Volume 12 [HIR-IND]


9th Edition of Encyclopedia Britannica - free ninth edition online encyclopedia Britannica Volume 12 [HIR-IND] Alexander Leopold Franz Emmericii ALEXANDER LEOPOLD FRANZ EMMERICII (1794 - 1849), prince of Holienlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfiirst, priest and reputed miracle-worker, was born at Kupferzell near Waldenburg, 17th August 1794. By his mother, the daughter of an Hungarian nobleman, he was from infancy destined for the church ; and she entrusted the care of his early education to the ex-Jesuit Riel. In 1804 he entered the "Theresianum… Animal Histology ANIMAL HISTOLOGY (from lo-rOg, a web or tissue, and AOyog, discourse) is the study of the minute structure of the tissues of animals. By a tissue is meant any part of an organism which has undergone special changes in structure in adaptation to the performance of special functions. These special changes are expressed by the general term "differentiation." In the lowest animal organisms, the whole … Antarctic Ocean ANTARCTIC OCEAN. - To this fauna we refer the shore fishes of the southernmost extremity of South America, from 50? S. lat., with Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Islands, and those of Kerguelen's Land, with Prince Edward's Island. No fishes are known from the other oceanic islands of these latitudes. In the southern hemisphere surface fishes do not extend so far towards the pole as in the northe… Arctic Ocean ARCTIC OCEAN. - The shore fishes clearly prove a continuity of the arctic circumpolar fauna,, as the southern limit of which we may indicate the southern extremity of Greenland and the Aleutian Archipelago, or 60? N. lat. Towards the north, fishes become less in variety of species and fewer in number of individuals, and only very few genera are restricted to this fauna. The highest latitude at whi… At Mat At AT MAT AT M . AT t = - -. (if V be the potential at T). junction of several railways, 30 miles N.N.E. of Baireuth. It is the seat of district, town, country, and commercial courts, a chamber of commerce, and a head tax office. It is surrounded by walls, and has one Catholic and three Protestant churches, a town-house of 1563 in the Gothic style, a gymnasium with an extensive library, a trade and c… Braila, Braila, Braiiilow 'BRAILA, BRAILA, BRAIIILOW, or BnaiLow, a town, formerly of Wallachia, now of Roumania, situated on the left bank of the Danube, about 9 miles south of Galatz and 102 miles from the Salina mouth of the river. It has a railway station within a quarter of a mile to the north-west on the Bucharest and Galatz line - a branch line coming clown to the harbour; and it is the seat of a chamber of commerce… British Honduras BRITISH HONDURAS is the name given to the English establishment or colony of Belize, on the eastern shore of the peninsula of Yucatan, fronting the Bay of Honduras. It probably derives its name of Belize or Balize from the French balise, a beacon, as no doubt some signal or light was raised here to guide the freebooters, who at one time infested the bay, to some common rendezvous. Its boundaries, … Culinary Hem CULINARY HEM:S. - Besides the foregoing esculent and salad plants, there are several minor herbs used. for flavouring and garnishing. For the most part they are dwarf perennial plants requiring to be grown on a dry warm soil in an open sunny aspect, or annuals for Which a warm sheltered border is the most suitable place ; and they may therefore be conveniently grown together in the Caine compartme… Dams DAMS, a town of Prussia, in the circle of Kempen, and government district of Dusseldorf,is situated at the terminus of a branch railway line to Crefeld and Diisseldorf, 4 miles north of Crefeld and 17 north-west of DtisseIdorf. Division DIVISION 1. Anaeanthimi Cadoidei. - Head and body symmetrically formed. Family 1. Lycodidm - Vertical fins confluent. Ventral fin, it present, small, attached to the humeral arch, jugular. Gill-opening narrow, the gill-membrane being attached to the isthmus. Genera : Lyeodes, Cymnelis, Uronectes, Mierodcsmus, Biennodesmus, and Maynea. Family 2. Gadidee. - Body more or less elongate, covered with s… Division DIVISION X. Acanthopterygii Blenniiformes. - Body low, sub-cylindrical or compressed, elongate. Dorsal fin very long ; the spinous portion of the dorsal, if distinct, is very long, as well developed as the soft, or much more ; sometimes the entire fin is composed of spines only ; anal more or less long ; caudal fin sub-truncated or rounded, if present. Ventral fins thoracic or jugular, if present.… Division Xii DIVISION XII. Aeanthopterygii Castrostciformes. - The spinous dorsal is composed of isolated spines, if present ; the ventrals are either thoracic or have an abdominal position in consequence. of the prolongation of the pubic bones which are attached to the humeral arch. Mouth small, at the end of the snout, which is generally more or less produced. Family 1. Castrosteidce. - Body elongate, compre… Equataial Zone EQUATAIAL ZONE. - As we approach the tropic from the north, the types characteristic of the arctic and temperate zones become rarer, and disappear altogether, to be replaced by the greater variety of tropical types. Of Chondropterygians, the Chimaridw, Spinacidce, Mustelus, and Praia do not pass the tropic, or appear in single species only; and of Teleosteans, the Berycidce, Pagrus, the Ileterolep… Fossil Hydrozoa FOSSIL HYDROZOA. - The researches of Moseley have necessitated a redistribution of the group of Anthozoa known as the Tabtdata. Among these appear to be a few Hydrocorallium, which occur in the fossil state. The Paleozoic forms known as graptolites are by some authors assigned to the Ilydrozoa, but the grounds for placing them in this position are very slight, owing to the imperfect nature of the … Friedrich Ludwig FRIEDRICH LUDWIG (1746-1818), prince of HohenloheIngelfingen, a Prussian general, was born 31st January 1746. Entering the Prussian service at an early age he became colonel in 1788, and in the campaigns of 1792 and 1793, where he was commander of a division, he distinguished himself in several engagements. In 1794 he gained a brilliant victory at Kaiserslautern, and in 1706 he was promoted lieute… Hard HARD,/ ANNUALS. - An linal plants are those which grow up I. from seed, flower, ripen seed, and die in the course of one season - one year. They are useful in the mixed garden, for though in some cases they are of short duration, many of than are possessed of much beauty of hue and elegance of form. Annuals may be divided into three classes : - the hardy, which are sown at once in the ground they … Hardy Biesnials HARDY BIESNIALS. - Biennials live as undeveloped plants through one winter period. They require to be sown in the summer months, about June or July, in order to get established before winter ; they should be pricked out as soon as large enough, and should have ample space so as to become hardy and stocky. They should be planted in good soil, but not of too stimulating a character. Those that are p… Hiring HIRING, in law, may be defined as a contract by which one man grants the use of a-thing to another in return for a certain price. It corresponds to the locatio-conductio of Roman law. That contract was either a letting of a thing (locatio-conductio rei) or of labour (locatio operarum). The distinguishing feature of the contract was the price. Thus the contracts of mutuum, commodatum, depositum, an… Hirsceiau HIRSCEIAU, or Masan, a village within the amt of Calw and the circle of Schwarzwald, Wiirtemberg, on the Nagold, is a station on the Pforzheim-Horb Railway, and has paper and other factories. Population 800. It owes its origin and its historical interest to the now ruinous Benedictine monastery in the neighbourhood, the Monasterium Hirsaugiense, at one period one of the most famous in Europe. It w… Hirschberg HIRSCHBERG, the chief town of a circle in Prussian Silesia, government district of Liegnitz, is beautifully situated at the confluence of the Bober and Zackon, and on the Silesian mountain railway, 30 miles S.W. of Lauban by rail. It is the seat of a circle court and of a chamber of commerce. A great portion of its old walls still remains, and. to the south of the town there are pleasant promenade… Hirtius HIRTIUS, Atreus, one of Caesar's chief supporters and most intimate friends. He was with him as legates in Gaul. After the civil war broke out in 49 B.C., he seems to have been generally stationed in Rome to protect Csar's interests there. He was a personal friend of Cicero, and used his influence with Caesar in behalf of the orator's brother and nephew. He was nominated along with Pansa by Caesar… Hissar HISSAR, a state in Central Asia, lying between the meridians of 66? 30' and 70? E. and the parallels of 39? 15' and 37? N., and dependent on the emir of Bokhara. It forms that part of the basin of the Oxus which lies on the north side of the river, opposite the Afghan province of Balkh. The western prolongation of the Tian Shan, which divides the basin of the Zarafshan from that of the upper Oxus,… Hissar HISSAR, a British district belonging to the division of the same name,1 in the lieutenant-governorship of the Punjab, India, lying between 28? 36' and 29? 49' N. lat., and between 75? 16' and 76? 22' E. long. It is bounded on the N. and N.W. by the PatiMa state and a small portion of the British district of Sirsa, on the E. and S. by the territory of Jhind and the British district of Rohtak, and o… History HISTORY, in the most correct use of the word, means the prose narrative of past events, as probably true as the fallibility of human testimony will allow. This definition takes no account of chronicles in verse which were not uncommon in the Middle Ages. With this exception the definition is fairly exact, both in what it comprehends and what it excludes. Obviously prose narrative is not history wh… Hitchin HITCHIN, a market-town of Hertfordshire, England, is situated on the small river Hiz, 34 miles from London, on the Great Northern Railway. It is for the most part neatly built of brick, and the streets are generally spacious. The principal buildings are the parish church in the later style of English architecture, with a fine porch, an Adoration of the Magi by Rubens, a small crypt said to have be… Hittites HITTITES, a warlike and powerful nation, whose centre lay in the far north of Syria, between the Orontes and the Euphrates, but whose outposts about 1200 n.c. extended as far to the west as the iEgean sea. In the Egyptian inscriptions they are called the Khita or Kheta ; in the Assyrian, the Khatti ; in the Hebrew Scriptures, the Khittim. Sonic confusion has been caused in the treatment of the his… Hitzig, Ferdinand HITZIG, FERDINAND (1807-1875), exegete and Biblical critic, was born at Haningen, Baden, where his father was an evangelical pastor, on June 23, 1807, received his early education at the piidagogium of Liirrach and at the lyceum of Car]sruhe, and entered the university of Heidelberg as a student of theology in the autumn of 1824. There he remained for a year, attending the lectures iu exegesis and… Hjne HJNE, Willaa..m. (1780-1812), a political satirist and a writer on antiquarian and miscellaneous subjects, was born at Bath, June 3, 1780. His father, a man of deep spiritual experience in that time of religious revival, brought up his children in strictness and reverence, but not without the sectarian narrowness that so frequently produces reaction. The parodist of the litany ami of the Athanasia… Ho1ntthei31, Johann Nikolaus Von HO1NTTHEI31, JOHANN NIKOLAUS VON (1701-1790), a zealous opponent of Ultramontanism, was born at Treves, .January 27, 1701. After receiving his early education et the Jesuit college of his native town, he studied jurisprudence both there and at Louvain and Leyden. On obtaining the degree of doctor of laws at Troves in 1724 he took the ecclesiastical habit, and went to Rome in order to make himself … Hoactzin, Or Hoatzin HOACTZIN, or HOATZIN, a bird of tropical South America, thought by Buffon to be that indicated by Hernandez or Fernandez under these names, the Opisthocotaus hoasin or 0. eristatus of modern ornithologists - a very curious and remarkable form, which has long exercised the ingenuity of classifiers. Placed by Buffon among his " Hoccos" (Curassows), and then by P. L. S. Willer and Gmelin in the Linru… Hoadly, Benjamin HOADLY, BENJAMIN (1676-1761), the originator of the Bangorian controversy, was the second son of the Rev. Samuel Hoadly, and was born at Westerham, Kent, November 14, 1676. After receiving his early education under the direction of his father, he entered Catherine Hall, Cambridge, where he graduated M.A. and was for two years tutor, after which he held for ten years the lectureship of St Mildred i… Hoare, Sir Richard Cobb HOARE, SIR RICHARD COBB (1758-1838), Bart., English antiquary, eldest son of Sir Richard Hoare, the first baronet., an eminent banker, was born 9th December 1758. Having been accustomed in his youth to apply himself to business, the diligent habits which he then acquired induced him afterwards to relieve the tedium of his life by the study of topography and antiquities. In 1783 he married the elde… Hobbema, Meyndert HOBBEMA, MEYNDERT (C. 1638-1709), the greatest landscape painter of the Dutch school after Ruysdael, lived at Amsterdam in the second half of the 17th cenchronology and signed pictures substantially contradict the masterpiece of the late Bredel collection, called A -Wooded Stream, honestly bears the date of 1650, or The Cottages under Trees of the Ford collection the date of 1652, the painter of t… Hobbes HOBBES, TuomAs (158.'.,'-1679), was born at Westport, adjoining (now forming part of) Malmesbury, in North Wilts, on Good Friday, the 5th of April I588, - brought prematurely into the world through his mother's fright at the rumours of the coming Spanish Armada. His father was vicar of Charlton and Westport, an illiterate and choleric man, who is said to have got into trouble later on by quarrelli… Hoboken HOBOKEN, a city and port of entry of the United States, in Hudson county, New Jersey, is situated on the Hudson river, contiguous to Jersey city, which stretches immediately to the south. It lies opposite New York city, of a mile distant, and occupies a picturesque site at the foot of a steep hill, with a considerable river frontage. The principal public buildings are the Stevens institute of tech… Hobse-power HOBSE-POWER is the name given to the unit in terms of which engineers measure the power of steam-engines, water-wheels, and other prime movers. It is defined to be the rate at which an engine works when it does 33,000 foot-pounds of work per minute, a foot-pound being the amount of work necessary to raise a pound weight a foot high. We must go back to the early history of the steam-engine to disco… Hoche HOCHE, LAZAicE (1768-1797), a French general of the time of the Revolution, was born of poor parents at Montreuil near Versailles, June 25, 1768. At the age of sixteen he enlisted as a private soldier with the intention of proceeding to the East Indies, but was sent instead to a depot of the Gardes Francaises. Having risen to the rank of sergeant, he, at the outbreak of the Revolution, made au imp… Hodge, Charles HODGE, CHARLES (1797-1878), theologian, was born in Philadelphia, December 28, 1797. He was educated at the college of New Jersey in Princeton, where he graduated in 1815, and afterwards at the theological seminary of the Presbyterian Church in the same place, where he continued a student until 1819; in 1820 he became assistant teacher; and in 1822 he was chosen by the general assembly to be profe… Hodgicinson, Eaton HODGICINSON, EATON (1789-1861), a distinguished engineer, was the sou of a farmer, and was horn at Anderton near Northwich, Cheshire, 26th February 1789. He received his first stimulus to the study of mathematics at the grammar school of North wich, and this interest was further quickened by the instructions of Dr Dalton at Manchester, whither he had removed in 1811, and where, instead of followin… Hodograth HODOGRATH is the name given to a geometrical construction which greatly facilitates the study of kinematical questions. It was invented by Sir William Rowan Hamilton about 1845, and the first account of it, written by him, is to be found in the Proc. R. I. A. for 1846. The holograph may be thus delined:---ff a point be in motion in any orbit and with any velocity, and if, at each instant, a line … Hody, Humphrey HODY, HUMPHREY (1659-1706), an English divine, was -born at Odcombe in Somersetshirc in 1659. In 1676 he entered Wadham College, Oxford, of which, having proceeded M.A. in 1682, he became fellow in 1684. Previously he had published in 1680 Dissertatio contra Historians A ristece de LXX. Interpretibus, in which he showed that the so-called letter of Aristeas, containing an account of the production… Hofer, Andreas HOFER, ANDREAS (1767-1810), a Tyrolese patriot, was born October 2, 1767, at St Leonhard, in the Passeyr valley. There his father kept a tavern called the Sandhof, which Hofer inherited, and on that account he was popularly known as the "Sandwirth." In addition to this lie carried on a trade in wine and horses with the north of Italy, acquiring a high reputation for intelligence and honesty. On th… Hoffmann, Ernst Meodor Wilhelm HOFFMANN, ERNST MEODOR WILHELM (1776-1822), German romance writer (for whose name Wilhelm his own substitute, in homage to Mozart, was Amadeus), was born at Kainigsberg, January 21, 1776. His parents, who lived unhappily together, separating a year or two after his birth, he was brought up in his grandmother's house, under the care of a bachelor uncle. His relations seem to have been fairly puzzle… Hoffmann, Friedrich HOFFMANN, FRIEDRICH (1660-1742), the most famous physician in a family that had been connected with medicine for 200 years before him, was born at Halle, February 19, 1660. He received his school education at the gymnasium of his native town, where he acquired that taste fur and skill in mathematics to which he attributed much of his after success. At the age of eighteen he went to study medicine … Hoffmann, Johann Joseph HOFFMANN, JOHANN JOSEPH (1805-1878), an eminent Chinese and Japanese scholar, was born at Wiirzburg on the 16th of February 1805. After studying in the philosophical department of the Wiirzburg university, the young mad took to the stage in 1825 ; and it was only by an accidental meeting with the German traveller, Dr Siebold, in July 1830, that his interest was diverted to Oriental philology. From… Hofmann, Johann Christian Konr HOFMANN, JOHANN CHRISTIAN KONR,AD VON (1810 - 1877), Lutheran theologian, was born December 21, 1810, at Nuremberg, whence, after passing through the usual gymnasium course, he in 1827 proceeded to the university of Erlangen as a student of theology and history. In 1829 he became the pupil of Schleiermacher, Hengstenberg, Neander, and Ranke, at Berlin ; in 1832 he passed his examination as a candi… Hogarth HOGARTH, Winmaas (1697-1764). Apart from the story of his works, the life of the greatest English pictorial satirist, when divested of doubtful tradition, is singularly devoid of incident. It is mainly to be found in the autobiographical Memoranda published by John Ireland in 1798, and the successive Anecdotes of the antiquary, John Nichols, Hogarth was born in London on the 10th day of November 1… Hoggeveen HOGGEVEEN (i.e., High Fen or Moor), a village and commune of the Netherlands in the province of Drenthe, about 12 miles north-east of Meppel on the railway opened in 1870 between that town and Groningen. Hogg, James HOGG, JAMES (1770-1835), a Scottish poet, best known by his title of the " Ettrick Shepherd," was born on the banks of the Ettrick in Selkirkshire in 1770. His ancestors had been shepherds for centuries. He received hardly any school training, and seems to have had difficulty in getting books to read. After spending his early years under different masters, first as cow-herd and afterwards as sheph… Hohenelbe HOHENELBE (Bohemian, Vrehlabi), the chief town of a government district in Bohemia, is beautifully situated on both banks of the Elbe, crossed there by five bridges, on the southern spurs of the Riesengebirge, and on the north-west Austrian railway, 16 miles north-east of Gitschin. Hohenlohe HOHENLOHE, a German princely family, who took their name from the territory of Hobenlohe in Franconia, which, originally a courtship and afterwards a principality, lost its independence in 180G, and is now included partly in Wiirteinherg and partly in Bavaria. They are first mentioned as possessing in the 12th century the castle of Holloch near Uffenheim. At an early period they extended their inf… Hohenmauth HOHENMAUTH, the chief town of a government district in Bohemia, Austria, is situated on the Lautchna, and on the Austrian States Railway 16 miles E. of Chrudim. Hohenstein HOHENSTEIN, a town of Saxony, circle of Zwickau, stands on the slopes of the Erzgebirge, and on the Saxon States Railway, 12 miles N.E. of Zwickau. Since 1875 Ernstthal has been included within its limits. Hohenstein proper possesses a beautiful parish church, a town-house restored in 1876, and a monument to those who fell in the Prussian war of 1870-71 ; and Ernstthal has also a fine parish churc… Hohenzollern HOHENZOLLERN, an old German princely house, from which the present dynasty of Prussia is descended, takes its name from the old castle of Zollern, or Hohenzollern, on the mountain of Zollern, about 11 miles south from Hechingen. There is a vague tradition connecting the house with the Colonna family of Rome, or the Colalto family of Lombardy, and a more definite one which mentions a Swabian count,… Hoiincastle HOIINCASTLE, a market-town giving its name to a soku in Lincolnshire, England, is situated at the foot of a line of low hills called the Wolds, on an angle formed by the confluence of the Bain and Waring, and at the terminus of a branch line of the Great Northern Railway, 21 miles east of Lincoln. The principal buildings are the parish church of St Mary's (supposed to have been originally erected … Holbach, Paul Heinrich Dietrich HOLBACH, PAUL HEINRICH DIETRICH, BARON ll' (1723-1789), philosophe of the Parisian school of the 18th century, was born at Heidelsheina in the palatinate in 1723. Of his family little is known ; according to J. J. Rousseau, his father was a rich parvenu, who brought his son at an early age to Paris, where the latter spent most of his life. Much of Holbach's fame is due to his intimate connexion wi… Holbein, Ha HOLBEIN, HA.Ns, the elder, belonged to a celebrated family of painters in practice at Augsburg and Basel from the close of the 15th to the middle of the 16th century. Though closely connected with 'Venice by her commercial relations, and geographically nearer to Italy than to Flanders, Augsburg at the time of Nlaximilian cultivated art after the fashion of the Flemings, and felt the influence of t… Holbein, Hans HOLBEIN, HANS, the younger (1497-1543), favourite son of Hand Holbein the elder, was probably born at Augsburg about the year 1497. Though Sandrart and Van Mander declare that they do not know who gave him the first lessons, he doubtless received an artist's education chief occupation was that of drawing titlepage-blocks and initials for new editions of the Bible and classics issued from the press… Holberg, Ludvig Holberg HOLBERG, LUDVIG HOLBERG, BARON (1634-1754), the greatest of Scandinavian writers, was born at Bergen, in Norway, on the 3d of December 1684. Both Holberg's parents died in his childhood, his father first, leaving a considerable property ; and in his tenth year lie lost his mother also. Before the latter event, however, the family had been seriously impoverished by a great fire, which destroyed sev… Holcroft, Thomas HOLCROFT, THOMAS (1745-1809), dramatist and miscellaneous writer, was born 10th December 1745 (old style) in Orange Court, Leicester Fields, London. His father, besides having a shoemaker's shop, kept riding horses for lure; but he fell into difficulties some six years later, and was reduced ultimately to the necessity of hawking pedlery from village to village. The son accompanied his parents in … Holderlin, Johann Christian Friedrich HOLDERLIN, JOHANN CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH (1770? 1843), German poet, was born March 29, 1770, at Lauffen on the Neckar. His mother removing, after a second marriage, to Nfirtingen, he began his education at the classical school there, where Schelling was his schoolfellow and playmate. He was destined by his relations for the church, and with this view was later admitted to the free schools of Denkendo… Holeschau, Holleschau, Or Holesov HOLESCHAU, HOLLESCHAU, or HOLESOV, chief town of a government district in Moravia, Austria, circle of IIradisch, is situated on the Russawa, 20 miles N.N.E. of Hradisch. Holinslied, Or Hollinshed HOLINSLIED, or HOLLINSHED, RAPHAEL, author of Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, flourished was educated at one of the universities and took orders in the church. In the compilation of the Chronicles called by his name he bore a leading part, but he received extensive and important aid from Stow the antiquary, Harrison, chaplain to Lord Cobham, Hooker (alias Vowel]), an uncle of the div… Holland HOLLAND is the most usual English name of the country which is nationally designated the Kingdom of the Netherlands (Koningrijk der ?Nederlanden). The word, which is popularly explained as if it were Hollow-land, and referred to the same physical fact which has given rise to the terms Netherlands and the Low Countries, appears in an older form as Holtland, and is thus evidently equivalent to Wood-… Holland, Henry HOLLAND, HENRY Ricaunn VASSALL Fox, THIRD BARON (1773-1840), nephew of Charles James Fox and only son of Stephen Fox, second Lord Holland, was born at Winterslow House, Wiltshire, 21st November 1773. Of his ancestry an account is given in the article Fox (CtiAntEs JAMES). Not long after his birth he was with difficulty saved from the flames which destroyed the splendid family mansion in which he w… Holland, Or Holland Andwest HOLLAND, or HOLLAND ANDWEST FRIEstAND, was the second province of the republic of the United Netherlands, and consisted of the old courtship of Holland, with the addition of the lordship of Voorne. Holland, Philemon HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1551-1636), usually styled, in the words of Thomas Fuller, " the translator-general of his age," was born in 1551 at Chelmsford, in Essex, the son of a clergyman, John Holland, who had been obliged to take refuge abroad during the Marian persecution. Having become a fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, and passed M.A. at Oxford in 1587, he further took the degree of M.D. at Cam… Holland, Sir Henry HOLLAND, SIR HENRY (1788-1873), physician and author, was born at Knutsford, Cheshire, on the 27th October 1788. He could claim relationship to three persons who have attained eminence in careers entirely different both from one another and from his own : his maternal grandmother was the sister of Josiah Wedgwood, whose grandson was Charles Darwin ; and his paternal aunt was the mother of Mrs Gask… Hollar, Wenzel HOLLAR, WENZEL or WEscEstAus (1607-1677), a celebrated etcher, was born at Prague on July 13, 1607, and died in Westminster, being buried at St Margaret's church on March 28, 1677. His family was ruined by the capture of Prague in the Thirty Years' War, and young Hollar, who had been destined for the law, determined to become an artist. The earliest of his works that have come down to us are dated… Holly HOLLY, Ilex, L., a genus of trees and shrubs of the natural order ilicinem or A quifoliacm, containing some one hundred and fifty species, of which several occur in the temperate northern hemisphere, North-West America excepted, by far the larger number in tropical Asia and America, and very few in Africa and Australia. In Europe, where I. Aquifblium is the sole surviving species, the gently was r… Hollyhock HOLLYHOCK (from M.E. hol i - doubtless because brought from the Holy Land, where it is indigenous (Wedg.) - and A.-S. hoc, a mallow), .4 Ithav rosea, L., a perennial plant of the natural order Malvacete and tribe Nal vece, a native of the East, has been cultivated in, Great Britain for about three centuries. The ordinary hollyhock is single-blossomed, but the florists' varieties have all double fl… Holman, James HOLMAN, JAMES (C. 1787-1857),the "Blind Traveller," his active habits and Ids keen interest in the outside world that he requestal leave of absence that he might go abroad. This being granted, he in 1819, 1620, and 1821 journeyed through France, Italy, Switzerland, the parts of Germany bordering on the Rhine, Belgium, and the Netherlands. in 1822 be published a narrative of his journey. His enjoym… Holty, Ludwig Heinrich Christoph HOLTY, LUDWIG HEINRICH CHRISTOPH (1748-1776), German poet, and one of the founders of the " Hainbund," was born at Mariensee in Hanover, December 21, 1748. His father, who was a pastor, was three times married, and Hiilty was the eldest of his ten children. His second wife, Holty's mother, died in 1758, and her children were tenderly brought up by the third wife, together with her own large family… Holyhead HOLYHEAD (Welsh, Caer-Gybi, the fort of Gybi), market-town and parliamentary borough of Anglesey, North Wales, is situated on a small island on the western extremity of the county and at the terminus of the Chester and Holyhead Railway, 24 miles from Bangor. It is connected with the mainland by an embankment three-quarters of a mile long, over which pass both the railway and the coach road. Undern… Holy Island, Or Lindisfarne HOLY ISLAND, or LINDISFARNE, an irregularly shaped island in the North Sea, 10 miles S.S.E. of Berwick, and 2 miles from the coast of Northumberland, in which county it is included. It is joined to time mainland at low water by flat sands, over which a track, marked by wooden posts quarried and burned on the island, is exported chiefly to Dundee. Four vessels are engaged in the trade. Rabbits, fis… Holyoke HOLYOKE, a city of Hamden county, Massachusetts, is situated on the west bank of the Connecticut river, crossed hotels and a public library. Holy Water HOLY WATER (aqua benedicta, lustralis, exorcizata, crated mixture of salt and water, believed to possess, when duly sprinkled, peculiar potency as a remedy for sickness, mental or bodily, and as a protection to property. According to present usage prescribed in the Misscd, it is prepared in the sacristy on Sunday by the priest who is to celehis stole, he first exorcizes the salt and the water sepa… Holy Week HOLY WEEK (4384fils [feral?, fir'cfr or Tr6V e?posbaylus, (172-pco Holywell HOLYWELL (Welsh, Tref/0)ton, the town of the well), ? a parliamentary borough and market-town of Flintshire, North Wales, is beautifully situated on an eminence near the left bank of the estuary of the Dee, and about 2 miles from the station on the Chester and Holyhead line, 17 miles from Cluster. The streets are irregular, but spacious and well-paved, while many of the buildings are substantial a… Holzminden HOLZMINDEN, the chief town of a circle in the duchy of Brunswick, Germany, is situated on the right bank of the Weser, at the foot of the Sollinger mountains, and on the railway from Kreiensen to Altenbeken, 56 miles southwest of Brunswick. Homage HOMAGE (from homo, through the Low Latin herniaeticum, which occurs in a document of 1035) was one of the ceremonies used in the grantin,,b of a fief, and indicated the submission of a vassal to his lord. It could be received only by the suzerain in person. With head uncovered the vassal humbly requested to be allowed to enter into the feudal relation ; he then laid aside his sword and spurs, ungi… Home, John HOME, JOHN (1722-1808), a Scottish dramatic poet, was born on 20th September l 722 at Leith, where his father, Alexander Home, filled the office of town-clerk. He was educated at the grammar school of his native town, and at the university of Edinburgh, where lie graduated as M.A. in 1742. Though in his youth he was distinguished for vivacity, and showed a fondness for the profession of arms, he u… Hom El HOM EL, or Gomm? a town of Russia in Europe, in the government of Mohileff, 132 miles S. of Mohileif, on the highway to Tchernigoff, and on the right bank of the Sosli, which joins the Dnieper about 45 miles further down. It is a place of considerable importance, possessing (according to the St Petersburg Calendar for 1878) a population of 13,030, the suburb of Bielitsa being included. Most of the… Homer HOMER. cOmpos) was by time general consent of antiquity the first and greatest of poets. Many of the works once attributed to him are lost ; those which remain are the two great epics, the Iliad and the Odyssey, about thirty Hymns, a mock epic (the Battle of the Frogs and Nice), and some pieces of a few lines each (the so-called Epigrams). ilncieid Accounts of Homer. - Of the date of Homer probabl… Homicide HOMICIDE, in law, is the act of killing a human being, whether such act be criminal or not. Blackstone distinguishes three kinds of homicide - (1) justifiable, (2) excusable, and (3) felonious. The most important case of justifiable homicide is the execution of a criminal in due course of public justice. This condition is most stringently interpreted. "To kill the greatest of malefactors deliberat… Homily, Homiliarium, Books Of Homilies HOMILY, HOMILIARIUM, BOOKS OF HOMILIES. The word ,S,uat'a from o?cXEiv Eaco), meaning communion, intercourse, and especially interchange of thought and feeling by means of words (conversation), was early employed in classical Greek to denote the instruction which a philosopher gave to his pupils in familiar talk (fen., 1. ii. 6, 15). This usage of the word was long preserved (.Eliati, V. If., iii.… Honda HONDA, or Sax BARTOLOMME0 DE HONDA, a town of the republic of Colombia, in the state of Cundinamarca, on the left bank of the river -Magdalena, about 575 miles from the sea, in 5? 11' 42" N. lat. and 74? 41' 6" W. long. Hondecoete 11, Elchior HONDECOETE 11, ELCHIOR D' (c. 1636-1695), painter, was born at Utrecht, it is said, about 1636, and died at Amsterdam, April 3, 1695. Old historians say that, being the grandson of Gillis and son of Gisbert d'Houdecoeter, as well as nephew of J. B. Weenix, he was brought up by the last two to the profession of painting. Of Weenix we know that he married one Josina d'Hondecoeter in 1638. Melchior w… Honduras HONDURAS, a republic of Central America, formerly a province of the kingdom of Guatemala, deriving its name from the Spanish honduras, depths, in allusion, it is said, to the difficulty experienced by its original explorers in finding anchorage off its coast. It is bounded on the N. and E. by the Bay of Honduras and the Caribbean Sea, extending from the mouth of the Rio Tinto, 15? 45' N. lat. and … Hone HONE. Under the name of hones, whetstones, or sharpening stones, a variety of finely siliceous stones are employed for whetting or sharpening edge tools, and for abrading steel and other hard surfaces. They generally axe prepared in the form of fiat slabs or small pencils or rods of the material, but some are macle with the outline of the special instrument they are designed to sharpen. consisting… Honey HONEY (Chin., me ; Sansk., nzadhu, mead, honey, - cf. A. S., medo, medu, mead ; Greek, /Lac, in which 0 or 8 is changed into A; Lat., nzel; Fr., miel; A. S.,Itunig; Germ., Honig),1 a sweet viscid liquid, obtained by bees chiefly from the nectaries of flowers, i.e., those parts of flowers specially constructed for the elaboration of honey (see BOTANY, vol. iv. p. 134), and after transportation to t… Honey-eater, Or Honey-sucker HONEY-EATER, or HONEY-SUCKER, names applied by many writers in a very loose way to a large number of birds, some of which, perhaps, have no intimate affinity ; but here to be used, as before in this work (13H-ins, vol. iii. p. 739), in a more restricted sense for what, in the opinion of a good many recent authorities,' should really be deemed the Family Jfeliphagicix - excluding therefrom the Teci… Honey-farming HONEY-FARMING Ix AMERICA. - So rapid of late years has been the development of bee-keeping in the United States, that the taking of steps to secure the fullest and most accurate details with respect to that industry has been deemed necessary by the commissioners of agriculture. It has been estimated by several intelligent bee-keepersthat there am in the -United States 700,000 hives of bees, owned … Honey-guide HONEY-GUIDE, a bird so called from its habit or supposed 'habit of pointing out to man and to the Ratel (9fellivora capensis) the nests of bees. Stories to this effect have been often told, and may be found in the narratives of many African travellers, from Bruce to Livingstone. Yet Mr Layard says (B. South Africa, p. 242) that the birds will not unfrequently lead any one to a leopard or a snake, … Honeysuckle HONEYSUCKLE (M.E., lionysocle, i.e., any plant from which honey may be sucked, - cf. Ang.-Sax., huni-suge, privet; Germ., Geissblatt ; Fr., Chevrefeuille), Lonicerus, L., a genus of climbing, erect, or prostrate shrubs, of the natural order Caprz:foliacece, so named after the German botanist Adam Lonicer. The British species are L. Periclymenung, the woodbine, L. Caprifolium, and L. Xylostegon. S… Honfleur HONFLEUR, a town of France, at the head of a canton in the arrondissement of Pont l'Eveque in the department of Calvados, is situated on the south side of the estuary of the Seine directly opposite Ilavre, and about 10 miles to the north of Pont l'Ev6que and 37 miles to the north-east of Caen. With the general railway system of northern France it is connected by a line running by Pont l'EvOque to … Hong-kong HONG-KONG, properly HIANG-KIANG (the place of "sweet streams "), an important British island-possession, situated off the south-east coast of China, opposite the province of Kwang-tung, on the east side of the estuary of the Chu-Kiang or Canton river, 38 miles east of Macao and 75 south-east of Canton, between 22? 9' and 22' 1' N. lat. and 114? 5' and 114? 18' E. long. It is one of a small cluster… Honiton HONITON, a municipal borough and market-town of England, county of Devon, is pleasantly situated on a rising ground on the left bank of the Otter and on the London and South-Western Railway, 16 miles E.N.E. of Exeter. It consists of one wide street about a mile in length, crossed by a smaller one at right angles. Along the main street there runs a small stream of water. The only buildings of impor… Honorius HONORIUS [IL, pope from 1216 to 1227, was the successor of Innocent ILL, whose uncompromising policy in the struggle between the papacy and the empire lie hail not firmness and vigour to continue. Honorms HONORMS I,, pope from 625 to 638, succeeded Boniface V. The festival of the Elevation of the Cross is said to have been instituted during his pontificate, which was marked also by considerable missionary enterprise. Honorius in his lifetime had favoured the formula proposed by the emperor Heraclius with the design of bringing about a reconciliation between the Monophysites and the Catholics, which… Honorms, Flavius Augustus HONORMS, FLAVIUS AUGUSTUS, was emperor of the West from 397 to 425 A.n. Hontiiobst, Gerard Van HONTIIOBST, GERARD VAN (born at Utrecht 1590, died at Utrecht 1656), was brought up as a painter at tie school of Illoemart, who exchanged the style of -the Franck-ens for that of the pseudo-Italians at the beginning of the 16th century. Infected thus early with a mania which came to be very general in Holland, Honthorst went to Italy, where he copied the naturalism and eccentricities of Michelang… Hoo-chow-f00 HOO-CHOW-F00, a city of China, in the province of Che-Keang, lies a little to the south of Lake Tai-hoo, in the midst of the central silk district. Hooch, Pieter De HOOCH, PIETER DE, a Dutch painter of note, was born it is thought about 1632, and died it is supposed in 1681 at Haarlem. Public records testify that he was a native of Rotterdam, and wandered early to Delft, where he married in 1654 and 'practised till 1657. From that time onward his life is obscure; and the only proofs of his existence to which we can point are the dates on his pictures, which r… Hood HOOD, Tuosras (1789-1845), humorist and poet, born 23d May 1789, was the son of Mr Hood, bookseller, of the firm of Vernor S, Hood, a man of intelligence, and the author of two novels. "Next to being a citizen of the world," writes Thomas Hood in his Literary Reminiscences, it must be the best thing to be born a citizen of the world's greatest city." The best incident of his boyhood was his instru… Hood HOOD, Tom (1835-1871), son of Thomas Hood, and the inheritor of similar though less brilliant literary talents, was born at Lake House, Wanstead, January 19, 1835. After attending University College School and Louth Grammar School he entered Pembroke College, Oxford, where he passed all the examinations for the degree of B.A., but did not graduate. At Oxford he also wrote his first work, Pen and P… Hood, Samuel Hood HOOD, SAMUEL HOOD, FIRST VISCOUNT (1724-1816), English admiral, was born in 1724 at Butleigh in Somersetshire, where his father was rector. Entering the navy at sixteen years of age, he quickly obtained promotion, becoming lieutenant in 1746 and commander in 1754. In 1757 he captured a French ship of equal size with his own, and in 1759 he repeated the achievement. After holding successively the a… Hooft, Pieter Cornelissen HOOFT, PIETER CORNELISSEN (1581-1647), Dutch poet and historian, was born at Amsterdam on the 16th of March 1581. His father was one of the leading citizens of Holland, both in politics and in the patronage of letters, and for some time burgomaster of Amsterdam. As early as 1598 the young man was made a member of the chamber of rhetoric of the Eglantine, and produced before that body his tragedy o… Hoogh HOOGH Li, or The Hooghly river is the most westerly and commercially the most important channel by which the Ganges enters the Bay of Bengal. It takes its distinctive name near the town of Santipur, about 120 miles from the sea. The stream now known as the Hoogldy represents three western deltaic distributaries of the Ganges - viz., (1) the Bhagirathi, (2) the Jalangi, and (3) part of the Mataloha… Hooghix HOOGHIX, the administrative headquarters of the above district, is a town situated on the right or west bank of the Hooghly, 22? 51' 44" N. lat. and 88? 26' 28" E. long. Hooghly HOOGHLY, a British district in the lieutenant-governo?ship of Bengal, lying between 22? 13' 45" and 23' 13' 15" N. lat., and between 87? 47' and 88? 33' E. long. The area, including the magistracy of Ilowrall, amounted in 1878 to 1467 square miles. It forms the south-eastern portion of the Bardwan division, and is bounded N. by the district of Bardwan, E. by the Hooghly river, separating it front … Hooker, Joseph HOOKER, JOSEPH (1814-1879), American general, was born in Old Hadley, Massachusetts, November 13, 1814. He was educated at the Military Academy at West Point, 1S33-37, and immediately commissioned second lieutenant in the 1st Artillery. In the war with Mexico (1846-48) he served as aide-de-camp and assistant adjutant-general, and was breveted captain, major, and lieutenant-colonel, and commissione… Hooke, Robert HOOKE, ROBERT (1635-1703), an original and ingenious experimental philosopher, was born at Freshwater, in the Isle of Wight, July 18, 1635. His father, who was minister of the parish, destined him for the church ; but his constitutional ill-health precluded study, and threw him instead on the resources afforded by his precocious mechani- cal genius. From the workshop of Sir Peter Lely, where he wa… Hooker, Richard HOOKER, RICHARD (1553-1600), author of the Laws-of Ecclesiastical Polity, was born at Heavitree, near the city of Exeter, about the end of 1553 or beginning of 1551. At school, not only his facility in mastering his tasks, hut his intellectual inquisitiveness and his fine moral qualities, attracted the special notice of his teacher, who strongly recommended his parents to educate him for the churc… Hooker, Sir William Jackson HOOKER, SIR WILLIAM JACKSON (1785-1865), a distinguished English botanist, was born at Norwich, July 6, 1785. His father, Joseph Hooker of Exeter, a member of the same family as the celebrated Richard Hooker, devoted much of his time to the study of German literature and the cultivation of curious plants. The son was educated at the high school of Norwich, on leaving which his independent means en… Hook, Theodore HOOK, THEODORE EnwAnD (1788-1841), novelist, dramatist, and improvisatore, was born in London 22d September 1788. At Harrow he received but a scant education, and although he subsequently matriculated at Oxford he never actually resided at the university. Indeed he seems to have abandoned all thought of serious study-about 1802, on the death of his mother, n?e NIadden, a lady of singular beauty an… Hook, Walter Farquhar HOOK, WALTER FARQUHAR (1798-1875), son of the Rev. Dr James Ilook, dean of Worcester, and nephew of the witty Theodore, was born in London, 13th March 1798. Educated at Tiverton and Winchester, he graduated at Oxford (Christ Church) in 1821, and after holding an incumbency in Coventry, 1829-37, and in Leeds, 1837-59, was nominated dean of Chichester by Lord Derby. He had received the degree of D.D… Hoole HOOLE, Jonic (1727-1803), translator and dramaLst, was born at Moorfields, London, in December 1727. At the age of seventeen he became a clerk in the accountants' department of the East India House. His leisure hours he devoted to the study of Latin and especially Italian, after obtaining a mastery of which he commenced writing translations of the chief works of the Italian poets. Be published the… Hooper, John HOOPER, JOHN (c. 1495-1555), bishop and martyr, was a native of Somersetshire, and was born about 1495. He was educated at Merton College, Oxford, and after taking his degree of bachelor of arts in 1518 joined the order of Cistercian monks at Gloucester. Subsequently, "while living too much of a court life in the palace of the king," his attention was directed to the writings of Zwingli, and the r… Hooping-cough HOOPING-COUGH, or WnoorrNG-Cot:an (syn. Pert ussis, Chin-Cough), an infectious disease of the respiratory mucous membrane, manifesting itself by frequently recurring paroxysms of convulsive coughing accompanied with peculiar sonorous inspirations. It occurs for the most part among children, and only once in a lifetime. The specific cause of hooping-cough is unknown, but the view which ascribes it … Hoopoe HOOPOE (French Iluppe, Latin Upsmpa, Greek L-otpall names bestowed apparently from its cry), a bird long celebrated in literature, and conspicuous by its variegated plumage and its large erectile crest,' the Uptpa epops of naturalists, which is the type of the very peculiar Family Upupidw, placed by Prof. Huxley in his group Coccygomorplue, but considered by Dr Murie (Ibis, 1873, p.. 208) to deser… Hoorn HOORN, a town of Holland, at the head of an arrondissement in the province of North Holland, 20 miles N, N.E. of Amsterdam and 10 miles S.W. of Enkhuizen, with which it is connected by the road called De Streek, or The Stroke. The Hoornerhop, a bay of the Zuyder Zee, forms a good outer harbour, and the inner harbour is shut in by a sluice which can be opened only when the water within and without … Hope, Tiiomas HOPE, TIIOMAS (c. 1770-1831), the author of Anastasius, born at London about 1770, was descended from a branch of an old Scotch family who for several generations were extensive merchants in London and Amsterdam. About the age of eighteen he started on a tour through various parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa, where lie interested himself especially in architecture and sculpture, making a large col… Hopkins, Ezekiel HOPKINS, EZEKIEL (1633-1690), bishop of Londonderry, and a Calvinistic diyine of some repute, was born at Stanford, Devon (where his father was curate), in 1633, was educated at Magdalen College, Oxford, where he identified himself with the Presbyterian party, and about 1660 became assistant to Dr W. Spurstow of Hackney, the W.S. [UU.S.] of " Smectymnuns." He was subsequently presented to the livi… Hopkinson HOPKINSON, Fluscis (1737-1791), an American author, and one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, was born at Philadelphia in 1737. He studied at the college of Philadelphia, and after graduating in 1763, r ;solved to prepare himself for the legal profession. After being admitted to the bar in 1765, he spent two years in England, an l on his return in 1768 he obtained a lucrative publ… Hopkins, Samuel HOPKINS, SAMUEL (1721-1803), the theologian from whom the IIopkiusians or Hopkinsian Calvinists take their name, was born at Waterbury, Connecticut, on September 17, 1721. About his fifteenth year he entered Yale College, where he graduated in 1741 ; lie afterwards studied divinity at Northampton with Jonathan Edwards; and in 1743 he was ordained pastor of the church at Housatonnuc (now Great Barr… Hoppner, John HOPPNER, JOHN (1758-1810), English portrait-painter, was born, it is said, on April 4, 1758, at Whitechapel. His father was of German extraction, and his mother was one of the German attendants at the royal palace. Hoppner was consequently brought early under the notice and received the patronage of George III., whose regard for him gave rise to unfounded scandal. As a boy he was a chorister at th… Horace HORACE (65-8 p.c.). No ancient writer has been at once so familiarly known and so generally appreciated in modern times as Quintus Horatius Flaccus. We seem to know his tastes and habits, and almost to catch the tones of his conversation, from his own works, as we know the character and manner of Dr Johnson from the pages of Boswell. His twofold function of a satiric moralist and a lyric poet give… Horatii HORATII, three brothers horn at one birth, who were the champions of Rome in the war against Alba Longa. Three Alban brothers, named the Curiatii, likewise born at one birth, were opposed to them. The mothers were also twin sisters who had been married at the same time, and had given birth to their sons on one day. When the Alban army under their king Cluilius lay encamped some miles from Rome, Tu… Horde HORDE, a manufacturing town of Westphalia, Prussia, circle of Dortmund, government district of Arnsberg, is situated on the railway from Dortmund to Soest, 2 miles south-east from Dortmund. Horehound HOREHOUND (Ang.-Sax., harkune ; Germ, Andorn ; Fr., Marrabe), Marrubium, L., a genus of perennial, usually cottony or woolly herbs, of the natural order Labiatff, and tribe Stachydece. Common or white horehound, ill. ml-gore, L., has a short and stout rootstock, and thick stems, about a foot in height, which, as well as their numerous branches, are coated with a white or hoary felt - whence the po… Horitz HORITZ (Bohemian Horice), a town of Bohemia, Austria, government district of Koniggriitz, is situated on the right bank of the Bistritz, 10 miles N.E. from Bidschow. Among the principal buildings are the district court of justice, the castle, the synagogue, the town-house, the poorhouse, and the infirmary. It possesses woollen and linen manufactories, a brewery, flour-mills, and saw-mills. Flax an… Hormisdas HORMISDAS, pope from 511-523, in succession to P,yininaelms, was a native of Campania. Hor, Mount HOR, MOUNT (177,1 ".1h, 'Op TO 5/Jos), a lofty and conspicuous double-topped mountain in Arabia Petrma, forming part of the great Jurassic chain of Shera or Seir. It stands on the eastern edge of the great valley of the Arabah, which extends from the head of the Gulf of Akabah to the valley of the Jordan, and it is referred to in Scripture as "on the border" or "at the edge" of the land of Edom (N… Horn HORN. The weapons which project from the heads of various species of animals, constituting what are known as horns, embrace substances which are, in their anatomical structure and chemical composition, quite distinct from each other ; and although in commerce also they are known. indiscriminately as horn, their uses are altogether These differences in structure and properties are thus indicated by… Hornbeam HORNBEAM, Carpiaus, .Tournef., a small genus of trees of the natural order Cupuliferce and sub-order Corylece. The Latin name Carpiints has been thought to be derived from the Celtic car, wood, and pin or pen, head, the wood of hornbeams having been used for yokes of cattle (see Loudon, Eney. of Fl., p. 792, new ed., 1855, and Littr6, Diet., ii. 556). The common hornbeam, or yoke-elm, Carpinus Bet… Hornbill HORNBILL, the English name for a long while generally given to all the birds of the Family Bucerot-idw of modern ornithologists, from the extraordinary horn-like excrescence (epithema) developed on the bill of most of the species, though to which of them it was first applied seems doubtful. Among classical authors Pliny had heard of such animals, and mentions them (//ist. Xat., lib. x. cap. lxx.) … Horn-book HORN-BOOK, a name sometimes given to an elementary treatise on any subject: It was originally applied to a sheet containing the letters of the alphabet, which formed a primer for the use of children. It was mounted on wood and protected with transparent horn. Sometimes the leaf was simply pasted against the slice of horn. The wooden frame had a handle, and it was usually hung at the child's girdle… Horne, George HORNE, GEORGE (1730-1792), bishop of Norwich, was born on November 1, 1730, at Otham near Maidstone, where his father was a clergyman, and received his early education at the Maidstone school, whence he proceeded to University College, Oxford. In 1749 he became a fellow of Magdalen College, of which in 1768 lie was appointed president, As a preacher he early attained great popularity; and his repu… Hornellsville HORNELLSVILLE, a township and post village of Steuben county, New York, is situated on the Canister) river and on the Erie Railway, 90 miles south-east of Buffalo. Horn Er, Francis HORN ER, FRANCIS (177S-1817), political economist., was born at Edinburgh, August 12th, 1778. After passing through the usual courses at the high school and university of his native city, he devoted five years, the first two in England, to comprehensive but desultory study, and in 1800 was called to the Scotch bar. Desirous, however, of a wider sphere, Horner removed to London in 1802, and occupie… Horne, Thomas Hartwell HORNE, THOMAS HARTWELL (1780-1862), a well-known writer on Biblical introduction, was born in London on October 20, 1780, and from 1789-95 was educated at Christ's Hospital, where Coleridge was an elder contemporary. On leaving school, his circumstances not permitting him to proceed to the university, lie became clerk to a barrister, but early manifested an unconquerable passion for literary pursu… Horn, Or French HORN, or FRENCH Hon.N, a wind instrument made at various times of various materials such as wood, ivory, and several metals, but belonging in its modern significance to the class of brass instruments. In how far the instruments of similar type or character used by the Jews and other Eastern nations, by the Romans, and by medimval knights may have been related to the modern horn it is needless to i… Hornpipe HORNPIPE was originally the name of an instrument no longer in existence, and is now used for an English national dance. Horse-mackerel HORSE-MACKEREL is the name applied to a genus of fishes (Curanx) found in abundance in almost all temperate and especially in tropical seas. The designation " cavalli," given to them by the early Portuguese navigators, and often met with in the accounts of the adventures of the buccaneers, is still in frequent use among the sailors of all nations. Some ninety different kinds are known, - the major… Horsens HORSENS, a seaport town of Denmark, in the province of Aarhuus and amt of Skanderborg, is situated at the head of the Horsens-fiord on the east coast of Jutland, and on the railway from Fridericia to Langaa, 25 miles southwest of Aarhuus. Horseradish HORSERADISH (Ger., Meerrettig; Fr., rallort= raeine forte, crag de Bretagne ; Swed., Peppar-rot ; Russ., chren), Coeldearia Armo?acia, L., a perennial plant of the natural order C?uciferce and tribe Alyssinea3, having radical leaves on lung stalks, ovate or oval-oblong, 4 to 6 inches broad, about a foot in length, subcoriaceous, crenate or serrate, and coarsely veined ; stern-leaves short-stalked … Horsetail HORSETAIL, Ejvisetum, the sole genus of the natural order I.;'guisetacece, consists of a group of vascular cryptogamous plants remarkable for its resemblance in general appearance to the phanerogatnic genera Casuarina and Bpbedra. The stem is jointed, consisting of numerous easily separable tubular sheaths toothed at the apex, and is generally furnished with whorls of similar but more slender bran… Horsham HORSHAM, a parliamentary borough and market-town of Sussex, England, is pleas intly situated in the midst of a fertile country near the source of the Arun and on the Mid-Sussex Railway, 371- miles south of London. It consists chiefly of two streets crossing each other at right angles, and a picturesque causeway leading to the church, adorned with rows of trees. Within recent years the town has und… Horsley HORSLEY, SAINruEr. (1733-1806), a learned Anglican prelate, was born in London in 1733. Entering Trinity College, Cambridge, he became LL.B. in 1758 without graduating in arts, and in the following year succeeded his father in the living of Newington Butts in Surrey. Horsley was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1767 ; but, in consequence of a difference with the president, he withdrew from… Horsley, Willia HORSLEY, WiLLIA-n (1774-1858), an English musician of considerable reputation, was born November 15, 1774, and became in 1790 the pupil of Theodore Smith, an indifferent musician of the time, who, however, taught him sufficient to obtain the position of organist at Ely Chapel, Holborn. This post he resigned in 1798, to become organist at the Asylum for Female Orphans, as assistant to Dr Callcott, … Horten HORTEN (KARLJOITANSWiERN), a seaport town of Norway, in the amt of Jarlsberg-Laurvig, is beautifully situated on the west bank of the Christiania fjord, opposite Moss, and 32 miles south of Christiania. Hortensius, Quintus HORTENSIUS, QUINTUS, was one of the first and most famous orators at the Roman bar in the latter days of the republic, when the orator's art was particularly flourishing and was diligently cultivated. His father had been governor of Sicily, and had left behind him a good name for justice and uprightness. He was himself born in 114 B.C., and he lived to the year 50 B.C., so that his life and career… Hosea HOSEA, the son of Bei:1i, the first in order of the minor prophets. The name Hosea (32Vi1, LXX. '120-77, Vulg. Osee, and so our English version in Rom. ix. 25) ought rather to he written Hoshea, and is identical with that borne by the last king of Ephraim, and.by Joshua in Num. xiii. Id, Dent. xxsii. 44. Of the life of Hosea we know nothing beyond what can be gathered from his prophecies. That he … Hoshangabad HOSHANGABAD, the headquarters town of the above district, 22? 45' 30" N. lat., 77? 46' E. long., is situated on the south side of the Nerbudda. Hoshangabad HOSHANGABAD, a British district in the chief commissionership of the Central Provinces of India, lying between 21? 40' and 22? 59' N. lat. and between 76? 38' 30" and 78? 45' 30" E. long. It is bounded N. by the Narbada sates for the tameness of the scenery. Towards the west, low stony hills and broken ridges cut up the level ground, while the Vindhyas and the Satpuras throw out jutting spurs and … Hosius, Or Weis HOSIUS, or WEIS, bishop of Cordova, the friend of Athanasius, and the favourite of Constantine, was born about 256 A.D., most probably at Cordova, although from a passage in Zosimus it has sometimes been conjectured that lie was believed by that writer to be a native of Egypt. Elected to the see of Cordova before the end of the 3d century, he narrowly escaped martyrdom in the persecution of Maximi… Hospital HOSPITAL is derived from the Latin hospitalis (adj.), and this again from the noun hospes, a host or guest. The place in which a guest was received was in Latin bovitium (hence the French, hospice), but in course of time the adjective became used as a noun, and the words hospitalis, hospitale, and hospitalia were adopted in the same sense as hospitinm, by dropping the nouns downs, cubiculant, or c… Hotch HOTCH.POT (Or HOTCHPOTCH, HODGE-PODGE), in law, is the name given to a rule of equity whereby a person, interested along with others in a common fund, and having already received something ih the same interest, is required to surrender what has been so acquired into the common fund, on pain of being excluded from the distribution. The following is an old example given in Coke on Littleton : - " If… Hotho, Heinrich HOTHO, HEINRICH GusT.A.v, was born at Berlin in 1802, and died in his native city on Christmas day 1873. He made a name for himself in Germany as an historian rather than as a critic of art. Yet he remained second to his contemporary Waagen in experience, grasp of subject matter, and subtlety of eye. Nor had he the good fortune which accompanied Waagen through life to find patrons and friends in a… Hotman, Or Hottoman HOTMAN, or HOTTOMAN, FRANcOIS (1524-1590), one of the most learned of French civilians, and a brilliant publicist, was born at Paris in 1524, of a family which had come, in the days of his grandfather, from Silesia. His father a counsellor of the parliament of Paris, naturally hoped to see his eldest son his successor, and gave him a legal education at Orleans. After three years' study he was made… Hot Springs HOT SPRINGS, a post village in Hot Springs county, Arkansas, United States, is situated on a tributary of the Washita river, 55 miles S.W. of Little Rock. Hottentots HOTTENTOTS was the generic name given by Europeans to the native tribes inhabiting the southern extremity of Africa. Some early writers termed them Hodmadods or Hodmandods, and others Hot-nots and Ottentots - all corruptions of the same word. The common denomination adopted by themselves was Khoi-Khoin (men of men), or Qua Qute, Kwekhena, t'Kuhkeub, the forms varying according to the several diale… Hottinger HOTTINGER, JouA HEINRICH (1620-1667), a Swiss philologist and theologian, was born at Zurich, 10th March 1620. He studied at Ghent, Groningen, and Leyden, and after visiting England was in 1642 appointed professor of church history in his native town. To the duties of that chair those of Hebrew at the Carolinum were added in 1613, and in 1653 he was appointed ordinary p?ohssor of logic, rhetoric, … Ho Ubraken, Jacobus HO UBRAKEN, JACOBUS (1698-1780), Dutch engraver, was born at Dort, December 25,1698. All that his father, Arnold Houbraken, bequeathed to him was a fine constitution and a pure love for work. In 1707 he came to reside at Amsterdam, where for years he had to struggle incessantly against difficulties. He commenced the art of engraving by studying the works of Cornelis Cort, Snyderhoef, Edelinck, and… Houdon, Jean Antoine HOUDON, JEAN ANTOINE (1740-1828), was the most distinguished sculptor produced by France in the latter half of the 18th century. He was born at Versailles in 1740, and at the age of nineteen, having learnt all that he could from Michel Ange Slodtz and Pigalle, Houdon carried off the prix de Rome and left France for Italy, where he spent the next ten years of his life. his brilliant talent, which s… Hound HOUND. The foxhound, harrier, and beagle are now the only representatives of whatever varieties of hounds existed previously in England. The staghound proper is . practically extinct, no pack of them having been kept since . 1825, when the Devon and Somerset establishment was broken up and the pack sold. With the exception of Lord Wolverton's black St Huberts, all hounds now used for stag-hunting … Hounslow HOUNSLOW, a township, formerly a market-town, in the parishes of Isleworth and Heston, county of Middlesex, England, is situated on the great western coach road, and on a branch of the London and South-Western Railway, 9 miles from Hyde Park Corner. In the Domesday survey Hounslow is mentioned as Honeslowe and Hundeslawe. It consists chiefly of one street about a mile in length. In the 17th centur… House-fly HOUSE-FLY. Although extremely abundant in indi vidual representatives, by habit specially attached to mankind, of widely extended range (North American and Abysof later years affording material for much scientific microliarities opposed to these premises : - one, that its lack of salient external features would puzzle any but a profound dipterologist to define its specific attributes with absolute… Houseleek HOUSELEEK, Sempervivum, a genus of ornamental evergreen plants belonging to the natural order Crassurocky situations ; the others are evergreen shrubs or under-shrubs, fit only for cultivation in the greenhouse or conservatory. The genus S'enzpervivican is distinguished from the nearly allied Sedum by having about 12 petals, and by the glands at the base of the ovary being laciniated if present. T… Houssa, Housa, Haussa HOUSSA, HOUSA, HAUSSA, or HAUSA, an important people of the western Soudan, forming a main element in the population of the country between 12? and 13? N. lat., from the Niger in the south-west to Bornu in the east. By Barth they are identified with the Atarantians of Herodotus ; and it is certain that at a comparatively early date they attained great. political power. The seven original states of… Houston HOUSTON, a city of the United States, capital of Harris county, Texas, and the next city in the State to Galveston as regards both population and commercial enterprise, is situated on the left bank of Buffalo bayou at the head of navigation, and at the junction of several railways, 50 miles north-west of Galveston. The bayou is crossed at Houston by several bridges. Most of the streets are shaded … Houston, Samuel HOUSTON, SAMUEL (1793-1863), an American general and statesman, was born near Lexington, Virginia, 2d March 1793. On the death of his father, a soldier of the revolution, in 1807, be removed with his mother to the frontier, and settling in Blount county, Tennessee, was soon on familiar terms with the Cherokee Indians. For a while he acted as clerk to a trader, and then as village schoolmaster ; bu… Houwaert, Jean Baptista HOUWAERT, JEAN BAPTISTA (1533-1599), Flemish poet, was the most prominent of the rhetoricians of his day. He held the title of " Counsellor and Master in Ordinary of the Exchequer to the Dukedom of Brabant." As a patriot and a friend of the prince of Orange he played a prominentpart in the revolution of the Low Countriesagainst Spain, and when the prince entered Brussels victoriously, September 23… Hovedon, Roger HOVEDON, ROGER or, an old English chronicler, was in all probability born at 11 ,wden, in the East Hiding of Yorkshire, and was possibly a member of a family which h Id taken its name from the place. The date neither of his birth nor his death is known, and the first notice we h eve of him is as being sent in 1174 by Henry II., on whom ho was in attendance in France, to endeavour to induce the lor… Howard HOWARD, ;JOHN (1726-1790), " the philanthropist," was born in 172G, most probably on September 2, and at Enfield, where his father, a moderately wealthy retired London merchant, had a country house. His childhood was spent at Cardington near Woburn, Bedfordshire, where his father had a small estate ; for seven years he was under the tuition of the Rev. John 'Worsley of Hertford (author of a Latin … Howe, Joan HOWE, JOAN (1630-1706), one of the greatest of the later Puritan divines, was born May 17, 1630, at Loughborough, Leicestershire, of which parish his father was minister. When hardly five years old he was removed to Ireland by his father, who, unable to support the ecclesiastical policy of Archbishop Laud, had been ejected from his living. On the outbreak of the Irish rebellion in 1641, the exiles… Howell, James HOWELL, JAMES (1594-1666), a voluminous English author, best known by his collection of letters (Epistolee HoEliance) and his Instructions for Forreine Travell, which, in Mr Arber's phrase, form our first handbook for the Continent. Howell, as he was proud to acknowledge, was a Welshman ; he was born probably at Abernaut in Carmarthenshire, where his father was minister. From the free grammar scho… Howeopathy HOWEOPATHY (from 6,a0/.07/10cia, a similarity of feeling or condition) as a distinctive system of medicine owes its origin to Hahnemann, a German physician (see HAHNEMANN). It is customary to regard homoeopathy as a mere system of :therapeutics, having reference only to the question how and on what principle is disease to be treated. But a careful student of Hahnemann or of his Organon will soon d… Howitt, William HOWITT, WILLIAM (1795-1879), a popular writer and poet, was born in 1795 at Heanor, Derbyshire, where the Howitts had long been settled. His mother and father being members of the Society of Friends, William was brought up, with his brothers, in the faith of that sect, and educated at the local schools of the society. What he thus learned was supplemented by studies in natural science and modern l… Howrah HOWRAH, the largest and most important town in the district of Hooghly, Bengal, and the headquarters of the magisterial district of Howrah, is situated on the right bank of the Hooghly river, opposite Calcutta, and forms a suburb of that city. Since 1785 it has risen from a small village to a town, with a magistrate, subordinate judge, &c., of its own. The total area of flowrah and suburbs within … Hoyle, Edmund Or Edmund HOYLE, EDMUND or EDMUND (1672-1769), the first systematizer of the laws of whist, and author of a book on games, was burn in 1672. His parentage and place of birth are unknown, and few details of his life are recorded. For some time he was resident in London, and partially supported himself by giving instruction in the game of whist. For the use of his pupils he drew up a Short Treatise on the gam… Hrabanus Mauitus Magnentius HRABANUS MAUItUS MAGNENTIUS (776-856), archbishop of Mainz, and one of the most prominent teachers and writers of the Carolingian age, was born of noble parents at Mainz about the year 776. Less correct forms of his name are Rabanus and Rhabanus. At a very early age he was sent to Fulda, where he continued until, on attuning the canonical age, he received deacon's orders (801) ; in the following y… Huanuco, Or Guanuco HUANUCO, or GUANUCO, the chief town of the Peruvian department of the same name, is situated on the lel t bank of the river Huallaga near its junction with the Iligueras, in a beautiful valley nearly 6000 feet above sea-level, and 180 miles north-west of Lima. Huaraz HUARAZ, chief town of the Peruvian department of Ancachs, and of a district to which it gives its name, is situated on the left bank of the river Santa, in a fertile valley of the Andes, about 190 miles N.N.W. of 1 ima.. Huber, Filancois HUBER, FILANcOIS (1750-1831), an eminent Swiss naturalist, especially distinguished by the originality and reach of his researches into the life history of the honey-bee, was born at Geneva, July 2, 1750. He belonged to a family which had already made its mark in the literary and scientific world.: his great-aunt, Marie Hither (1695-1753), was known as a voluminous writer on religious and theologi… Huber, Johann HUBER, JOHANN (1830-1879), a philosophical and theological writer whose name is intimately connected in Germany, and indeed throughout Europe, with the Old Catholic and other recent movements towards freedom and enlightenment, was born in very humble circumstances, on August 18, 1830, at Munich, where, originally destined for the priesthood, he early began the study of theology. By the writings of… Hubert HUBERT ( HUGUBERT or HUGUBRECHT, "the Bright-witted "), ST, bishop of Liege, was son of Bertrand, duke of Guienne, and held a prominent place in the court of the Frankish king Theodoric, and afterwards in that of Pippin of Heristal. He was passionately fond of the chase, but with the death of his wife Floribane all his taste for mundane enjoyments disappeared, and following the counsels of his fri… Hubli HUBLI, a town in Dharwar district, Bombay, 15? 20' N. lat., 75? 12' E. long., situated 13 miles south-east of Dharwar, on the main road from Poona to Harihar ; it is 230 miles south-east from Poona, 142 miles from Bellari (Bellary), 90 miles from Karwar, and 97 miles from Kumpta (Coompta). Hucbald HUCBALD (also called HUGBALDITS and HunA fnis) was born in or about 810, if we may believe the statement of his biographers to the effect that he died in 930, aged 90. Of his life little is known ; not even the place of his birth can be ascertained, but he was no doubt a Frenchman or a Belgian. It is certain that he studied at the convent of St Amand in French Flanders, where his uncle Milo occupi… Huc, Vvariste HUC, VVARISTE Rdc.is (1813-1860), a celebrated French missionary-traveller, was born at Toulouse, 1st August 1813. In his twenty-fourth year he entered the congregation of the Lazarists at Paris, and shortly after receiving holy orders in 1839 set forth fired by missionary zeal for China. At Macao he spent some eighteen months in the Lazarist seminary preparing himself under the instruction of Per… Huddersfield HUDDERSFIELD, a municipal and parliamentary borough and market-town of England, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, is beautifully situated on the slope of a hill in the valley of the Colne, a tributary of the Calder, 15 miles south of Bradford, and 16i south-west of Leeds. It is surrounded by a network of .railways, and is connected with the extensive canal system of Lancashire and Yorkshire. The to… Hudson HUDSON, a city of the United States of America, capital of Columbia county, New York, is situated on the left bank of the Hudson river at the head of navigation, and on the Hudson and Boston and Hudson River Railways, 114 miles north of New York city. It stands on the ridge of a picturesque elevation called Prospect Hill, which after rising abruptly 60 feet. from the river, slopes gradually to an … Hudson, George HUDSON, GEORGE (1800-1871), the "railway king," was born in York in 1800, was a successful linen draper in that city, and subsequently became the leading representative of the railway mania of 1815-46. Elected chairman of the North Midland Company, he was for three years the ruling spirit of speculation and as the arbiter of capital held the key of untold treasures. All classes delighted to honour… Hudson, Henry HUDSON, HENRY, a distinguished English navigator, of whose personal history before April 19, 1607, or after June 21, 1611, absolutely nothing is known, and whose well-earned fame rests entirely on four voyages which were all unsuccessful as regarded their immediate object, the discovery of a commercial passage to China other and shorter than that by the Cape of Good Hope. The first of these, in qu… Hudson River, Or North River HUDSON RIVER, or NORTH RIVER, one of the largest and noblest rivers of the United States, and the principal river of the State of New York, is formed by the confluence of two small streams which rise in the Adirondack mountains in Essex county. About the middle of Warren county the river is joined by another of nearly equal size, the Schroon, which also has its rise in Essex county. After receivin… Hudson's Bay Company HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY is a joint-stock association formed fur the purpose of importing into Great Britain the furs and skins which it obtains, chiefly by barter, from the Indians of British North America. The trading forts of the company are dotted over the immense region (excluding Canada Proper and Alaska) which is bounded E. and W. by the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, and N. and S. by the Arctic … Hue 1', Fierre Daniel HUE 1', FIERRE DANIEL (I630 - 1721), bishop of Avranches, is the last of those encyclopmdic and massive scholars of whom France produced so many. He left no successor to his omnivorous learning, prodigious memory, and indomitable energy. He was born at Caen of a family formerly Huguenot. He lost both father and mother while still a child, and was brought up by his aunt, wife of the mathematician G… Huelva HUELVA, one of the eight provinces into which Andalucia has since 1833 been divided, is bounded on the N. by Badajoz, on the E. by Seville, on the S. and S.W. by the Atlantic, and on the W. by Portugal, and has an area of 4122 square miles. With the exception of its south-east angle, where the province merges into the flat waste lands known as Las Marismas of the Guadalquivir, Huelva presents thro… Huelva HUELVA, the capital of the above province, is situated on the western shore of the triangular peninsula formed by the estuaries of the Odiel and Tinto, 53 miles west by south of Seville. Its streets are wide and well built, and among the public edifices may he mentioned two parish churches, an Academia Onubense, two hospitals, and a theatre. The town has a considerable coasting trade in the produc… Huesca HUESCA, one of the three provinces into which the old northern Spanish kingdom of Aragon was divided in 1833, is bounded on the N. by France, E. by Lerida, S. and S.W. by Saragossa, and W. and N.W. by Navarre. The total area is 7530 square miles. The surface is mountainous, especially in the north, which is occupied by the lofty offshoots of the Pyrenees, which there reach in Monte Perdido (Mont P… Huescar HUESCAR, chief town of a judicial district in the Spanish province of Almeria, is situated in a plain, surrounded by mountains on three sides, about 91 miles northeast of Granada. Hufeland, Christopii Wilhelm HUFELAND, CHRISTOPII WILHELM (1762-1836), a distinguished physician and writer on medical subjects, was born at Langensalza, 12th August 1762. His early education was carried on at Weimar, where his father held the office of court physician to the grand duchess. In 1780 lie entered the university at Jena, and in the following year proceeded to Gottingen, where in 1783 he graduated in the faculty o… Hufel And, Gottlieb HUFEL AND, GOTTLIEB (1760-1817), a distinguished writer on political economy and law, was born at llautzic on 19th October 1760. He was educated at the gymnasium of his native town, and completed his university studies at Leipsic and Gottingen. lie graduated at Jena, and in 1788 was there appointed to an extraordinary professorship. Five years later he was made ordinary professor. His lectures on … Hugh Of St Victor HUGH OF ST VICTOR, Hugo a S. Victore, sometimes also known as Hugh of Paris (c. 1097-1141), was born, probably in the neighbourhood of Ypres, about 1097, and is known to have received his early education in the cloister of Hamersleben near Halberstadt ; in 1115 he removed for the further advancement of his studies to the abbey of St Victor, which had recently been founded by William of Champeaux, … Hugh Or St Cher HUGH or ST CHER, Hugo (Ugo) de S. Caro or Carensis (c. 1200-1263), a learned compiler of the 13th century, was born at St Cher, a suburb of Vienne, Dauphine, about the year 1200, became a student of theology and canon law in Paris, and in 1224 entered the Dominican cloister of St Jacob there (whence he is sometimes designated as Hugo de S. Jacobo). After having taught theology for upwards of twent… Hugh, St, Of Avalon HUGH, ST, OF AVALON (c. 1135-1200), bishop of Lincoln, was born of a noble family at Avalon, near Pontcharra in Burgundy, about 1135. At the age of eight he entered along with his widowed father the neighbouring priory of canons regular at Villarbenoit, where he was ordained deacon at nineteen. Appointed not long after prior of a dependent cell, Hugh was attracted from that position by the holy re… Hug, Johann Leoniia Rd HUG, JOHANN LEONIIA RD (1765-1846), Boman Catholic theologian and Biblical critic, was born at Constance, where his father was a locksmith, on June 1,1765. After passing through the gymnasium of his native town, he proceeded in 1783 to the university of Freiburg, where he became a pupil in the seminary for the training of priests, and very early distinguished himself in the departments of classica… Huguenots, The HUGUENOTS, THE. The word Huguenot first appears in France about the middle of the 16th century, and there is historical proof that it was imported from Geneva, where it had existed for some time as a political nickname in a form which connects it directly with the German-Swiss Eidgenossen, oath-comrades, confederates. In France it was used as a term of reproach for those who aimed at a reform of r… Hull, Or Kingston-upon-hull HULL, or KINGSTON-UPON-HULL, a municipal and parliamentary borough, and one of the principal seaport towns of England, is, though a county in itself, locally within the East Riding of Yorkshire, situated in 53? 44' N. lat. and 0? 10' W. long., on the west side of the Hull, where it discharges into the estuary of the Humber, 20 miles from the German Ocean at Spurn Head. By rail it is 41;15- miles e… Hulse HULSE, Jolly (1708-1789), founder of the Hulsean lectureship at the university of Cambridge, was born at Middlewich, in Cheshire, in 1708. Entering St John's College, Cambridge, he graduated in 1728, and on taking holy orders was presented to a small country curacy. His father having died in 1753, Hulse succeeded to his estates in Cheshire, where, owing to feeble health, he lived in retirement til… Humboldt, Friedrich HUMBOLDT, FRIEDRICH H EIN RICH ALEXANDER, BARON VON (1769-1859), a distinguished naturalist and traveller, was born at Berlin, September 11, 1769. His father, who was a major in the Prussian army, belonged to a Pomeranian family of consideration, and was rewarded for his services during the Seven Years' War with the post of royal chamberlain. He married in 1766 Maria Elizabeth von Colomb, widow of… Humboldt, Karl Wilhelm Von HUMBOLDT, KARL WILHELM VON (1767-1835), the elder brother of the more celebrated Alexander von Humboldt, was born at Potsdam, on the 22d of June 1767. After being educated at Berlin, Giittingen, and Jena, in the last of which places he formed a close and lifelong friendship with Schiller, he married Friiulein von Dacherode, a lady of birth and fortune, and in 1802 was appointed by the Prussian Gov… Hume, David HUME, DAVID (1711-1776), the most subtle metaphysician and one of the greatest historians and political economists of Great Britain, was born at Edinburgh, on the 26th April (O.S.) 1711. His father, Joseph Hume or Home, a scion of the noble house of Home of Douglas, was owner of a small estate in Berwickshire, on the banks of the Whitadder, called, from the spring ?rising in front of the dwelling-… Hume, Joseph HUME, JOSEPH (1777-1855), an eminent political reformer, was born in January 1777, of humble parents, at Montrose, Scotland. After completing his course of medical study at the university of Edinburgh he sailed in 1797 for India, where he was attached as surgeon to a regiment ; and his knowledge of the native tongues and his capacity for business threw open to him the lucrative offices of interpre… Humerus HUMERUS, Lilts JOHANSSON (c. 1642-1674), Swedish poet, more commonly known as Lucidor the Unfortunate, was born in Stockholm about the year 1642. His father, Captain Johan Erichsson, and his mother died in his infancy ; in 1656 he was entered as a student of the university of Upsala, at the expense of his patron, Admiral Wrangel, whose sons he afterwards conducted through Germany, Italy, France, E… Humiliati HUMILIATI, a religious order founded at Milan early in the 12th century by certain noblemen of Lombardy, who, having been carried captive into Germany, had regained their freedom by their " humility," did not, according to H.elyot in his Ordres Monastiques, take the monastic vows till 1134, when they were induced to do so by St Bernard. In 1164 their ranks were recruited by other Milanese noblemen… Hummel, Johann Nepon1uk HUMMEL, JOHANN NEPON1UK (1778-1837), a celebrated composer and pianist, was born November 14, 1778, at Pressburg, in Hungary, and received his first artistic training from his father, himself a musician in a humble way. In 1785 the latter received an appointment as conductor of the orchestra at the theatre of Schikaneder, the friend of Mozart and the librettist of the Magic Flute. It was in this w… Humming-bird HUMMING-BIRD, a name in use for more than two centuries, and possibly ever since English explorers first knew of the beautiful little animals to which, from the sound occasionally made by the rapid vibrations of their wings, it is applied. Among books that are ordinarily in naturalists' hands, the name seems to be first found in the Musceum Tratlescantianam, published in 1656, but it therein occur… Hundred HUNDRED, in England, is an ancient territorial division tinct reference to the military side of the organization, is generally connected with the Danish occupation, and is said to be found only in the Anglian districts, - Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire, Rutlandshire, and Leicestershire. In some parts of England a further intermediate division is to be found between the hundre… Hungary HUNGARY (Hung., Mayyarorszdg ; Ger., Ungarn ; . r lionyrie; It., Ongaria), the second factor of the dual Austrian-Hungarian monarchy, is an extensive country in the south-eastern portion of Central Europe, lying between 44? 10' and 49? 35' N. lat. and between 14? 25' and 26? 25' E. long. It thus covers about 5 degrees of latitude and 12 of longitude, and contains an area of 124,231 square miles, o… Huns HUNS. The authentic history of the Huns in Europe practically begins about the year 372 A.D.,1 when under a leader named Balamir (or, according to some MSS., Balamber) they began a westward movement from their settlements in the steppes lying to the north of the Caspian. After crushing, or compelling the alliance of, various nations unknown to fame (Alpilzuri, Alcidzuri, Himari, Tuncarsi, Boisci),… Hunter, John HUNTER, JOHN (1728-1793), - as physiologist and surgeon combined, unrivalled in the annals of medicine, - born February 13,1 1728, at Long Calderwood, in the parish of East Kilbride, Lanarkshire, was the youngest of the ten children of John and Agnes Hunter. His father, who died October 30, 1741,2 aged 78, was descended from the old Ayrshire family of Hunter of Hunterston, and his mother was the d… Hunter, 'William HUNTER, 'WILLIAM (1718-1783), a celebrated physiologist and physician, and the first great teacher of anatomy in England, was born May 23, 1718, at East Kilbride, Lanark. He was the seventh child of his parents, and an elder brother of John Hunter, the distinguished surgeon. When fourteen years of acre he was sent to the university of Glasgow, where he studied for five years. He bad originally bee… Hunting HUNTING. The circumstances which render necessary the habitual pursuit of wild animals, either as a means of subsistence or for self-defence, generally accompany a phase of human progress distinctly inferior to the pastoral and agricultural stages ; resorted to as a recreation, on the other hand, the practice of the chase in most cases indicates a considerable degree of civilization, and sometimes… Huntingdon HUNTINGDON, a municipal and parliamentary borough of England, capital of the above county, is situated on the left bank of the Ouse, and on three railway lines, 58 miles north of London, 15 miles north-west of Cambridge, and 19 miles south of Peterborough. It consists principally of one street about a mile in length, from which small streets branch off at various points. By a fine bridge erected i… Huntingdon, Or Hunts HUNTINGDON, or HUNTS, an inland county of England, situated between 52? 9' and 52? 35' N. lat. and 0' 3' E. and 0? 30' W. long., and bounded on the N. and W. by Northampton, S. by Bedford, and E. by Cambridge. Its extreme breadth is at the middle, from which it narrows gradually and irregularly towards its north and south ends. Its extreme length from north to south is about 30 miles, and its extr… Huntingdon, Selina, Countess Of HUNTINGDON, SELINA, COUNTESS OF (1707-1791), leader of a sect of Calvinistic methodists, known as the Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion, was the daughter of Washington Shirley, second Earl Ferrers. She was born at Stanton Harold, a mansion near Ashby-de-la-Zouch in Leicestershire, August 24, 1707, and in her twenty-first year was married to Theophilus, ninth earl of Huntingdon. The religious infl… Hunt, James Henry Leigh HUNT, JAMES HENRY LEIGH (1784-1859), one of the most delightful of English essayists and miscellaneous writers, and especially remarkable for his connexion with the most eminent literati of his time, was born at Southgate, October 19,1784. His father, the son of a Wrest Indian clergyman, had settled as a lawyer in Philadelphia, and his mother was the daughter of a merchant of that city. Having emb… Hunt, Wm HUNT, Wm-11Am HENRY (1790-1864), water-colour painter, was born near Long Acre, London, March 28, 1790. Overcoming the usual parental objections, he was apprenticed about 1805 to John Varley, the landscape-painter, with whom he remained five or six years, exhibiting three oil pictures at the )loyal Academy in 1807. He was early connected with the society of painters in water-colour, of which body,… Hupfeld, Hermann HUPFELD, HERMANN (1796-1866), an eminent Orientalist and Biblical commentator and critic, was born March 31, 1796, at Marburg, where he studied philosophy and theology from 1813 to 1817 ; in 1819 he became a teacher in the gymnasinin at Hanau, but in 1822 he resigned that appointment. After studying for some time under Gesenius at Halle, he in 1824 " habilitated " in philosophy at that university,… Hurd, Richard HURD, RICHARD (1720-1808), bishop of Winchester, was born at Congreve, in the parish of Penkridge, Staffordshire, where his father was a farmer, on January 13, 1720. He received his early education at the grammar school of Brewood, in his native county, and made such progress in his studies that in October 1733 he was admitted a sizar of Emmanuel College, Oxford ; he did not begin residence, howev… Husband And Wife HUSBAND AND WIFE, LAW RELATING TO. For the modes in which the relation of husband and wife may be constituted and dissolved, see MARRIAGE and DIVORCE. The present article will deal only with the effect of marriage on the legal position of the spouses. The person chiefly affected is the wife, who probably in all political systems becomes subject, in consequence of marriage, to some kind of disabili… Husch HUSCH, Husin, or Rust, chief town of the Boum:titian province of Pekin, Moldavia, is situated on the right bank of the Pruth, abont 40 miles south-east of Jassy. Hushiarpur HUSHIARPUR, a British district in the lieutenantgovernorship of the Punjab, India, lying between 30? 58' and 32? 5' N. lat. and -between 75? 31' and 76? 41' 15" E. long. It forms the central district of the Jalandluir division, and is bounded N.E. by the district of Kitngra and the native state of Nalagarb, N. and N.W, by the river Bias, S.W. by Jalandhar, and S. by the river Satlaj (Sutlej) and A… Huskisson, William HUSKISSON, WILLIAM (1770-1830), statesman and financier, was descended from an old Staffordshire family of moderate fortune, and was born at Birch Moreton, Worcestershire, March 11, 1770. Having been placed in his fourteenth year under time charge of his uncle Dr Gem, physician to the English embassy at Paris, he passed his early years amidst a political fermentation which led him to take a deep a… Huss, John HUSS, JOHN (1369-1415), the Bohemian reformer and martyr, was born at Hussinecz,1 a market village at the foot of the Mmmald, and not far from the Bavarian frontier, most probably in 1369, and, according to some accounts, on July G. His parents appear to have been well-to-do Czechs of the peasant class. Of his early life nothing is recorded except that, notwithstanding the early loss of his father… Husum HUSUM, a town in the Prussian province of Schleswig-Holstein, situated in a fertile district about 211 miles inland from the German Ocean, on the canalized Husumer An, which forms its harbour and roadstead. It is a station on ' the branch railway from 'Penning which joins the main line at Jitbek ; and it has steam communication with the North Frisian Islands (Nordstrand, Pellworm, Fohr, Sylt) and … Huszt HUSZT, a market-town in the county of Maramaros, Hungary, is situated at the confluence of the Nagy-Ag with the Theiss, and about midway on the line of railway from Szatmar-Nemeti to Maramaros-Sziget, 48? 10' N. lat., 23? 18' E. long. Hutcheson HUTCHESON, FnANcts (1694-1746), an eminent writer on mental and moral philosophy, was born on the 8th of August 1694. His birthplace was probably the towuland of Drumalig, in the parish of Saintfield and county of Down, Ireland.1 Though the family had sprung from Ayrshire in SJotland, both his father and grandfather were ministers of di;senting congregations in the north of Ireland. Young Hutcheso… Hutchinson, John HUTCHINSON, JOHN (1616-1664), a Puritan soldier, son of Sir Thomas Hutchinson, was born at 'Nottingham in September 1616. After completing his education at Cambridge University he entered Lincoln's Inn, but soon became tired both of the study of law and the amusements of London, and was meditating travel on the Continent when he accidentally made the acquaintance of Lucy, daughter of Sir Allan Aps… Hutchinson, Thomas HUTCHINSON, THOMAS (1711-1780), governor of the province of Massachusetts, son of a wealthy merchant of Boston, was born there September 9, 1711. The son, being unsuccessful in commerce, studied law, and adopted it as his profession. He was representative of Boston in the general court for ten years, and was three times chosen speaker. From 1749 to 1766 he was a counsellor, in 1752 he was appointe… Hutton, Charles HUTTON, CHARLES (1737-1823), the youngest son of Henry and Eleanor Hutton, was born at Newcastle-onTyne, August 14,1737. His father was an underviewer in the coal-works in the neighbourhood, and died in June 1712; but his mother's second husband, Francis Fraim, proved kind to the boy,. and, in consequence of a slight accident to the elbow-joint of his right arm, sent him to school while his brothe… Hutton, James HUTTON, JAMES (1726-1797), one of the great founders of geological science, was born in Edinburgh on 3d June 1726. Educated at the high school and university of his native city, lie acquired while still a student a passionate love of scientific inquiry. It had been decided that he should pursue a professional career, and he was accordingly apprenticed to a lawyer. But as instead of copying law pap… Huysmans HUYSMANS. Four painters of this family matriculated in the Antwerp guild in the 17th century. Cornelis the elder, apprenticed in 1633, passed for a mastership in 1636, and remained obscure. Jacob, apprenticed to Frans \Vouters in 1650, wandered to England towards the close of the reign of Charles II., and competed with Lely as a fashionable portrait painter. He executed a portrait of the queen, Ca… Hyacinth HYACINTH, also called JACINTH, one of the most popular of garden flowers, " supreme amongst the flowers of spring." It is no new favourite, having been in cultivation prior to 1597, at which date Gerard records the existence of six varieties, which are not indicated as particularly rare or novel. Rea in 1676 mentions several single and double varieties as being then in English gardens, and Justice… Hyacinthus HYACINTHUS, a mythological figure connected with the Hyacinthia, a festival celebrated by the Spartans in honour of Apollo of Amyel, whose primitive image, stand ing on a throne, is described by Pausanias (iii. 19, 4). The legend attached to the festival is to the effect that Hyacinthus, a beautiful youth beloved by the god, was accidentally killed by him with a discus. From his blood sprang a dar… Hyades HYADES, five stars forming the head of the larger constellation, the Bull. Their rising along with the sun marks the opening of the rainy season, hence their name Hyades - the Rainy. As mythological figures they were said to be daughters of Atlas, who as a reward for some pious act were translated to heaven. The nature of the deed is variously stated.: sometimes it is their long-continued grief fo… Hybla HYBLA is the name of several cities in Sicily. A Sicilian goddess was named Hybla)a (Pans. v. 23. 6) ; hence doubtless the name was so common. The Hybla of which we hear most was founded by the Megarians, about the year 726 B.C., and is probably the same as Megara Hyblrea. For some time it was a flourishing city ; a century after its foundation it founded in its turn the colony of Selinus. But abo… Hybridism HYBRIDISM. The Latin word hybrida, or hibrida, a hybrid or mongrel, is commonly derived from the Greek i;l3pcs, an insult or outrage, with special reference to lust ; hence an outrage on nature, a mongrel. As a general rule animals or plants belonging to distinct species are not able, when crossed with each other, to produce offspring. There are, however, innumerable exceptions to this rule ; and … Hycinus, Caius Julius HYCINUS, CAIUS JULIUS, a native of Spain, and the freedman of Augustus, by whom he was made chief of the Palatine library. He is said to have fallen into great poverty in his old age, and to have been supported by one C. Licinius. He was a voluminous author, and his works included topographical and biographical treatises, commentaries on Cinna and on Virgil, and disquisitions on agriculture, bee-k… Hyde HYDE, a township of England in the parish of Stockport, Cheshire, is situated near the river Tame and the Peak Forest canal, and on the Midland, and the Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire Railways, 71 miles east from Manchester and 6 north-east from Stgekport. It is under the government of a local board, and a county court is held there every Wednesday. St George's church, in the Perpendicula… Hyderabad HYDERABAD, the chief city and capital of the above state, is situated in 17? 21' 45" N. lat. and 78? 30' 10" E. long., on the river Must, and stands at a height of about 1700 feet above sea level. No census of the population has been taken, but it has been estimated at 200,000. The scenery around Hyderabad is wild and picturesque, the country being hilly and (lotted with numerous granite of tire n… Hyderabad, Or Haidari13 HYDERABAD, or HAIDARi13-th (" the Territory of the Nizam "), an extensive realm of Southern India. This territory, inclusive of the Hyderabad Assigned Districts, known as Berar, lies between 15? 10' to 21? 41' N. lat., and 74? 40' to 81? 31' E. long., and is 475 miles in length from south-west to north-east, and about the same distance in breadth. The area of Berar is 17,728 square miles, and of t… Hyderabad, Or Haidaribad HYDERABAD, or HAIDARIBAD, a British district in the commissionership of Sind, India, lying between 24? 13' and 27? 15' N. lat., and between 67? 51' and 69? 22' E. long., with an area of 9053 square miles. It is bounded N. by Kairpur state, E. by Thar and Parkar political superintendency, S. by the same tract and the river Kori, and W. by the river Indus and Karachi district. The district is a vast… Hyder Ali HYDER ALI, or ITArnAn 'ALI, (c. 1702-1782), the Mahometan soldier-adventurer who, followed by his son Tippoo, became the most formidable Asiatic rival the English have ever had in India, was the great grandson of a fakir or wandering ascetic of Islam, who had found his way from the Punjab to Kulburga in the south, and the years of his life aimlessly in sport and sensuality, sometimes, however, act… Hyde, Thomas HYDE, THOMAS ( 1636-1703), a distinguished Orientalist, was born at Billingsley, near Bridgnorth, in Shropshire, June 29, 1636. He inherited his taste for linguistic studies, and received his first lessons in some of the Eastern tongues, from his father, who was rector of the parish. In Hebrew letters at Constantinople in 1546. To this work, which Archbishop Ussher had thought well-nigh impossible… Hydrangea HYDRANGEA, a popular flower much in request for the decoration of conservatories during the late summer season, many thousands being annually produced for the London market. The plant to which the name is most commonly applied is the Hydrangea Hortensia, a low deciduous shrub, producing rather large oval strongly-veined ives in opposite pairs along the stem. It is terminated by a massive globular … Hydrocephalus HYDROCEPHALUS (dSwp, water, KE00.4 the head), a term in medicine applied to two different forms of disease of the brain, both of which are attended with the effusion of fluid into its cavities. They are named respectively Acute and Chronic Hydrocephalus. They have different pathological associations, and have no necessary connexion with each other. Acute H ydrocephalus is the term still largely em… Hydrometer HYDROMETER. The object of the hydrometer is the ' determination of the density of bodies, generally of fluids, but some forms of the instrument are adapted to the determination of the density of solids. It is shown in the article HYDROMECHANICS that, when a body floats in a fluid under the action of gravity, the weight of the body is equal to that of the fluid which it displaces. It is upon this p… Hydropathy HYDROPATHY is the treatment of disease by water, used outwardly and inwardly. Like many descriptive names, the word " hydropathy " is defective and even misleading, the active agents in the treatment being heat and cold, of which water is little more than the vehicle, and not the only one. Thermo-therapeutics (or thermotherapy) is a term less open to objection. The name " hydropathy," however, as … Hydrophobia HYDROPHOBIA, from sop, water, and 4443, to fear (Syn. Rabies, Lyssa), an acute infectious disease, occurring chiefly in certain of the lower animals, particularly the canine species, and liable to be communicated by them to other animals, and to man. The main features of the disease are similar alike in the lower animals and men, but that peculiar symptom from which the malady derives its name, vi… Hyeres HYERES, a town of France, in the department of Var and arrondissement of Toulon, about 3 miles from the coast of the Mediterranean. It is connected by a branch line with the railway from Toulon to Cannes, and by diligences with the neighbouring towns. The town proper is situated on the south-eastern side of a steep hill (650 feet high) which forms one of the last buttresses of the Maurettes, a gro… Hygiene HYGIENE is the science, PRACTICAL HYGIENE the art, of preserving health. The name has been adopted from the French, from which language it has also been introduced into most other tongues ; it is derived from the Greek liyieta or Lria, health. Writings on health are among the oldest in the world, for the subject has engaged the attention of the profoundest thinkers and the most renowned leaders of… Hygin Us HYGIN US (surnamed GROMATICUS, from gruma, a surveyor's measuring rod), a writer on land surveying and castrametation, who flourished in the reign of Trajan (98-117 A.D.). Hygrometry HYGROMETRY. In the British Islands all are familiar with the arid character of the east winds of spring, and not a few are only too painfully aware of the discomfort experienced while under their influence ; and all are likewise familiar with the opposite state of the atmosphere, most frequently and unmistakably occurring also with east winds, when every object feels damp and clammy to the touch, … Hyiena HYIENA (//ymnida,), a family of digitigrade carnivorous mammals, approaching the Felidce or cats in the character of the dentition, while resembling the l'irerric/(e or civets in the possession of a glandular pouch beneath the anus, and therefore usually classed as a transition group between these two families. It comprises a single genus (Hyena), and three species, which resemble each other and d… Hymen HYMEN, or HymmEns, was originally the name of the song sung at marriages among the Greeks. As usual the name gradually produced the idea of an actual person whose adventures gave rise to the custom of this song. He occurs often in association with Linus and Ialernus, who represent similar personifications, and is generally called a son of Apollo and a Muse. In Attic legend he was a beautiful youth… Hymn HYMN, was employed by the ancient Greeks to signify a song or poem composed in honour of gods, heroes, or famous men, or to be recited on some joyful, mournful, or solemn occasion. Polynmia was the name of their lyric muse. Homer makes Alcinous entertain Odysseus with a "hymn " of the minstrel Demo-(locus, on the capture of Troy by the wooden horse. The It ork$ and Days of Hesiod begins with an in… Hypatia HYPATIA ('l'ilsal'a or -nrciTEca), mathematician, philosopher, and finally one of the martyrs of paganism, was the daughter and disciple of the mathematician and philosopher Theon,1 and was born in Alexandria not earlier than 350 A.D.2 After a long period of study (partly, perhaps, in Athens) she became a distingtiished lecturer on philosophy in her native town, and ultimately becaMe the recognize… Hypertrophy HYPERTROPHY (from :J74), over, and rpock, nourishment), a term in medicine employed to designate an abnormal increase in bulk of one or more of the organs or component tissues of the body. In its strict sense this term can only be applied where the increase affects the natural textures of a part, and is not applicable where the enlargement is duo to the presence of seine extraneous morbid formatio… Hypochondriasis HYPOCHONDRIASIS (synonyms - the spleen, the vapours). As the name implies (from TO 757roxc;v8pcov, TG irzrox4y8pta, the soft part of the body immediately under the x4v8pos or cartilage of the breast-bone), hypochondriasis and its symptoms were referred by the ancients, and indeed by physicians down to the time of Cullen, to diseases or derangements of one or more of the abdominal viscera. Cullen c… Hypothec HYPOTHEC (Ilypotheca), in Roman law, is the most advanced form of the contract of pledge. A specific thing may be given absolutely to a creditor on the understanding that it is to be given back when the creditor's debt is paid ; or the property in the thing may be assigned to the creditor while the debtor is allowed to remain in possession, the creditor as owner being able to take possession if hi… Hyrax HYRAX, a genus of diminutive plantigrade mammals, the position of which in the mammalian series has, owing to their apparent affinity with several widely different groups, given rise to considerable controversy. Approaching the hare in their external appearance and habits, the rhinoceros in their molar teeth and much of their skeleton, the hippopotamus in the form of their lower incisors, and the … Hyrcania HYRCANIA, a province of Asia, south of the Caspian Sea, and bounded on the E. by the river Oxus. Hyssop HYSSOP (Iiyssopmas ofiicinalis), a garden herb belonging to the natural order Labiatm, cultivated for use in domestic medicine. It is a small perennial plant about 2 feet high, with slender, quadrangular, woody stems ; narrowly elliptical, pointed, entire, dotted leaves, about 1 inch long and inch wide, growing in pairs on the stem ; and long terminal, erect, half-verticillate, leafy spikes of sma… Hysteria HYSTERIA, a term applied to a disordered condition of the nervous system, the anatomical seat and nature of which are unknown to medical science, but of which the symptoms consist in well-marked and very varied disturbances of nerve function. By the ancients and by modern physicians down to the time of Sydenham its symptoms were supposed to be due to disturbances of the uterus (do-ripe, whence the… Hystero-epilepsy HYSTERO-EPILEPSY, a nervous disease of women, occurring during the fertile period of life, first observed and described by Professor Charcot of Paris. As yet it has been rarely observed in Great Britain. Its phenomena are very extraordinary, and serious doubts have been entertained by eminent authorities as to their substantiality, it being asserted that they are merely manifestations of ordinary … Iambliciius IAMBLICIIUS, the chief representative of Syrian Nee-Platonism, is only imperfectly known to us in the events of his life and the details of his creed. We learn, however, from Suidas, and from his biographer Eunapius, that he was born at Chalcis in Ccele-Syria, the scion of a rich and illustrious family, that he studied under Anatolius and afterwards under Porphyry, the pupil of Plotinns, that he h… Ibadan IBADAN, a large and flourishing town of West Africa, in the Yoruba country, about 80 miles inland from Lagos, and about 50 miles to the north-east of Abeokuta. It occupies the slope of one of the hills of the Kong range, and stretches clown into the valley through which the river One. flows. The site is well drained by natural streams, but their waters are often polluted by the dead bodies flung o… Ibarra IBARRA, a city of Ecuador in South America, the capital of the province of Imbabura, is situated on a plain about 2000 feet lower than Quito, from which it is 30 miles distant. Iberians IBERIANS (Theri,Vripes.). To the question, Who are the Iberians 1 it is impossible to give a satisfactory answer in the form of a concise definition. While our knowledge of their actual history is comparatively slight, the position which they have acquired in modern ethnographical theory is at once a prominent and a perplexing one. It is almost impossible to hazard any statement in regard to them … Ibex IBEX, the common name of several closely allied species of ruminant mammals, belonging to the genus Capra or goats, inhabiting the loftiest regions of Europe, Asia, and Africa. The European ibex or steiuboc (Ca ow ibex) abounded during the Middle Ages among the higher mountain ranges of Germany, Switzerland, and the Ural, but has since disappeared from the greater part of this area, being now almo… Ibis IBIS, one of the most sacred birds of the ancient Egyptians, which in modern times was identified by Prime (Travels, v. p. 173, pl.) with the A bon-Hannes or " Father John" of the Abyssinians, and in 1790 received from Latham (Index Ornithologicus, p. 706) the name of Tantalus cetkiopicus. This determination was placed beyond all question by envier (Ann. du Museum, iv. pp. 116-135) and Savigny (Hi… Ibn Batut IBN BATUT.A. (1304-78), whose proper name was Abu-Abdullah Mahommed, one of the most remarkable of travellers and autobiographers, was born at Tangier in 1304. He entered on his travels at the age of twenty-one (1325), and closed them in 1355. Their compass was so vast that we can but give the barest outline of them. Ile began by traversing the whole African coast of the Mediterranean from Tangier… Ibn Khaldoun IBN KHALDOUN (1332-1406), a celebrated Arabic historian, poet, and philosopher, was born at Tunis on the 1st llamadhan 732 A.II. (February 8, 1332). His name was Abu Zeid Abdarrahman, that of Ibn Khaldoun being a patronymic derived from an ancestor Khaldoun ibn Othman, who came over with a band of Arab warriors and settled at Carmona in Spain. The family afterwards established itself in Seville, w… Ibo, Ibc IBO, IBC, IGno, or EBOE, a district of West Africa, situated in the delta of the Niger, and mainly on the left or eastern bank of the river. The chief town, which is frequently called by the same name, but is more correctly designated Abo or Aboh, lies on a creek which falls into the main stream about 150 miles from its mouth, and contains from 6000 to 8000 inhabitants. The Ibo are a strong well-b… Ibrahim Pasha IBRAHIM PASHA (1789-1818), viceroy of Egypt, a real or adopted son of Mehemet Ali, was born at Cavalla in Roumelia in 1789. Early associated with the Egyptian army, he won a name for himself by successful operations against the rebel tribes of Upper Egypt and the fugitive Mamelnkes in Nubia, before he entered his twenty-fifth year. In an expedition which he led in 1816 against the Wahhabees of Ara… Ibycijs IBYCIJS, a Greek lyric poet, who flourished about the GOth Olympiad-510 B.C. - was a native of Rhegium in Italy, but spent the greater part of his life at the court of Polycrates, tyrant of Samos. A curious story, not always accepted, is told in connexion with his death. While travelling in the neighbourhood of Corinth, the poet was waylaid and mortally wounded by robbers. As he lay dying on the g… Ice-1100se ICE-1100SE. An ice-house, to supply ice for domestic use during the summer months, i$ me of the desirable adjuncts of a country residence. The old form of icehouse was a well several feet deep, dug out on sloping ground or against a bank. The bottom was made to slope towards a sunk drain, covered by an iron grating, to permit the water from the melted ice to pass away quickly ; while a dip in the … Iceberg ICEBERG, a floating mass of ice, which has broken off from such ice-sheets as cover Greenland, Spitzbergen, and other polar lands, constituting vast glacier systems ever creeping out and down from the central heights to the shores. As the glacier is pushed out to sea, the lower margin is exposed to the destructive action of the waves, and breaks up into fragments of endless variety of form. These … Iceland ICELAND (in Danish, Island) is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean, immediately to the south of the polar circle. It extends from 63? 23' to 66? 33' N. lat., and from 13? 22' to 21? 35' W. long. Its distance from the north of Scotland is 500 miles, from Norway 600 miles, and from Greenland 250 miles. The greatest length of the island is 300 miles, from east to west, and its greatest breadth 200 … Iceland Moss ICELAND MOSS, a lichen, Cetrari?islandica (Achar.), whose erect or ascending foliaceous habit gives it something of the appearance of a moss, whence probably the name. The thalius has a pale chestnut colour, and grows to a height of from 3 to 4 inches, the branches being channelled or rolled into tubes, which terminate in flattened lobes with fringed edges. It grows abundantly in the mountainous r… I-chang, Or Y-ciiang I-CHANG, or Y-CIIANG, also called Y-LIN in some maps, a town of China, in the province of Hoo-pih, one of the four new ports opened to foreign trade by treaty in 1877. It is situated in 30? 42' .N. lat. and (approximately) 111? 20'E. long,-363 geographical miles up the Yaug-tzeKeang from Hankow. Built on the left bank of the river just where it escapes from the ravines and gorges which for 350 mil… Ichneumon ICHNEUMON (Herpestes), a genus of small carnivorous mammals belonging to the family Viverricke, and resembling the true civets in the elongated weasel-like 'form of the body and in the shortness of the limbs. There are, according to Gray (British Museum Catalogue, 1869), " species of ichneumons, the great majority of which are confined to the African continent, the remainder occurring in Persia, I… Ichneumon-fly ICHNEUMON-FLY is a general name applied to parasitic insects of the section Pupivora (or Entomophaga), order Hymenoptera, from the typical genus Ichneumon, belonging to the chief family of that section, - itself fancifully so called after the Egyptian mammal (llerpestes), notorious for its habit of destroying the eggs of reptiles. The species of the families Ichneumonidce, Braconidce, Evaniidce, P… Ichthyology ICHTHYOLOGY, and various species of Sphyrcvna, Balistes, Ostraciou, Caranx, Lachnolcenzus, Tetraqonurus, Thymus, have been found to be poisonous in all seas between the tropics. All or nearly all these fishes acquire their poisonous properties from their food, which consists of poisonous Meclusa3 and corals, or of decomposing substances. Frequently the fishes are found to be eatable if the head an… Iconium ICONIUM (Greek sIkOstov), an ancient city of Asia Minor, now, under the name of Cogni, Konieli, Koniyeh, Konijah, or Konia, the capital of the Turkish vilayet of Caramania, is situated 310 miles east from Smyrna, at the entrance to an extensive and elevated plain which forms the centre of Asia Minor. To the eastward this plain stretches beyond the horizon, but the city is enclosed on other sides b… Icterus ICTERUS, a bird so called by classical authors, and supposed by Pliny to be the same as the Cc-fig/As, which nearly all writers agree in considering to be what we now know as the Golden Oriole (Oriulus galbula).1 At any rate it signified one in the plumage of which yellow or green predominated, and hence Brisson did not take an unhappy liberty when he applied it in a scientific sense to some birds… Idaho IDAHO, a north-western territory of the United States, was originally a part of Oregon, from which it was separated in 1863. It lies on the Pacific slope, with the exception of a small portion in its south-eastern corner, which is drained into the Great Salt Lake of Utah. It is bounded on the N. by British Columbia and N.E. by Montana ; on the E. by Wyoming ; on the S. by Utah and Nevada ; and on … Iditisi IDItISI. See EDEISI. (180ep,ata) is the Greek form of the Hebrew Elan (tip), a district south of the Holy Laud. The name Edom is restricted in the Bible to the mountain country south-east of the Dead Sea, and to the chain of Mount Her near Petra. The word means " red," and the title was no doubt derived from the red colour of the cliffs of Nubian sandstone, which form the greater part of this chai… Idle IDLE, a town of the West Riding of Yorkshire, in the parish of Calverley, is pleasantly situated on an eminence near the river Aire, on the Great Northern Railway, 9 miles north-west of Leeds and 3 north of Bradford. Idolatry IDOLATRY. The word clawAoAarpela (idololatria, afterwards shortened occasionally to (180Xarpsta, idolatries) occurs in all four times in the New Testament, viz., in 1 Cor. x. 14, Gal. v. 20, 1 Pet. iv. 3, Col. iii. 5. In the last of these passages it is used, obviously in a typical sense, to describe the sin of covetousness or "mammon-worship." In the other places it is employed in its natural sen… Idria IDRIA, a mining town in Austria, in the duchy of Garniula and circle of Loitsch, situated in a narrow Alpine valley on the river Idrizza, 28 miles north-northeast of Trieste. It is the seat of a circle court and of an office of mines, the building used for which is the old castle of Gewerkenegg or Gewerkenburg, built in 1527 by the miners during the lordship of the Venetian republic. The town also… Iffland, August Wilhelm IFFLAND, AUGUST WILHELM (1759-1814), a German actor and dramatic author, was born in Hanover on the 19th of April 1759. His father was registrar at the war office of Hanover, and intended that his son should be a clergyman. Young Iffiand, however, preferred the stage to theology, an 1 at the age of eighteen went to Gotha in order to prepare himself for a theatrical career. At that time the greates… Iglau, Or Jieilav IGLAU, or JIEILAV A, one of the oldest towns of Moravia, and second only to Briinn in respect of size and population, is situated about 50 miles west-north-west of that city, and on the right bank of the Iglawa, close to the Bohemian frontier, in 49? 25' N. lat. and 15? 34' E. long. Iglau is the capital of a circle of the same name, the seat of the judicial authorities, and the military headquarte… Iglesias IGLESIAS, a town of Sardinia, capital of a district in the province of Cagliari, is beautifully situated amongst limestone hills about 3 miles from the west coast, and at the terminus of a railway line from Cagliari, 34 miles west-north-west from that town. Iglo IGLO, formerly NEUDOPY, a mining town of North Hungary, in the county of Szepes or Zips, is pleasantly situated on the Hernad, and on the Kaschau-Oderberg line of railway, about 5 miles south of LOcse (Leutschau), in 48? 56' N. lat. and 20? 33' E. long. Among the few public buildings are Lutheran and Roman Catholic churches, a .gymnasium, a teachers' seminary, a circuit court?, and the usual Gover… Ignorantines IGNORANTINES (Freres Ignorantins), as the Brethren of the Christian Schools (Freres des J'coles Chretiennes) are commonly though improperly called, are a religious fraternity founded at Rheims in 1679, and formally organized in 1683, by the priest Jean-Baptiste de La Salle, for the purpose of affording a free education, especially in religion, to the children of the poor. The name Ignorantine was … Igualada IGUALADA, a town of Spain, in the province of Barcelona, is situated on the left bank of the Noya, in a rich agricultural and vinebearing country, 32 miles north-west of Barcelona. Iguana IGUANA (Iguanida,), a family of lizards belonging to the suborder Pachygtossce or " thick-tongued," and comprising 56 genera and 236 species. With a single undoubted exception, all the genera of this extensive family belong to the New World, being specially characteristic of the Neotropical region, where they occur as far south as Patagonia, while extending northward into the warmer parts of the N… Iguanodon IGUANODON, a genus of extinct Dinosaurian reptiles, the remains of which have been found in greatest abundance in the Wealden, a delta formation of the south-east of England. They also occur, though more sparingly, in the Lower Greensand, where lately (1879) Professor Prestwich announced the discovery in the " Kimmeridge Clay" of what are as yet the earliest known remains of these reptiles. Althou… Ilchester ILCHESTER, formerly IVELCHESTER, a market-town of Somersetshire, is situated in the valley of the river Ivel or Yeo, 33 miles south-south-west of Bath, and 5 miles north-north-east of Yeovil railway station. It is connected by a stone bridge with the village of Northover on the other side of the river. The principal buildings are the parish -church of St Mary, an old edifice in the Early English s… Ilfracombe ILFRACOMBE, a market-town, seaport, and watering-place of Devonshire, is picturesquely situated on the Bristol Channel, and at the terminus of a branch of the London and South-Western Railway, 11 miles north by west of Barnstaple, and 50 miles north-west by west of Exeter. The parish is under the government of a local board of health, established in 1857, The old town, built on the cliffs above th… Ilhavo ILHAVO, a town of Portugal, province of Beira and district of Alveiro, is situated on the Atlantic Ocean, 8 miles south-west of Alveiro and 34 north-west of Coimbra. It is inhabited chiefly by fishermen, but has a celebrated manufactory of glass and porcelain, the Vista-Alegre, at which the art of glass-cutting has reached a high degree of perfection. Salt is largely exported. The population is ab… Ilkeston ILKESTON, a market-town of Derbyshire, is situated on a bill commanding fine views of the Eyewash valley, and on the Erewash branch line of the Midland Railway, 8 miles west by north of Nottingham, and 9 east-northeast of Derby. The town is under the government of a local board of health, and has a county court. The principal buildings are the parish church of St Mary's in the Norman and Early Eng… Illinois ILLINOIS, the twenty-first in the order of admission and the fourth in rank of population of the States of the American Union, is one of the group of States formed out of the "North-West Territory." Its boundaries, beginning at the point where the Wabash river joins the Ohio, pass thence north by that river, by the west line of Indiana, and by Lake Michigan to 42? 30' N. lat., thence west to the M… Illuminati ILLUMINATI, or " Enlightened," is a title which at different times has been given to, or assumed by, various sects or orders of mystics, on the ground of the superior knowledge of God and of divine things which they claimed. Among these may be mentioned that of the Spanish " Alombrados" or " Alumbrados," which arose about the year 1520, and which before its final disappearance about a century late… Illumination ILLUMINATION is a term which has long been used to signify the embellishment of written or printed text or design with colours, and especially with gold, inure rarely also with silver. The lustre of the former metal may probably have led to the adoption of the word in this sense. The Latin verb illuminare, with the meaning of " to decorate," occurs as early as the 8th century; and in the first.por… Illyria ILLYRIA is the name applied to the country that lies to the east of the Adriatic Sea. The usual Greek name is Illyris, though the older writers generally use the expression of 'IWinot. The common name in Latin is Illyricum. The term Illyria is occasionally used in both languages, and has become the recognized name in English. The boundaries of the country thus known varied very much at different p… Ilori, Or Ilorin ILORI, or ILORIN (the Alourie of the Landers' expedition), an important town of the Yoruban territory of Western Africa, situated about 60 or 70 miles south of the Niger, and about 160 miles north-north-east of Lagos. The wall has a circuit of 12 miles, but is badly kept in repair. Along the south-eastern side flows a small stream which joins the Asa, a tributary of the Niger. The inhabitants are … Image Worship IMAGE WORSHIP. In the present article the word " image " will be employed to denote any artificial representation, whether pictorial or sculptural, of any person or thing, real or imaginary, which is used as a direct adjunct of religious services. This definition of the word shuts out from present consideration, though at some points by an almost imperceptible boundary, the worship of all merely n… Imam IMAM is the name given to the priest who leads the prayers of a Malionaetan congregation, and is exactly equivalent to Antistes. In the Koran, chap. ii. v. 118, it is said of Abraham, " Verily, I will set thee as an imam (high priest or model) for men." In Turkey the imam, besides his function as a minister, performs the rites of circumcision, marriage, and burial. He is distinguished only by avoi… Imbros, Or Iaivro IMBROS, or IAIVRO, an island in the LEgean Sea, lying west of the southern end of the Thracian Cliersonese. about 14 miles from the mouth of the Dardanelles. To the north-west, at a distance of 17 miles, lies the island of Samothraki ; and about the same distance to the southeast is Lemnos. The area of Imbros is estimated at 105 square miles, and its population, which is mainly of Greek origin, is… Imeritia IMERITIA, a district in Transcaucasia, extends from the left bank of the Tzhenys-tzkalys to the range of hills that separate it from Georgia on the east, and is bounded on the south by Akhalzikh. Anciently a part of Colchis, and included in Lazia during the Roman empire, Imeritia was nominally under the dominion of the Greek emperors. In the early part of the 6th century it became the theatre of w… Immaculate Conception IMMACULATE CONCEPTION. The dogma of tho immaculate conception of the Virgin Mary, as held by the Church of Rome, is to the effect that "the most blessed Virgin was, in view of the merits of Jesus Christ the Saviour of the human race, by the singular grace and favour of Almighty God, from the first moment of her conception in the womb of her mother, preserved free from all taint of original sin." T… Immermann, Karl Libereciit IMMERMANN, KARL LiBERECIIT (1796-1840), dramatist and novelist, was born April 24th, 1796, at Magdeburg. From the gymnasium of his native city he passed in 1813 to study law at the university of Halle, but his career there was interrupted by the commotions consequent upon Napoleon's escape from Elba. Inimermann was prevented by illness from taking part in the earlier campaign, but he served in the… Immortelle, Or Everlasting IMMORTELLE, or EVERLASTING. The immortelle plant belongs to the division Tubutifiorce of the natural family Compositm, and is scientifically known as Gnapkalimm (11elichrysum) orientate of Linnus. It is a native of North Africa, Crete, and the parts of Asia bordering on the Mediterranean ; and it is cultivated in many parts of Europe. It first became known in Europe about the year 1629, and has be… Imola IMOLA, the ancient Forum Cornelii, a town of Italy, capital of a circle in the province of Bologna, is situated in a fruitful and charming plain on the old iEmilian way, near the river Santerno (ancient Vatrenus), 21 miles southeast of Bologna and 46 north-west of Rimini, on the railway connecting those towns. It is the seat of a bishop and of a subprefecture. The town is surrounded by walls flank… Impeachment IMPEACHMENT, an exceptional, and now rare, form of procedure against criminals in England, in which the House of Commons are the prosecutors and the House of Lords the judges. It differs from procedure by bill of attainder, which follows the ordinary forms of legislation in both Houses, and takes effect in an Act of Parliament. In impeachment the form of procedure is strictly judicial. When the Ho… Incense INCENSE' is the perfume (fumigation) arising from certain resins and gum-resins, barks, woods, dried flowers, fruits, and seeds, when burnt, and also the substances so burnt. In its literal meaning the word "incense" is one with the word "perfume," the aroma given off with the smoke (per fumum2) of any odoriferous substance when burnt. But, in use, while the meaning of the word "perfume" has been … Incest INCEST, carnal connexion between persons so related that marriage could not take place between them according to the Levitical rules. Inchbald INCHBALD, Mns ELIZABETH (1753-1821), an English actress, dramatic author, and novelist, was born 15th October 1753. She was the daughter of a farmer at Standingfield, near Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, her maiden name being Simpson. On account of the death of her father in her eighth year, she and her sisters never enjoyed the advantages of school training or of any regular supervision in their studie… Independents INDEPENDENTS, a religious denomination whose distinctive ecclesiastical principle is that the individual congregation or church is a society strictly voluntary and autonomous, standing directly under the authority of Jesus Christ, living in immediate dependence on Him, and responsible to Him alone for its beliefs and acts as a Christian society. Its ideal stands distinguished, on the one hand, fro… Index INDEX is a word that may be understood either specially as a table of references to a book or, more generally, as an indicator of the position of required information on any given subject. According to classical usage, the Latin word index denoted a discoverer, discloser, or informer ; a catalogue or list ; an inscription ; the title of a book ; and the fore or index-finger. Cicero also used the w… Index Libitorum Prohibitorum INDEX LIBItORUM PROHIBITORUM is the title borne by the official list of those books which on doctrinal or moral grounds the Roman Catholic Church, under penalty of ecclesiastical censures, authoritatively forbids the members of her communion to possess or to read. Most Governments, whether civil or ecclesiastical, have at all times in one way or another acted on the general principle that some con… India INDIA is a great empire of Asia, composed of twelve provinces under direct British administration, and about one hundred and fifty feudatory states and principalities, which equally with the British provinces acknowledge the paramount sovereignty of the British crown. The whole empire contains close on 11 million square miles, and 240 millions of inhabitants. The area, therefore, is almost equal t… India Administration INDIA ADMINISTRATION, the supreme authority over all British India, both for executive and legislative purposes, is vested by a series of Acts of Parliament 1 in the viceroy or governor-generalin-council, subject to the ultimate sanction of the secretary of state in England. Every executive order and every legislative statute runs in the name of the " Governor-Generalin-Council"; 2 but in certain … India Agrigulture INDIA AGRIGULTURE, the cultivation of the soil is the occupation of the Indian people, in a sense which is difficult to realize in England, and which cannot be adequately expressed by figures. As the land tax forms the mainstay of the imperial revenue, so the rdyat or cultivator constitutes the unit of the social system. The organized village community contains many other members besides the culti… India British Empire INDIA BRITISH EMPIRE, the political history of the British in India begins in the 18th century with the French wars in the Carnatic. Fort St George, the nucleus of Madras, was their earliest territorial possession, properly so called, in India, having been founded by Thomas Day in 1639. The land on which it stood, with an area round of about 5 miles in length by 1 mile in breadth, was purchased fr… India Commerce INDIA COMMERCE, the trade of India may be considered under four heads : - (1) sea-borne trade with foreign countries ; (2) coasting trade; (3) frontier trade, chiefly across the northern mountains ; (4) internal traffic within the limits of the empire. Sea-borne Trade. - With an extensive seaboard, India has but few ports. Calcutta monopolizes the commerce, not only of Lower Bengal, but of the ent… India Education INDIA EDUCATION, the existing system of education in India is mainly dependent upon the Government, being directly organized by the state, at least in its higher departments, assisted throughout by grants-in-aid, and under careful inspection. But at no period of its history has India been an altogether unenlightened country. The origin of the Deva-Nagari alphabet is lost in antiquity, though that … India Famines INDIA FAMINES, as the agriculture of India is mainly dependent upon the bounty of nature, so is it peculiarly exposed to the vicissitudes of the seasons. In any country where the population is dense and the means of communication backward, the failure of a harvest, whether produced by drought, by flood, by blight, by locusts, or by war, must always cause much distress. Whether that shall develop i… India Flora INDIA FLORA, unlike many other large geographical areas, India is remarkable for having no distinctive botanical features peculiar to itself. It differs conspicuously in this respect from such countries as Australia or South Africa. Its vegetation is in point of fact of a composite character, and is constituted by the meeting and more or less blending of adjoining floras, - of those of Persia and … India Geology INDIA GEOLOGY, for geological purposes India may be mapped out into the three geographical divisions of the Himalayan region, the Indo-Gangetic plain, and Peninsular India. The Himalayan Region. - The geology of this district is far more complex and less fully known than that of the Peninsular area. Until the ground has been carefully gone over by the Geological Survey, many points must remain dou… India History INDIA HISTORY, our earliest glimpses of India disclose two races struggling for the soil. The one was a fair-skinned people, who had lately entered by the north-western passes - a people of Aryan (literally "noble ") lineage, speaking a stately language, worshipping friendly and powerful gods. The other was a race of a lower type, who had lung dwelt in the land, and whom the lordly new-comers drov… India Internal Communication INDIA INTERNAL COMMUNICATION, Railways. - The existing system of railway communica- Railways tion in India dates from the administration of Lord Dalhousie, who brought to bear upon this question an experience gained at the Board. of Trade when railway speculation in England was at its height. The first Indian line was projected in 1843 by Sir Macdonald Stephenson, who was afterwards active in form… India Manufacture INDIA MANUFACTURE, though India may be truly described as an agricultural and not a manufacturing country, yet it would be erroneous to infer that it is destitute of the arts of civilized life, It has no swarming hives of industry to compare with the factory centres of Lancashire, nor a large mining population, living under the soil rather than on it. In short, it has not reached that modern stage… India Meteorology INDIA METEOROLOGY, the great peninsula of India, with its lofty mountain ranges behind and its extensive seaboard exposed to the first violence of the winds of two oceans, forms an exceptionally valuable and interesting field for the study of meteorological phenomena. But only within the last few years have trustworthy statistics been obtained for some of its most important registration stations. … India Minerals INDIA MINERALS, the Indian peninsula, with its wide area and diversified features, supplies a great store of mineral wealth, characterized both by variety and unusual richness. In utilizing this wealth, English enterprise has met with many rebuffs. Much capital has been expended with no other result in many cases than disappointment. But the experience has not been thrown away ; and the mining ind… Indiana INDIANA, one of the Central States of the American Union, lies between 37? 47' and 41? 50' N. lat., and 84? 49' and 88? 2' W. long. It is bounded on the E. by the State of Ohio, from which it is separated by a line drawn due north from the mouth of the Great Miami river ; on the S. by the Ohio river, separating it from Kentucky, between the mouths of the Great Miami and the Wabash ; on the W. by I… Indian Antiquities INDIAN ANTIQUITIES. - The ancient remains of the Indians are coextensive with their occupancy of tine country, but in general they teach but little concerning their life in prehistoric times. The Atlantic and Gulf coasts are lined with shell-heaps, indicating the sites of ancient villages. Spear or arrow heads are often ploughed up all over the country, relics, it may be, from some well-fought fie… Indianapolis INDIANAPOLIS, the capital of Indiana, is situated at almost the exact geographical centre of the State, in 39? 47' N. lat., 86? 6' W. long., 824 miles W. of New York by rail, and 194 miles S.E. of Chicago. It stands 721 feet above the sea-level, and 148 above Lake Erie. On the admission of Indiana as a State into the Federal Union in 1816, Congress presented 4 square miles of public lands for its … Indian Archipelago INDIAN ARCHIPELAGO. The East Indian Archipelago or Malay Archipelago, the largest island cluster in the world, lies to the south-east of Asia and to the north and north-west of Australia, and bears the impress in many of its most important characteristics, both natural and historical, of this twofold relation.' As the archipelago does not form a political unity, P different writers assign it very … Indian Ocean INDIAN OCEAN. This designation is given to the portion of the oceanic area which extends northwards from the great southern water-zone, between the eastern coast of South Africa and the western boundary of the partially submerged Malayo-Australian continent. But whilst the Atlantic and Pacific extensions from the southern waterzone - the one dividing South Africa from South America, and the other … Indians 1n Ti1e Dominion Of Canada INDIANS 1N TI1E DOMINION OF CANADA. - The general distribution of the tribes of the British Possessions is as follows. Indians, American INDIANS, AMERICAN. The application of the name Indians to the native peoples and tribes of the New World is an erroneous usage, originating in the belief of the Spanish discoverers of America that they had reached the eastern shores of Asiatic countries already partially known. As it happens, the name is now, even apart from the addition of American, customarily applied to the aborigines of the we… Indians Of Tile United States INDIANS OF TILE UNITED STATES. - Of the numerous and power? ful tribes which inhabited New England at the time of its first settlement, but few fragments remain. A remnant of the once powerful Penobscot tribe is settled at Old. town on the Penobscot river, in Maine, and in other parts of that State and in Massachusetts, and fragments of other tribes slit exist. The Pequod and 3Iohegan tribes were … Indian Territory INDIAN TERRITORY is a tract of land in the southern central portion of the United States, which has been set apart as a reservation for the use of various tribes of Indians. It lies between tine parallels of 33? and 37? N. lat. and the meridians of 17? and 23? W. long. of Washington (94? and 100? W. of Greenwich). It is bounded N. by Kansas, E. by Missouri and Arkansas, and S. and W. by Texas. The… India Population INDIA POPULATION, the population of India, with. British Burmah, amounts to 240 millions, or, as already mentioned, exactly double the number which Gibbon estimated for the Roman empire in the height of its power. But the English Government, ' like the Roman, has respected the rights of native chiefs who are willing to govern peaceably and well, and one-third of the country still remains in the ha… India-rubber, Or Caoutcholtc INDIA-RUBBER, or CAOUTCHOLTC, consists of the dried coagulated milky juice of various trees and shrubs, belonging chiefly to the natural orders Etephorbiacece, ilforacece, Artocarpacece, and Apocynacece. Although a milky juice is found in plants of many other families, it does not in all cases yield caoutchouc, nor do different species of the same genus yield an equal quantity or quality of that s… India Wild Animals INDIA WILD ANIMALS, Mantmals. - First among the wild animals of India must be mentioned the lion (Fells leo), which is known to have been not uncommon within historical times in Hindustan Proper and the Punjab. At present, the lion is supposed to be confined to the sandy deserts of Guzerat. A peculiar variety is there found, marked by the absence of a mane; but whether this variety deserves to be … Indictment INDICTMENT, in English law, is a formal accusation in writing, laid before a grand jury, and by them presented on oath to a court of competent jurisdiction. It is thus distinguished from a mere presentment by the grand jury made on information within their own knowledge, and from an INFORMATION (q.v.), by which a prosecution is instituted at the suggestion of a public officer without the intervent… Indigo INDIGO is a well known and exceedingly valuable blue dyeing material. The substance has been known among Western communities from an early period, being mentioned by Dioscorides as 'Iv800.;v, and by Pliny as Indicum; when it made its appearance in England it was called indico. As all these names show, the material in its origin and production is closely related to India, among the commercial commo… Indium INDIUM, a metal discovered with the aid. of the spectroscope in 1863 by Reich and Richter when testing certain specimens of Freiberg zinc-blende for thallium. Instead of the brilliant green line characteristic of this latter metal, they observed an intense indigo-blue line occupying a position different from that of any known line, and were thus at once led to suspect the presence of a previously … Indore INDORE, or the Territories of the Maharaja of Holkar, is one of the principal native states in India, under the Central India Agency. The name of the state is taken from that of the capital Indore, 22? 42' N. lat., 75? 51' E. long. The territory consists of many isolated tracts ; but since 1861 arrangements have been made to concentrate the state as much as possible, and lands which were formerly … Indre INDRE, a department of central France, consisting of parts of the old provinces Bas-Berry, Orleanais, and Marche, is bounded N. by the departments of Indre-et-Loire and Loir-et-Cher, E. by Cher, S. by Crouse, Haute-Vienne, and Vienne, and W. by Vienne and Indre-et-Loire. It lies between 46? 22' and 47? 15' N. lat., and between 0? 52' and 2? 13' E. long., being 60 miles in length from north to sout… Indre-et-loire INDRE-ET-LOIRE, a department of central France, consisting of parts of the old provinces Touraine, Orkanais, Anjou, and Marche, is bounded N. by the departments of Sarthe and Loir-et-Cher, E. by Loir-et-Cher and Indre, S. and S.W. by Vienne, and W. by Maine-et-Loire. It lies between 46' 45' and 47' 43' N. lat., and between 0' 4' and 1? 18' E. long., being 70 miles in length from north to south and… Indulgence INDULGENCE, in Roman Catholic theology, is defined as the remission, in whole or in part, by ecclesiastical authority, to the penitent sinner, of the temporal punishment due for sin3 The word (from indulge?, and perhaps connected with dutc-is) in its classical use has the meaning which it still bears in ordinary parlance ; but by post-classical writers it is often employed in a more special sense … Ityperides ITYPERIDES ('IE7rEpays.), one of the ten Attic orators, was son of Glaucippus, of a noble family of the tribe iEgeis and the demo Collytus, Be was probably younger than Lycurgus (born about 396 B. c.) and older than Demosthenes (born about 385 p.c.). Having studied under Isocrates, he began life as a writer of speeches for the courts, and in 360 B.C. he prosecuted Autocles, a general charged with … John Hyrcanits Ii JOHN HYRCANITS II., high priest from 78 to 40 B.C., was the eldest son of Alexander Janncous by his wife Alexandra, and was thus a grandson of the preceding. When his father died in 78, he was by his mother forthwith appointed high priest, and on her death in 69 he claimed the succession to the supreme civil authority also ; but, after a brief and troubled reign of three months, he was compelled t… Join JOIN IfYSCexUS I., high priest of the Jews from 135 to 105 B.c., was the youngest son of Simon Maccabmus. In 137 B.C. he, along with his brother Judas, commanded the force which repelled the invasion of Judea led by Cendebeus the general of Antiochus VII. (Sidetes). On the assassination of his father and two elder brothers by Ptolemy, governor of Jericho, his brother-in-law, in February 135, he su… Leptoca Itd LEPTOCA ItD I I, 2 species. Total number, 3587 species. These types of shore fishes are distributed over the following oceanic areas :- II. The Northern Temperate Zone. A. The Temperate North Atlantic. The British district. The Mediterranean district. The North American district. B. The Temperate North Pacific. The Kanitchatkan district. The Japanese district. The Californian district. .111. The E… Ludwig Aloysius LUDWIG ALOYSIUS (1765-1629), prince of HohenloheWaldenburg-Bartenstein, marshal and peer of France, was born 18th August 1765. In 1784 he entered the service of the palatinate, which he quitted in 1792 in order to take the command of a regiment raised by his father for the service of the emigrant princes of France, He greatly distinguished himself under Prince Conde in the campaigns of 1792-1793, … Molt, Sir John MOLT, SIR JOHN (1642-17 10), lord chief?justice of the Court of King's Bench in the reigns of William III. and Anne, was born at name, Oxfordshire, December 30, 1642. His father, Sir Thomas Holt, possessed a small patrimonial estate, but in order to supplement his income had adopted the profession of law, in which he was riot very successful, although he became sergeant in 1677, and afterwards for… Northern Temperate Zone NORTHERN TEMPERATE ZONE. - Temperate North Atlantic. - This part of the fauna may be subdivided into three districts :- The fishes of the north-eastern shores, viz., of the British Islands, of Scandinavia so far as it is not included in the arctic fauna, and of the continent of Europe southwards to about 40? N. lat. : British district. The fishes of the Mediterranean shores and of the adjoining sh… Northern Zone NORTHERN ZONE. - The boundaries of the northern zone coincide in the main with the northern limit of the equatorial zone ; but, as has been already indicated, they overlap the latter at three different points. This happens in Syria, as well as east of it, where the mixed faunas of the Jordan and the rivers of Mesopotamia demand the inclusion of this territory in the northern zone as well as in the… North Holland NORTH HOLLAND (X0Ordhel1and), the fourth province of the kingdom of the Netherlands, lies between the German Ocean and the Zuyder Zee, and on the land. side is bounded by the provinces of South Holland and Utrecht. The area - which in 1855 was increased by the commune of Haarlemmermeer, and in 1864 was diminished by the larger part of Leimuiden - is estimated at 744,554 acres, exclusive of the new… Ovriasav OVRIASAV, Turiaso; xLAQrIQs, KaIaquri-qos, Calagurris; TAN, Jam ; rums, Pilpilis, I tilbilis ; ILOVIZE, lluro; NERENCON, Narbo ; PAVISP, Perpinianum ; Casa; SEQIIIIICS, Segobriea ; ALAAVN, Alavona ; firrlSCOY, Setisacon ; Oligito; Gili; AAVHESCON, Al1Sa, AlIseusCs; AVSECI1T, OSieOrda ; t,navnu, Lauromt ; NE; Coso; QNTRBA, Contrebia ; sEgrzAs, Segontia ; m.uuTZ, BebryCCS; IIRNESQX, Inert] eS; IILSC… Romberg, 'Wilhelm ROMBERG, 'WILHELM (1652 -1715), an eminent natural philosopher, born at Batavia, January 8, 1652, was educated in Holland, studied law at Jena and Leipsic, and became an advocate at 'Magdeburg in 1674. In that town he interested himself in botany and astronomy, and made the acquaintance of Otto von 0 uericke, under whose influence, renouncing his profession, he finally devoted himself exclusively … Southern Temperate Zone SOUTHERN TEMPERATE ZONE. - This zone includes the coasts of the southern extremity of Africa from about 30? S lat., of the south of Australia, with Tasmania, and of New Zealand, and the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of South America between 30? and 50? S lat. The most striking character of this fauna is the reappearance of types inhabiting the corresponding latitudes of the northern hemisphere, and … Southern Zone SOUTHERN ZONE. - The boundaries of this zone have been indicated in the description of the equatorial zone ; ? they overlap the southern boundaries of the latter in South Australia and South America, but we have not at present the means of exactly defining the limits to which southern types extend northwards. This zone includes Tasmania, with at least a portion of south-eastern Australia (Tasmania… Suborder SUBORDER V. Polypteroidei. - Paired fins with axial skeleton, fringed ; dorsal fins two or more. Branchiostegals absent, hut generally gular plates. Vertebral column diphycercal or heterocercal. Body scaly. Family 1. Polyptcridce. - Scales ganoid ; fins without fulcra. A series of dorsal spines, to each of which an articulated finlet is attached ; anal placed close to tire caudal fin, the vent bei… Suborder Ii SUBORDER II. Holocephala. - One external gill-opening only, covered by a fold of the skin, which encloses a rudimentary cartilaginous gill-cover ; four bronchial clefts within the gill-cavity. The maxillary and palatal apparatus coalescent with the skull. This suborder is represented in the living fauna by one family only. Chimaridce ; it forms a connecting link with the following order of fishes,… Suborder Vii SUBORDER VII. Lepidosteoidei. - Scales ganoid, rhombic ; this generally with fulcra ; paired fins not lobate. Proeoperculum and interopereulurn developed ; generally numerous branchiostegals, but no gular plate. Family 1. Lepiclosteidte. - Scales ganoid, lozenge-shaped, Skeleton completely ossified ; vertebra' convex in front and concave behind. Finns with fulcra ; dorsal and anal composed of arti… The Hydrozoa THE HYDROZOA form one of the three classes into which the Codentera nematophora (distinguished from the Ccelentera porifera, or Sponges) have been divided, - recognized as such in the article C(ELENTERA, to which the reader is referred. It results from observations made by Ernst Haeckel, since that article and the article ACT1NOZOA were penned, that the Ctenophora should not be regarded as a class… Volume 13 [INF-KAN]: 10 to Jebeil [next] [back] Volume 11 [GOU-HIP]: Aaephibia And Reptilia to Guy Of Warwick Copyright © 2013 Net Industries and its Licensors – All Rights Reserved – Terms of Use Share this page: Tweet More To Explore	Contact & About Privacy Policy