wing), an order of fishes, having bony skeletons with prickly spinous processes in the dorsal fins. AcanthusACANTHUS, a genus of plants belonging to the natural order Acanthacex. AcapulcoACAPULCO, a town and port in Mexico, on a bay of the Pacific Ocean, about 190 miles S.S.W. of Mexico, in N. lat. 16? 50', W. long. 99? 46'. The harbour, which is the best on the Pacific coast, is almost completely landlocked. It is easy of access, and the anchorage is so secure that heavily-laden ships can lie close to the rocks which surround it. The town lies N.W. of the harbour, and is defended… AcarnaniaACARNANIA, a province of ancient Greece, now called Carnia. It was bounded on the N. by the Ambracian gulf, on the N.E. by Amphilochia, on the W. and S.W. by the Ionian Sea, and on the E. by JEtolia. It was a hilly country, with numerous lakes and tracts of rich pasture, and its hills are to the present day crowned with thick wood. It was celebrated for its excellent breed of horses. The Acarnania… AcarusACARUS (from (1Kapt, a mite), a genus of Arachnides, represented by the cheese mite and other forms. AccelerationACCELERATION is a term employed to denote generally the rate at which the velocity of a body, whose motion is not uniform, either increases or decreases. As the velocity is continually changing, and cannot therefore be estimated, as in uniform motion, by the space actually passed over in a certain time, its value at any instant has to be measured by the space the body would describe in the unit of… AccemetyACCEMETY, (dKaporros, sleepless), an order of monks instituted by Alexander, a Syrian, about the middle of the 5th century. AccentACCENT, in reading or speaking, is the stress or pressure of the voice upon a syllable of a word. The derivation of the term (Lat. accentus, quasi adcantus) clearly shows that it was employed by the classical grammarians to express the production of a musical effect. Its origin is therefore to be sought in the natural desire of man to gratify the ear by modulated sound, and probably no language ex… AcceptanceACCEPTANCE is the act by which a person hinds himself to comply with the request contained in a bill of exchange addressed to him by the drawer. In all cases it is understood to be a promise to pay the bill in money, the law not recognising an acceptance in which the promise is to pay in some other way, as, for example, partly in money and partly by another bill. Acceptance may be absolute, condit… AccessionACCESSION is applied, in a historical or constitutional sense, to the coming to the throne of a dynasty or line of sovereigns, as the accession of the House of Hanover. The corresponding term, when a single sovereign is spoken of, is "succession." In law, accession is a method of acquiring property, by which, in things that have a close connection with or dependence on one another, the property of… AccessoryACCESSORY, a person guilty of a felonious offence, not as principal, but by participation; as by advice, command, aid, or concealment. In treason, accessories are excluded, every individual concerned being considered as a principal. In crimes under the degree of felony, also, all persons concerned, if guilty at all, are regarded as principals. (See 24 and 25 Vict. c. 94. s. 8.) There are two kinds… Accessory Parts To The EyeballACCESSORY PARTS TO THE EYEBALL. - In relation to the eyeball several accessory parts are found. The Eye-Brows are projections of the integument, from which short, stiff hairs grow. The Eye-Lids, or palpebrce, are two movable curtains, an upper and a lower, which protect the front of the globe. Between each pair of lids is a horizontal fissure, the palpebrat fissure. From the free margins of the tw… Acciajuolt, DonatoACCIAJUOLT, DONATO, was born at Florence in 1428. AccidentACCIDENT. An attribute of a thing or class of things, which neither belongs to, nor is in any way deducible from, the essence of that thing or class, is termed its accident. An accident may be either inseparable or separable : the former, when we can conceive it to be absent from that with which. it is found, although it is always, as far as we know, present, i.e., when it is not necessarily but i… AcciusACCIUS, a poet of the 16th century, to whom is attributed A Paraphrase of Ssop's Fables, of which Julius Scaligcr speaks with great praise. AcciusACCIUS (or ATTrus), Lucius, a Latin tragic poet, was the son of a freedman, born, according to St Jerome, in the year of Rome 583, though this appears somewhat uncertain. He made himself known before the death of Pacuvius by a dramatic piece, which he exhibited the same year that Pacuvius brought one on the stage, the latter being then eighty years of age, and Accius only thirty. We do not know th… AcclamationACCLAMATION, the expression of the opinion. favourable or unfavourable, of any assembly by means of the voice. Applause denotes strictly a similar expression by clapping of hands, but this distinction in the usage of the words is by no means uniformly maintained. Among the Romans acclamation was varied both in form and purpose. At marriages it was usual for the spectators to shout Io Hymen, IlYmen… AcclimatisationACCLIMATISATION is the process of adaptation by which animals and plants are gradually rendered capable of surviving and flourishing in countries remote from their original habitats, or under meteorological conditions different from those which they have usually to endure, and which are at first injurious to them. The subject of acclimatisation is very little understood, and some writers have even… AccoladeACCOLADE (from collurn, the neck), a ceremony anciently used in conferring knighthood ; but whether it was an embrace (according to the use of the modern French word, accolade), or a slight blow on the neck or check, is not agreed. Accolti, BenedictACCOLTI, BENEDICT, was born in 1415 at Arezzo, in Tuscany, of a noble family, several members of which were distinguished like himself for their attainments in law. Accolti, BernardACCOLTI, BERNARD (1465-1535), son of the preceding, known in his own day as /' Ulric? Aretino, acquired great fame as a reciter of impromptu verse. Accolti, PietroACCOLTI, PIETRO, brother of the preceding, was born at Florence in 1455, and died there in 1549. AccommodationACCOMMODATION, in commerce, denotes generally temporary pecuniary aid given by one trader to another, or by a banker to his customers, but it is used more particularly to describe that class of bills of exchange which represents no actual exchange of real value between the parties. AccommodationACCOMMODATION, a term used in Biblical interpretation to denote the presentation of a truth not absolutely as it is in itself, but relatively or under some modification, with the view of suiting, it either to some other truth or to the persons addressed. Accoramboni, VittoriaACCORAMBONI, VITTORIA, an Italian lady remarkable for her extraordinary beauty and her tragic history. Her contemporaries regarded her as the most captivating woman that had ever been seen in Italy. She was sought in marriage by Paolo Giordano Orsini, Duke of Bracciano, who, it was generally believed, had murdered his wife, Isabella de Medici, with his own hand; but her father gave her in preferen… AccordionACCORDION (from the French accord), a small musical instrument in the shape of a bellows, which produces sounds by the action of wind on metallic reeds of various sizes. AccorsoACCORSO (in Latin Accursins), FRANCIS, an eminent lawyer, born at Florence about 1182. After practising for some time in his native city, he was appointed professor at Bologna, where he had great success as a teacher. He undertook the great work of arranging into one body the almost innumerable comments and remarks upon the Code, the Institutes, and Digests, the confused dispersion of which among … AccountACCOUNT, a Stock Exchange term : e.g., "To Buy or Sell for the Account," &c. The word has different, though kindred, significations, all derived from the making -up and settling of accounts on particular days, in which stricter sense the word " Settlement" is more specially used. The financial importance of the Account may be gathered from the Clearing House returns. Confining ourselves to the six… AccountantACCOUNTANT, earlier form ACCOMPTANT, in the most general sense, is a person skilled in accounts. Accountant-generalACCOUNTANT-GENERAL, an officer in the English Court of Chancery, who receives all monies lodged in court, and by whom they are deposited in bank and disbursed. Accra Or AcraACCRA or ACRA, a town, or rather a collection of forts, in a territory of the same name, on the Gold Coast of Africa, about 75 miles east of Cape Coast Castle. AccringtonACCRINGTON, an important manufacturing town of England, in Lancashire; lies on the banks of a stream called the Hindburn, in a deep valley, 19 miles N. from Manchester and 5 miles E. of Blackburn. It has increased rapidly in recent years, and is the centre of the Manchester cotton-printing trade. There are large cotton factories and print-works, besides bleach-fields, &c., employing many hands. Co… Accum, FrederickACCUM, FREDERICK, chemist, born at Biickeburg in 1769, came to London in 1793, and was appointed teacher of chemistry and mineralogy at the Surrey Institution in 1801. While occupying this position he published several scientific manuals (Chemistry, 1803; Mineralogy, 1808; Crystallography, 1813), but his name will be chiefly remembered in connection with gas-lighting, the introduction of which was… AccumulatorACCUMULATOR, a term applied frequently to a powerful electrical machine, which generates or accumulates, by means of friction, electric currents of high tension, - manifested by sparks of considerable length. Accumulators have been employed in many places for exploding torpedoes and mines, for blasting, &c. An exceedingly powerful apparatus of this kind was employed by the Confederate authorities … AcephalaACEPHALA, a name sometimes given to a section of the molluscous animals, which are divided into encephala and acephala, according as they have or want a distinctly differentiated head. AcephaliACEPHALI was also the name given to the levellers in the reign of Henry I., who are said to have been so poor as to have no tenements, in virtue of which they might acknowledge a superior lord. AcephaliACEPHALI (from et privative, and KEy5aX7j, a head), a term applied to several sects as having no head or leader; and in particular to a sect that separated itself, in the end of the 5th century, from the rule of the patriarchs of Alexandria, and remained without king or bishop for more than 300 years (Gibbon, c. AcephaliACEPHALI, or Acepnalous Persons, fabulous monsters, described by some ancient naturalists and geographers as having no heads. Acerbi, GiuseppeACERBI, GIUSEPPE (JOSEPH), an Italian traveller, born at Castel-Goffredo, near Mantua, on the 3d May 1773, studied at Mantua, and devoted himself specially to natural science. In 1798 ho undertook a journey through Denmark, Sweden, Finland, and Lapland; and in the following year he reached the North Cape, which no Italian had previously visited. He was accompanied in the latter part of the journey… AcernusACERNUS, the Latinised name by v,itich SEBASTIAN FABIAN KLONOWICZ, a celebrated Polish poet, is generally known, was born at Sulmierzyce in 1551, and died at Lublin in 1608. AcerraACERRA, a town of Italy, in the province of Terra di Lavoro, situated on the river Agno, 7 miles N.E. of Naples, with which it is connected by rail. AcerraACERRA, in Antiquity, a little box or pot, wherein were put the incense and perfumes to be burned on the altars of the gods, and before the dead. Acetic AcidACETIC ACID, one of the most important organic acids. It occurs naturally in the juice of many plants, and in certain animal secretions ; but is generally obtained, on the large scale, from the oxidation of spoiled wines, or from the destructive distillation of wood. In the former process it is obtained in the form of a dilute aqueous solution, in which also the colouring matters of the wine, salt… AcgorsoACGORSO (or Accuusius), MARIANGELO, a learned and ingenious critic, was born at Aquila, in the kingdom of Naples, about 1490. He was a great favourite with Charles V., at whose court he resided for thirty-three years, and by whom he was employed on various foreign missions. To a perfect knowledge of Greek and Latin he added an intimate acquaintance with several modern languages. In discovering and… Ach1nACH1N (pronounced Atcheen), a town and also a state of Northern Sumatra; the one state of that island which has been powerful at any time since the discovery of the Cape route to the East, and the only one that still remains independent of the Dutch, though that independence is now menaced. De Barros names Achin among the twenty-nine states that divided the sea-board of Sumatra when the Portuguese… AchaiaACHAIA. in Ancient Geography, a name differently applied at different periods. In the earliest times the name was borne by a small district in the south of Thessaly, and was the first residence of the Achmans. At a later period Achaia Propria was a narrow tract of country in the north of the Peloponnesns, running 65 miles along the Gulf of Corinth, and bounded by the Ionian Sea on the W., by Elis … AchanACHAN, the son of Carmi, of the tribe of Judah, at the taking of Jericho concealed two hundred shekels of silver, a Babylonish garment, and a wedge of gold, contrary to the express command of God. Achard, Franz CarlACHARD, FRANZ CARL, a Prussian chemist, born at Berlin on the 28th April 1753, was the first to turn Marggraff's discovery of the presence of sugar in beet-root to commercial account. He erected a factory on an estate in Silesia, granted to him about 1800 by the king of Prussia, and produced there large quantities of sugar to meet the scarcity occasioned by the closing of the West Indian ports to … Acharius, ErikACHARIUS, ERIK, a Swedish physician and botanist, born at Gefle in 1757. AchatesACHATES, the faithful friend and companion of YEneas, celebrated in Virgil's yEneid as ,ficins Achates. AchelousACHELOUS, the largest river in Greece, rises in Mount Pindus, and dividing Aitolia from Acarnania, falls into the Ionian Sea. Achenwall, GottfriedACHENWALL, GOTTFRIED, a German writer, celebrated as having formulated and developed the science (Wissenschaft der Staaten), to which he was the first to apply the name scientia statistics, or statistics. Born at Elbing, in East Prussia, in October 1719, he studied at Jena, Halle, and Leipsic, and took a degree at the last-named university. He removed to Marburg in 1746, where for two years he rea… AcheronACHERON, in Classical Mythology, the son of Ceres, who, for supplying the Titans with drink when they were in contest with Jupiter, was turned into a river of Hades, over which departed souls were ferried on their way to Elysium. AchillACHILL, or " Eagle" Island, off the west coast of Ireland, forms part of the county of Mayo. AchillesACHILLES ('AxaAafs). When first taken up by the legendary history of Greece, the ancestors of Achilles were settled in Phthia and in 2Egina. That their original seat, however, was in the ?neighbourhood of Dodona and the Acheloos is made out from a combination of the following facts: That in the Iliad (xvi. 233) Achilles prays to Zeus of Dodona; that this district was the first to bear the name of … Achilles TatiusACHILLES TATIUS, a Greek writer, born at Alexandria. The precise time when he flourished is uncertain, but it cannot have been earlier than the 5th century, as in his principal work he evidently imitates Heliodorus. Suidas, who calls him Achilles Statius, says that he was converted from heathenism and became a Christian bishop, but this is doubtful, the more so that Suidas also attributes to him a… AchrayACHRAY, a small picturesque lake in Perthshire, near Loch Katrine, 20 miles W. of Stirling, which has obtained notoriety from Scott's allusion to it in the Lady of the Lake. Achromatic GlassesACHROMATIC GLASSES are so named from being specially constructed with a view to prevent the confusion of colours and distortion of images that result from the use of lenses in optical instruments. AcidACID, a general term in chemistry, applied to a group of compound substances, possessing certain very distinctive characteristics. All acids have one essential property, viz., that of combining chemically with an alkali or base, forming a new compound that has neither acid nor alkaline. characters. The new bodies formed in this way are termed salts. Every acid is therefore capable of producing as … Aciimet, Or AimedACIIMET, or AIMED, the name of three emperors or sultans of Turkey, the first of the name reigning from 1603 to 1617, the second from 1691 to 1695. AcinacesACINACES, an ancient Persian sword, short and straight, and worn, contrary to the Roman fashion, on the right side, or sometimes in front of the body, as shown in the bas-reliefs found at Persepolis. Aci RealeACI REALE, a city and seaport of Sicily, in the Italian province of Catania, near the base of Mount Etna. AcisACIS, in Mythology, the son of Faunus and the nymph Symrethis, was a beautiful shepherd of Sicily, who being beloved by Galatea, Polyphemus the giant was so enraged that he crushed his rival with a rock, and his blood gushing forth from under the rock, was metamorphosed into the river bearing his name (Ovid, Met. xiii. 750; Sil. Ackermann, Jofin Christian GottliebACKERMANN, JOFIN CHRISTIAN GOTTLIEB, a learned physician and professor of medicine, born at .Zeulenroda, in Upper Saxony, in 1756. At the early age of fifteen he became a student of medicine at Jena, -where he soon attracted the favourable notice of Baldinger, who undertook the direction of his studies. -When Baldinger was transferred to Gottingen in 1773, Ackermann went with him, and afterwards s… AcolyteACOLYTE (from (1KA.ovOos, an attendant), one of a minor order of clergy in the ancient church, rankinr, next to the sub-deacon. AconcaguaACONCAGUA, a province of Chile, South America, is about 100 miles long by 40 miles wide, and lies between 31? 30' and 33? 20' S. lat., and 70? and 71? 30' W. long., between the provinces of Valparaiso and Santiago on the N. and Coquimbo on the S. A large part of the province is mountainous, but it contains several rich and fertile valleys, which yield wheat, maize, sugar-cane, fruits, and garden p… Aconite, AconitumACONITE, ACONITUM, a genus of plants commonly known as Aconite, Monkshood, Friar's Cap, or Helmet flower, and embracing about 18 species, chiefly natives of the mountainous parts of the northern Lemisphere. They are distinguished by having one of the five blue or yellow coloured sepals in the form of a helmet; hence the English name. Two of the petals placed under the hood of the calyx are support… AcontiusACONTIUS, the Latinised form of the name of GIACOJio ACONCIO, a philosopher, jurisconsult, engineer, and theologian, born at Trent on the 7th September 1492. He embraced the reformed religion ? and after having taken refuge for a time in Switzerland and Strasburg, lie came to England about 1558. He was very favourably received by Queen Elizabeth, at whose court, it is said, though on doubtful auth… AcorusACORUS, a genus of monocotyledonous plants belonging to the natural order A roidem, and the sub-order Oroutiacem. AcostaACOSTA, num-, n', a Portuguese of noble family, was born at Oporto towards the close of the 16th century. His father being a Jewish convert to Christianity, he was brought up in the Roman Catholic faith, and strictly observed the rites of the church till the course of his inquiries led him, after -much painful doubt, to abandon the religion of his youth for Judaism. Passing over to Amsterdam, he w… Acosta, CitristovalACOSTA, CITRISTOVAL D', a Portuguese naturalist, born at Mozambique in the early part of the 16th century. Acosta, JosephACOSTA, JOSEPH D', a celebrated Spanish author, was born at Medina del Campo about the year 1539. In 1571 he went to Peru as a provincial of the Jesuits ; and, after remaining there for seventeen years, he returned to his native country, where he became in succession visitor for his order of Aragon and Andalusia, superior of Valladolid, and rector of the university of Salamanca., in which city he … AcotyledonesACOTYLEDONES, the name given to one of the Classes of the Natural System of Botany, embracing flowerless plants, such as ferns, lycopods, horse-tails, mosses, liverworts, lichens, sea-weeds, and mushrooms. The name is derived from the character of the embryo, which has no cotyledon. Flowering plants have usually one or two cotyledons, that is, seeddeaves or seed-lobes connected with their embryo ;… AcquiACQUI, a town of Northern Italy, in the province of Alessandria, 18 miles S.S.W. of the city of that name, on the left bank of the Bormida. It is a place of great antiquity; and its hot sulphur baths, which are still much frequented, were known to the Romans, who gave the place the name of Aquce Stcttiellu-. There are still to be found numerous ancient inscriptions, and the remains of a Roman aque… Acre, Akka, Or St Jean DACRE, AKKA, or ST JEAN D'AcuE, a town and seaport of Syria, and in ancient times a celebrated city. No town has experienced greater changes from political revolutions and the calamities of war. According to some this was the Accho of the Scriptures; and its great antiquity is proved by fragments of houses that have been found, consisting of that highly sun-burnt brick, with a mixture of cement and… AcrobatACROBAT (from extpof3arL, to walk on tiptoe), a rope-dancer. AcrocerauniaACROCERAUNIA, in Ancient Geography, a promontory in the N.W. of Epirus, which terminates the Montes Ceraunii, a range that runs S.E. from the promontory along the coast for a number of miles, and is supposed to have derived its name from being often struck with,lightMug. AcrogenieACROGENiE is the name applied to a division of acoty ledonous or cryptogamous plants, in which leaves are present along with vascular tissue. Acrol1thACROL1TH (Jkp6A(00t), statues of a transition period in the history of plastic art, in which the trunk of the figure was of wood, and the head, hands, .and feet of marble. AcronACRON, a celebrated physician, born at A grigentum in Sicily, who was contemporary with Empedocles, and must therefore have lived in the 5th century before Christ. AcropolisACROPOLIS ('AKp67roitts), a word signifying the upper town, or chief place of a city, a citadel, usually on the summit of a rock or hill. Such buildings were common in Greek cities; and they are also found elsewhere, as in the case of the Capitol at Rome, and the Antonia, at Jerusalem; but the most celebrated was that at Athens, the remains of which still delight and astonish travellers. It was en… Acta ConsistoriiACTA CONSISTORII, the edicts of the consistory or council of state of the Roman emperors. Acta DiurnaACTA DIURNA, called also Acta Populi, Acta Publica, and simply Acta or Diurna, was a sort of Roman gazette, containing an authorised narrative of the transactions worthy of notice which happened at Rome - as assemblies, edicts of the magistrates, trials, executions, buildings, births, marriages, deaths, accidents, prodigies, &c. Petronius has given us an imitation specimen of the Acta Diurna, one … Acta SenatusACTA SENATUS, among the Romans, were minutes of the discussions and decisions of the senate. Actian GamesACTIAN GAMES, in Roman Antiquity, solemn games instituted by Augustus, in memory of his victory over Antony at Actium. ActiniaACTINIA, a genus of coelenterate animals, of which the sea-anemone is the type. ActinismACTINISM (from el-KT(.3, a ray), that property of the solar rays whereby they produce chemical effects, as in photography. ActinometerACTINOMETER (measurer of solar rays), a thermometer with a large bulb, filled with a dark-blue fluid, and enclosed in a box, the sides of which are blackened, and the whole covered with a thick plate of glass. ActinozoaACTINOZOA, a group of animals, of which the most familiar examples are the sea-anemones and " coral insects" of the older writers. The term was first employed by de Blainville, to denote a division of the Animal Kingdom having somewhat different limits from that to which its application is restricted in the present article; in which it is applied to one of the two great divisions of the CCELENTERA… ActionACTION, in Law, is the process by which redress is sought in a court of justice for the violation of a legal right. The word is used by jurists in three different senses. Sometimes it is spoken of as a right - the right, namely, of instituting the legal process; sometimes, and more properly, it means the legal process itself ; and sometimes the particular form which it assumes. The most universall… ActionACTION (under the Supreme Court of Judicature Aet, 1873). ActionACTION, in English Law, means the form of civil process hitherto observed in the Courts of Common Law. The procedure in the Court of Chancery is totally distinct, but some account of the former may be desirable in order to explain the new form of action introduced for all the civil courts by the Judicature Act of 1873: - Actions at law are divided by Blackstone into three classes, according to the… ActiumACTIUM, in Ancient Geography, a promontory in the north of Acarnania, at the mouth of the Sinus Ambracius, opposite the town of Nicopolis, built by Augustus on the north side of the strait. Act Of ParliamentACT OF PARLIAMENT. An Act of Parliament may be regarded as a declaration of the Legislature, enforcing certain rules of conduct, or defining rights and conferring them upon or withholding them from certain persons or classes of persons. The collective body of such declarations constitutes the statutes of the realm or written law of the nation, in the widest sense, from Anglo-Saxon times to the pre… Act Of SederuntACT OF SEDERUNT, in Scotch Law, an ordinance for regulating the forms of procedure before the Court of Session, passed by the judges in virtue of a power conferred by an Act of the Scotch Parliament, 1540, c. 93. ActonACTON, a large village in Middlesex, about eight miles west of St Paul's. Acton, SirACTON, SIR. JOHN FRANCIS EDWARD, son of Edward Acton, who practised as a physician at Besancon, was horn there in 1736, and succeeded to the title and estates in 1791, on the death of his cousin in the third degree, Sir Richard Acton. He served in the navy of France, and afterwards in that of Tuscany, and commanded a frigate in the joint expedition of Spain and Tuscany against Algiers in 1774. His… ActsACTS. Acts Of The ApostlesACTS OF THE APOSTLES, the fifth among the canonical books of the New Testament. What has to be said on this book will naturally fall under the following heads : The state of the text; the authorship; the object of the work ; the date and the place of its composition. The State of the Text. - The Acts is found in two MSS. generally assigned to the 4th century, the Codex Sinaiticus, in St Petersburg… ActuaryACTUARY, in ancient Rome, was the name given to the clerks who recorded the Acta Publica of the Senate, and also to the officers who kept the military accounts and enforced the due fulfilment of contracts for military supplies. In its English usage the word has undergone a gradual limitation of meaning. At first it seems to have denoted any clerk or registrar; then more particularly the secretary … Acuna, CaristovalACUNA, CARISTOVAL a Spanish Jesuit, born at Burgos in 1597. He was admitted into the society in 1612, and, after some years spent in study, was sent as a missionary to Chili and Peru, where he became rector of the College of Cuenca. In 1639 he was appointed by the Jesuits to accompany Pedro Texeira, in his second exploration of the Amazon, in order to take scientific observations, and draw up a re… AcupressureACUPRESSURE, in Surgery (acne, a needle, premo, I press), a method of restraining lixmorrhage, introduced in 1869 by the late Sir J. AcupunctureACUPUNCTURE, the name of a surgical operation among the Chinese and Japanese, which is performed by pricking the part affected with a silver needle. AdafudiaADAFUDIA, a large town of Western Africa, in the country of the Felattahs, in 13? 6' N. lat., 1? 3' E. long., about 400 miles S.E. of Timbuctoo. AdalADAL, a region in Eastern Africa, with a coast line extending, between 11? 30' and 15? 40' N. let., from the Gulf of Tajurrah to the neighbourhood of Massowah. For about 300 miles it borders on the Red Sea, the coast of which is composed of coral rock. It stretches inland to the mountain terraces, to the west of which lie the Abyssinian table-lands of Shoa and Tigre, with a breadth near Massowali … AdalbertADALBERT, Archbishop of Bremen and Hamburg, born of the noble Saxon family of the Counts of Wettin, was one of the most remarkable ecclesiastics of the 11th century. Through the friendship of the emperor Henry III. he was elevated in 1043, when only about thirty years old, to the see of Bremen and Hamburg, which included the whole of Scandinavia, and he accompanied the monarch in his journey to Ro… Adalbert, SaintADALBERT, SAINT, one of the founders of Christianity in Germany, known as the Apostle of the Prussians, was born of a noble family in Slavonia, about 955; was educated at the monastery of Magdeburg; and, in 983, was chosen Bishop of Prague. AdamADAM, 1.2, an appellative noun, meaning the first man. In Genesis ii. 7, 25, iii. 8, 20, iv. 1, &c., it assumes the nature of a proper name, and has the article, the man, the only One of his kind ; yet it is appellative, correctly speaking. In Genesis i. 26, 27, v. 2, it is simply appellative, being applied to both progenitors of the human race ; not to the first man alone as in the second, third,… Adam, AlexanderADAM, ALEXANDER, Rector of the High School, Edinburgh, was born on the 24th of June 1741, near Forres, in Morayshire. From his earliest years he showed uncommon diligence and perseverence in classical studies, notwithstanding many difficulties and privations. In 1757 he went to Edinburgh, where he studied at the University with such success that in eighteen months he was appointed head-master of W… AdamawaADAMAWA, a country of Central Africa, lies between 7? and 11? N. lat., and 11? and 16? E. long., about midway on the map between the Bight of Biafra and Lake Chad. Its boundaries cannot be strictly defined; but it stretches from S.W. to N.E. a distance of 200 miles, with a width of from 70 to 80 miles. This region is watered by the Benuwe and the Faro. The former, which ultimately unites with the … Adamites, Or AdamiansADAMITES, or ADAMIANS, a sect of heretics that flourished in North Africa in the 2d and 3d centuries. Basing itself probably on a union of certain gnostic and ascetic doctrines, this sect pretended that its members were re-established in Adam's state of original innocency. They accordingly rejected the form of marriage, which, they said, would never have existed but for sin, and lived in absolute … Adam, MelchiorADAM, MELCHIOR, German divine and biographer, was born at Grottkaw in Silesia after 1550, and educated in the college of Brieg, where he became a Protestant. He was enabled to pursue his studies there by the liberality of a person of quality, who had left several exhibitions for young students. In 1598 he went to Heidelberg, where, after holding various scholastic appointments, he became corrector… Adamnan Or AdomnanADAMNAN or ADOMNAN, SAINT, born in Ireland about the year 624, was elected Abbot of Iona in 679, on the death of Failbhe. While on a mission to the court of King Aldfrid of Northumberland (700-1 ), he was led to adopt the Roman rule in regard to the time for the observance of Easter; and on his return to Iona he tried to enforce the change upon the monks, but without success. It is said that the d…
More To Explore
|
Contact & About
|
