Scheele, Karl Wilhelm

SCHEELE, KARL WILHELM (1742-1786), an eminent chemist, was born at Stralsund, the capital of Pomerania, which then belonged to Sweden, on the 19th December 1742. His father was a merchant, and Karl Wilhelm was the seventh of a family of eleven. In due time the boy was sent to school, but he did not care for the languages, and as he showed a strong taste for pharmacy he was apprenticed at the ago o…

Scheffer

SCHEFFER, Any (1795-1858), Dutch painter, who was born at Dort on 10th February 1795, represents the sentimental phase of the Romantic movement in France. After the early death of his father, a poor painter, Ary was taken to Paris and placed in the studio of Guerin by his mother, a woman of great energy and character. The moment at which Scheffer left Guerin coincided with the commencement of the …

Scheldt, Or Schelde

SCHELDT, or SCHELDE (Fr. Escaut, Lat. Scaldis, 0. Dutch Schouck or Schouwe), a river of north-west Europe, belonging for 75 miles of its purse to France, 137 to Belgium, and 37 to the Netherlands. Rising at a height of 295 feet above the sea, in a small lake (7 square miles) at the old abbey of St Martin, near Catelet, in the French department of Aisne (Picardy), it becomes navigable by the juncti…

Schenectady

SCHENECTADY, a city of the United States, county seat of Schenectady county, New York, in the valley of the Mohawk river, 17 miles by rail north-west of Albany, with which it is also connected by the Erie Canal.

Schetky, John Alexander

SCHETKY, JOHN ALEXANDER (1785-1824), a younger brother of J.

Schetky, John Christian

SCHETKY, JOHN CHRISTIAN (1778-1874), marine painter, descended from an old Transylvanian family, was born in Edinburgh on the 11th of August 1778. He studied art under Alexander Nasmyth, and after having travelled on the Continent he settled in Oxford, and taught for six years as a drawing-master. In 1808 he obtained a post in the military college, Great Marlow, and three years later ho received a…

Scheveningen

SCHEVENINGEN, a fishing village and watering-place in Holland, on the North Sea, about two miles from The Hague, with which it is connected by a shaded avenue with a tramway.

Schiavonetti, Luigi

SCHIAVONETTI, LUIGI (1765-1810), engraver, was born at Bassano in Venetia, on April 1, 1765. After having studied art for several years he was employed by Testolini, an engraver of very indifferent abilities, to execute imitations of Bartolozzi's works, which ho passed off as his own. In 1790 Testolini was invited by Bartolozzi to join him in England, and, it having been discovered that Schiavonet…

Schiller, Joha Nn Christoph Friedrich

SCHILLER, JOHA_NN CHRISTOPH FRIEDRICH (17591805), German dramatist and poet, was born at Marbach, in Wurtemberg, on the 10th or 11th (probably 10th) November 1759. His grandfather and great-grandfather had been bakers in Bittenfeld, a village at the point where the Reins flows into the Neckar; and the family was probably descended from Jacob Georg Schiller, who was born in Grossheppach, another Sw…

Schinkel, Karl Friedrich

SCHINKEL, KARL FRIEDRICH (1781-1841), architect and painter, and professor in the academy of fine arts at Berlin from 1820, was born at Neuruppin, in Brandenburg, on March 13, 1781, and died at Berlin, on October 9, 1841.

Schirmer

SCHIRMER, JonANN WildrErm (1807-1863), landscape painter, was born in 1807, at Jillich in Rhenish Prussia.

Schirmer, Friedrich 'Wilhelm

SCHIRMER, FRIEDRICH 'WILHELM (1802-1866), landscape artist, was born in 1802 in Berlin. As a youth he painted flowers in the royal porcelain factory ; afterwards he became a pupil of F. W. Schadow in the Berlin Academy, but his art owed most to Italy. His first journey across the Alps was taken in 1827 ; his sojourn extended over three years ; ho became a disciple of his countryman Joseph Koch, wh…

Schizomycetes

SCHIZOMYCETES, a term proposed by Niigeli in 1857 to include all those minute organisms known as Bacteria, Microphytes, Microbes, &c., and allied forms. These terms have been used at various times by different authors with widely different meanings in detail, but it is now agreed that the Schizomycetes are minute vegetable organisms devoid of chlorophyll and multiplying by repeated bipartitions. T…

Schlagintweit-sakunlonski, Hermann Von

SCHLAGINTWEIT-SAKUNLONSKI, HERMANN VON (1826-1882), the eldest of a band of brothers, all more or less noted as scientific explorers or students of foreign countries, sons of an oculist of Munich. Hermann was born on the 13th of May 1826. His first scientific labours were studies in the Alps, carried on between 1846 and 1848 in association with his brother Adolf (born January 9, 1829). The publica…

Schledam

SCHLEDAM, a town of the Netherlands, in the province of South Holland, not far from the confluence of the Schie with the Maas, 3 miles by rail from Rotterdam. It is best known as the seat of a great gin manufacture, which, carried on in more than two hundred distilleries, gives employment besides to malt-factories, cooperages, and cork-cutting establishments, and supplies grain refuse enough to fe…

Schlegel, August Wilyiel3i Von

SCHLEGEL, AUGUST WILYIEL3I VON (1767-1845), German poet, translator, and critic, was born on the 8th September 1767 at Hanover, where his father, J. Adolf Schlegel, was a pastor. He was educated at the Hanover gymnasium and at the university of Gottingen. Having spent some years as a tutor in the house of a banker at Amsterdam, he went to Jena, where he was made a professor, and received from the …

Schlegel, Earl Wilhelm Friedrich Von

SCHLEGEL, EARL WILHELM FRIEDRICH VON (1772? 1829), known chiefly as an historian of literature, was the brother of August Wilhelm von Schlegel. He was born at Hanover on the 10th March 1772. Having studied at Gottingen and Leipsic, he attracted some attention by a book on the Criechen und Romer (1797), which was praised by Heyne. This work was soon followed by his Geschichte der Poesie der Grieche…

Schlegel, Johann Elias

SCHLEGEL, JOHANN ELIAS (1718-1749), a German dramatic writer, was born at Meissen on the 28th January 1718. He was educated at Schulpforta and at the university of Leipsic. In 1743, having finished his studies, he became private secretary to his relative, Von Spener, the Saxon ambassador at the Danish court. Afterwards he was made professor extraordinary at the academy of Sorge, where he died on t…

Schleicher, August

SCHLEICHER, AUGUST (1821-1868), born at Meiningen on February 19, 1821, studied at the universities of Leipsic and Tiibingen, became extraordinary professor of philology in Prague in 1850, removed to Jena as ordinary professor in 1857, and died there December 6,1868.

Schleiden, Matthias

SCHLEIDEN, MATTHIAS (1804-1881), was born at Hamburg in 1804. He studied law at Heidelberg and practised as advocate in Hamburg till 1831, but not succeeding lie studied botany and medicine at Gottingen and Berlin, and graduated in Jena in 1839, where he afterwards became professor of botany (1846-50). In 1863 he was called to Dorpat, but resigned the following year and returned to Germany, where …

Schleiermacher, Friedrich Daniel Ernst

SCHLEIERMACHER, FRIEDRICH DANIEL ERNST (1768-1834), theologian and philosopher, was the son of a Prussian army-chaplain of the Reformed confession, and was born November 21,1768, at Breslau. In his fifteenth year the boy, who was of a weak constitution, was placed by his parents in a Moravian school at Niesky in Upper Lusatia, and two years later in the seminary of the same sect at Barby near Hall…

Schleswig

SCHLESWIG (Danish Slesvig), the capital of the Prussian province of Schleswig-Holstein, is situated at the west end of the long narrow arm of the sea called the Schlei, 30 miles to the north-west of Kiel. The town consists mainly of a single street, 31 miles long, forming a semicircle round the Schlei, and is divided into the Altstadt (with the- Holm), the Lollfuss, and the Friedrichsberg. The pri…

Schleswig-holstein

SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN, a maritime province in the north-west of Prussia, formed out of the once Danish duchies of Schleswig-Holstein and Lauenburg, is bounded on the W. by the German Ocean, on the N. by Jutland, on the E. by the Baltic, Lubeck, and Mecklenburg, and on the S. by Mecklenburg and the lower course of the Elbe (separating it from Hanover). It thus consists of the southern half of the Cimb…

Schlettstadt

SCHLETTSTADT, a small town in Lower Alsace, stands on the III, 26 miles to the south of Strasburg.

Schlozer, August Ludwig Von

SCHLOZER, AUGUST LUDWIG VON (1735-1809), German historian, was born at Gaggstedt, in the county of Hohenlohe-Kirchberg, on the 5th July 1735. Having studied at the universities of Wittenberg and Gottingen, he went in 1755 as a tutor to Stockholm, and afterwards to lipsala ; and while in Sweden he wrote in the Swedish language an Essay on the History of Trade (1758). In 1759 he returned to Gottinge…

Schmalkalden

SCHMALKALDEN, a town of Prussia, in the province of Hesse-Nassau, lies about 30 miles to the southwest of Erfurt, and in 1885 contained 6788 inhabitants, chiefly employed in the manufacture of hardware articles.

Schneidemuhl

SCHNEIDEMUHL (Polish Pila), a small town of Prussia, in the province of Posen, lies on the 6iiddow, 45 miles north of Posen and 140 miles east by north of Berlin.

Schnorr Von Karolsfeld

SCHNORR VON KAROLSFELD, JULIUS (1794 - 1872), of a family of artists, was born in 1794 at Leipsic, where he received his earliest instruction from his father, a draughtsman, engraver, and painter. At seventeen he entered the Academy of Vienna, from which Overbeck and others of the new school who rebelled against the old conventional style had been expelled about a year before. In 1818 he followed …

Scholasticism

SCHOLASTICISM is the name usually employed to denote the most typical products of mediiuval thought. The final disappearance of ancient philosophy may be dated about the beginning of the 6th century of our era. Boetius, its last representative in the West, died in 525, and four years later the Athenian schools were closed by order of the emperor Justinian. Before this time Christian thought had al…

Schomberg, Frederick Armand

SCHOMBERG, FREDERICK ARMAND, DUKE OF (c. 1619-1690), marshal of France and English general, was descended from an old family of the Palatinate, and was born about 1619. He began his military career under Frederick Henry, prince of Orange, and after his death in 1659 entered the service of France, acquiring ultimately a reputation as a general second only to that of Turenne and the prince of Conde.…

Schonbein, Christian Friedrich

SCHONBEIN, CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH (1799-1868), from 1828 professor of chemistry at Basel, is known as the discoverer of OZONE (q.v.).

Schonebeck

SCHONEBECK, a town of Prussian Saxony, on the left bank of the Elbe, 9 miles above Magdeburg.

Schoneberg

SCHONEBERG, a so-called Prussian "village," in the province of Brandenburg, is now really a suburb of Berlin, which it adjoins on the south-west.

Schongatter, Or Shoes

SCHONGATTER, or SHOES, MARTIN (1450?c. 1488), the most able engraver and painter of the early German school. His father was a goldsmith named Casper, a native of Augsburg, who had settled at Colmar, where the chief part of Martin's life was spent? Schongauer established at Colmar a very important school of engraving, out of which grew the " little masters " of the succeeding generation, and a larg…

Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe

SCHOOLCRAFT, HENRY ROWE (1793-1864), a North-American traveller, ethnologist, and author, was born 28th March 1793 at Watervliet (now called Guilderland), Albany county, New York, and died at Washington 10th December 1864. After studying chemistry and mineralogy at college he had several years' experience of their practical application, especially at a glass-factory of which his father was manager…

School Of Painting

SCHOOL OF PAINTING - small collection at Pisa also possesses some curious early panels by local painters ; in the church of S. Caterina is a magnificent altarpiece by Fran. Traini, Orcagna's chief pupil. At Prato are the finest frescos of Lippo Lippi. The gallery at Bologna contains some of Francia's chief works, the St Cecilia of Raphael, and a number of examples of the Carabci and others of the …

Schools Of Painting

SCHOOLS OF PAINTING - the word " school " as applied to paintingl is used with various more or less comprehensive meanings. In its widest sense it includes all the painters of one country, of every date, - as, for example, "the Italian school." In its narrowest sense it denotes a group of painters who all worked under the influence of one man, - as, for example, " the school of Raphael." In a thir…

Schopenhauer, Arthur

SCHOPENHAUER, ARTHUR (1788-1860), was born in Dantzic (117 Heiligen-Geist Strasse) on 22d February 1788. Doomed for the first thirty years of his career to find his works ignored with galling silence, he came, from the year 1845 onwards, to be looked up to by a scanty but devoted following as, what he himself claimed to be, the founder of the first true philosophy. Historical criticism has done mu…

Schroter, Johann Hieronymus

SCHROTER, JOHANN HIERONYMUS (1745 -1816), amateur astronomer, principally known by his physical observations of the moon and planets (see OBSERVATORY, under Lilienthal).

Schubert, Franz Peter

SCHUBERT, FRANZ PETER (1797 -1828), composer of vocal and instrumental music, was born at Vienna 31st January 1797. For the foundation of his general educa-tion he was indebted to his father, a schoolmaster in the Leopoldstadt ; but the beauty of his voice attracted so much attention that in 1808 he was received into the choir of the imperial chapel, and during the five years which followed be was…

Schultze

SCHULTZE, Jinx JOHANN SIEGISIIIND (1825-1874), German microscopic anatomist, was born at Freiburg in Breisgau (Baden) on 25th March 1825. He studied at Greifswald and Berlin, and was appointed extraordinary professor at Halle in 1854 and five years later ordinary professor of anatomy and histology at Bonn. He died at Bonn 16th January 1874. His contributions to biology were numerous and varied. He…

Schumacher, Heinrich Christian

SCHUMACHER, HEINRICH CHRISTIAN (1780-1850), astronomer, born at Bramstedt in Holstein, 3d September 1780, was director of the Mannheim observatory from 1813 to 1815, and then became professor of astronomy in Copenhagen.

Schumann, Robert

SCHUMANN, ROBERT (1810-1856), musical critic and composer, was born at Zwickau, Saxony, on 8th June 1810. In deference to his mother's wish, he made a pretence of studying for the law, until he had completed his twentieth year ; but in reality he took so little pains to acquaint himself with the mysteries of jurisprudence and so much to master the technical difficulties of the pianoforte that when…

Schwabe, Samuel Heinrich

SCHWABE, SAMUEL HEINRICH (1789-1875), German amateur astronomer, was born on 25th October 1789 at Dessau, where he died on 1 lth April 1875 ; he observed the sun-spots regularly from 1826 and pointed out (in 1843) the periodicity in the number of these objects.

Schwalbach, Or Langenschwalbach

SCHWALBACH, or LANGENSCHWALBACH, a favourite German health resort, in tbe Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau, is pleasantly situated in the deep valley of the Miinzenbach near its junction with the Aar, 12 miles north-west from Wiesbaden, with which it has regular communi-cation by diligence.

Schwann, Theodor

SCHWANN, THEODOR (1810-1882), author of the cell theory in physiology, was born at Neuss in Rhenish Prussia on 7th December 1810. His father was a man of great mechanical talents ; at first a goldsmith, he afterwards founded an important printing establishment. Schwann inherited his father's mechanical tastes, and the leisure of his boyhood was largely spent in constructing little machines of all …

Schwantfialer, Ludwig Michael

SCHWANTFIALER, LUDWIG MICHAEL (1802-1848), German sculptor, was born in Munich on 26th August 1802. His family had been known in Tyrol by its sculptors for three centuries ; young Ludwig received his earliest lessons from his father, and the father had been instructed by the grandfather. The last to bear the name was Xaver, who worked in his cousin Ludwig's studio and survived till 1854. For succe…

Schwarz

SCHWARZ, Or SCHWARTZ, CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH (1726-1798), Protestant missionary to India, was born on 8th October 1726 at Sonnenburg, in the electorate of Brandenburg, Prussia. After attending the grammar school of his native town and an academy at Kiistrin, he in 1746 entered the university of Halle. Having learned Tamil to assist in a translation of the Bible into that lan-guage, he was led to form…

Schwegler, Albert

SCHWEGLER, ALBERT (1819-1857), historical, philosophical, and theological writer, one of the first and most distinguished of the pupils of F. C. Baur and of the dei minores of the Tubingen school. He was born at Michelbath in Wurtemberg on 10th February 1819, the son of a country clergyman, and entered the university of Tiibingen. in 1836 as a student of theology, though with a predominant liking …

Schweidnitz

SCHWEIDNITZ, a manufacturing and trading town of Lower Silesia in Prussia, is picturesquely situated on the left bank of the Weistritz, 28 miles south-west of Breslau. Well built, with wide streets, the town contains several old churches (one of which has a tower 338 feet high) and an ancient town-house with a tower 130 feet high. The surrounding country is fertile and highly cultivated, and the l…

Schweinfitrt

SCHWEINFITRT, a manufacturing town of Lower Franconia in Bavaria, is situated on the right bank of the Main, 22 miles north-east of Wurzburg. The Renaissance town-house in the spacious market-place dates from 1570 ; it contains a library and. a collection of antiquities. St John's church is a Gothic edifice with a lofty tower ; St Salvator's was built about 1720. Schweinfurt is well furnished with…

Schwelm

SCHWELM, a town of Westphalia, in Prussia, is situated on the river of the same name, 22 miles east of .Diisseldorf and 27 north-east of Cologne.

Schwenkfeld, Caspar

SCHWENKFELD, CASPAR (1490-1561), of Ossing, as he called himself from his property at this place in the principality of Liegnitz in Silesia, one of the first and noblest representatives of Protestant mysticism in the 16th century, was born in 1490. He was of noble descent, and acquired at Cologne and other universities an education greatly superior to that possessed by most noblemen of his time. A…

Schwerin

SCHWERIN, the capital and one of the most attractive cities of the grand-duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, is prettily situated at the south-west corner of the Lake of Schwerin (14 miles long and 31- miles broad), 110 miles north-west of Berlin. The town is closely surrounded and hemmed in by a number of lakelets, with high and in some cases well-wooded banks ; and the billy environs are occupied by …

Schwind, -Moritz Von

SCHWIND, -MORITZ VON (1804-1871), a painter of the romantic school, was born in Vienna in 1804. He received rudimentary training and led a joyous careless life in that gay capital ; among his companions was the musician Schubert, whose songs he illustrated. In 1828 he removed to Munich, and had the advantage of the friendship of the painter Schnorr and the guidance of Cornelius, then director of t…

Schwyz

SCHWYZ, one of the forest cantons of Switzerland, ranking fifth in the confederation. It extends from the upper end of the Lake of Zurich on the north to the middle reach of the Lake of Lucerne on the south ; on the west it touches at Kiissnacht the northern arm of the latter lake, and at Arth the Lake of Zug, while on the east it stretches to the ridges at the head of the Muottathal, which divide…

Sciacca

SCIACCA, a town of Italy, in the province of Girgenti, Sicily, 28 miles south-east of Castelvetrano (Selinus) and 37 north-west of Girgenti, lies on the south coast on a steep rocky decline, and with its walls and castles has from a distance an imposing appearance. The cathedral was founded in 1090 by Julia de Hauteville, daughter of Roger I., who had presented her with the lordship of Sciacca on …

Sciiiefner, Franz Anton

SCIIIEFNER, FRANZ ANTON (1817-1879), linguist, was born at Reval, in Russia, on the 18th July 1817. His father was a merchant who had emigrated from Bohemia at the end of last century. He received his education at the grammar school of his native place, where also his subsequent colleague, the celebrated naturalist Karl Ernst von Baer, had been brought up. He matriculated at St Petersburg as a law…

Sciiultens

SCIIULTENS. Three Dutch Orientalists of this name have an honourable place among the scholars of the 18th century. The first and most important, ALBERT SCHULTENS (1686-1750), was born at Groningen in 1686. He studied for the church at Groningen and Leyden, applying him-self specially to Hebrew and the cognate tongues. His dissertation on The Use of Arabic in the Interpretation of Scripture (1706) …

Scilly Isles

SCILLY ISLES, a group of islands, about forty in number, in the county of Cornwall (see vol. vi. plate IX.), England, are situated about 25 miles west by south of Land's End and 40 west from Lizard Point, in 50? N. lat. and 6? W. long. They are composed wholly of granite, - outliers of the granite highlands of Cornwall. There are some metalliferous veins or lodes, but none that could ever have yie…

Scio

SCIO, the Italian name of an island on the west coast of Asia .Minor, called by the Greeks Chios (i X to) and by the Turks Saki Adasi; the soft pronunciation of x before e in Modern Greek, approximating to sh, caused Xio to be Italianized as Scio. Scio, which is about 30 miles long from north to south, and varies in breadth from 8 to 15 miles, is divided into a larger northern part and a smaller s…

Scipio

SCIPIO. The Scipios,1 a memorable name in Roman history, were a branch of the ancient and noble family of the Cornelii. It was in Rome's wars with Carthage that they made themselves specially famous. winning victories over the Carthaginians and strengthening Rome's hold on that country, till 212 or 211. The details of these campaigns are not accurately known to us, but it would seem that the ultim…

Scire Facias

SCIRE FACIAS, in English law, is a judicial writ founded upon some record dire,cting the sheriff to make it known (scire facias) to the party against whom it is brought, and requiring the latter to show cause why the party bringing the writ should not have the advantage of such record, or why (in the case of letters patent and grants) the record should not be annulled and vacated. Proceedings in s…

Scopas

SCOPAS. See ARCHEOLOGY, YOL p. 360. SCORESBY, '11711,1,1Am (1789 -1857), English arctic explorer and physicist, was born near Whitby, Yorkshire, on 5th October 1789. His father, also named William, xvho achieved distinction as an arctic whaler, was the son of a farmer near Crompton, Lancashire, where he was born on 3d May 1760. He went to sea when he was twenty years of age, and became one of the …

Scoter

SCOTER, a word of doubtful origin, perhaps a variant of "Scout," one of the many local names shared in common by the GUILLEMOT (V01. xi. p. 262) and the RAZORBILL vol. xx. p. 302), or perhaps primarily connected with COOT vol. vi. p. 341),1 the English name of the Anas nigra of Linnmus, which with some allied species has been justifiably placed in a distinct genus, fEdemia (often misspelt Oidemia)…

Scotland, Church Of

SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF. In the article PRESBY-TERIANISM the history of the Church of Scotland was brought down to the middle of the 18th century, and the story of the secessions of 1733 and 1751 was there told. We take up here the church's history at the beginning of the " Moderate " rule. Her annals during the next three-quarters of a century are singularly uneventful. In close alliance with the sta…

Scotland Geology

SCOTLAND GEOLOGY - In the article GEOLOGY (vol. x.) descriptions will be found of most of the geological formations of Scotland. All that need therefore be inserted here is a succinct summary of these formations with references to the pages of that article where fuller details are given. 1 The oldest rocks of Scotland and of the British Islands, known as Archwan, consist chiefly of gneiss (Fundame…

Scotland History

SCOTLAND HISTORY - 1. .Ronzan Period. - The first certain lines of the histofy of Scotland were written by the Rotnans. Their account of its partial conquest and occupation for more than three hundred years gives the earliest facts to which fixed dates can be assigned. The invasion commenced - by Julius Cmsar reached in Agricola's last campaign limits never afterwards exceeded. It was in the last …

Scotland, Literature Of

SCOTLAND, LITERATURE OF. Literature in Scotland, as distinct from England, dates from the time of COLUMBA (q.v.). Adamnan, abbot of Iona, who in 690 wrote in Latin the life of his predecessor, may be regarded as the first author that Scotland produced. In addition to his biography of St Columba, a long extract from a work of his on the " Holy Places " is incorporated by Bede in his Ecclesiastical …

Scotland Physical Features

SCOTLAND PHYSICAL FEATURES - The physical features of Scotland may be best realized by ree,curd-ing the county as composed of three distinct belts of territory, differing from each other in their geological structure and con-sequently presenting striking contrasts in their scenery. From a commanding summit in the interior the Highlands are seen to- differ from a mountain chain such as the Alps, no…

Scot, Michael

SCOT, MICHAEL, whose fame as a magician has surrounded his history with legend, is sometimes claimed by the Italians as a native of Salerno and by the Spaniards as a native of Toledo ; but there is no reason to doubt the Scottish origin to which his name testifies. Scottish tradition is unanimous in identifying him with Sir Michael Scot of_Balwearie in Fifeshire, but the ascertainable dates place …

Scot, Reginald

SCOT, REGINALD (c. 1538-1599), was the son of Richard, third son of Sir John Scot of Scotshall, Smeeth (Kent), studied at Hart Hall in Oxford, and afterwards lived in studious retirement at Smeeth, dying in 1599. He was the author of a very remarkable book, The Discoverie of Witchcraft, the object of which was to put an end to the cruel persecution of witches, by showing that "there will be found …

Scott, David

SCOTT, DAVID (1806-1849), historical painter, was born at Edinburgh in October 1806, and studied under his father, Robert Scott, an engraver of repute in the city. For a time in his youth he occupied himself with the burin ; but he soon turned his attention to original work in colour, and in 1828 he exhibited his first oil picture, the Hopes of Early Genius dispelled by Death, which was followed b…

Scott, Sir George Gilbert

SCOTT, SIR GEORGE GILBERT (1811-1878), one of the most successful ecclesiastical architects of the 19th century, was born in 1811 at Gawcott near Buckingham, where his father was rector ; his grandfather was Thomas Scott (1747-1821), the well-known commentator on the Bible. In 1827 young Scott was apprenticed for four years to an architect in London named Edmeston, and at the end of his pupildom a…

Scott, Sir Walter

SCOTT, SIR WALTER (1771-1832), poet and novelist, was born at Edinburgh on 15th August 1771. His pedigree, in which he took a pride that strongly influenced the course of his life, may be given in the words of his own fragment of autobiography. "My birth was neither distinguished nor sordid. According to the prejudices of my country it was esteemed gentle, as I was connected, though remotely, with…

Scott, Winfield

SCOTT, WINFIELD (1786-1866), American general, was born near Petersburg, Virginia, 13th June 1786, the grandson of a Scottish refugee from the field of Culloden. He was a student at William and Mary College in 1805, and was admitted to the bar at Rich-mond, Virginia, in 1807. One of the sudden war excite-rnents of the time changed the course of his life, and he obtained a captain's commission in t…

Scranton

SCRANTON, a city of the United States, capital of Lackawanna county, Pennsylvania, on a, plateau at. the junction of the Roaring Brook and the Lackawanna nver, 162 miles north of Philadelphia. It is the centre of the great coal-mining district in the country and the.seat of a large number of iron and steel works, rolling-mills, blast-furnaces, &c., and extensive factories for the production of rai…

Screamer

SCREAMER, a bird inhabiting Guiana and the Amazon valley, so called in 1781 by Pennant (Gen. Birds, p. 37) "from the violent noise it makes," - the Palamedea cornuta of Linnzeus. First made known in 1648 by Marcgrave under the name of " Anhima," it was more fully described and better figured by Buffon under that of Kamichi, still applied to it by French writers. Of about the size of a Turkey, it i…

Screw

SCREW. The screw is the simplest instrument for converting a uniform motion of rotation into a uniform motion of translation (see MEcnANics, vol. xv. p. 754). Metal screws requiring no special accuracy are generally cut by taps and dies. A tap is a cylindrical piece of steel having a screw on its exterior with sharp cutting edges ; by forcing this with a revolving motion into a hole of the proper …

Scribe

SCRIBE, AuGusTIN EuGhNE (1791-1861), the most popular playwright of France, was born at Paris on 24th December 1791, and died there on 20th February 1861. His father was a silk merchant and he was well educated, being destined for the bar. But, having a real gift for the theatre (a gift which unfortunately was not allied with sufficient literary power to make his works last), he very soon broke aw…

Scrofula Or Struma

SCROFULA or STRUMA (formerly known in England as " king's evil," from the belief that the touch of the sovereign could effect a cure 1), a constitutional morbid condition generally exhibiting itself in early life, and characterized mainly by defective nutrition of the tissues and by a tendency to inflammatory affections of a low type with degenerative changes in their products. The subject has bee…

Scrub-bird

SCRUB-BIRD, the name (for want of a better, since it is not very distinctive) conferred upon the members of an Australian genus, one of the most curious ornithological types of the many furnished by that country. The first examples were procured by the late Mr Gilbert between Perth and Augusta in West Australia, and were described by Gould in the Zoological Society's Proceedings for 1844 (pp. 1, 2…

Scudery

SCUDERY is the name of a family which is said to have been of Italian origin and to have transferred itself to Provence, but which is only known by the singular brother and sister who represented it during the 17th century.

Sculpture

SCULPTURE - the present article is confined to the sculpture of the Middle Ages and modern times ; classical sculpture has been already treated of under ARCHXOLOGY (CLAss-rcAL), vol. ii. p. 343 sq., and in the articles on the several individual artists. In the 4th century A.D., under the rule of Constantine's successors, the plastic arts in the Roman world reached the lowest point of degradation t…

Scurvy, Or Scorbutiis

SCURVY, or SCORBUTIIS, a morbid condition of the blood, manifesting itself by marked impairment of the nutritive functions and by the occurrence of haemorrhagic extravasations in the tissues of the body, and depending on the absence of certain essential ingredients in the food. In former times this disease was extremely common among sailors, and gave rise to a frightful amount of mortality. It is …

Scutage Or Escuage

SCUTAGE or ESCUAGE was one of the forms of knight-service (SCO KNIGHTHOOD, REAL ESTATE).

Scutari

SCUTARI (Turkish, Scodra ; Slavic, Skadctr), the capital of North Albania, at the south end of the lake of the same name, with a population of 24,500 in 1880 (mostly Mohammedans). There is only one street with any pretensions to regularity. The straggling town is built on the low flat promontory formed by the Bojana, which takes off the waters of the lake to the Adriatic, and the river which flows…

Scutari

SCUTARI (Turkish, Uskiidar), anciently Chrysopolis, a seaport town of Turkey in Asia, on the eastern shore of the Bosphorus, opposite Constantinople (see plan, vol. vi. p. 305), of which it is regarded as a suburb. Climbing the slopes of several hills in the form of an amphitheatre, its houses generally painted in red, distinguished by a number of mosques adorned with numerous minarets, pos-sessin…

Scylax

SCYLAX of Caryanda in Caria was employed by Darius I. to explore the course of the Indus. He started from Afghanistan and is said by Herodotus (iv. 44) to have reached the sea and then sailed to the Gulf of Suez (comp. PERSIA, VOI. xviii. p. 569). Scylax wrote an account of his explorations, which is referred to by Aristotle and other ancient writers, but must have been lost pretty early, and prob…

Scylla And Charybdis

SCYLLA AND CHARYBDIS. In Homer (Od., xii. 73 sq.) Scy is a dreadful sea-monster, daughter of Cratmis, with six heads, twelve feet, and a voice like the yelp of a puppy. She dwelt in a sea-cave looking to the west, far up the face of a huge cliff. Out of her cave she stuck her hea.ds, fishing for marine creatures and snatching the sea-men out of passing ships. Within a bowshot of this cliff was ano…

Scymnus

SCYMNUS of Chios, a Greek geographer of uncertain date, known to u.s only by a few references in later writers, but perhaps identical with the Scymnus Chins of a Delphic inscription of the beginning of the 2d century B.c.,1 was commonly taken to be the author of an imperfect anony-mous Paraphrasis in verse describing the northern coast of the :gediterranean, which in the first edition (Augsburg, 1600) was ascribed to Marcianus of Heraclea.

Scyros

SCYROS, a small rocky barren island in the dEgean Sea, off the coast of Thessaly, containing a town of the same name. In 469 B.C. it was conquered by the Athe-nians under Cimon, and it was probably about this time that the legends arose which connect it with the Attic hero Theseus, who was said to have been treacherously slain and buried there. A mythic claim was thus formed to justify the Athenia…

Scythe And Sickle

SCYTHE AND SICKLE. Till the invention of the reaping machine, which came into practical use only about the middle of the 19th century, scythes and sickles were the sole reaping implements. The scythe is worked with two hands with a swinging motion, while the sickle or reaping hook is held in one hand and the reaper bends and cuts the crop with a shearing or hitting motion. Of the two the sickle is…

Scythia, Scythians

SCYTHIA, SCYTHIANS. When the Greeks began to settle the north coast of the Black Sea, about the middle of the 7th century E.c., they found the south Russian steppe in the hands of a nomadic race, whom they called Scythians. An exacter form of the name was Scoloti. The inhabitants of the steppe must always have been nomads ; but the life of all nomads is so much alike that we cannot tell whether th…

Sea-horse

SEA-HORSE. Sea-horses (Hippocampina) are small marine fishes which, together with pipe-fishes (Syngnathina), form the order of Lophobranchiate fishes, as already noticed in ICHTHYOLOGY, vol. xii. p. 694. The gills of the members of this order are not arranged in leaf-like series as in other fishes, but form a convex mass composed of small rounded lobes attached to the branchial arches, as shown in…

Seal

SEAL. In the article ADoimAHA (vol. xv. p. 442) will be found a general account of the distinguishing character-istics of the animals constituting the sub-order Pinnipedia of the order Carnivora, and their divisions into families and genera. It only remains to give some further details respecting those members of the group to which the term " seal" is properly restricted (the sub-family Phocium), …

Sea Laws

SEA LAWS, a title which came into use amongst writers on maritime law in the 16th century, and was applied by them to certain medireval collections of usages of the sea which had been recognized as having the force of customary law, either by the judgments of a maritime court or by the resolutions of a congress of merchants and shipmasters. To the former class belong the sea laws of Oleron, which …

Sealing Wax

SEALING WAX. In medimval times, when the princi-pal use of sealing wax was for attaching the impression of seals to official documents, the composition used consisted of a mixture of Venice turpentine, beeswax, and colouring matter, usually vermilion. The preparation now employed contains no wax. Fine red stationery sealing wax is com-posed of about seven parts by weight of shellac, four of Venice…

Seals

SEALS (Gr. asbpayts, Lat. sigillum). During the media-val period the importance of seals was very great, as they were considered the main proofs of the authenticity of all sorts of documents, both public and private.2 That is much less the case now, the written signature being thought a safer guarantee of genuineness. In order to make illicit use or imitation of a seal difficult, the seal itself w…

Seamanship

SEAMANSHIP is the art of sailing, manoeuvring, and preserving a ship or a boat in all positions and under all reasonable circumstances, and thus involves a sound practical knowledge of all the forces by which she may be actuated and the means at command to assist or counteract them ; it is a branch of applied mechanics acquired by experience and study. The former can only be obtained thoroughly in…

Seamen

SEAMEN, L.A.ws RELATING TO. In most legal systems legislation has interfered to protect the seaman from the consequences of that imprudence which is generally supposed to be one of his distinguishing characteristics. In the United Kingdom there has been a very large amount of legislation dealing with the interests of seamen with unusual fulness of detail, proving the care bestowed by a maritime po…

Search, Right Of

SEARCH, RIGHT OF. " The right of visiting and search-ing ships on the high seas," says Lord Stowell, " whatever be the ships, whatever be the cargoes whatever be the destinations, is an incontestible right of' the lawfully com-missioned ship of a belligerent nation ; because till they are visited and searched it does not appear what the ships or the cargoes or the destinations are ; and it is for …

Sea-serpent

SEA-SERPENT. The belief in enormous serpents, both terrestrial and marine, dates from very early times. Pliny (H.N., viii. 14), following Livy (Epit., xviii.), tells us of a land-serpent 120 feet long, which Regulus and his army besieged with batistae, as though it had been a city, and this story is repeated by several other writers (Florus, ii. 2 ; Val. Max., i. 8 ; Gellius, vi. 3). The niost pro…

Sea-sickness

SEA-SICKNESS, a peculiar set of symptoms experi-enced by many persons when subjected to the pitching and rolling motion of a vessel at sea, of which depression, giddiness, nausea, and vomiting are the most prominent. Although the vast majority of persons appear to be liable to this ailment on exposure to its exciting cause (the instances of complete and constant immunity beir,g rare), they do not …

Seattle

SEATTLE, county sea.t of King county, Washington Territory, United States, on Seattle Bay, east side of Puget Sound, with Lake Union, 3 miles long, on the north, and Lake Washington, 25 miles long, on the east, is the largest city of the Territory.

Sea Water

SEA WATER.' The ocean covers very nearly eight-elevenths of the total area of the globe ; its average depth may be estimated as 2000 fathoms, and its total mass at 1-322 x 101s (i.e., 1-3 million million millions) tons. Its general configuration must be a,ssumed to have been sub-stantially the same as it is now for thousands of years ; hence we may safely conclude that the absolute composi-tion of…

Sea-wolf

SEA-WOLF, also SEA-CAT and WoLF-FIsEr (Anarrlticluts lupus), a marine fish, the largest kind of the family Blenniidx or Blennies. In spite of its large size, it has retained the bodily form and general external character-istics of the small blennies, which are so abundant on every rocky part of the coast. Its body is long, subcylin-drical in front, compressed in the caudal portion, smooth and slip…

Sebastiano Del Piombo

SEBASTIANO DEL PIOMBO (1485-1547), painter, was born at Venice in 1485, and belongs to the Venetian school, exceptionally modified by the Florentine or Roman. His family name was Luciani. He was at first a musician, chiefly a solo-player on the lute, and was in great request among the Venetian nobility. He soon showed a turn for painting, and became a pupil of Giovanni Bellini and afterwards of Gi…

Sebastian, St

SEBASTIAN, ST, the patron saint against plague and pestilence, was by birth a Narbonese. According to the Roman breviary his nobility and bravery had endeared him to the emperor Diocletian, who made him captain of the first cohort. Having secretly become a Christian, he was wont to encourage those of his brethren who in the hour of trial seemed wavering in their profession. This was conspicuously …

Sebastopol, Or Sevastopol

SEBASTOPOL, or SEVASTOPOL, the chief naval station of Russia on the Black Sea, is situated in the south-west of the Crimea., in 44? 37' N lat. and 33? 31' E. long., 935 miles from Moscow, with which it is connected by rail via Kharkoff. The estuary, which is one of the best roadsteads in Europe and could shelter the cotnbined fleets of Europe, is a deep and thoroughly sheltered indentation among c…

Sebenico

SEBENICO (Sibenik), a, town of Austrian Dalmatia, on the coast of the Adriatic, about half-way between Zara and Spalato, is situated on an irregular basin at the mouth of the Kerka, connected with the sea by a. winding channel 3 miles long.

Secchi, Angelo

SECCHI, ANGELO (1818-1878), Italian astronomer, was born on 29th June 1818 at Reggio in Lombardy, and entered the Society of Jesus at an early age.

Seckendorf, Veit

SECKENDORF, VEIT LuDwi? vox (1626-1692), a German statesman and scholar of the 17th century, was the most distinguished member of an ancient and wide-spread German noble family, which took its name from the village Seckendorf between Nuremberg and Langen-zenn, and is said to have been ennobled by the emperor Otho I. in 950, though it traces its own genealogy no further back than 1262. The family w…

Secretary-bird

SECRETARY-BIRD, a very singular African animal first accurately made known, from an example living in the menagerie of the prince of Orange, in 1769 by Vosmaer,4 in a treatise published simultaneously in Dutch and French; and afterwards included in his collected works issued, under the title of Regnum Animale, in 1804. He was told that at the Cape of Good Hope this bird was known as the "Sagittari…

Secular Games

SECULAR GAMES were celebrated at Rome for three days and nights with great ceremony to mark the com-mencement of a new smcdum or generation. Originally they were a propitiatory festival, imported from Etruria. under the name of Ludi Terentini, and held at irregular intervals, in view of extraordinary prodigies ; but in 249 B.C. it was decreed that they should be celebrated in every hundredth year …

Secunderabad

SECUNDERABAD, one of the chief British military cantonments in India, is situated in the native state of Haidarabad (Hyderabad) or the Nizam's Dominions, in 17? 26' 30" N. lat. and 78? 33' E. long., 1830 feet above the level of the sea, and 6 miles north-east of Haidarabad city. Secunderabad is the largest military station in India and forms the headquarters of the Haidarabad subsidiary force, whi…

Secundus, Jotiannes, Or Johann Everts

SECUNDUS, JOTIANNES, or JOHANN EVERTS (1511.- 1536), Latin poet, was born at The Hague on 10th No-vember 1511. He was descended from au ancient and honourable family in the _Netherlands ; his father, Nicholas Everts, or Everard, seems to have been high in the favour of the emperor Charles V. On what account the son was called Secundus is not known. His father intended him for the law; but though h…

Sedaine

SEDAINE, Micum, JEAN (1719-1797), dramatist, was born at Paris on 4th July 1719. Few men of letters have risen from a, lower station. Although his father was an architect, he died when Sedaine was quite young, leasing no fortune, and the boy began life as a mason's labourer. He worked himself up in his trade and was at last taken as pupil and partner by the builder who employed him. Meanwhile he h…

Sedalia

SEDALIA, a city of the United States, county town of Pettis county, Missouri, lies 189 miles west of St Louis, on the highest swell of a rolling prairie, which drains by small streams north-east to the ,Missouri.

Sedan

SEDAN, a town of France, the chef-lieu of an arrondissement in the department of Ardennes, lies on the right bank of the Meuse, 13 miles east-south-east of Mezieres by the railway to Thionville (Lorraine), and is surrounded by heights of about 1000 feet. Since its fortifications were declasses, a process of embellishment has been going on. Place Turenne takes its name from the statue of the illust…

Seddon, Thomas

SEDDON, THOMAS (1821-1856), landscape painter, was born in London on 28th August 1821. His father was a cabinetmaker, and the son for some time followed the same occupation ; but in 1842 he was sent to Paris to study ornamental art. On his return he executed designs for furniture for his father, and in 1848 gained a silver medal from the Society of Arts. In the following year he made sketching exp…

Sedgwick

SEDGWICK, ADAAr (1785-1873), geologist, was born in 1785 at Dent, Yorkshire, where his father was vicar of the parish. He was educated at Sedbergh school and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated as fifth wrangler in. 1808, and was elected a fellow in 1809. For some years he devoted himself chiefly to the studies and duties of academic life, but gradually he acquired an absorbing inter…

Sedition

SEDITION in Roman law was considered as majestas or treason. In English law it is a very elastic term, including offences ranging from libel to TREASON (q.v.). It is rarely used except in its adjectival form, e.g., seditious libel, seditious meeting, or seditious conspiracy. "As to sedition itself," says Mr Justice Stephen, "I do not think that any such offence is known to English law" (Dist. Crim…

Sedley, Sir Charles

SEDLEY, SIR CHARLES (1639-1701), a noted " wit " and patron of literature in the Restoration period, the " Lisideius " of Dryden's Essay of Dramatic Poesy. He was born in 1639, the son of Sir John Sedley of Aylesford author's name. His first comedy, The Mulberry Garden, was published in 1668, but it does not sustain Sedley's contemporary reputation for wit in conversation. He was probably too indo…

Seduction

SEDUCTION. The action for seduction of an unmarried woman in England stands in a somewhat anomalous position. The theory of English law is that the woman herself damage arising from the loss of service caused by the seduction of the woman. Some evidence of service must be given, but very slight evidence will be sufficient. Although the action is nominally for loss of service, still exemplary damag…

Sedulius, Delius

SEDULIUS, DELIUS, a Christian poet of the 5th 'cen-tury, was the author of an abecedarian Hymnus de Christ? in iambic dimeters, portions of which maintain their ground in the offices of the Church of Rome, viz., in the Christmas hymn " A solis ortus cardine," and in that for Epiphany (altered from " Herodes hostis impie "). His other works are Pascltale Carmen s. Divinorum Li,bri T., Originally in…

Sedum

SEDUM.

Sees

SEES, a town of France and a bishop's see, in the de-partment of Orne, is situated on the Orne, 4 miles from its source and 13 miles north of Alencon by the railway from Le Mans to Caen. The very fine cathedral, dating to a large extent from the 13th and 14th centuries, occupies the site of churches founded in 440, 996, and 1053. The west front has two stately spires of open work 230 feet high, wh…

Seetzen, Ulrich Jasper

SEETZEN, ULRICH JASPER (1767-1811), one of the most distinguished of modern travellers in the East, was born the son of a yeoman, in the little lordship of Jever in German Frisia, on 30th January 1767. His father, who was a man of substance, sent him to the university of Gottingen, where he graduated in medicine. Flis chief interests, how-ever, were in natural history and technology ; he wrote a n…

Se-gan Foo

SE-GAN FOO, the capital of the province of Shen-se in north-western China, is situated in 34? 17' N. lat. and 108? 58' E. long. Like most Chinese cities, Se-gan Foo has repeatedly changed its name during its history, which date,s back to the time of Che Hwang-te (246-210 n.c.), the first universal emperor, whose name will be ever notorious as that of the monarch who built the Great Wall, burnt the…

Segesta

SEGESTA, a very ancient city near the north-western extremity of Sicily, so named by the natives and by the Romans, while the Greeks called it Egesta or iEgesta. Its origin was ascribed by tradition somethnes to Trojan refugees and sometimes to Phocians, followers of Philo-ctetes; the accounts agree only in making Segesta older than the Greek cojonization of Sicily in the 7th century B.C. A tribe …

Segovia

SEGOVIA, the capital of the above province, clusters upon a narrow ridge of rock which rises in the valley of the Eresma, where this river is joined by its turbulent little tributary the Clamores, and is one of the best specimens extant of the Gotho-Castilian cities. Founded originally as a Roman pleasure resort, it became in the Middle Ages a great royal and religious centre, and was surrounded b…

Segovia

SEGOVIA, a province of Spain, formerly part of Old Castile, is bounded on the N. and N.E. by the provinces of Burgos and Soria, on the S.E. by those of Guadalajara and Madrid, on the S.W. by Avila, and on the N.W. by Valladolid.

Seignory, Or Seigniory

SEIGNORY, or SEIGNIORY, is the relation of the lord of a fee or a manor to his tenant. There is no land in England without its lord : " Nulle terre sans seigneur " is the old feudal maxim. Where no other lord can be discovered the crown is lord as lord paramount. The principal incidents of a seignory were fealty and rent-service. In return for these privileges the lord was liable to forfeit his ri…

Seine

SEINE. This, one of the chief rivers of France (Lat. Seguana), rises on the eastern slope of the plateau of Langres, 18 miles to the north-west of Dijon. It keeps the same general direction (north-westwards) throughout its entire course, but has numerous windings : between its source and its mouth in the English Channel the air distance is only 250 miles, but that actually traversed (through the d…

Seine-et-marne

SEINE-ET-MARNE, a department of northern France, was formed in 1790 of almost the entire district of Brie (half of which belonged to Champagne und half to ile-de-France) and a portion of Catinais (from Ile-de-France and Orleanais). Lying between 48? 7' and 49? 6' N. lat. and 2? 23' and 3' 13' E. long., it is bounded N. by the departments of Oise and Aisne, E. by Marne and Aube, S. by Yonne and Loi…

Seine-et-oise

SEINE-ET-OISE, a department of northern France, t formed in 1790 of part of the old province of ile-deFrance, and traversed from south-east to north-west by ; the Seine, which is joined by the Oise from the right. Seine-et-Marne on the east, Loiret on the south, Eure-et-Loir on the west, Eure on the north-west, and Oise on the north. It encloses the department of Seine. The Epte on the north-west …

Seine Inferieure

SEINE INFERIEURE, a department of the north of France, formed in 1790 of four districts (Norman Vexin, Bray, Caux, and Roumois) belonging to the province of Normandy. Lying between 49? 15' and 50? 4' N. lat. and 1? 52' and 0? 4' E. long., it is bounded N.W. and N. by the English Channel for a distance of 80 miles, N.E. by Somme, from which it is separated by the Bresle, E. by Oise, S. by Eure and …

Seisin

SEISIN. "Seisin of the freehold may be defined to be the possession of such an estate in land as was anciently thought worthy to be held by a free man" (Williams, On p. 2). Seisin is now confined to possession of the freehold, though at one time it appears to have been used for simple possession without regard to the estate of the possessor. (See POSSESSION.) Its importance is considerably less th…

Seismometer

SEISMOMETER. This name was originally given to instruments designed to measure the movement of the ground during earthquakes. Recent observations have shown that, in addition to the comparatively great and sudden displacements which occur in earthquakes, the ground is subject to other movements. Some of these, which may be called " earth-tremors," resemble earthquakes in the rapidity with which th…

Selby

SELBY, a market town of the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, is situated on the navigable river Ouse and on the main line of the Great Northern Railway, 15 miles south of York and 20 east of Leeds. Of the ancient abbey for Benedictines, founded by William the Conqueror in 1069 and raised to the dignity of a mitred abbey by Pope Alexander II., there still remains the church of St Mary and St Germ…

Selden, John

SELDEN, JOHN (1584-1654), jurist, legal antiquary, and Oriental scholar, was born on 16th December 1584 at Salvington, in the parish of West Tarring, near Worthing, Sussex. His father, also named John Selden, held a small farm, and seems to have occasionally added to his liveli- hood by his labour as a wheelwright and his skill as a musician. It is said that his accomplishments as a violin-player …

Selenium And Tellurium

SELENIUM AND TELLURIUM I are two rather rare chemical elements discovered, the latter by Muller von Reichenstein in 1782, the former by Berzelius in 1817. Both occur only in the mineral kingdom as components of very rare minerals, most of which are compounds of one or the other or of both and sulphur with silver, lead, bismuth, antimony, gold, and other metals. Elementary Selenium. - This, like el…

Seleucia

SELEUCIA, or SELEncRIA (EcActIKEta).

Selim Or Salim

SELIM or SALIM, the title borne by three emperors of the Ottoman Turks.

Selinus

SELINUS (E?Xtvoi33), one of the most important of the Greek colonies in Sicily, near the rivers Hypsas and Selinus on the south-west coast, was founded, probably about 628 B.C., by colonists from Megara Hybla in the east of Sicily and others from the parent city of Megara on the Saronic Gulf of Greece (see Thuc., vi. 4, vii. 57, and Strabo, vi. p. 272). The name of the city and the little river (s…

Selkirk

SELKIRK, a lowland county of Scotland, of tortuous outline, is bounded by Midlothian on the N., by Peebles on the N. and AV., by Dumfries on the S., and by Roxburgh on the E. Its extreme length from south-west to north-east is 28 miles, its greatest breadth from east to west 17, and its total area 260 square miles or 166,524 acres, of which 1997 are water. This includes two detached portions, one …

Selkirk

SELKIRK, the county town of Selkirkshire, is on the river Ettrick, between its absorption of the Yarrow and its junction with the Tweed, and is connected by a branch railway with the 1Vaverley line from Scotland to Eng-land. Although almost entirely a manufacturing town, having several large mills for woollen cloth and yarn, it is not without importance as the centre of an extensive pastoral are,a…

Selkirk, Or Selcraig

SELKIRK, or SELCRAIG, ALEXANDER (1676-1723), a sailor who is supposed to have been the prototype of Defoe's " Robinson Crusoe," was the son of a shoemaker and tanner in Largo, Fifeshire, and was born in 1676. In his youth he displayed a quarrelsome and unruly disposition, and, hav-ing been summoned on 27th August 1695 before the kirk-session for his indecent behaviour in church, " did not com-pear…

Selma

SELMA, a city of the United States, in Dallas county, Alabama, at the head of steamboat navigation of the Alabama river, occupies a plateau on the bluff of the right bank, 95 miles below Montgomery.

Selne

SELNE, the department of France which has Paris as its chief town, was formed in 1790 of part of the pro-vince of ile-de-France. It lies between 48? 44' and 48? 58' N. lat. and 2? 10' and 2? 34' E. long. and is entirely surrounded by the department of Seine-et-Oise, from which it is separated at certain parts by the Seine, the Marne, and the Bievre. The area of the department is only 118,306 acres…

Semipalatinsk

SEMIPALATINSK, an extensive province (oblast) of the Russian dominions in Central Asia ; administratively it forms a part of the general-governorship of the Steppes, although its northern, portions really belong to the Irtish plains of West Siberia. It has an area of 188,300 square miles, and is bounded on the N. by Tobolsk and Tomsk, on the S.E. by China, on the S. by Semiryetchensk, and on the W…

Semipalatinsk

SEMIPALATINSK, capital of the above province, is situated on the right bank of the Irtish, on the highway from' Central Asia to northern Europe.

Semiramis

SEMIRAMIS. According to the legend which the Greeks received from Ctesias, and which is most fully pre, served by Diodorus (book ii.) in 'a form that, according to the researches of C. Jacoby (Rhein. ifuseum, 1875, p. 555 sq.), is not taken direct from Ctesias but comes through Clitarchus, and has been modified by traits borrowed from the history of Alexander the Great, the Assyrian empire over al…

Semiryetchensk

SEMIRYETCHENSK, a province of Russian Turkestan, including the steppes south of Lake Balkash and parts of the Tian-Shan Mountains around Lake Issik-kul. It has an area of 155,300 square miles and is bounded by Semipalatinsk on the N., by China (Jugutchak, Kuldja, Aksu, and Kashgaria) on the E. and S., and by the Russian provinces of Ferganah, Syr-Daria, and Akmolinsk on the NV. It owes its name (J…

Semitic Languages

SEMITIC LANGUAGES - name "Semitic languages" is used to designate a group of Asiatic and African languages, some living and some dead, namely, Hebrew and Phoenician, Aramaic, Assyrian, Arabic, Ethiopic (Geez and Amharic). The name, which was introduced by Eichhorn,1 is derived from the fact that most nations which speak or spoke these languages are descended, according to Genesis, from Shem, son o…

Semler, Johann

SEMLER, JOHANN S,k.Lomo (1725-1791), ecclesiastical historian and critic, sometimes called " the father of German rationalism " (see RA.Tronuism), was born at Saalfeld in Thuringia on 18th December 1725. He was the son of a clergyman in poor circumstances, and had to fight his way in the world solely by his own talents. He grew up amidst Pietistic surroundings, which power-fully influenced him his…

Semlin

SEMLIN (Hung. Zimony ; Servian, Semun), a town of Austria-Hungary, the easternmost in the Military Frontier district, stands on the south bank of the Danube, on a tongue of land between that river and the Save. It is the. see of a Greek archbishop, has a real school of lower gmde, five Roman Catholic and two Greek churches, a synagogue, a theatre, and a custom-house. The population (10,046) consis…

Semper, Gottfried

SEMPER, GOTTFRIED (1803-1879), German architect and writer on art, was born at Altona on 29th November 1803. His father intended him for the law, but irresist-ible impulse carried him over to art. His e,arly mastery of classical literature led him to the study of classic monu-ments in classic lands, while his equally conspicuous talent for mathematics gave him the laws of form and proportion in ar…

Senaar

SENAAR (SENNAAR, properly SENnin), a country of east Central Africa, commonly identified with the " Island of Meroe " of the ancients, and included in the central division of Egyptian (Rastern) &clan, as reorganized in the year 1882. By Europe,an writers the term is often applied to the whole region lying between the Atbara (Takazze) and the White Nile, but by native usage is restricted to the dis…

Senancour, Etienne Pivebt De

SENANCOUR, ETIENNE PIVEBT DE (1770 -1846), French man-of-letters, was born at Paris in November 1770. His family was noble and not poor, but its fortunes were ruined by the Revolution. Before that event, however, Senancour had met with mishap. He was a sickly youth and was destined for the church, but ran away from home and established himself in Switzerland. Here he married and spent some years ;…

Senebier, Jean

SENEBIER, JEAN (1742-1809), a Swiss pastor and voluminous writer on vegetable physiology, was born at Geneva on 6th May 1742.

Seneca

SENECA, Lucius ANN2eus (c. 3 B.C.- 65 A.D.), the most brilliant figure of his time, was the second son of the rhetorician Marcus Annieus Seneca, and, like him, a native of Corduba in Hispania. From his infancy of a delicate constitution, he devoted himself with intense ardour to rhetorical and philosophical studies and early won a reputation at the bar. Caligula threatened his life, and under Clau…

Seneca Falls

SENECA FALLS, a post village and township of the United States, in Seneca county, New York, 41 miles south-west of Syracuse by the Auburn division of the New York Central Railroad, occupies a beautiful situation on Seneca river, the outlet of Seneca Lake.

Senegal

SENEGAL, a river of western Africa, which falls into the Atlantic about 16? N. lat. 9 or 10 miles below St Louis. It is formed at Bafula'be (13? 50' N. lat. and 10? 50' W. long.) by the junction of the Ba-fing or Black River and the Ba-khoy or White River. The Ba-fing, which has a width at the confluence of 1475 feet, descends from the highlands of Futa-Jallon by a northward course of about 350 mi…

Senegambia

SENEGAMBIA, a country in the west of equatorial Africa, comprising, as the name indicates, the regions watered by the Senegal and the Gambia. It lies between 9? and 17? N. lat. and 6? and 17? 30' IV. long., being bounded on the N. by the Sahara, W. by the Atlantic, S. by Sierra Leone, and E. by the Joliba or upper Niger. The area is estimated at about 400,000 square miles. Accepting the course of …

Senior, Nassau

SENIOR, NASSAU WILLIAnt (1790-1864), English political economist, was born at Compton, Berks, on 26th of Dublin, with whom he remained connected by ties of lifelong friendship. He took the degree of B.A. in 1811, was called to the bar in 1819, and in 1836, during the chancellorship of Lord. Cottenham, was appointed a master Inquiry Commission of 1832, and of the Handloom topics, though the author …

Senlis

SENLIS, a town of France, in the department of Oise, lies on the right side of the Nonette, a left-hand affluent of the Oise, 34 miles north-north-east of Paris by the Northern Railway on the branch line (Chantilly-Crepy) connecting the Paris-Creil and Paris-Soissons lines. In 1881 it had only 6870 inhabitants ; but its antiquity, its historical monuments, and its situation in a beautiful valley, …

Senna

SENNA (Arab. sand), a popular purgative, consisting of the leaves of two species of Cassia, viz., C. acutifolia, Del., and C. angustVolia, Vahl. C. aeutifolia is a native of many districts of Nubia, e.g., Dongola, Berber, Kordofan, and Senaa,r, but is grown also in Timbuctoo and Sokoto. The leaflets are collected twice a year by the natives, the principal crop being gathered in September after the…

Sens

SENS, a town of France, chef-lieu of an arrondissement in the department of Yonne, lies on the right side of the Yonne near its confluence with the Vanne, and on the railway from Paris to Lyons, 70 miles south-east of the former city at the intersection of the line from Orleans to Troyes. It derives its importance from its antiquity and its archiepiscopal see. The cathedral of St Etienne occupies …

Seoni

SEONI, principal town and administrative headquarters of the above district, is situated in 22? 5 30" N. lat. and 79? 35' E. long., midway between Nagpur and Jabalpur.

Seoni, Or Seonee

SEONI, or SEONEE, a British district of India, in the Central Provinces, lying between 21? 36' and 22? 58' N. by Mandla and Balaghat, on the S. by Nagpur and Bhandara, and on the W. by Narsinhpur and Chhindwara. Seoni is a portion of the upland tract formed by the Satpura Hills which extend along the south bank of the Narbada (Nerbudda) from the plains of Broach on the west to the Maikal range in …

Sepia

SEPIA is a valuable and much used deep brown pig-ment obtained from the ink-sacs of various species of CHTTLE-EISH (q.v.); that from which it is principally ob-tained is Sepia officinalis, a native of the Mediterranean, and especially abundant in the upper parts of the Adriatic, where it is a prized article of food. To obtain sepia the ink-sac is, immediately on the c,a,pture of the animal, ex-tra…

Sepoy

SEPOY, the usual English spelling of sipahi, the Persian and Urdti term for a soldier of any kind. The word sipdh, " army," from which sipdhi, "soldier," is derived, corre-sponds to the Zend cpddita, Old Persian pada, and has also found a home in the Turkish, Kurdish, and Pashto (Pushtu) languages (see Justi, Handbuch, der Zendsprache, p. 303, 6), while its derivative is used in all Indian verna-c…

September

SEPTEMBER, the seventh month of the old Roman year, had thirty days assigned to it.

Septimmia

SEPTIMMIA. After a wound, whether the result of accident or of operation by the surgeon, blood-poisoning may occur. Sepsis or putrefaction in the wound is the most evident local condition which has been associated by clinical observers with blood-poisoning, and hence the term " septicwmia." Within recent years the relation of micro-organisms to the different forms of blood-poisoning has come promi…

Septuagint

SEPTUAGINT. The Septuagint (oi O, LXX.) or Alex-andrian version of the Old Testament seems to be named from the legend of its composition by seventy, or more exactly seventy-two, translators. In the Letter of Arieteas (Aristus)1 this legend is recounted as follows. Demetrius Phalereus, keeper of the Alexandrian library, proposed to King Ptolemy II. Philadelphus to have a Greek translation of the J…

Sepulchre, Canons Regular Of The Holy

SEPULCHRE, CANONS REGULAR OF THE HOLY, an order founded in 1114 by Arnold, patriarch of Jerusalem (or according to another account in 1099 by Godfrey of Bouillon), on the rule of St Augustine.

Sepulchre, The Holy

SEPULCHRE, THE HOLY, the rock-cut tomb in which, after His crucifixion, the body of our Lord was placed. Few questions of topography have been debated with greater persistence or, in many cases, with greater bitter-ness than that of the site of this tomb. Only a brief sketch of the leading features of the controversy can be given here. The only information on the subject to be gained from the New …

Sepulchre, ---Ynights Of The Holy

SEPULCHRE, ---YNIGHTS OF THE HOLY, an English military order which was said to date from the 12th century and which became extinct at the Reformation.

Sequoia

SEQUOIA, a genus of conifers, allied to Taxodiunz and Cryptonzeria, forming one of several surviving links between the firs and the cypresses. The two species usually placed in this group are evergreen trees of large size, indigenous to the west coast of North America. Both bear their round or ovoid male catkins at the ends of the slender terminal branchlets ; the ovoid cones, either terminal or o…

Seraing

SERAING, a town of Belgium, stretching nearly a mile along the right bank of the Meuse, across which a suspension bridge connects it with Jemeppe, 3 miles southwest of Liege.

Serampur

SERAMPUR, a town of British India, in Hugli (Hooghly) district, Bengal, situated on the right bank of the Hugli river, 13 miles by rail north of Calcutta, in 22? 45' 26" N. lat. and 88? 23' 10" E. long.

Seraphim

SERAPHIM. In the vision of Isaiah vi. the throne of God is surrounded by seraphim, - figures apparently human (ver. 6), but with six wings, which constantly proclaim the trisagion. The seraphim are not again mentioned in the Bible ; but in later Jewish theology they are taken to be a class of angels. As the whole vision of Isaiah is symbolical, the seraphim also are in this connexion symbolical fi…

Serapis

SERAPIS, or altIns, in the Leyden papyrus '0o-ap4z-ts, i.e., Osiris-Apis, apparently meaning the dead Apis worshipped as Osiris (see APIs), and so as lord of the underworld, was the name under which the Egyptian priests consulted by Ptolemy Soter incorporated with the old religion the Greek worship of Hades. The statue with the attributes of Hades which they professed to identify as Sertpis (a nam…

Serbia

SERBIA, a kingdom belonging to the Balkan peninsula of Europe, lying between Bosnia on the west and Bulgaria and Roumania on the east, and between the Turkish province of Albania on the south and the Austrian Military Frontier on the north. From Bosnia it is separated by the Drina, from Austrian and Roumanian territory by the Danube and the Save, and from Bulgaria partly by the Timok. Some parts o…

Serbia History

SERBIA HISTORY - The original home of the Croats and Serbs, who are identical in race and language, was the country adjoining the Carpathian range. Their speech shows them to belong to the eastern division of the Slavonic family (see Slays). The generally accepted derivation of the name Chrobat, Croat, is from the original designation of the Carpathians, Chrbet, "a ridge," an opinion supported by …

Serbia Literature

SERBIA LITERATURE - For some account of the Servian language, see SLAVS. Under Servian literature the Dalmatian and Croatian in the limited sense of the term must be included. The latter, however, is somewhat meagre. This literature is divided into three periods - from the earliest times to the fall of Servian independence at the battle of Kosovo, 1389; (2) from the rise of the importance of Ragus…

Serena

SERENA, a city of Chili, capital of the province of Coquimbo, is situated on an elevated plain on the south side of the river Coquimbo, about 5 miles from the sea, in 29? 54' S. lat. and 71? 13' W. long. The original town was founded by Juan Bohon in 1544, on the opposite side of the river, and called by him Serena, after the town of that name in Spanish Estremadura, the birthplace of his chief, P…

Serenus Of An

SERENUS OF AN-rissx, an ancient Greek geometer, the author of two treatises - De Sectione Cylindri et Coni, libri duo - which Halley has published in Greek and Latin along with his edition of the Conics of Apollonius of Perga. Great difference of opinion has existed as to his date : Halley says in his preface to the Conics, " We know nothing of Serenus except that he was born at Antissa, a town in…

Seres, Serres, Or Siros

SERES, SERRES, or SIROS, a town of Turkey in Europe, now at the head of a sanjak in the vilayet of Saloniki, is situated in the valley of the Stiymon (Karasu), in a district so fertile as to bear among the Turks the name of Altin Ovassi or Golden Plain, and so thickly studded with vill-ages as to have, when seen from the heights of Rhodope, the appearance of a great city with extensive gardens. Th…

Serghievskiy Posad, Or Troitzf

SERGHIEVSKIY POSAD, or TROITZF,-SERGHIEVSK, a town of Russia, in the government of Moscow, which has grown up round the monastery of Troitze-Serghievskaya source of revenue to it, accommodate the numerous pilgrims. Serghievsk has long been renowned for its manufactures of holy pictures (painted and carved), spoons, and a variety of other articles carved in wood, especially toys, sold to pilgrims. …

Sergius

SERGIUS I., pope from 687 to 701, came of an An-tiochene family which had settled at Palermo, and owed his election as Conon's successor to sldlful intrigues against Paschalis and Theodorus, the other candidates.

Sergius Ii

SERGIUS II., pope from 844 to 847, a Roman of noble birth, elected by the clergy and people to succeed Gregory IV., was forthwith consecrated without waiting for the sanction of the emperor Lothair, who accordingly sent his son Louis with an army to punish the breach of faith.

Sergius Iii

SERGIUS III. succeeded Pope Christopher in 904, and reig,ned till 911.

Sergius Iv

SERGIUS IV., pope from 1009 to 1012, originally bore the name of Peter, and is said to have been the first to change his name on accession to the pontificate.

Sergius, St

SERGIUS, ST.

Seriema, Or Cariama

SERIEMA, or CARIAMA,1 a South-American bird, suffi-ciently well described and figured in Marcgrave's work (Hist. Rer. 11-at. Brasilize, p. 203), posthumously published by De Laet in 1648, to be recognized by succeeding onii-thologists, among wliom Brisson in 1760 acknowledged it as forming a distinct genus Carianza, while Linnams regarded it as a second species of Palanzedea (see SCREAMER, VOI. xx…

Series

SERIES. A series is a set of terms considered as arranged in order. Usually the terms are or represent numerical magnitudes, and we are concerned with the sum of the series. The number of terms may be limited or without limit ; and we have thus the two theories, finite series and infinite series. The notions of convergency and divergency present themselves only in the latter theory. will be 1, 2, …

Seringapatam

SERINGAPATAM, formerly the capital of Mysore, India, is situated on an island of the same name in the KAveri (Cauvery) river in 12? 25' 33" N. lat. and 76? 43' 8' E. long. It is chiefly noted for its fortress, which figured so prominently in Indian history at the close of the 18th century. This formidable stronghold of Tipu Sultan thrice sustained a siege from the British, but it was finally storm…

Serjeant-at-law

SERJEANT-AT-LAW is the name given to one who bolds an ancient and honourable rank at the English or Irish bar. The word is a corruption of serviens ad legent, as distinguished from apprenticius ad leyenz, or utter barrister, who probably originally obtained his knowledge of law by serving a kind of apprenticeship to a serjeant. When the order of serjeants was instituted is unknown, but it certainl…

Serpentine

SERPENTINE, a compact crypto-crystalline or fibrous mineral substance, occurring in rock-masses which com- monly present dark green colours, variously mottled and fancifully compared to the markings on certain serpents, whence the name "serpentine." For a like reason it is sometimes called " ophite," while Italian sculptors have termed it "ranocchia," in allusion to its resemblance to the skin of …

Serpukhoff

SERPUKHOFF, a district town of Russia, in the government of Moscow, 61 miles south of the city of Moscow, with which it is connected by rail. Built on high cliffs on both banks of the river Nara, 3 miles above its junction with the Oka, Serpukboff has of late become an important manufacturing and commercial town. The aggregate production of its manufactories (cotton and woollen stuffs, paper, leat…

Sertorius

SERTORIUS, Qunuus. The life and career of the Roman Sertorius, a man of remarkable genius both as a general and as a statesman, may be said to be comprised between the years 105 and 72 B.C., a period of civil war and revolution in the Roman world, when every man of any mark had to be an adherent either of Sulla or of Marius. Sertorius, who came from a little Sabine village Under the Apennines and …

Servant

SERVANT. See MASTER AND SERVANT. SERVETUS, MiCI-IAEL, or MIGUEL SERVETO (1511-1553), physician and polemic, was born in 15111 at Tudela in Navarre (according to his Vienne deposition), his father being Hernando Villanueva, a notary of good family in Aragon. His surname is given by himself as Serveto in his earliest works, "per Michaelem Serueto, alias Reues." Later he Latinized it into Servetus, a…

Servites

SERVITES (Servi Beatm Marim Virginis).

Servius

SERVIUS, the commentator on Virgil, is all but unknown to us, so far as personal information goes. From notices in the Saturnalia of Macrobius, where he appears as an interlocutor, we may infer that in or about 380, though still quite young, he was already distinguished as. a " grammaticus," that is, as an expert in the criticism, explanation, and teaching of the classical literature of Rome. Serv…

Servius Tullius

SERVIUS TULLIUS, the sixth king of Rome, described in one account as originally a slave, is said to have married a daughter of Tarquin, and to have gained the throne by the contrivance of Tanaquil, his mother-in-law. Another legend represented him as a soldier of fortune originally named Mast jarna, from Etruria, who attached himself to Cmles Vibenna, the founder of an Etruscan city on the Cielian…

Sesame

SESAME, the most important plant of the genus Sesamunt (nat. ord. Pedalin,etc), is that which is used throughout India and other tropical countries for the sake of the oil expressed from its seeds. S. indicum is an herb 2 to 4 feet high, with the lower leaves on long stalks, broad, coarsely toothed or lobed. The upper leaves are opposite, lanceolate, and bear in their axils curved, tubular, two-li…

Sesostris

SESOSTRIS (Vo-cocrrpts, so Herodotus ; Diodorus writes Sesoosis ; other forms are Sesonchosis, Sesosis, Sesothis, dm) is according to Greek historians the name of a king of Egypt who conquered the whole world, even Scythia, the lands of the Ganges, and lEthiopia, which were not subject to any of the later great empires. The conqueror in whose exploits these extravagant legends took their rise was …

Sessa

SESSA, a town of the kingdom of Italy, province of Terra di Lavoro, situated among hills on the site of the ancient Suessa Aurunca, on a small affluent of the Garigliano, is 17 miles east of Gaeta and half a mile from Sant' Agata. The hill on which Sessa is situated is a mass of volcanic tufa, in which have been discovered painted chambers erroneously supposed to have belonged to a city covered by…

Settle7ent

SETTLE7ENT, in law, is a mutual arrangement between living persons for regulating the present or future enjoyment of property. It also denotes the instrument by which such enjoyment is regulated. The prevailing notion of a settlement is the dealing with property in a manner different from that in which the law would have dealt with it apart from the settlement. Definitions of settlement for the pu…

Settle, Elkanah

SETTLE, ELKANAH (1648-1723), a minor poet and playwright of the Restoration period, immortalized by the ridicule of Dryden and Pope, was born at Dunstable in 1648. He is the "Doeg" of the second part of Absalom and Achitophel, and is treated by the satirist with somewhat more good-humoured contempt than his companion in the pillory - Shadwell. Doeg, though without knowing how or why, Made still a …

Settlement, Act Of

SETTLEMENT, ACT OF. By this Act, 12 & 13 Will. III. c. 2, passed in 1701 (followed by the parliament of Scotland in the Act of Union, 1707, c. 7), the crown was settled upon the Princess Sophia, electress and duchess dowager of Hanover, granddaughter of James I., and the heirs of her body, being Protestants. The Act contained in addition some important constitutional provisions. Those which are st…

Setubal

SETUBAL, called by the English St Ubes, a port and commercial town in the province of Estremadura, Portugal, nearly 20 miles south-east of Lisbon, lining for about three-quarters of a mile the north shore of a harbour of the same name, 3 leagues long by half a league broad and inferior only to that of Lisbon, at the end of a fertile valley of 6 miles long from Palmella, where the Sabo river discha…

Sevenoaks

SEVENOAKS, a market town of Kent, England, situated on high ground about a mile from the railway station, 25 miles south-east of London by the London, Chatham, and Dover Railway, and 20 by the South-Eastern Railway. It consists principally of two streets which converge at the south end, near which is the church of St Nicholas, of the 13th, 14th, and 15th centuries, restored in 1878, and containing…

Seven Sleepers Of Ephesus

SEVEN SLEEPERS OF EPHESUS, THE, according to the most common form of an old legend of Syrian origin, first referred to in Western literature by Gregory of Tours (De Glor. Mart., c. 95), were seven Christian youths of Ephesus, who, to escape the rage of Decius, lived for some time in concealment in a cave. The enemy at last, however, discovered their biding place, and caused great stones to be roll…

Severlts, Sulpiciiis

SEVERLTS, SULPICIIIS (c. 365?c. 425), early Christian writer. Al native of Aquitania, he was thoroughly imbued with the culture of his country and time. The seven southern provinces of Gaul, between the Alps and the Loire, had long been completely Romanized. The very name " Gaul " was repudiated by the inhabitants and confined to the natives of the ruder northern districts. The lifetime of Severus…

Severn, Joseph

SEVERN, JOSEPH (1793-1879), portrait 'and subject painter, was born in 1793. During his earlier years he practised portraiture as a miniaturist; and, having studied in the schools of the Royal Academy, he exhibited his first work in oil, Hermia and Helena, a subject from the Midsummer Wight's Dream, in the Royal Academy Exhibition of 1819. In 1820 he gained the gold m Jal and a three years' travel…

Severn, The

SEVERN, THE, next to the Thames in length among the rivers of England, rises at Macs Hafren on the eastern side of Plinlimmon, on the south-south-west borders of Montgomeryshire, and flows in a nearly semicircular course of about 200 miles to the sea ; the direct distance from its source to its mouth in the Bristol Channel is about 80 miles. By the Britons it was called Halfren, and its old Latin …

Severus

SEVERUS, Lucius SEPTIMIIIS, the twenty-first emperor of Rome, reigned from 193 to 211 A.D. He was born in 146 at Leptis Magna, an African coast town in the district of Syrtes, whose ancient prosperity is still attested by its extensive ruins. In this region of Africa, despite its long possession by the Romans, the Punic tongue was still spoken by the people in general. Severus had to acquire Latin…

Severus, Marcus Aurelius Alexander

SEVERUS, MARCUS AURELIUS ALEXANDER, Roman emperor from 222 to 235, was of Syrian parentage, and was born at Area near the Syrian Tripolis (now `Irka ; Yakut, iii. 653 ; cf. Gen. x. 17), probably in the year 205. His father Gessius Marcianus held office more than once as an imperial procurator ; his mother Julia Mamma was the daughter of Julia Meesa, the scheming and ambitious lady of Emesa who had…

Sevigne, Marie De Rabutin-chantal

SEVIGNE, MARIE DE RABUTIN-CHANTAL, MARQUISE DE (1626-1696), the most charming of all letter-writers in all languages, was born at Paris on February 6, 1626, and died at the chateau of Grignan (DrOme), on April 18, 1696. The family of Rabutin (if not so illustrious as Bussy, Madame de Sevigne's notorious cousin, affected to consider it) was one of great age and distinction in Burgundy. It was trace…

Seville

SEVILLE (Span. Sevilla, Latin Ispalis, Arabic Ishbiliya), capital of the above province and the seat of an archbishopric, with a population of 133,938 in 1877, is part occupied by Syrian Arabs from Emesa, part of the troops that entered Spain with Balj in 741 at the time of the revolt of the Berbers. It was a scion of one of these Emesan families, Abut 1-Kasim Mohammed, cadi of Seville, who on th…

Seville

SEVILLE, a Spanish province - one of the eight into which Andalusia is divided - and formerly one of the four Moorish kingdoms, is bounded on the S. by Malaga and Cadiz, on the W. by Huelva, on the N. by Badajoz, and on the E. by Cordova. The superficial area is 5429 square miles, and in 1877 the population numbered 505,291. Northwards the province is broken up by low spurs of the Sierra Morena, t…

Sevres

SEVRES, a town of France, in the department of Seine-et-Oise, on the left bank of the Seine, midway between Paris and Versailles, with a population of 6768 in 1881, owes its celebrity to the Government porcelain manufactory, which dates from 1756.

Sevres, Deux

SEVRES, DEUX, a department of western France, formed in 1790 mainly of the districts of Thouars, Giltinais, and Niortais, which constituted about one-fourth of Poitou, and to a small extent of a portion of PasseSaintonge and Angoumois, and a very small fragment of Aunis. It derives its name from the Sevre of Niort, which flows across the south of the department from east to west, and the &yr() of …

Seward, William Henry

SEWARD, WILLIAM HENRY ( 1801-1872), American statesman, was born May 16,1801, in the town of Florida, Orange county, N.Y. He was graduated at Union College in 1820, and began the practice of law three years after in the town of Auburn, which became his home for the rest of his life. Several of his cases brought him reputation as a lawyer, but he soon drifted into the more congenial field of politi…

Sewerage

SEWERAGE is the process of systematically collecting and removing refuse from dwellings. The matter to be dealt with may conveniently be classified as made up of four parts : - (1) dust, ashes, kitchen waste, and solid matters generally, other than solid excreta ; (2) excreta, consisting of urine and faeces; (3) slop-water, or the discharge from sinks, basins, baths, &c., and the waste water of in…

Sewin, Or Sewen

SEWIN, or SEWEN. See SALIONID,E, vol. xxi. p. 222. SEWING MACHINES. The sewing machine, as is the case with most mechanical inventions, is the result of the efforts of many ingenious persons, although it would appear that the most meritorious of these worked iu entire ignorance of the labours and successes of others iu the same field. Many of the early attempts to sew by machinery went on the line…

Sextant

SEXTANT, an instrument for measuring angles on the celestial sphere. The name (indicating that the instrument is furnished with a graduated arc equal to a sixth part of a circle) is now only used to designate an instrument employing reflexion to measure an angle ; but originally it was introduced by Tycho Brahe, who constructed several sextants with two sights, one on a fixed, the other on a movab…

Sextus Empiricus

SEXTUS EMPIRICUS. See SCEPTICISM. SEYCHELLES, an archipelago of the Indian Ocean, of Bird, and having to the north and north-east of it La Digne, Felicite, Praslin, and Curieuse. Only a few - Mahe, Praslin, La Digne, Denis, and Bird - are inhabited. The total area is about 50,120 acres, of which Mahe alone comprises 34,749. The beaches of glistening calcareous sand are begirt by coral reefs which …

Seyne, La

SEYNE, LA, a town of France, in the department of Var, 5 miles south-west of Toulon, with a population of 9788 in 1881.

Sfax

SFAX, a city of Tunis, second in importance only to the capital, is situated 116 miles south of Mahadia, on the coast of the Gulf of Gabes (Syrtis Minor) opposite the Kerkcnah Islands. It consists of three distinct portions : - the new European quarter to the south, with roads, piers, and other improvements carried out by the municipality ; the Arab town in the middle with its tower-flanked walls …

Shad

SHAD is the name given to certain migratory species of Herrings (Clupea), which are distinguished from the herrings proper by the total absence of teeth in the jaws. Two species occur in Europe, much resembling each other, - one commonly called Allis Shad (Clupea alosa), and the other known as Twaite Shad (Clupeafinta). Both are, like the majority of herrings, greenish on the back and bright silve…

Shaddock

SHADDOCK (Citrus decumana) is a tree allied to the orange and the lemon, presumably native to the Malay and Polynesian islands, but generally cultivated throughout the tropics.

Shadwell, Thomas

SHADWELL, THOMAS (1640-1692), a playwright and miscellaneous versifier of the Restoration period, Dryden's successor in the laureateship, is remembered now, not by his works, though he was a prolific writer of comedies highly successful in their day, but as the subject of Dryden's satirical portraits " MacFlecknoe " and " Og." He was a native of Norfolk - not an Irishman, as he retorted with signi…

Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper

SHAFTESBURY, ANTHONY ASHLEY COOPER, THIRD EARL OF (1671-1713), wasborn at Exeter House in London, February 26, 1670-71. He was grandson of the first and son of the second earl. His mother was Lady Dorothy Manners, daughter of John, earl of Rutland. According to a curious story, told by the third earl himself, the marriage between his father and mother was negotiated by John Locke, who was a truste…

Shahabad

SHAHABAD, a British district in the Patna division of the lieutenant-governorship of Bengal, India, between 21? 31' and 25? 43' N. lat. and between 83? 23' and 81? 55' E. long., with an area of 4365 square miles. It is bounded on the N. 'by the district of Ghazipur in the North-Western Provinces and by Saran, on the E. by Patna and Gaya, districts, on the S. by Lohardaga, and on the W. by Mirzapur…

Shahjahanpur

SHAHJAHANPUR, municipal town and administrative headquarters of the above district, lies in 27? 53' 41" N. lat. and 79? 57' 30" E. long., on the left bank of the Deoha.

Shahjahanpur

SHAHJAHANPUR, the- easternmost district of the Rohilkhand division in the lieutenant-governorship of the North-Western Provinces of British India, lying between 27? 36' and 28? 29' N. lat. and between 79? 23' and 80? 26' E. long. It has an area of 1746 square miles, and is bounded on the N. and N.W. by Pilibhit, on the E. by Hardoi and Kheri, on the S. by the Ganges, separating it from Farnkhabad,…

Shahpur

SHAHPUR, the southernmost district of the Rawal Pindi division in the lieutenant-governorship of the Punjab, India, between 31? 32' and 32' 42' N. lat. and between 71? 37' and 73? 24' E. long., with an area of 4691 square miles. The district is bounded on the N. by the Jhelum district, on the E. by Gujrat and the Chenab, on the S. by Jhang, and on the W. and N.W. by Dera Ismail Khan and Bannu. On …

Shahrastani

SHAHRASTANI (1086-1153). Abu'l-Fatb Mohammed ibn `Abd al-Karim, called al-ShahrastAnf, a native of Shahrastan (ShehristAn) in Khorasan, Persia, was noted as a jurisconsult and theologian of the Ash`arite school. He went to Baghdad in 1116 and stayed there three years, but afterwards returned to his native place, where he died. Sam'anf, the famous historian of Baghdad, was one of his hearers, and t…

Shahs

SHAHS. This name is applied to a number of for the most part semi-independent communities occupying a Colquhoun, the hill tribes around the Tong-king delta is also widely diffused through south-western Yun-nan. mountains north of Sze-chuen, whence, not having amaldifferent political systems, - i.e., either independent, or subject to Burmah, China, or Siam, - but often in communities isolated by mo…

Shairp

SHAIRP, JoaN CAMPBELL (1819-1885), principal of the United College, St Andrews, and professor of poetry at Oxford, was born at Houstoun House, Linlithgowshire, on July 30, 1819. He was the third son of Major Norman Shairp of Houstoun and E. Binning, daughter of J. Campbell of Kildaloig, Argyllshire. He was educated at Edinburgh Academy and Glasgow University, where he gained the Snell exhibition, …

Shakers

SHAKERS is the name commonly applied to and not rejected by ,a religious denomination of which the official title is "The United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing." The foundress was Ann Lee, who was born in Toad Lane, Manchester, 29th February 173G, but only privately baptized 1st June 1742. Her father was a blacksmith, and at an early age she found employment, being at one time a…

Shamanism

SHAMANISM is the name commonly given to the type of religion which once prevailed among all the Ural-Altaic peoples,-Tungus, Mongol, and Turkish,-and which still lives in various parts of northern Asia in spite of the progress of Mohammedanism, Buddhism, and Christianity. The shaman himself (in Turkish, kam) is a wizard-priest, closely akin to the medicine-men of savage tribes in other parts of th…

Shammai

SHAMMAI, a Jewish rabbi, sometimes called " the elder," was the contemporary of HILLEL (q.v.) and the head of a rival school.

Shamokin

SHAMOKIN, a post borough of the United States, iu Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, 20 miles southeast of Sunbury, is a great centre of the coal-trade, and had a population in 1881 of 8184.

Shanghai

SHANGHAI, a city of China. The native city of Shanghai is situated in 31? 15' N. lat. and 121? 27' E. long., and stands on the left or western bank of the Hwang-p'u river, about twelve miles from the point where that river empties itself into the estuary of the Yang-tsze-kiang. The walls which surround it are about 31 miles in circumference, and are pierced by seven gates. The streets and thorough…

Shark

SHARK. The systematic position of tho group of Sharks or Selachoide-i in the class of Fishes, their classification, and their general external and anatomical characteristics hare been already sufficiently noticed under IcnxityOLOGY (vol. xii. pp. 630 sq.), and we have here to supplement that article only by a fuller reference to the natural history of the more common and more important types of th…

Sharp, James

SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679), archbishop of St Andrews, was the son of William Sharp, sheriff-clerk of Banffshire, and of Isabel Leslie, daughter of Leslie of chosen in 1643 through the influence of Lord Rothes to be one of the " regents " of philosophy in St Leonard's College, St Andrews. He appears to have continually risen in reputation until in December 1647 he went through his ordinary trials for…

Sharp, William

SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824), an eminent line-engraver, was born at London on the 29th of January 1749. He was originally apprenticed to what is called a bright engraver, and practised as a writing engraver, but, gradually becoming inspired by the higher branches of the engraver's art, he exercised his gifts with surprising success on works of the old masters. Among his earlier plates are some illus…

Shawl

SHAWL, a square or oblong article of dress worn in various ways dependent from the shoulders. The term is of Persian origin (shill), and the article itself is most characteristic and important in the dress of the natives of north-western India and Central Asia; but in various forms, and under different names, essentially the same piece of clothing is found in most parts of the world. The shawls ma…

Shearwater

SHEARWATER, the name of a bird first published in Willughby's Ornithologia (p. 252), as made known to him by Sir T. Browne, who sent a picture of it with an account that is given more fully in Ray's translation of that work (p. 334), stating that it is "a Sea-fowl, which fishermen observe to resort to their Vessels in some numbers, swimming). swiftly to and fro, backward, forward, and about them, …

Sheathbill

SHEATHBILL, a bird so-called by Pennant in 1781 (Gen. Birds, ed. 2, p. 43) from the horny case' which ensheaths the basal part of its bill. It was first made known from having been met with on New-Year Island, off the coast of Staten Land, where Cook anchored on New Year's eve 1774.2 A few days later he discovered the islands that now bear the name of South Georgia, and there the bird was again fo…

Sheboygan

SHEBOYGAN, a city of the United States, capital of Sheboygan county, Wisconsin, stands on Lake Michigan, at the mouth of the river of the same name, 43 miles east of Fond du Lac and 52 miles north of Milwaukee.

Shechem

SHECHEM, now NABULUS, a city of Palestine. Eleven hours from Jerusalem on the great north road the traveller finds himself in the broad upland plain of Makhna (1500 feet above the sea), with Mount Gerizim on his left, and, skirting the base of the mountain, reaches the traditional well of Jacob (John iv. 5, 6 ; cf. Gen. xxxiii. 19), a deep cistern with the ruins of an old church beside it. Here th…

Sheep

SHEEP. The animals commonly designated by this name constitute the genus Otis of zoologists, a group belonging to the Artiodactyle or paired-toed section of the Ungidata or hoofed mammals (see MammaLrA, vol. xv. p. 432). They are ruminants, and belong to the hollow-horned section, i.e., those having persistent horns composed of conical epidermic sheaths, encasing and supported by processes of the …

Sheepshead

SHEEPSHEAD is the name of one of the largest species of the genus Sargus, marine fishes known on the coasts of southern Europe as " sargo " or " saragu." These fishes possess two kinds of teeth : - one, broad and flat, like incisors, occupying in a single series the front of the jaws ; I pounds.

Sheerness-on-sea

SHEERNESS-ON-SEA, a seaport, watering-place, naval establishment, and garrison town in the Isle of Sheppey, Kent, is situated on the Thames at the mouth of the Medway, on the Sittingbourne branch of the London, Chatham, and Do-ver Railway, 52 miles east of London, and 17 north-east of Maidstone. The older part of Sheerness, containing the dockyard, is called Blue Town, the later additions being kn…

Shee, Sir Martin Archer

SHEE, SIR MARTIN ARCHER (1770-1850), portrait-painter, and president of the Royal Academy, was born in Dublin on the 23d of December 1770. He was sprung from an old Irish family, and his father, while he exercised the trade of a merchant, regarded the profession of a painter as in no sense a fit occupation for a descendant of the Shees. Young Shee became, nevertheless, a student of art in the Dubl…

Sheffield

SHEFFIELD, a municipal and parliamentary borough in the West Riding of Yorkshire, next to Leeds the largest town in the county, and the chief seat of the cutlery trade in England, is situated on somewhat hilly ground in the neighbourhood of the Pennine range, on several rivers and streams, the principal of which are the Don, the Sheaf, the Porter, the Myelin, and the Loxley, and on the Midland, G…

Sheil, Richard

SHEIL, RICHARD L?LOR (1791-1851), Irish political orator, was the eldest son of Edward Sheil, an Irishman who had acquired considerable wealth in Spain, and after the passing of the Act permitting Catholics in Ireland to purchase and transmit property in fee had returned to Ireland, where he purchased the estate of Bellevue, Tipperary. The son was born 17th August 1791, at Drumdowney, Tipperary. H…

Shekel

SHEKEL. In the system of Babylonian and Assyrian weights the talent (called in Heb. "9.;, kikkar) consisted of 60 mama (Heb. nr?, maneh) or minas, and the latter again of sixty shekels (Heb.i7iN?). For the values of these weights see NUMISMATICS, vol. xvii. p. 631, where it is also explained that the Phoenicians and Hebrews modified the system and reckoned only 50 shekels to the maneh, at all even…

Sheld-drake

SHELD-DRAKE, or, as commonly spelt in its contracted form, SHELDRARE, a word whose derivation 2 has been much discussed, one of the most conspicuous birds of the Duck tribe, Anatida, called, however, in many parts of England the "Burrow-Duck " from its habits presently to be mentioned, and in some districts by the almost obsolete name of "Bergander" (Dutch, Berg-eende, Germ. Bergente), a word used…

Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft

SHELLEY, MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT (1797-1851) the second wife of the poet SHELLEY (q.v.), -born in London, August 30, 1797 (see vol. x. p. 717), deserves some notice on her own account, as a writer of romance, chiefly imaginative. When she was in Switzerland with Shelley and Byron in 1816 (see below), a proposal was made that various members of the party should write a romance or tale dealing with the …

Shelley, Percy Bysshe

SHELLEY, PERCY BYSSHE (1792-1822), was born on 4th August 1792, at Field Place, near Horsham, Sussex. He was the eldest child of Timothy Shelley, M.P. for Shoreham, by his wife Elizabeth, daughter of Charles Pilfold, of Effingham, Surrey. Mr Timothy Shelley became in 1815 Sir Timothy Shelley, Bart., upon the decease of his father Bysshe, who was created a baronet in 1806. This Bysshe Shelley was b…

Shem

SHEM. See NOATI. Compare SEMITIC LANGUAGES. it was shaken to its foundations, and in consequence the seat of the governor was removed to Baku ; in 1872 (16th January) there occurred a still more terrible shock, from which the town has never recovered. Silk manufacture is the principal industry in Shemaha. In 1873 there were one hundred and thirty silk-winding establishments, owned mostly by Armeni…

Shenandoah

SHENANDOAH, a borough of the United States, in Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, 12 miles north of Potts. ville, is the centre of a great coal district, more than half the total yield of the Schuylkill region being produced within 3 miles of the town.

Shendy

SHENDY, a town on the right bank of the Nile, about 130 miles south of Berber and 100 north of Khartnm, which, while its present population does not exceed 2500, was previous to its destruction by the Egyptians in 1822 a place of some 50,000 inhabitants and a station on the great caravan route between Sennar and Egypt and Mecca.

Shenstone, William

SHENSTONE, WILLIAM (1714-1763), is one of the best-known minor poets of the 18th century. He owes such distinction as he has at least as much to his choice of subjects and to the peculiarity of his life as to the felicity of his verse. Coming after a generation whose leading poets wrote for fashionable society, he shut himself up in the country, tried to follow the life Arcadian, and wrote in the …

Shepton Mallet

SHEPTON MALLET, a market-town of Somersetshire, England, is situated at the eastern extremity of the Mendip Hills, on the Somerset and Devon and the East Somerset Railways, 5 miles east of Wells and 20 south of Bristol. The church of Sts Peter and Paul, consisting of chancel, clerestoried nave, and aisles, is specially worthy of notice for its richly carved wooden roof and the ancient monuments of…

Sherborne

SHERBORNE, an ancient market-town of Dorsetshire, England, on the borders of Somersetshire, is situated on the southern slope of a hill overlooking the river Yeo, on the South-Western Railway, 6 miles east from Yeovil and 118 south-west from London by rail. In 705 Sher-borne was made by Ina, king of the West Saxon; the seat of a bishopric, which in 1078 was removed to Old Sarum (Salisbury). Previo…

Sheridan

SHERIDAN, the name of an Anglo-Irish family, made illustrious by the dramatist Richard Brinsley, but prominently connected with literature in more than one generation before and after his. We take the family in chronological order. repute, - a fashionable schoolmaster, with a small landed patrimony in Cavan, and a bishop in the family two generations back. He so won upon the dean with his mirthful…

Sheriff

SHERIFF. For the office of sheriff in England, see COUNTY. For his jurisdiction in the revision of voters, see REGISTRATION. The position of the sheriff as an executive officer in the United States is very similar to that of the English sheriff. He is usually appointed by popular election. The marshals of the United States and their deputies have in each State the same powers in executing the laws…

Sherlock, Thomas

SHERLOCK, THOMAS (1678-1761), bishop of London, the son of Dr William Sherlock, noticed below, was born at London in 1678. He was educated at Catherine Hall, Cambridge, and in 1704 succeeded his father as master of the Temple. He took a prominent part in the Bangorian controversy against Hoadly, whom he succeeded as bishop of Bangor in 1728; he was afterwards translated to Salisbury in 1734, and t…

Sherlock, William

SHERLOCK, WILLIAM (1641-1707), dean of St Paul's, was born at Southwark in 1641, and was educated at Eton and Cambridge (Peterhouse). In 1669 be became rector of St George, Botolph Lane, London, and in 1681 he was appointed a prebendary of St Paul's. In 1684 he published The Case of Resistance of the Supreme Powers stated and resolved according to the Doctrine of the holy Scriptures, an ably writt…

Sherman

SHERMAN, a city _of the United States, in Grayson county, Texas, 73 miles north of Dallas, is a substantially built and flourishing place, with a court-house and a college.

Sherwin, John Keyse

SHERWIN, JOHN KEYSE (1751-1790), engraver and history-painter, was born in 1751 at East Dean in Sussex. His father was a wood-cutter employed in shaping bolts for shipbuilders, and the son followed the same occupation till his seventeenth year, when, having shown an aptitude for art by copying some miniatures with exceptional accuracy, he was befriended by Nit. William Mitford, upon whose estate t…

Shields, South

SHIELDS, SOUTH, a seaport, market-town, and municipal and parliamentary borough of Durham, is situated on the south bank of the Tyne, at its mouth, immediately opposite North Shields and Tynemouth, and on the North-Eastern Railway, 18 miles north-east of Durham and 9 east of Newcastle-on-Tyne. It is connected with North Shields and Tynemouth by steam ferries. The town possesses a spacious market-p…

Shield, William

SHIELD, WILLIAM (1748-1829), composer of English operas, was born at Swalwell, near Newcastle, in 1748. His father began to teach him singing before he had completed his sixth year, but died three years later, leaving him in charge of guardians who made no provision whatever for continuing his musical education, for which he was thenceforward dependent entirely upon his own aptitude for learning, …

Shiic A

SHIIC_A.RPUR, the chief town of the above district, is situated 18 miles west of the Indus, in a tract of low-lying country annually flooded by the canals from that river.

Shikkrpur

SHIKkRPUR, a British district in the province of Sind, Bombay presidency, India, with an area of 10,000 square miles, lying between 27? and 29? N. lat. and between 67? and 70? E. long. It is bounded on the N. by Khelat, Upper Sind Frontier district, and the river Indus ; on the E. by the native states of Bahawalpur and Jaisalmir ; on the S. by Khairpur state; and on the W. by the Khirthar Mountain…

Shiloh

SHILOH, a town of Ephraim, where the sanctuary of the ark was, under the priesthood of the house of Eli. According to 1 Sam. iii. 3, 15, this sanctuary was not a tabernacle but a temple, with doors. But the priestly narrator of Josh. xviii. 1 has it that the tabernacle was set up _there by Joshua after the conquest. In Judges xxi. 19 sq. the yearly feast at Shiloh appears as of merely local charac…

Shimoga, Or Siteemoga

SHIMOGA, or SITEEMOGA, a district in the north-west of the native state of Mysore, Southern India. It forms a part of the Nagar division, and is situated between 13? 30' and 14? 38' N. lat. and between 74? 44' and 76? 5' E. long. It has an area of 3797 square miles, and is bounded on the N. and W. by the Bombay districts of Dharwar and N. Kanara, and E. and S. by the districts of Chitaldroog and K…

Ship

SHIP. The generic name (A. S. scip, Ger. Schf, Gr. crtolsbee, from the root skap, ef. " scoop") for the invention by which man has contrived to convey himself and his goods upon water points in its derivation to the fundamental conception by which, when realized, a means of flotation was obtained superior to the raft, which it, and selects trees "withered of old, exceeding dry, that might float li…

Shipbuilding

SHIPBUILDING - within the memory of the present generation shipbuilding, like many other arts, has lost dignity by the extended use of machinery and by the subdivision of labour. Forty years ago it was still a " mystery " and a " craft." The well-instructed shipbuilder had a store of experience on which he based his successful practice. He gained such advantages in the form and trim and rig of his…

Shipley

SHIPLEY, a town of England, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, is situated on the south bank of the Aire, in the neighbourhood of a picturesque pastoral country, at the junction of the Leeds and Bradford Railway with the Bradford, Skipton, and Colne line, 3 miles north of Bradford.

Shipping

SHIPPING. The island of Britain (to the shipping of which the present historical notice is mainly restricted) is well fitted to serve as a commercial depot, both by the number of its natural harbours and the variety of its products. There is evidence that Phoenician traders visited it for tin, and in after times it served as one of the granaries of the Roman empire. On the other hand raw wool was …

Shirley

SHIRLEY, a town of Hampshire, consists chiefly of comfortable houses occupied by persons in business in Southampton (2 miles south-east), of which it is practically a suburb.

Shirley, James

SHIRLEY, JAMES (1596-1666), dramatist, belonged to the great period of our dramatic literature, but, in Lamb's words, he "claims a place among the worthies of this period, not so much for any transcendent genius in himself, as that he was the last of a great race, all of whom spoke nearly the same language and had a set of moral feelings and notions in common." His career of playwriting extended f…

Shoemaking

SHOEMAKING. The simplest foot-protector is the sandal, which consists merely of a sole attached to the foot, usually by leather thongs. The use of this the archmologist can trace back to a very early period ; and the sandal of plaited grass, palm fronds, leather, or other material still continues to be the most common foot-covering among Oriental races. Where climate demanded greater protection fo…

Shoes, Horse

SHOES, HORSE. The horny casing of the foot of the horse and other Solidungulates, while quite sufficient to protect the extremity of the limb under natural conditions, is found to wear away and break, especially in moist climates, when the animal is subjected to hard work of any kind. This, however, can be obviated by attaching to the hoof a rim of iron - a simple device which has been probably no…

Sholapur

SHOLAPUR, a British district of India, in the Deccan division of the Bombay presidency, with an area of 4521 square miles, lying between 17? 13' and 18? 35' N. lat. and 74? 39' and 76? 11' E. long. It is bounded on the N. by Ahmadnagar district, on the E. by the nizam's territory and Akalkot state, on the S. by Kaladgi district and some of the Patvardhan states, and on the W. by Sdtdra and Poona d…

Sholapur

SHOLAPUR, chief town and administrative headquarters of the above district, is situated in 17? 40' 18" N. lat. and 75? 56' 38" E. long., on the plain of the Sina.

Shooting

SHOOTING for sporting purposes requires in the use of firearms two fundamental principles on which rests the attainment of dexterity. These are, first, that the weight 11 of the weapon be such that the sportsman can carry and 01 wield it with ease ; and, secondly - of still greater importance - that the weapon be so adapted to his chest, arm, and eye that when it is raised and levelled in the act …

Shore, Jane

SHORE, JANE, mistress of King Edward IV., would have been unknown by name even to the studious antiquary but for the events which took place after the death of her royal paramour. She was the first of three concubines whom he described respectively as the merriest, the wilyest, and the holiest harlot in his realm. A handsome woman of moderate stature, round face, and fair complexion, she was more …

Shorthand

SHORTHAND, Or STENOGRAPHY, TACHYGRAPHY, is a term applied to all systems of brief handwriting which are intended to enable a person to write legibly at the rate of speech. (For the ancient Latin and Greek tachygraphy, see the last part of the article on PALEOGRAPHY.) In the 10th century all practical acquaintance with the shorthand systems of Greece and Rome faded completely away, and not till the…

Shoshong

SHOSHONG, a town in the British protectorate of Bechuanaland, the chief settlement of the Eastern Bamangwatos, is situated in a glen at the foot of a range of Primary rocks on the Shoshon, a periodically flowing brook which flows eastwards into the Limpopo or Uri river. It lies about 400 miles north of Kimberley, with which it was connected by road and telegraph under Sir Charles Warren's administ…

Shovel

SHOVEL, Sin' CLOUDESLEY (r. 1650-1707), English admiral, was according to some accounts a native of Yorkshire, but the most commonly accepted statement is that he was born of poor parents about 1650 in Clay, a fishing-village of Norfolk, where he was apprenticed to a shoemaker. Having run away to sea, he became cabin-boy on board a ship commanded by Sir Christopher Mynns. He set himself to study n…

Shoveler

SHOVELER, formerly spelt SHOVELAR, and more anciently SHOVELARD, a word by which used to be meant the bird now almost invariably called SPOONBILL (q.t.), but in the latter half of the 16th century transferred to one hitherto generally, and in these days locally, known as the Spoon-billed Duck - the Anas clypeata of Linnmus and Spatula or Rhyuchaspis clypeata of modern writers. All these names refe…

Shreveport

SHREVEPORT, a city of the United States, capital of Caddo parish, Louisiana, on the west bank of Red River and near to Sodo Lake, is the eastern terminus of the Texas Pacific Railroad, 327 miles by rail north-west of New Orleans, with which it has regular steamboat communication. Situated in the heart of a very fruitful cotton-growing region, it is one of the principal cotton-markets in the south-…

Shrew

SHREW, a general term applied to the species of the family Soricidx, order Insectivora (see vol. xv. p. 403), but in the British Isles more particularly to the common and to the lesser shrew (Sorex vulgaris, L., and S. pygnmts, Pall.). The common shrew is, in England at least, by far the commoner of the two. It is a small animal about the size of the common mouse, which it somewhat resembles in th…

Shrewsbury

SHREWSBURY, an old market-town, a municipal and parliamentary borough, and the county and assize town of Shropshire, England, is situated on a slightly elevated peninsula formed by a bend of the Severn, and on various railway lines, 30 miles south of Chester, and 163 northwest of London by the London and North-Western Railway, the distance by the Great Western being 171 miles. The Severn is crosse…

Shrike

SHRIKE, a bird's name so given by Turner (1544), but solely on the authority of Sir Francis Lovell, for Turner had seen the bird but twice in England, though in Germany often, and could not find any one else who so called it. However, the word I was caught up by succeeding writers ; and, though hardly used except in books - for Butcher-bird is its vernacular synonym - it not only retains its first…

Shrimp

SHRIMP, the name applied to two species of Crustaceans commonly used as food in Great Britain. One kind after boiling is brown in colour, the other bright red. The brown kind belongs to the species Crangon vulgaris, the red to the species Pandalus annulicornis. Both these species belong to the sub-order Decapoda, and to that division of it which is distinguished by a well-developed abdomen or tail…

Shropshire, Or Salop

SHROPSHIRE, or SALOP, an inland county of England, on the borders of Wales, lies between 52? 20' and 53? 4' N. lat. and 2? 17' and 3? 14' W. long:, and is bounded N. by Cheshire and an interpolated portion of Flint, E. by Stafford, S.E. by Worcester, S. by Hereford, S.W. by Radnor, W. by Montgomery, and N.W. by Denbigh. The total area in 1880 was 844,565 acres, or about 1319 square miles. Towards …

Shrove Tuesday

SHROVE TUESDAY, the day preceding Ash Wednesday, or the first day of Lent, was so called as the day on which " shrift "or confessionwas made.

Shu3ila

SHU3ILA (Bulg. Shumen, Turk. Shumna), a fortified town of Bulgaria, 58 miles south-south-west of Silistria and in that pashalic and 50 west of Varna. The town is built within a cluster of hills which curve round it on the west and north in the shape of a horse-shoe. A rugged ravine intersects the ground longitudinally within the horseshoe ridge. From Shumla roads radiate northwards to the Danubian…

Shusha

SHUSHA, a town, formerly a fortress, of Russia, in the Caucasian government of Elisabethpol, lies in 39? 46' N. lat. and 46? 25' E. long., 230 miles south-east of Tiflis, on an isolated rocky eminence, 3860 feet high. The town, which is accessible only on one side, occupies but a small part of the plateau, whence there is a splendid view over the surrounding mountain gorges and defiles. In 1873 th…

Shustar

SHUSTAR, or SlitiSTAR, SHeSITTAR (Arab. Tostar), once a flourishing provincial capital of Persia, is now a comparatively unimportant town of 6000 inhabitants, - exclusive, however, of the Baklitiaris, who during the winter months encamp with their flocks and herds in the immediate vicinity. It is situated (32? 3' 30" N. lat. and 48? 52' E. long.) at the foot of an offshoot of the Bakhtihri Mountai…

Shuya

SHUYA, one of the chief centres of the cotton industry in middle Russia, is a district town in the government of Vladimir, 68 miles north-east of the town of Vladimir. A branch railway connects it with the Novki station of the railway from Moscow to Nijni-Novgorod. The town is built on the high left bank of the navigable Teza, a tribu- tary of the Klazma, with two suburbs on the right bank. Annali…

Shwe-gyeng

SHWE-GYENG, a district of British Burmah, in the Tenasserirn division, containing an area of 5567 square miles, and lying in the valley of the Tsit-toung (Sitoung) river. It is bounded on the N. by Toung-gmi district, on the E. by the Poung-loung Hills and the SalwIn Hill Tracts, on the S. by Amherst district, and on the W. by the Pegu Yoma Hills. The boundaries have more than once been altered, t…

Sialkot

SIALKOT, the capital and administrative headquarters of the above district, is situated in 32? 31' N. lat. and 74? 36' E. long., on the northern bank of the Aik torrent. It is an extensive city with handsome and well-built streets, and contains several shrines and buildings of historical interest. In 18S1 its population was 39,613. . SIAM) The kingdom of Siam embraces the greater part of the Indo-…

Sialkot, Or Sealkote

SIALKOT, or SEALKOTE, a district of British India, in the Amritsar division of the lieutenant-governorship of the Punjab, with an area of 1959 square miles. It lies between 31? 44' and 32? 50' N. lat. and 74? 12' and 75? 3' E. long., and is bounded on the N.E. by the Jamu state of Kashmir, on the N.W. by the Chonab, on the. E. by Gurchispur, on the S.E. by the Ravi, and on the W. by Lahore and Guj…

Sigillvm

SIGILLVM .

Sigillvm

SIGILLVM . CIV1VM . ROFENSIS. The reverse has the same legend repeated round the scene of the Crucifixion of St Andrew. Other corporation seals are covered with small figures under elaborate canopy work, much like those of the ecclesiastical foundations. Seals of hospitals are often designed in a similar way, with a representation of the hospital building very minutely treated. In the 15th century…

Sohizomycetes And Disease

SOHIZOMYCETES AND DISEASE. - The presence of Schizomycetes in the blood, tissues, or organs of animals and man suffering from certain specific diseases is admitted, and has naturally suggested the question - Are they accompaniments only or have they any causal relations to the diseased conditions ? Their constancy in given cases excluded the former view. Next arose the discussion as to how the cau…

Sonnets

SONNETS (Q_1, 1609); J. Boaden, On the Sonnets of 8., 1S37, Iwo' C. A. Drown, 8,4 Autobiographical Poems, 1838, Ivo ; I. Donnelly, Tke Sonnets o 8., 1859, Ivo ; Dr Barnstorff, Key to S.'s Sonnets, translated, 1562, Svo; Corney, The Sonnets of 8, 1862, Svo ; [E. A. Hitchcock), Remarks on the Sonnets al S., 180., 12m0; R. Simpson, Introduction to the Philosophy of 8.'s Sonnets, 1568, No ; H. Brown, …

St Albans

ST ALBANS, a township and village of the United States, the capital of Franklin county, Vermont, at the junction of several divisions of the Central Vermont Railroad.

St Albans

ST ALBANS, a city, municipal borough, and market town of Hertfordshire, England, is finely situated on an eminence above the river Ver, on the main line of the Midland Railway and on branches of the London and North-Western and the Great Northern lines, about 24 miles north-west of London and 5 miles west from Hatfield. The abbey or cathedral church, in some respects one of the most remarkable ecc…

St Amand-les-eaux

ST AMAND-LES-EAUX, a town of France, in the department of Nord, at the junction of the Elnon with the Scarpe (a left-hand tributary of the Scheldt), 71 miles by rail north-west of Valenciennes and 22 south-east of Lille. It has numerous industrial establishments, but is better known from the mineral waters in the vicinity. Though from Roman coins found in the mud it is evident that these must have…

St Andrews

ST ANDREWS, a city, royal burgh, university town, and seaport of Scotland, in the county of Fife, is situated on a bay of the German Ocean and on a branch of the North British Railway, 9 miles east of Cupar and 11 south-south-east of Dundee. It occupies a platform of sandstone rock about 50 feet in height, running east and west and presenting to the sea a precipitous wall, which has been much encr…

St Asaph

ST ASAPH, a city and parliamentary borough of North Wales, in the county of Flint, is situated on an eminence in the Vale of Clwyd, near the junction of the Clwyd and Elwy, about 6 miles south-south-east of Rhyl and 6 north-north-west of Denbigh. It is somewhat irregularly built and has an antique appearance. On the brow of the hill is an encampment, Bron-y-Trylva, supposed to have been occupied b…

St Augustine

ST AUGUSTINE, a city of the United States, capital of St John's county, Florida, has the distinction of being the oldest city in the States built by Europeans, and has recently become a popular winter watering-place. By rail it is 36 miles south-east from Jacksonville. It stands on a narrow sandy peninsula, not more than 12 feet above the sea, formed by the Matanzas and San Sebastian rivers, and i…

St Bartholomew, Or St Bartiialemy

ST BARTHOLOMEW, or ST BARTIIALEMY, a French island of the West Indies, in the archipelago of the Antilles, is situated in 17? 55' 35" N. lat. and 63? 60' 15" W. long., 108 miles north-north-west of Guadeloupe, of which, politically, it is a dependency. In form it is very irregular and the surface is mountainous. The soil, in spite of a scarcity of moisture, is not unfertile ; and in some of the va…

St Brieuc

ST BRIEUC, a town of France, chef-lieu of the department of Cotes du Nord, 295 miles west of Paris by the railway from Brest, at the junction of a branch to Vannes by Pontivy. It stands 290 feet above the sea, between 1 and 2 miles from the English Channel, where Logue, on the left bank of the Gouet, serves as its seaport. About 600 vessels, with an aggregate of 27,600 tons, enter or clear per ann…

St Catharines

ST CATHARINES, a city and port of entry of Ontario, Canada, and the capital of Lincoln county, is situated 12 miles north-west of Niagara Falls and 35 south of Toronto (by water), on the Welland Canal and the Grand Trunk and Welland branch of the Grand Trunk Railway.

St Chamond

ST CHAMOND, a manufacturing town of France, in the department of Loire, 7i miles east-north-east of St Etienne, at the confluence of the Janon with the Gier (an affluent of the Rhone), and on the railway from St Etienne to Lyons.

St Charles

ST CHARLES, a city of the United State; the county seat of St Charles county, Missouri, is situated on the left or north bank of the Missouri 20 miles from its mouth, and 23 from St Louis by the St Louis and Omaha line of the Wabash, St Louis, and Pacific Railway, which crosses the river by a great iron bridge 6535 feet long, erected in 1871 at a cost of $1,750,000. Besides one of the largest car-…

St Christopher, Or St

ST CHRISTOPHER, or ST Firms, one of the Leeward Islands, West Indies, situated in 17' 18' N. lat. and 62? 48' W. long.

St Cloud

ST CLOUD, a village of France, on the left bank of and, lying amid the foliage of its magnificent park and numerous villa gardens, it is one of the favourite resorts of the Parisians. The palace of St Cloud, which had been a summer residence for Napoleon I., Louis XVIII., Charles X., Louis Philippe, and Napoleon III., was burned by the Prussians in 1870 along with part of the village. In spite of …

St Croix, Or Sam

ST CROIX, or SAm-rE CROIX, one of the Danish West India Islands, is situated between 17? and 18? N. lat., island. The narrower eastern end is also hilly. In the centre and towards the west the surface is undulating, and towards the south flat with brackish lagoons. With the exception of about 4000 acres, the soil is everywhere productive ; but only about one-third of the area is devoted to sugar-g…

St Cyr-l'ecole

ST CYR-L'ECOLE, a village of France (Seine-et-Oise), 21 miles west of Versailles at the end of the old park of Louis XIV.

St David's

ST DAVID'S, a village of Pembrokeshire, South Wales, and the seat of a bishopric, is situated in the valley of the Alan, 16 miles north-west of Haverfordwest, the nearest railway station, and 11 miles east from the most westerly point of Wales. By some it is supposed to be the Roman Menapia. It consists of straggling and somewhat mean houses, occupying the crest of the hill above the cathedral. It…

St Denis

ST DENIS, a town of France, in the department of Seine, 44 miles north of Paris by the Northern Railway, which there divides into two branches leading respectively to Pontoise and Creil, is now a great manufacturing centre for machinery, boats, railway carriages, chemical products, printed goods, candles, beer, leather, and flour. Many of the works are supplied with water from the Crould and the R…

St Die

ST DIE, a town of France, chef-lieu of an arrondissement and a bishop's see in the department of Vosges, is situated on the right bank of the Meurthe, 1030 feet above the sea, on the railway from Luneville (32 miles northwest) to Epinal (38 miles south-west). One portion of the town was rebuilt after the fire of 1757 in the regular and monumental style of Nancy ; the other has a somewhat mean appe…

St Etienne

ST ETIENNE, an industrial and manufacturing town of France, chef-lieu of the department of Loire, 312 miles south-south-east of Paris and 36 miles south-south-west of Lyons by rail, with a branch line to Le Puy. The coal-field of St Etienne is the richest in France after that of Valenciennes and Pas de Calais, giving employment to 12,000 miners and 5000 workmen at the pit-heads. There are 64 conce…

St Et'statius, Or St Eustache

ST Et'STATIUS, or ST EUSTACHE, one of the Dutch West India Islands, a dependency of Curacao, lying northwest of St Kitts in 17? 50' N. lat. and 62? 40' W. long., consists of two volcanic cones and an intervening valley, and contains the small town of Orangetown and two forts.

St Gall

ST GALL (German Sankt Gallen), capital of the above canton, occupies along with its suburbs St Fiden, Neudorf, and Langgasse (to the cast), and Lachen and Vonwil (to the west), an area 4 miles long by 1 broad in the highland valley of the Steinach, which descends north-east to the Lake of Constance. On a pillar in the marketplace are the following details : - Lat. 47? 25' 36" N.; long. 7? 2' 27" E…

St Gall

ST GALL, in area the sixth (789 square miles), in actual population the fourth (210,491), and in relative density of population the tenth of the Swiss cantons, was formed in 1803 out of the two independent communities of the "town" and the "abbey" (including Toggenburg), Rapperswyl, Uznach, Gaster, Sargans, Gams, Rheinthal, Sax (with Forsteck), which belonged to Zurich, and Werdenberg, which belon…

St Germaln-en-laye

ST GERMALN-EN-LAYE, a town of France, in the department of Seine-et-Oise, 8 miles north of Versailles and 13 west of Paris by rail. Built on a hill on the left bank of the Seine, nearly 200 feet above the river, and on the edge of a forest 10,000 to 11,000 acres in extent, St Germain has a healthy and bracing air, which makes it a favourite place of summer residence with the Parisians. It had 15,5…

St Helena

ST HELENA, an island in the Atlantic in 15? 55' 26" S. lat. and 5? 42' 30" W. long. (Ladder Hill Observatory), lies 1140 miles from Africa, 1800 from America, a dependency since 1651. The area is about 45 square miles, the extreme length from south-west to north-east being 101 miles and the extreme breadth 81. The island is a very ancient volcano, greatly changed by oceanic abrasion and atmospheri…

St Helen's

ST HELEN'S, a market-town and municipal and parliamentary borough of south-west Lancashire, England, is situated on a branch of the London and North-Western Railway, 21 miles west by south of Manchester and 10 east-north-east of Liverpool. It is the principal seat in England for the manufacture of crown, plate, and sheet glass, and has extensive copper smelting and refining works, as well as chemi…

St I'ol De Leon

ST I'OL DE LEON, a town of France, in the arrondissement of Morlaix and department of Fin ist6re, not far from the shores of the English Channel, 13i miles northwest of Morlaix by the railway to Roscoff. This quiet episcopal city, old but modernized, is mainly of interest on account of its cathedral and the church of Notre Dame, though it also contains an episcopal palace (1712-50), a seminary (16…

St Ives

ST IVES, a seaport and borough of west Cornwall, England, is situated at the west entrance of the beautiful St Ives Bay on the Bristol Channel, 7 miles north of Penzance. The older streets are narrow and irregular, but on the slopes above there are modern terraces with good houses. The town takes its name from St Hya or Ia, an Irish virgin who is said to have arrived in the bay in the 5th century.…

St Jean Baptiste

ST JEAN BAPTISTE, a suburb of Montreal, Canada, under a separate municipality.

St Jean D'angely

ST JEAN D'ANGELY, a town of France, the chef-lieu of an arrondissement in the department of Charente-Infdrieure, on the right bank of the Boutonne (a right-hand affluent of the Charente) and on the railway from Taillebourg (12 miles south-west) to Niort (30 miles north). The town, which is badly planned and built, contains the remains of a Benedictine abbey, destroyed in 1568; the existing church …

St John

ST JOHN, capital of St John county and the largest city of the province of New Brunswick, is strikingly situated at the mouth of the river of the same name, in 45? 14' 6" N. lat. and 66? 3' 30" W. long (see vol. xvii., plate IV.). It stands on an elevated rocky peninsula which projects into the harbour for a considerable distance. The latter, which is protected by batteries and never freezes, is w…

St John, Charles William George

ST JOHN, CHARLES WILLIAM GEORGE (1809-1856), naturalist and sportsman, was the son of General the Hon. Scotland, he found his duties so irksome that he resigned in 1834. The same year he married a lady with some fortune, and was thus enabled to gratify his taste for the life of a sportsman and naturalist. He ultimately settled in the " Laigh." of Moray, "within easy distance haunt of all the commo…

St John, James Augustus

ST JOHN, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1801-1875), traveller and author, was born in Carmarthenshire, Wales, on 24th September 1801. After attending a village grammar-school he received private instruction from a clergyman in the classics, and also acquired proficiency in French, Italian, Spanish, Arabic, and Persian. At the age of seventeen he went to London, where he obtained a connexion with a Plymouth newsp…

St John's

ST JOHN'S, the capital of Newfoundland, is situated on the eastern shore of the island, 60 miles north of Cape Race, in 47? 33' 33" N. lat. and 52? 45' 10" W. long. (see vol. xvii., plate V.). It is 10? 52' east of Halifax, and stands on what is nearly the most eastern point of America, - Cape Spear, 5 miles south of St. John's, alone projecting a little farther towards the Old World. It is 1000 m…

St Johnsbury

ST JOHNSBURY, a township of the United States, capital of Caledonia county, Vermont, on the Passumpsic river (a tributary of the river Connecticut), about 50 miles south of the Canadian frontier, and on the railway between Boston (205 miles) and Montreal.

St Joseph

ST JOSEPH, a city of the United States, capital of Buchanan county, Missouri, on the right bank of the Missouri, 260 miles west by north of St Louis. It is an important railway junction, possessing since 1873 a great road and railway bridge over the river constructed of iron; in the extent of its wholesale business it ranks as the third city in the State ; and among its manufacturing establishment…

St Kilda

ST KILDA, the largest islet of a small group of the Outer Hebrides, Scotland, 40 miles west of North Uist, in 57? 48' 35" N. lat. and 8? 35' 30" W. long. It measures 3 miles from east to west and 2 from north to south, and has an area of 3000 to 4000 acres. Except at the landing-place on the south-east, the cliffs rise sheer out of deep water, and on the north-east side the highest eminence in the…

St Kilda

ST KILDA, a watering-place in Victoria, Australia, on the east shore of Hobson's Bay, 3i miles south of Melbourne, with which it is connected by a railway.

St Lawrence

ST LAWRENCE. The river St Lawrence2 in North ] America, taken in connexion with the great lakes, offers to 3 trading vessels the most magnificent system of inland navigation in the world. Its total length from the source] of the St Louis river, which discharges into Fond du Lac at the head of Lake Superior, to Cape Gaspe is 2100 miles. The river St Louis springs from the same spacious plateau in M…

St Leonards

ST LEONARDS is the name given to the western and more modern part of HASTINGS (q.v.), a watering-place on the coast of Sussex, England.

St Leonards, Edward Biirtenshaw Sugden

ST LEONARDS, EDWARD BIIRTENSHAW SUGDEN, LORD (1781-1875), lord chancellor of England, was the son of a hairdresser in Duke Street, Westminster, and was born in February 1781. After practising for some years as a conveyancer, he was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1807, having already published his well-known treatise on the Law of Vendors and Purchasers. In 1822 he was made king's counsel an…

St Louis

ST LOUIS, the capital of Senegambia or Senegal, West Africa, and known to the natives as far as Timbuktu as N'dar, is built on an island 10 sea-miles above the mouth of the Senegal river, near the right bank, which is there a narrow strip of sand - the Langue de Barbaric - occupied by the villages of N'dar Toute and Guet N'dar. Two bridges on piles connect the town with the villages ; and the Pont…

St Louis

ST LOUIS, a city of the United States, chief city of the State of Missouri, is situated on the west bank of the Mississippi river, 20 miles below its confluence with the Missouri river and 200 miles above the influx of the Ohio, in 38? 38' 3?6 N. lat. and 90? 12' 17" W. long. It is distant by river about 1200 miles from New Orleans, and 729 from St Paul at the head of navigation on the Mississippi…

St Lucia

ST LUCIA, a West India island, discovered by Columbus in 1502, is situated in 13? 50' N. lat. and 60? 58' W. long., and has a length of 42 miles and a maximum breadth of 21. Pigeon Island, formerly an important military post, lies at its northern extremity. Originally inhabited by Caribs, St Lucia was settled by the English in 1639, and, after many alternations of English and French possession, su…

St Martin

ST MARTIN, one of the Lesser Antilles (West Indies), part of which (20 square miles) belongs to France and forms a dependency of Guadeloupe, while the remainder (18 square miles) belongs to Holland and along with Saba, &c., is a dependency of Curacao.

St Maur-sur-loire

ST MAUR-SUR-LOIRE, founded by St Maurus (see MAnous), was the first Benedictine monastery in Gaul.

St Nazaire

ST NAZAIRE, a town of France, in the department of Loire Inferieure, and a port on the right bank of the Loire near its mouth. It has rapidly grown since the new docks rendered it the outport or detached harbour of NANTES (q.v.), from which it is distant 29 miles west-north-west by water and 40 by rail. Begun in 1845 and opened in 1857, the first basin has an area of 26 acres and 1 mile of quays ;…

St Nicolas

ST NICOLAS, a town of Belgium, in -the district of Dendermonde, in the province of East Flanders, 19i-miles from Ghent by the railway to Antwerp.

St Omer

ST OMER, a town and fortress of France, chef-lieu of the department of Pas-de-Calais, situated on the Aa (which flows into the North Sea), 177 miles north of Paris by the railway to Arras, Hazebrouck, and Calais, at the junction of a line to Boulogne. Before the modifications made in the defensive system of the frontier the place was a fortress of the first class. At St Omer begins the canalized p…

St Ouen

ST OUEN, an industrial district in the outskirts of Paris, on the right bank of the Seine, 1 mile above St Denis.

St Paul

ST PAUL, a remarkable volcanic island which, along with the island of New Amsterdam, is situated in the in 1874 is 38? 42' 50" S. Lat. and 77? 32' 29" E. Long. Though the distance between the two islands St Paul and New Amsterdam is only 50 miles, they belong to two separate eruptive areas characterized by quite different products ; and the comparative bareness of St Paul is in striking contrast t…

St Paul

ST PAUL, a city of the United States, second city of Minnesota, a port of entry and the capital of the State and of Ramsey county, is situated in 44? 52' 46" N. lat. and 93? 5' IV. long., on the Mississippi river, 2150 miles from its mouth, 10 below the falls of St Anthony, the natural head of navigation, and 360 north-west of Chicago. The ground on which the city is built rises from the river in …

St Paul's Rocks

St Petersburg

ST PETERSBURG, capital of the Russian empire, is situated in a thinly-peopled region at the head of the Gulf of Finland, at the mouth of the Neva, in 59? 56' N. lat. and 30? 40' E. long., 400 miles from Moscow, 696 from Warsaw, 1138 from Odessa, and 1338 from Astrakhan. The city covers an area of 21,195 acres, of which 12,820 belong to the delta proper of the Neva ; 1330 acres are under water. The…

St Petersburg

ST PETERSBURG, a government of north-western Russia, at the head of the Gulf of Finland, stretching along its south-eastern shore and the southern shore of Lake Ladoga. It is bounded by Finland and Olonetz on the N., Novgorod and Pskoff on the E. and S., Esthonia and Livonia on the W., and has an area of 20,750 square miles. It is hilly only on its Finland border, the remainder being flat and cove…

St Pierre

ST PIERRE. See MARTINIQUE, vol. xv. p. 586. SAINT-PIERRE, CHARLES IRENEE CASTEL, ABBE DE (1658-1743), a French writer of much ingenuity and influence, who is not unfrequently confounded with the author of Paul et Virginie, was born near Barfleur on the 18th of February 1658. His father was bailli of the Cotentin, and Saint-Pierre, who was educated by the Jesuits, appears to have had an easy entran…

St Pierre And Miquelon

ST PIERRE AND MIQUELON, two islands 10 miles off the south coast of Newfoundland (see vol. xvii. pl. V.), at the entrance of Fortune Bay, are, with five lesser islets, the last remnant of the North American colonies of France. Both are rugged masses of granite, with a few small streams and lakelets, a thin covering of soil, and scanty vegetation. Miquelon (area, 45,542 acres) consists of Great Miq…

St Quentin

ST QUENTIN, a manufacturing town of France, the chef-lieu of an arrondissement and in population (45,697 in 1881) the largest town in the department of Aisne, stands on the right bank of the Somme, at the junction of the Somme Canal with the St Quentin Canal (which unites the Somme Canal with the Scheldt), 95i miles northeast of Paris by the railway to Brussels and Cologne, with branch lines to Gu…

St Servan

ST SERVAN, a cantonal town of France, in the department of Ille-et-Vilaine, on the right bank of the Rance to the south of St Malo, from which it is separated by a creek at least a mile wide (see ST Maw). In population (10,691 inhabitants in 1881; 12,867 in the commune) St Servan is slightly the smaller town of the two. It is not enclosed by walls, and with its new houses, straight wide streets, a…

St Thomas

ST THOMAS (Portuguese, Sdo Thome), a volcanic island in the Gulf of Guinea (West Africa), lies immediately north of the equator and in 6? 40' E. long. From the Gaboon, the nearest point of the mainland, the distance is 166 miles, and from the Cameroons 297. The extreme length of the island is 32 miles and the breadth from west to east 21 ; the area is estimated at 355 square miles. From the coast …

St Thomas

ST THOMAS, one of the Danish West India Islands, lies 36 miles east of Porto Rico (Spanish) and 40 north-north-west of St Croix (Danish), with its principal town (Charlotte Amalie) in 18? 20' 27" N. lat. and 64? 55' 40" W. long. It is 13 miles long from east to west, with an average breadth of 3, and is estimated to have an area of 33 square miles. The highest point, West Mountain, is 1586 feet ab…

St Vincent

ST VINCENT, an island in the West Indies, discovered by Columbus in 1498, is situated in 13? 10' N. lat. and 60? 57' W. long., 100 miles to the west of Barbados ; it is 18 miles in length, 11 in breadth, and has an area of 132 square miles. Volcanic hills cross the island from north to south, intersected by beautiful and fertile valleys. In the north-west is the Souffriere, a volcanic mountain (30…

St Vincent, Sir John Jervis

ST VINCENT, SIR JOHN JERVIS, EARL (1734-1823), a distinguished naval officer, was born at Meaford, Staffordshire, on 9th January 1734. His father was counsel and solicitor to the admiralty and treasurer of Greenwich hospital. Young Jervis was destined for the law, but early showed such a strong predilection' for the sea that he ran away from school in order to become a sailor. ? Accordingly in 174…

Technical Methods Of The Sculptor

TECHNICAL METHODS OF THE SCULPTOR - The production of bronze statues by the tire perdue process is described in the article metal work, vol. xvi. p. 72 ; this is now but little practised out of Paris. For the execution of a marble statue the sculptor first models a preliminary sketch on a small scale in clay or wax. He then, in the case of a life-sized or colossal statue, has a sort of iron skelet…

Victor Amadeus Iii

VICTOR AMADEUS III. succeeded him, and devoted the early years of his reign to the improvement of the administration and the reorganization of his army. The time soon came for him to use the weapon he had created, and on the outbreak of the Revolution in France be headed the coalition of Italian princes against her. The house of Savoy thus assumed the headship of Italy, but for the time without mu…

Viii

VIII. MEDICINE (iiyur-vecta, Vaidya-gdstra). - Though the early cultivation of the healing art is amply attested by frequent allusions iu the Vedic writings, it was doubtless not till a much later period that the medical practice advanced beyond a certain degree of empirical skill and pharmaceutic routine. From the simultaneous mention of the three humours (wind, bile, phlegm) in a varttika to Pan…

Weis

'WEIS beheaded whom the diviners, or a majority of them, pronounced to be the culprit. When the king commanded the death of a man all his male offspring perished with him (for fear of blood-revenge). He who gained a suit before the king had the right to make a drinking-cup of his adversary's skull. Actions at law thus stood on the same footing with war, for this is what one did after slay-ing a fo…

Xiii

XIII. PICTORIAL ILLUSTRATIONS. C. Taylor, Picturesque Beauties of S., after Smirke, Stothard, its., 1783-7, 2 vols. 4to ; W. IL Bunbury, Series of Prints Illustrative of S., 1792-6, oblong folio ; S. Harding, S. Illustrated, 1793, 4to ; S. Ireland, Pictures9ue Scenes upon the Avon, 1795, 8vo ; J. and J. Boydell, Collection of Prints from Pictures Illustrating the Dramatic Works of S. 1802-3, 2 vol…

Xviii

XVIII. IRELAND CONTROVERSY. Miscellaneous Papers and Legal Instruments under the Hand and Seal of W. S., 1795, imp. folio, 28 ed. 1796, 8vo (W. 11. Ireland's forgeries) ; Vortigern, an Historical Tragedy, 1790, sm. 8vo, 2d ed. 1832, Svo (forgery); E. Malone, Inquiry into the Authenticity of Certain Papers and Legal Instruments, 1790, 8vo ; W. H. Ireland, Authentic Account of the?Shalce-- spearian …

Yolinger

YOLINGER. - This Scipio, also one of Rome's greatest generals, was the younger son of tEmilius Paullus, and he fought when a youth of seventeen by his father's side at Pydna, 168, - the battle which decided the fate of Macedonia and made northern Greece subject to Rome. He was adopted by the eldest son of Scipio Afric,anus the Elder, and from him took the name Scipio with the surname Africanus. In…