Anatomy Of MammaliaANATOMY OF MAMMALIA, the external surface of the greater number of members of the class is thickly clothed with a peculiarly modified form of epidermis, commonly called hair. This consists of hard, elongated, slender, cylindrical or tapering, filiform, unbranehed masses of epidermic material, growing from a short papilla sunk at the bottom of a follicle in the dorm or true skin. Such hairs upan di… Atiazor--AtIAZOR,1 as some write the word (from the root to, to go round, to return), signifies a cycle. The term is used by the Jews in a threefold sense :--(1) astronomically, as illalizor .iYatan for the cycle of nineteen years, .11falizor Gadol for that of twenty-eight years, Malgor Gadol lallebanalt 2 for the Metonic cycle; (2) liturgically, for the "Larger Prayer-Book," whether in its narrower or i… Buffalo, Cattle, ChamoisBUFFALO, CATTLE, CHAMOIS, ELAND, GNU, GOAT, HARTEBEEST, IBEX, MUSK-OX, NYLGHAU, Ox, SAIGA, and SHEEP. Here may be noticed a remarkable group of animals, called by Marsh Tillodontia, the remains of which are found abundantly in the Lower and Middle Eocene beds of North America. They seem to combine the characters of the Ungulata, Rodentia, and Carnivora. In the genus Tillotherium of Marsh (probably… Circulatory Absorbent Respiratory And Urinary Systems Of MammaliaCIRCULATORY ABSORBENT RESPIRATORY AND URINARY SYSTEMS OF MAMMALIA, the blood tof mammals is always red, and during the life of the animal hot, having a nearly uniform temperature, varying within a few degrees on each side of 100? Fahr. The corpuscles are, as usual in vertebrates, of two kinds: - (1) colourless, spheroidal, nucleated, and exhibiting amceboid movements ; while (2) the more numerous,… Cnaus Manlius VulsoCNAUS MANLIUS VULSO, consul in 189 n.c., received Asia as his province. ConcubinageCONCUBINAGE, which such restrictions tended to develop, is noticed tinder a separate heading (q.v.). It might be described as marriage which has no consequences, or only slight and peculiar consequences, in legal status. In the left-handed or " morganatic "1 marriages of the German royal families we have the nearest approach ever made by concubinage to true marriage, the children being legitimate,… DicknowDICKNOW, capital of the above district, and of the province of Oudh, in 26? 52' N. lat., 80? 58' E. long., is distant from Cawnpur 42 miles, from Benares 199 miles, and from Calcutta 610 miles, and has an area of 13 square miles. It ranks fourth in size among Indian cities, being only surpassed by the presidency capitals of Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay. It stands on both banks of the Gumti, mostly… Forensic, In Private CausesFORENSIC, IN PRIVATE CAUSES.-I. IsgoISGO.. 1870. 1850. Number ments of establishNumber of hands 7,396 11,589 21,937 Capital invested $5,023,491 $11,129,291 $20,864,449 Wages paid 2,120,179 4,464,040 5,765,387 Value of material 7,896,891 10,369,556 22,362,704 Value of product 14,135,517 20,364,650 35,908,338 The Louisville and Nashville Railway, opened in 1859, controls, under one management, nearly 4000 miles of connected lines, rea… Karat, Jean PaulKARAT, JEAN PAUL (1743-1793), a famous revolutionary leader, was the eldest child of Jean Paul Mara of Cagliari and Louise Cabrol of Geneva,'and was born at Boudry, in the principality of Nenchatel, on May 24, 1743. His father was a doctor of some learning, who had abandoned his country and his religion, and had married a Swiss Protestant. It was he that laid the basis of the young Jean Paul's sci… Loom, Or LoonLOOM, or LOON (Icelandic, Low), a name applied to more confined in its application to the north, and is said by Mr T. Lopez, Carlos AntonioLOPEZ, CARLOS ANTONIO (1790-1862), a Paraguayan ruler of great ability, born at Asuncion, November 4, 1790, was educated in the ecclesiastical seminary of that city, and by his ability attracted the hostility of the dictator, Francis, in consequence of which he was forced to keep in hiding for several years. He acquired, however, by study, so unusual a knowledge of law and governmental affairs tha… Lopez, Francisco SolanoLOPEZ, FRANCISCO SOLANO (1826-1870), eldest son of Carlos Antonio Lopez above noticed, was born near Asuncion, Paraguay, July 24, 1826. During his boyhood his father was in hiding, and in consequence his education was wholly neglected. Soon after his father's accession to the presidency, Francisco, then in his nineteenth year, was made commander-in-chief of the Paraguayan army, during the spasmodi… LorcaLORCA, a town of Spain, in the province of Murcia, on the right side of the Sangonera (here called the Guadalentin), by which it is separated from the suburb or quarter of San Cristobal. It is situated about 38 miles west from Cartagena, and 37 south-west from Murcia, at the foot of the Sierra del Cario. The principal buildings are the collegiate church of San Patricio, with a Corinthian facade, a… Lorenzo Marques, Or Lourenc0 MarquesLORENZO MARQUES, or LOURENc0 MARQUES, the chief place, and indeed the only European settlement, in the district of its own name in the Portuguese province of Mozambique in south-eastern Africa, is situated on Delagoa Bay, at the mouth of the Lorenzo Marques or English River, in 25? 58' S. lat. and 32? 30' E. long. At the time of Mr Erskine's visit in 1871 it was a poor place, with narrow streets, … LoretoLORETO, a city in the province and circondario of Ancona, Italy, is situated some 15 miles by rail south-west from Ancona on the Ancona-Foggia railway, 16 miles north-east from Macorata, and 3 from the sea. It lies upon the right bank of the Musone, at some distance from the railway station, on a hill-side commanding splendid views from the Apennines to the Adriatic. The city itself consists of li… LorientLORIENT, capital of an arrondissement in the department of Morbihan, and of one of the five maritime prefectures of France, a military port and fortified place, miles from the former and 111 from the latter. The town, which is modern and regularly built, contains no buildings of special architectural or antiquarian interest ; it derives all its importance from its naval establishments lining the r… LorraineLORRAINE (LOTIIARINGIA, LOTHRINCEN) iS geographically the extensive Austrasian portion of the realm allotted by the partition treaty of Verdun in August 843 to the emperor Lothair I., and inherited by his second son, King Lotbair II., 855-869, from whose days the name Regnum Lotharii first arose. This border-land between the realms of the Eastern and Western Franks in its original extent took in m… LoryLORY, a word of Malayan origin signifying Parrot,1 in general use with but slight variation of form in many European languages, is the name of certain birds of the order Psittaci, mostly from the Moluccas and New Guinea, which are remarkable for their bright scarlet or crimson colouring, though also, and perhaps subsequently, applied to some others in which the plumage is chiefly green. The " Lori… Los AngelesLOS ANGELES, a city of the United States, the capital of Los Angeles county, California, is situated in the lowland between the Sierra Madre and the Pacific, about 17 miles from the coast, on the west bank of a stream of its own name. It lies 483 miles by rail south-south-east of San Francisco on the Southern Pacific Railroad, and is connected by branch lines with Wilmington, Santa Monica (both on… Lot-et-garonneLOT-ET-GARONNE, a department of south-western France, made up of Agenais and Bazadais, two districts of the former province of Guyenne, and Condomois and Lomagne, formerly portions of Gascony, lies between 43? 50' and 44? 45' N. lat., and 1? 7' E. and 8' W. long., and is bounded on the W. by Gironde, on the N. by Dordogne, on the E. by Lot and Tarn-et-Garonne, on the S. by Gera, and on the S.W. by… LothairLOTHAIR I., Roman emperor, eldest son of Louis the Pious, was born in 795. At a diet held at Aix-la-Chapelle in 817 he received Austrasia with the greater part of Germany, and was associated with his father in the empire, while separate territories were granted to his brothers Louis and Pippin. This arrangement being modified in favour of Louis's youngest son Charles (afterwards Charles the Bald),… Lothian, Lothene, LaodontaLOTHIAN, LOTHENE, LAODONTA, a name whose origin is unknown,1 now preserved in the three Scottish counties of East, West, and Mid Lothian - HADDINGTON, LINLITHGOW, and EDINBURGH (q.v.) - originally extended from the Forth to the Tweed. The Forth separated it from Celtic Alba, and the Tweed from the southern part of Bryneich (Bernicia). Its western boundaries appear to have been the Cheviots and the… Lotiiair The SaxonLOTIIAIR THE SAXON, German king and Roman emperor, was originally count of Suplinburg. In 1106 he was made duke of Saxony by the emperor Henry V., against whom he afterwards repeatedly rebelled. After the death of Henry V. in 1125, the party which supported imperial in opposition to papal claims wished to grant the crown to Duke Frederick of Swabia, grandson of Henry IV. The papal party, however, … LotteriesLOTTERIES. The word lottery has no very definite signification. It may be applied to any process of determining prizes by lot, whether the object be amusement, or gambling, or public profit. In the Roman Saturnalia and in the banquets of aristocratic Romans the object was amusement ; the guests received apophoreta. The same plan was followed on a magnificent scale by some of the emperors. Nero exc… Lotus-eatersLOTUS-EATERS (Greek Awl-00(qm) were a Libyan tribe known to the Greeks as early as the time of Homer. Lotze, Rudolph Kern-annLOTZE, RUDOLPH KERN-ANN, one of the most eminent philosophers of our age, was born May 21, 1817, in Bautzen, in the kingdom of Saxony, and died at Berlin 1st July 1881. The incidents of the life of a philosopher, especially if his career has been exclusively an academic one, are usually passed over as unimportant. In external events no life could be less striking than that of Lotze, who, moreover,… LoudunLOUDUN, capital of an arrondissement in the departwest from Tours. It was formerly surrounded by walls, Richelieu, and of which the site is now turned into a public promenade, a fine old rectangular donjon of the 12th century has been preserved ; at its base traces of Roman constructions have been found, with fragments of porphyry pavement, mosaics, and mural paintings. The Carmelite convent, now … LouisLOUIS I., Roman emperor (called " der Fromm," also " le Debonnaire "), was born in 778. He succeeded his father Charlemagne in 814, having in the previous year been declared co-regent. At the beginning of his reign he excited high anticipations by the earnestness with which lie attacked the abuses that had accumulated during the later years of Charlemagne's sovereignty. The licentiousness which pr… LouisLOUIS V., Le Faineant, son of Lothaire and grandson of Louis IV., the last of the Carolingian dynasty, was born in 966, succeeded Lothaire in March 986, and died in May 987. LouisLOUIS X., Le Hutin, was the eldest son of Philip IV. (the Fair) and Joan of Navarre, and was born in 1289. LouisaLOUISA (1776-1810), queen of Prussia, was born March 10, 1776, in Hanover, where her father, Duke Charles of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, was commandant. After the death of her mother, who was by birth a princess of Hesse-Darmstadt, she was entrusted to the care of a Fritulein von Wolzogen, and afterwards to that of her grandmother, the landgravine of Hesse-Darmstadt. During the period of the revolutiona… Louis IiLOUIS II., Roman emperor, grandson of the preceding, was born about 822 and crowned king, of Lombardy in 844. Louis IiLOUIS II., surnamed Le Degue or the Stammerer, the son of Charles I. (" The Bald ") by Irmentrud of Orleans, and the grandson of Louis the Pious, was born on November 1, 846. Louis IiiLOUIS III., son of the preceding by Ansgarde, daughter of Count Hardouin of Brittany, was born about the year 863, and in 879 was designated by his father sole heir to the French throne. Louis IiiLOUIS III., Roman emperor, surnamed "The Blind," was the son of Boso, king of Provence, and, through his mother, grandson of the emperor Louis II. Louis IvLOUIS IV. (or V.), "the Bavarian," German king and Roman emperor, was born in 1286. He was the son of the duke of Bavaria, and in 1314, after the death of the emperor Henry VII., was elected to the throne by five of the electors, the others giving their votes for Frederick, duke of Austria. This double election led to a civil war, in which Frederick was supported by the church and by many nobles, … Louis IvLOUIS IV., surnamed D'Outremer (Transmariuus), son of Charles III. (" The Simple ") and grandson of Louis H., was born in 921. In consequence of the disasters which befell his father in 922, Louis was taken by his mother Odgiva, sister of Athelstan, to England, where his boyhood was spent, - a circumstance to which he owes his surname. On the death of Raoul or Rodolph of Burgundy, who had been ele… Louis IxLOUIS IX., SAINT (1215-1270). Louis-philippeLOUIS-PHILIPPE, king of the French, was born at the Palais Royal, Paris, on October 6, 1773. His father was Louis-Philippe-Joseph, duke of Orleans, a descendant of the younger brother of Louis XIV,, and by his mother he derived his origin from the Comte de Toulouse, the legitimized son of Louis XIV. and Madame de Montespan. At his birth he received the title of duke of Valois ; and after 1785, whe… Louis The ChildLOUIS THE CHILD, though he never actually received the imperial crown, is usually reckoned as the emperor Louis III. or Louis IV. Louis The GermanLOUIS THE GERMAN, son of the emperor Louis I., was born in 804. In the first partition of the empire in 817 he received Bavaria, Bohemia, Carinthia, and the subject territories on his eastern frontier. Displeased by later schemes of partition in favour of his half-brother Charles, he associated himself with his brothers Lothair and Pippin against the emperor, and lie was in the field in defence of… Louis ViLOUIS VI., surnamed Le Gros, L'Eveille, and Le Batailleur, the son of Philip I. of France and Bertha of Holland, was born about 1078, was associated with his father in the government in 1100, and succeeded him in 1108. Louis ViiLOUIS VII., Le Jenne and Le Pieux, son of Louis VI., was born in 1120, and was associated with his father on the death of his elder brother Philip in 1131, being crowned at Rheims on October 25 by Pope Innocent IL He succeeded to the undivided sovereignty in 1137, the news of his father's death reaching him as he was engaged at Poitiers in the festivities connected with his unlucky marriage to Ele… Louis ViiiLOUIS VIII., surnamed Le Lion, born on September 5, 1187, was the son of Philip Augustus, whom he succeeded in July 1223. LouisvilleLOUISVILLE, the sixteenth city of the United States in population, and the most important place in the State of Kentucky, is situated on the south bank of the Ohio river, in 38? 3' N. lat. and 85? 30' W. long. The river is here interrupted by a series of rapids which, except at high water, oblige the steamboat traffic to make use of the Louisville and Portland Canal (24 miles long, constructed in … Louis XiLOUIS XI., son of Charles VII. and Mary of Anjou, was born at Bourges on July 3, 1423. His jealous, ambitious, and restless character early manifested itself in the attitude of opposition he assumed to his father's mistress Agnes Sorel, and in the part he took (1439) as leader of the " Praguerie," as the league formed by the nobles against the introduction of a standing army was called. Though par… Louis XiiLOUIS XII. was born at Blois in 1462. Louis XiiiLOUIS XIII,, the son of Henry IV. and Mary de' Medici, was born at Fontainebleau on September 27, 1601, and succeeded his father on May 14, 1610, his mother meanwhile availing herself of the confusion caused by the assassination to seize the regency. For some years the affairs of the kingdom were directed by the council of regency in which the Florentine Concini, created Marquis d'Ancre and a mars… Louis XivLOUIS XIV., surnamed Le Grand, the elder son of the preceding, was born at Saint-0 ermain-en-Laye on September 16, 1638, succeeded to the throne of France in his fifth year, was declared of age in September 1651, and was crowned on June 7, 1654. Louis XvLOUIS XV., great-grandson and successor of the preceding, born at Versailles on February 15, 1710, was the third son of Louis, duke of Burgundy. His father became dauphin in 1711, and died in 1712, and he himself succeeded to the throne of France on September 1, 1715. His majority was declared in February 1723, and on September 5, 1725 (his cousin, to whom lie had been engaged since 1721, having b… Louis XviLOUIS XVI., third son of Louis the Dauphin, and grandson of Louis XV., was born at Versailles on August 23, 1754, was married to Marie Antoinette, archduchess of Austria, at Versailles, on May 16, 1770, succeeded his grandfather on May 10, 1774, and was beheaded on January 21, 1793. Louis XviiLOUIS XVII., titular king of France, the third son of Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette, was born at Versailles on March 27, 1785, became dauphin in June 1789, was proclaimed king after the execution of his father, was recognized as such by the Governments of England and Russia, but died in captivity in the Temple, Paris, June 8, 1795. Louis XviiiLOUIS XVIII., brother of Louis XVI., was the fourth grandson of Louis XV., and was born at Versailles on November 17, 1755, receiving at his birth the title of count of Provence. During the earlier stages of the revolutionary struggle he showed considerable sympathy with the popular party, but in June 1791 he found it necessary to withdraw to Ceblentz, and subsequently he took some part in the ope… LouleLOULE, an old town of Portugal, in the district of Faro and province of Algarve, is beautifully situated in an inland hilly district about 5 miles to the north-west of the port of Faro. LourdesLOURDES, capital of a canton, and seat of the civil court of the arrondissement of Argeles, in the department of Hautes-Pyrenees, France, lies 12 miles by rail south-south-west of Tarbes, on the right bank of the Gave de Pau, and at the mouth of the valley of Argeles. It has grown up around what was originally a Roman castellum, and subsequently a feudal castle, picturesquely situated on the summi… LouseLOUSE, a term applied indiscriminately in its broad sense to all epizoic parasites on the bodies of other animals. From a more particular point of view, however, it is strictly applicable only to certain of these creatures that affect the bodies of mammals and birds.. The former may be considered as lice proper, the latter are commonly known as bird-lice (although a few of their number infest mamm… LouthLOUTH, a maritime county in the province of Leinster, Ireland, is bounded on the N.E. by Carlingford Bay and the county of Down, E. by the Irish Sea, S.W. by Meath, and N.W. by 'Monaghan and Armagh. It is the smallest county in Ireland, the area comprising 202,124 acres, or 310 square miles. The greater part of the surface is undulating, with occasionally lofty hills ; and in the north-east, on th… LouvainLOUVAIN, a town of Belgium in the province of Brabant, 18 miles east of Brussels, on the Liege and Cologne- Railway, and on the river Dyle. The population in 1880 was 34,700. Louvain possesses some fine specimens of Gothic art, - the town-hall, which displays a wealth of decorative architecture almost unequalled on the Continent, and the collegiate church of St Pierre, with some fine sculptures an… LouviersLOUVIERS, capital of an arrondissement in the department of Fare, France, is pleasantly situated, in a green valley surrounded by wooded hills, on the Enre (here divided into many branches),- 71 miles west-north-west from Paris, and some 13 miles from Rouen and Evreux. The old part of the town, built of wood, stands on the left bank of the river ; the more modern portions, in brick and hewn stone,… Louvois, Francois Michel Le TellierLOUVOIS, FRANcOIS MICHEL LE TELLIER, MARQUIS DE (1641-1691), the great war minister of Louis XIV., was born at Paris on January 18, 1641. His father, Michel le Tellier, sprung from a bourgeois family of Paris, but had attached himself to the parlement of Paris, and married the niece of the chancellor Aligre. He won the favour of De Bullion, the superintendent of finances, and through him obtained … Lovat, Simon FraserLOVAT, SIMON FRASER, BARON, a famous Jacobite intriguer, executed for the part which he took in the rebellion of 1745, was born about the year 1676, and was the second son of Thomas, afterwards twelfth Lord Lovat. He was educated at King's College, Aberdeen, and there seems reason to believe that he was there no negligent student, as his correspondence afterwards gives abundant proof, not only of … Love-birdLOVE-BIRD, a name somewhat indefinitely bestowed, chiefly by dealers in live animals and their customers, on some of the smaller short-tailed Parrots, from the remarkable affection which examples of opposite sexes exhibit towards each other, an affection popularly believed to be so great that of a pair that have been kept together in captivity neither can long survive the loss of its partner. By m… Lovelace, RichardLOVELACE, RICHARD (1618-1658), English poet, was born in 1618. On the father's side he was a scion of a Kentish family, and inherited a tradition of military distinction, maintained by successive generations from the time of Edward III. His mother's family was legal ; her grandfather had been chief baron of the exchequer. Lovelace's fame has been kept alive by a few songs and the romance of his ca… LoverLOVER., SAMUEL (1797-1868), novelist, artist, songwriter, and musician, was born in Dublin in 1797. His father was a member of the stock exchange. Lover began life as an artist, and was elected an academician of the Royal Hibernian Society of Arts - a body of which he afterwards became secretary. lie acquired repute as a miniature painter ; and a number of the local aristocracy sat to him for thei… LowellLOWELL, the twenty-seventh city in population of the United States, in Middlesex county, Massachusetts, at the junction of the Concord and Merrimack rivers, 26 miles north-west from Boston. It is often called the "Spindle City," and the "Manchester of America," because of the extent of its cotton manufacture. The principal source of its water-power is Pawtucket Falls in the Merrimack, and steam is… LowestoftLOWESTOFT, a watering-place, seaport, and market-town of Suffolk, England, is picturesquely situated on a lofty declivity, which includes the most easterly point of land in England, 23 miles south-west of Norwich by rail. Previous to the opening of a railway, it was only a small fishing village, but since then it has risen to some importance as a seaport., while its picturesque situation, and its … LowiczLOWICZ, a town of Russian Poland, on the Bzura river, in the government of Warsaw, 54 miles by rail west from the capital, on the line between Skiernewice and Bromberg. Lowth, RobertLOWTH, ROBERT (1710-1787), bishop of London, was born at Buriton, Hampshire, or, according to other authorities, in the Close of Winchester, on November 27, 1710. He was the younger son of Dr William Lowth (1661-1732), rector of Buriton, a man of considerable learning, author of A Vindication of the Divine Authority and Inspiration of the Old and New Testaments (1692), Directions for the Profitabl… Loyalty IslandsLOYALTY ISLANDS, a group in the South Pacific, about 60 miles east of New Caledonia, consisting of Uvea or Uea (the northrncst), Lifu, Toka and several small islands, and Mare or Nengone. They are coral islands of comparatively recent elevation, and in no place rise more than 250 feet above the level of the sea. Lifu, the largest, is about 50 miles in length by 25 in breadth. Enough of its rocky s… Loyola, Ignatius DeLOYOLA, IGNATIUS DE, ST. LozereLOZERE, a department of south-eastern France, but belonging to the great central plateau, is composed of almost the whole of Gevaudan and of some parishes of the old dioceses of Alais and Uzes, districts all formerly included in the province of Languedoc. It lies between 44? 6' and 44? 58' N. lat., and between 2? 58' and 4? E. long., and is bounded on the N.W. by Cautal, on the N.E. by Haute-Loire… LubeckLUBECK, a free city of Germany, situated in 53? 52' N. lat. and 10? 41' E. long., on a gentle ridge between the rivers Trave and Wakenitz, 10 miles S.W. of the mouth of the former, and 40 miles by rail N.E. of Hamburg. Old Liibeck, the chief emporium of the Slav inhabitants of Wagria (East Holstein), stood on the left bank of the Trave, where it is joined by the river Schwartau, and was ulti matel… LublinLUBLIN, a town of Russian Poland, capital of the province of same name, 60 miles south-east of Warsaw, on the Bistrzyca, a tributary of the Wieprz. It is the most important town of Poland after Warsaw and Lodz. it has an old citadel, many churches, and several educational and charitable institutions, and it is the see of a bishop. Lublin is one of the chief centres of the manufacture of thread-yar… LubricantsLUBRICANTS are fluids which are interposed between solid machine surfaces that ye required to slide on each other. The object is to lessen the friction, which is injurious both in wearing away the surfaces, and thus destroying the fit between them, and in dissipating and rendering useless pert of the energy transmitted through the machine. The difference between the wear on unlubricated and that o… LucanLUCAN. MARCUS ANN US LUCANUS, the most eminent Roman poet of the silver age, grandson of the rhetorician Seneca and nephew of the philosopher, was born at Corduba, November 3, 39 A.D. His father, Lucius Annaeus 11.1e1a, had amassed great wealth as imperial procurator for the province. In a memoir by an anonymous grammarian, who may have abridged Suetonius, Lucan is said to have been taken to Rome … Lucas Of LeydenLUCAS OF LEYDEN (c. 1494-1533) was born at Leyden, where his father Hugh Jacobsz gave him the first lessons in art. He then entered the painting-room of Cornelis Engelbrechtszen of Leyden, and soon became known for his capacity in making designs for glass, engraving copperplates, painting pictures, portraits, and landscapes in oil and distemper. According to Van Mander he was born in 1494, and pai… LuccaLUCCA, a city of Northern Italy, the chief town of a province, an archiepiscopal see, and the seat of a court of assize, lies 13 miles by rail north-east of Pisa, in 43? 50' N. lat. and 10? 28' E. long. Situated 50 feet above the level of the sea, in the valley of the Serchio, the city looks out for the most part on a horizon of hills and mountains. The fortifications - pierced by four gates - wer… Lucca, Baths OfLUCCA, BATHS OF (BAGNI DI LUCCA, formerly BAGNO A CORSENA), a commune of Italy in the province of Lucca, containing a number of famous watering-places. They are situated in the valley of the Lima, a tributary of the Serchio ; and the district is known in the early history of Lucca as the Vicaria di Val di Lima. Ponte Serraglio (16 miles to the north of Lucca) is the principal ; but there are warm … LucenaLUCENA, a town of Spain, in the province of Cordova, 37 miles south-south-east from that city, and 11 miles by road south-east from the Aguilar station of the Cordova-Malaga Railway. It is pleasantly situated on the Cascajar, a minor tributary of the Genii, in a district that produces oil, wine, and cereals in great abundance, and affords excellent pasture. The parish church, which is large but no… LuceraLUCERA, a city of Italy, in the province of Foggia, on a bill in the midst of the Apulian plain, lies 10 miles west-north-west of Foggia. Although a busy and flourishing place, with 14,014 inhabitants in 1871, Lucera is mainly of historical interest. The cathedral, erected on the ruins of the magnificent mosque, is a fine Romanesque building with Gothic features ; and the castle, whose imposing ru… LucerneLUCERNE (German, Luzern), a canton of Switzerland lying northwest of the central mass of the Swiss Alps, having the canton of Aargau to the north, Bern to the west and south, and the small cantons of Zug, Schwyz, and Unterwalden on the east and south-cast sides. Like most of the Swiss cantons its form is very irregular, and it includes, besides a part of the Lake of Lucerne, the Lakes of Sempach a… LucerneLUCERNE, the chief town of the Swiss canton of that name, stands on both banks of the Reuss, where that river issues from the north-west end of the chief arm of the lake of Lucerne. The position of the town is singularly beautiful. Beyond the lower hills, rich with planting and cultivation, which slope towards the shores of the lake and the river, loftier summits of very varied form rise in the ba… Lucerne, Lake OfLUCERNE, LAKE OF, the name given by foreigners to the Vierwaldstattersee, or lake of the four forest cantons of Switzerland. Only a small portion of its shores lie within the canton of Lucerne, but the name has been taken from the most considerable town which it approaches. Lying on the north-west side of the Alps of central Switzerland, this lake has extraordinary interest for the physical geogra… LucianLUCIAN, one of the principal essay-writers (Xoyorcicbot) and satirists of the post-Christian era, the silver age of Greek literature, was born at Samosata on the Euphrates in northern Syria.1 We have no indication of the precise date of his birth, but it is probable that he flourished about or after the middle of the 2d century, as he mentions Marcus Aurelius and his war with the German Marcomanni… LucianLUCIAN, the martyr, was born, like the famous heathen writer of the same name, at Samosata. His parents, who were Christians, died when he was in his twelfth year. In his-youth he studied under Macarius of Edessa, and after receiving baptism he adopted a strictly ascetic life, and devoted himself with zeal to the continual study of Scripture. Settling at Antioch, he became a presbyter, and, while … Lucia, Or LucyLUCIA, or LUCY, ST, was a noble Christian virgin of Syracuse, who lived in the reign of Diocletian. Her mother, having been miraculously cured of an illness at the sepulchre of St Agatha in Catania, was persuaded by Lucia to distribute all her wealth to the poor. The youth to whom the daughter had been betrothed forthwith denounced her to Paschasius the prefect, who ordered that she should be take… LuciferLUCIFER., bishop of Cagliari (hence called Calaritanns or rather Caralitanus), an ardent supporter of the cause of Athanasius, after the unfavourable result of the synod of Arles in 353 volunteered to go to the court and endeavour to obtain a new and impartial. council ; he was accordingly sent by Pope Liberius, along with Pancratius the presbyter and Hilarius the deacon, but did not succeed in pr… LuciliusLUCILIUS. Among the early Roman poets, of whose writings only fragments have been preserved, Lucilius was second in importance to Ennius. If he did not, like the epic poet of the republic, touch the imagination of his countrymen, and give expression to their highest ideal of national life, he exactly hit their ordinary mood, and expressed the energetic, critical, and combative temper which they ca… LuciusLUCIUS, the name of three popes. Lucius I., whose pontificate of about eight months (253-54) fell between those of Cornelius and Stephen I., had been one of the presbyters who accompanied Cornelius when he withdrew from Rome. After his own election also he appears to have lived for some time in exile, but ultimately to leave been permitted to return. No facts of his official life have been recorde… LuckeLUCKE, G OTTFRIED CIIRISTIAN FRIEDR ICH ( 1791 - 1855), theologian, was born on August 24, 1791, at Egelu near ISIagdeburg, where his father was a merchant, received his early education at the Magdeburg gymnasium, and studied theology at Halle and Gottingen (1810-13). In 1813 he became repetent at Gottingen, and in 1814 he received the degree of doctor in philosophy from Halle ; in 1816 he removed… LuckenwaldeLUCKENWALDE, a busy little town of Prussia, in the province of Brandenburg, district of Potsdam, lies on the river Nuthe and on the Berlin and Anhalt Railway, 30 miles to the south-west of Berlin. LucknowLUCKNOW, a district of Oudh, in the division or commissionership of Lucknow,1 under the jurisdiction of the lieutenant-governor of the North-Western Provinces, India, lying between 26? 30' and 27? 9' 30" N. lat., and between 80? 36' and 81? 15' 30" E. long., is bounded on the N. by Hardoi and Sitapur districts, on the E. by Bars Banki, on the S. by Rai Bareli, and on the W. by Unao. The general as… LucretiusLUCRETIUS (T. Luertimus CARus), more than any of the great Roman writers, has acquired a new interest in the present day. This result is due, not so much to a truer perception of the force and? purity of his style, of the majesty and pathos of his poetry, or of the great sincerity of his nature, as to the recognition of the relation of his speak of him, or of the Greek philosophers whose tenets he… LucullusLUCULLUS. The Luculli appear in Roman history shortly after the close of the second Punic war. They belonged to the Licinian " gens," a plebeian house which became noted for its special ability in amassing wealth. By far the most famous of its members was Lucius Licinius Lucullus, surnamed Ponticus from his victorious campaigns in Asia Minor against one of the most formidable enemies Rome ever enc… Lud111LUD111.A.NA, the chief town and headquarters station of Ludhiana district, is situated on the south bank of the old bed of the Sutlej, 8 miles from tire present bed of the river, in 30? 55' 25" N. lat. and 75? 53' 30" E. long. LudhianaLUDHIANA, a district in the lieutenant-governorship of the Punjab, India, lying between 30? 33' and 31? 1' N. lat. and between 75? 24' 30" and 76? 27' E. long., is bounded on the N. by the Sutlej river, on the E. by Umballa (Ambdla) district, on the S. by Patiida,, Nhbha, and Maier Kotla states, and on the W. by Firozpur district. The surface of Ludhiana consists for the most part of a broad plain… LudlowLUDLOW, a municipal and parliamentary borough and the Norman towers and the greeter part of the walls being still complete. The parish church of St Lawrence, a fine cruciform structure in the Gothic style, with a lofty central tower, dates from the reign of Edward III.; it was restored in 1859-60. The grammar school, founded in the reign of John, was incorporated by Edward I. The other principal p… Ludlow, EdmundLUDLOW, EDMUND (1620-1693), was born at Maiden Bradley, Wiltshire, in 1620, of an ancient and honourable family. He studied at Trinity College, Oxford (where he took his B, A. degree in 1636), and at the Temple. When the war broke out he engaged as a volunteer in the life guard of Lord Essex, consisting of one hundred gentlemen. His first essay in arms was at Worcester, his next at Edge-hill. Ho w… Ludolf, Or LeutholfLUDOLF, or LEUTHOLF, HIOB (1624-1704), a learned Orientalist, was born at Erfurt on June 15, 1624. At an early age he manifested a passion for the acquisition of foreign tongues ; and after exhausting the imperfect educational resources of his native place he went in 1645 to Leyden, where for upwards of a year he was the pupil of Erpenius, Golius, and other linguists. Having received an appointmen… LudwigsburgLUDWIGSBURG, the second royal residence of Wiirtemberg, is situated 9 miles to the north of Stuttgart and 11 miles from the Neckar. It was laid out at the beginning of last century by Duke Eberhard Ludwig as a rival to Stuttgart, and was greatly enlarged by Duke Charles, who resided there from 1764 to 1785. Constructed as the adjunct of a palace, the town bears the impress of its artificial origin… LuganoLUGANO, a town of Switzerland, which divides with Loearno and Bellinzona the first rank in the canton of Tessin (Ticino). It stands on the shore of the lake of the same name, on a narrow strip of Swiss territory which projects into Lombardy and is everywhere close to the Italian frontier. The prosperity of the town is due to its position on the main line of land communication between Milan and the… Lugano, Lake OfLUGANO, LAKE OF (sometimes called Logo Ceresio by the Italians, from the Roman name Locus Ceresins), situated partly in Lombardy and partly in the Swiss canton Tessin or Ticino, takes its ordinary name from the town of Lugano, the only considerable place on its banks. Its form is very irregular, and has been compared to a sickle, a fish-hook, and various other objects. It lies altogether amidst th… LuganskLUGANSK, a town of Russia, in the government of Ekaterinoslaff, district of Slavianoserbsk, 300 miles to the eastward of the capital of the province, is connected by a branch with the railway between Kharkoff and Azoff, as well as with other towns and iron-work's of the Donetz coal-mines district. It stands on the small river Lugan, 10 miles from its junction with the northern Donetz, in the Lugan… LugoLUGO, the capital of the above province, stands on a town, which is nearly quadrangular, is defined by a massive Plaza de San Domingo, the Plaza del Hospital, and the Gothic cathedral on the south side of the town ; it dates from the 12th century, but was modernized in the 18th, and possesses no special architectural merit. LugosLUGOS, a market-town of Hungary, capital of the trans-Tisian county of Kress& is situated on the Temes, and on the railway from Temesvar to Icaransebes, 32 miles the river, and named respectively Nemet- (German) Lugos and Roman- (Roumanian) Lugos, are connected by a wooden bridge 312 feet in length. Lugos is the seat of a Greek Catholic (Roumanian) bishopric, of royal and circuit courts of law, an… Luini, BernardinoLUINI, BERNARDINO, the most celebrated master of the Lombard school of painting founded upon the style of Leonardo da Vinci, was born at Luino, a village on the now very generally adopted. Few facts are known regard. ing the life of this illustrious and delightful painter, and it is only since a comparatively recent date that he has even been credited with the production of his own works, and with… LukeLUKE, whoso name is traditionally attached to the Third Gospel, appears to have been one of the companions of Paul, being mentioned as such in Col. iv. 14, Philem. 24, and 2 Tim. iv. 11 ; even if, as some critics suppose, these epistles were not written by Paul himself, they are at any rate likely to have preserved the local colouring. Assuming, as is probable, that the same person is intended in … LukowLUKOW, a town of Russian Poland, in the province of Siedlce, 60 miles by rail to the west of Brest-Litovsky. LukoyanoffLUKOYANOFF, a. district town in Russia, in the government of Nijni-Novgorod, 108 miles south-south-east of the chief town of the government, on the highway to Saratorf, at the sources of the Tesha river, tributary of the Oka. Lully, Giovanni BattistaLULLY, GIOVANNI BATTISTA (1633-1687), was born in Florence, and joined in 1650, as a violinist, the orchestra of the French court. Though friendless and in a foreign country, his genius soon opened for him a road to honours and wealth. He was appointed director of music to King Louis XIV., and director of the Paris opera. The influence of his music was so great as to produce a radical revolution i… Lully, RaymondLULLY, RAYMOND (1235-1315), the inventor of a fantastic system of logic by which Mohammedans should be converted to Christianity, was born at Palma, in the island of Majorca, in 1235. His father had been born at Barcelona, and belonged to a distinguished Catalonian family ; but for his services in helping to recover the Balearic islands from the Saracens he was rewarded with a gift of land in the … LumbagoLUMBAGO, a term in medicine applied to a painful ailment affecting the muscles of the lower part of the back, generally regarded as of rheumatic origin. An attack of lumbago may occur alone, or be associated with rheumatism in other parts of the body at the time. It usually comes on by a seizure, often sudden, of pain in one or both sides of the small of the back, of a severe cutting or stabbing c… Lump-sucker, Or Lump-fishLUMP-SUCKER, or LUMP-FISH (Cyclopterus loupes), a marine fish, which with another genus (Liparis) forms a small family (Discoboli) closely allied to the Gobies (see GOBY). Like many fishes of the latter family, the lump-suckers have the ventral fins united into a circular concave disk, which, acting as a sucker, enables them to attach themselves firmly to rocks or stones. The body of the lump-suck… LundLUND, a town of Sweden, in the bin of Malmolius, lies at a distance of 10 miles by rail north-east from Malmo. It is chiefly remarkable for its university, the second in Sweden, founded by Charles XI. in 1666, with faculties of philosophy, law, medicine, and theology ; the number of students ranges from 500 to GOO. The library contains about 100,000 volumes and 2000 MSS., and there are valuable co… LunevilleLUNEVILLE, the chief place of an arrondissement in the department of Meurthe and Moselle, France, 240 miles east of Paris by rail on the line to Strasburg, stands in the midst of meadows between the Meurthe and the Vezouze little above their confluence. It is a handsome town regularly built. The chateau, designed early in the 18th century by the royal architect Baffrand, was the favourite residenc… LupercaliaLUPERCALIA, one of the most remarkable and interesting Roman festivals. Its origin is attributed to Evander, or to Romulus before he founded the city, and its ceremonial is in many respects unique in Roman ritual. in front of the Porta, Romana, on the western side of the Palatine hill, close to the Fic'us Raminalis and the Casa Romuli, was the cave of Lupercus; ? in it, according to the legend, th… LupineLUPINE, Lupinus, L., a genus, of over eighty species, of the tribe Genistew of the order Legurninosx. Species with digitate leaves range along the west side of America from British Columbia to Bolivia, while a few occur in the Mediterranean regions. A few others with entire leaves are found in South Carolina, the Cape, and Cochin-China (DC., Prod., ii. p. 406 ; Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl., i. 480).… Luray CavernLURAY CAVERN, in Page county, Virginia, United States, 39? 35' N. lat. and 78? 17' W. long., is 1 mile west of the village of Luray, on the Shenandoah Valley Railroad. The valley, here 10 miles wide, extends from the Blue Ridge to the Massanutton mountain, and displays remarkably fine scenery. These ridges lie in vast folds and wrinkles ; and elevations in the valley are often found to be pierced … LurganLURGAN, a market-town in the county of Armagh and province of Ulster, Ireland, is situated a few mites south of Lough Neagh, and 20 miles south-west of Belfast by rail. It consists principally of one spacious and well-built street. The parish church of Shankill has a finely proportioned tower. The other principal public buildings are the town-hall, the mechanics' institute, the model school, and t… LuristanLURISTAN, or LtimsTAN, a province of western Persia, with ill-defined limits, but lying mainly between 31? and 33? N. lat. and between 47? and 52? E. long., and bounded N. and E. by Irak-Adjemi, S. by Farsistan, W. by Khuzistan and the Turkish vilayet of Baghdad. It thus stretches north-west and south-cast some 260 miles, with a mean breadth of 70 miles and an area of rather less than 20,00' squar… LusatiaLUSATIA (German, Lausitz) is a common name applied to two neighbouring districts in Germany, Lusatia Superior and Lusatia Inferior (Oberlausi tz and Niederlausitz), belonging in part to Prussia and in part to Saxony. The country now known as Upper Lusatia was occupied in the 7th century by the Milcieni, a Slavonic tribe. In the 10th century it was annexed to the German kingdom by the ruargraves of… Lushai Or Kuki HillsLUSHAI OR KUKI HILLS, a wild and imperfectly known tract of country on the north-eastern frontier of India, extending along the southern border of the Assam subject to successive waves of migration. It is said that at the present time the entire race of the Lushais is being forced southwards into British territory under pressure from the Soktis, a tribe advancing upon them from Independent Burmah.… LustrationLUSTRATION is a term that includes all the methods of purification and expiation among the Greeks and Romans. Among the Greeks there are two ideas clearly distinguishable - that human nature must purify itself from guilt before it is fit to enter into communion with God or even to associate with men (KaOccipeo, Kcieapo-ts), and that guilt must be expiated voluntarily by certain processes which God… LuteLUTE. The European lute is derived in form and name from the Arabic "el `d," "the wood," the consonant of the article " el " having been retained in the European languages for the initial of the name (French, loth; Ital., Unto ; Span., laud ; German, Laute; Dutch, luit). The Arab instrument, with convex sound-body, pointing to the resonance board or membrane having been originally placed upon a go… LutherLUTHER (1483-1546). First _Period (1483-1517). - Martin Luther (Lyder, Liider, Ludher - from Lothar, some say) was born at"Eisleben in the county of Mansfeld, in Thuringia, on the 10th of November 1483. His father Hans Luther, a slate-cutter by trade, belonged to a family of free peasants. His mother was Margaret Lindeburn. Hans Luther had left Mara, his native village' and had come to Eisleben to… LutheransLUTHERANS are that body of Christians who adopted the principles of Martin Luther in his opposition to the Roman Church, to the Swiss theologians, and to the sectaries of Reformation times. They called themselves " Evangelical" in distinction from the "Reformed" or followers of Calvin, and formed one of the two great divisions of the Reformation Church. In . the early days of controversy the stric… LutonLUTON, a market-town and municipal borough of Bedfordshire, England, is situated in a fine valley near the source of the Lea, 31 miles north-west of London. The parish church of St Mary, dating from the 14th century, a very fine building in the Decorated Norman and Later English styles, contains a large number of old monuments and brasses. Its entire length is 182 feet, the width of nave and aisle… LutzkLUTZK, a district town of Russia; in the government of Volhynia, on the Styr, 162 miles west-north-west of Szitomir, and 5 miles from the Kivertzy station of the railway between Kieff and .Brest-Litovsky. Luxembourg, Franwis Henri De MontmorencybouttevilleLUXEMBOURG, FRANWIS HENRI DE MONTMORENCYBOUTTEVILLE, Duc DE (1628-1695), marshal of France, the comrade and successor of the great Conde, was born at Paris on January 8, 1628. His father, the Comte de Montmorency-Boutteville, had been executed six months before his birth for killing the Marquis de Beuvron in a duel, but his aunt, the I'rincesse de Conde, recognizing in him the last male heir of he… LuxemburgLUXEMBURG, a grand-duchy of Europe, governed under a special constitution by the king of the Netherlands, is bounded on the N. and E. by Rhenish Prussia, S. by Lorraine and the French department Meurthe-et-Moselle, and W. by Belgian Luxemburg. It measures 32 miles from Hartelingen to Rosport, both on the Sure, and 50 miles from Rumelange in the south to Weiler in the north. The surface contains 63… LuxemburgLUXEMBURG, the capital of the grand-duchy, lies 34 miles north of Metz and 25 south-west of Treves, in a position as remarkable for natural beauty as for military strength.. The main part of the town is built on a rocky table-land terminating precipitously towards the north-east and south ; the modern portions, known as Pfaffenthal, Clausen, and Grund, lie 200 feet below, in the valley of the Alz… LuxemburgLUXEMBURG, a province of the kingdom of Belgium, lying at the south-eastern extremity of the country, and bounded N. and W. by the provinces of Liege and Namur, S. by France, and E. by Prussia and by the grand-duchy of Luxemburg, from which it was separated in 1839. It is the largest and most thinly populated of the Belgian provinces,-75 miles in length, 30 in breadth ; the population is 204,000. … LuxorLUXOR, more properly El-Aksur, " The Castles" (plur. pane. of kasr), a village on the Nile, 450 miles above Cairo, occupies part of the site of the ancient Thebes, and has its name from the ruins described in vol. vii. p. 777. LycanthropyLYCANTHROPY is a term used comprehensively to indicate a belief, firmly rooted among all savages, and lingering in the form of traditional superstition among peoples comparatively civilized, that men are in certain circumstances transformed temporarily or permanently into wolves and other inferior animals. In the European history of this singular belief, wolf transformations appear as by far the m… LycaoniaLYCAONIA, in ancient geography, was the name given to a province in the interior of Asia Minor, north of Mount Taurus. It was bounded on the E. by Cappadocia, on the N. by Galatia, on the W. by Phrygia and Pisidia, while to the S. it extended to the chain of Mount Taurus, from which it Was, however, in part separated by Isauria, though some writers included that district in Lycaonia. Its boundarie… LyciaLYCIA, in ancient geography, was the name given to a I district in the south-west of Asia Minor, occupying the portion of the coast between Caria and Pamphylia, and extending inland as far as the ridge of Mount Taurus, The region thus designated is one strongly marked by nature, as constituting a kind of peninsula or promontory projecting towards the south from the great mountain masses of the int… LycophronLYCOPHRON was a Greek poet who flourished at Alexandria in the time of Ptolemy Philadelphus (285-47 n.c.). He was born at Chalcis in Eubcea, and was the son of Lycus. He wrote a number of tragedies, forty-six or sixty-four, and Suidas gives the title of twenty of them. Only a few lines arc preserved of these works, which gained him a place in the Pleiad of Alexandrian tragedians. lie was entrusted… LycopodiumLYCOPODIUM. This and Selaginella are the two chief genera of the order Lycopodiacete or club mosses. They are flowerless herbs, and mostly creeping ; but during the period of the development of coal plants members of this order attained to the dimensions of lofty trees. A remarkable bed of Scotch coal called the " better bed " was found on microscopical examination to be almost entirely composed o… LycurgusLYCURGUS, one of the ten great Attic orators, was born about 396-93 B. c. His father was named Lycophron, and he belonged to the old Attic family of the Eteobutadte. He is said to have been a pupil both of Plato and of Isocrates. His early career is quite unknown, but after the real character of the great struggle with Philip of Macedon was becoming manifest he was recognized along with Demosthene… LycurgusLYCURGUS, a famous Spartan lawgiver. As even the ancients themselves differed so widely in their accounts of Lycurgus that Plutarch could begin his life by saying that he could assert absolutely nothing about him which was not controverted, it is not surprising that modern historical criticism has been disposed to relegate him wholly into the region of pure myth. One tradition would put him as far… Lydgate, JohnLYDGATE, JOHN, a monk of Bury St Edmunds, was the most famous English poet of the 15th century. He is a standing refutation of a popular notion that the extraordinary collapse of English poetry after Chaucer disappeared from the stage was clue to the unsettled state of public affairs. The exact dates of his birth mid death are not ascertained, but he began his occupation as a verse-maker before Ch… LydiaLYDIA. It is difficult to fix the boundaries of Lydia Plate I very exactly, partly because they varied at different times, partly because we are still but imperfectly acquainted with the geography of western Asia Minor. The name is first found, under the form of Luddi, in the inscriptions of the Assyrian king Assur-bani-pal, who received tribute from Gyges about 660 B. c. In Homer we read only of … Lyly, Or LillyLYLY, or LILLY, or LYLIE, JOHN (1553-1606), the famous author of Euphues, was born in Kent in 1553 or 1554. At the age of sixteen, according to Wood, he became a student of Magdalen College, Oxford, where in due time he proceeded to his bachelor's and master's degrees (1573 and 1575), and from whence we find him in 1574 applying to Lord Burghley "for the queen's letters to Magdalen College to admi… LymingtonLYMINGTON, a municipal and parliamentary borough and seaport town of Hampshire, England, is situated on the Lynn at its entrance to the Solent opposite the Isle of Wight, 94 miles south-west of London and 15 south of Southampton. The parish church, dedicated to St Thomas it Becket, is an irregular structure, dating from the reign of Henry VI., but frequently restored. There are two grammar schools… Lynch LawLYNCH LAW, a term used in the United States to characterize the action of private individuals, organized bodies of men, or disorderly mobs, who, without legal authority, proceed to punish by hanging or otherwise real or suspected criminals, without a trial according to the ordinary forms of law. The origin of the term is doubtful. American lexicographers generally refer it to the practice of a Vir… LyndhurstLYNDHURST, Jowl.; SINGLETON COPLEY, BARON (1772-1863), four times lord chancellor of England, was born at Boston, New England, in 1772. His father, son of an Englishman, but also a native of Boston, was a painter of very considerable note, who settled in London just before the commencement of the war of American independence. The son studied at Cambridge, where he was second wrangler and fellow of… Lyndsay, Sir DavidLYNDSAY, SIR DAVID (c. 1490-1555), for about two centuries and a half perhaps the most popular poet of Scotland, was born about 1490, probably either at the family estate of The Mount, in the parish of Monimail, near Cupar in Fife, or at Carleton near Haddington in East Lothian, where the ruins of an old mansion house of the Lyndsays still remain. Little is known of his boyhood, but he is understo… LynnLYNN, a city in Essex county, Massachusetts, U.S., situated near the north end of Massachusetts Bay, on a harbour formed by the peninsula of Nahant, 10 miles north-east of Boston, with which it is connected by different lines of railway. The bulk of Lynn is built on the low grounds near the sea ; but in the north-east the elevation is greater, and behind the city proper there is a range of porphyr… Lynn Regis, King's LynnLYNN REGIS, KING'S LYNN, or LYNN, a parliamentary and municipal borough and seaport of Norfolk, England, is situated on the Great Ouse, about 2 miles from the Wash, and on several railway lines, 100 miles north of London and 48 west-north-west of Norwich. On the land side the town was formerly defended by a fosse, and there are still considerable remains of the old wall, including a handsome Gothi… LynxLYNX, a name now appropriated to several animals forming a small section of the cats or genus Fells. It is not quite certain to which of these, if to any of them, the Greek name Airye was especially applied, though it was more probably the caracal than any of the northern species. The so-called lynxes of Bacchus were generally represented as resembling panthers rather than any of the species now k… LyonsLYONS (French, Lyon), in political, commercial, industrial, and military importance, as well as in point of size, the second city of France, formerly the capital of Lyonnais, and now the chief town of the department of Rhone, seat of a court of appeal and of a military government, and a fortified place, is situated at the confluence of the Rhone and the Saone, in 45? 46' N. lat. and 4? 49' 19" E. … Lyons, Edmund LyonsLYONS, EDMUND LYONS, Loan (1790-1858), British post-captain in 1814, and in 1828 commanded the " Blonde " frigate at the blockade of Navarino. He took part with the French in the capture of the castle of Morel, receiving for his conduct the orders of St Louis of France and of the Redeemer of Greece. Shortly before his ship was paid of in 1835 he was knighted. Front 1840 till the outbreak of hostil… Lyra, Nicolaus DeLYRA, NICOLAUS DE (c. 1270-13-10), a well-known medkeval commentator, was a native of Lyre, near Evreux, Normandy, and was born most probably about 1270 ; at least he was still young when in 1291 be entered the Franciscan order at Verneuil. Ile afterwards studied at Paris, and became doctor of theology and a successful teacher there. In 1325 lie became provincial of his order for Burgundy ; and on… LyreLYRE. Of all musical instruments the lyre has been the most associated with poetry, the recitations of Greeks having been accompanied by it. Yet the lyre was not of Greek origin ; no root in the language has been discovered for A.tpa, although the special names bestowed upon varieties of the instrument are Hellenic. We have to seek in Asia the birthplace of the genus, and to infer its introduction… Lyre-birdLYRE-BIRD, the name by which one of the most remarkable feathered inhabitants of Australia is commonly known, the Menura superba or M. novx-hollandix of ornithologists. First discovered, January 24, 1798, on the other side of the river Nepean in New South Wales by an exploring party from Paramatta, under the leadership of one Wilson, a single example was brought into the settlement a few days afte… LysanderLYSANDER was the leading spirit of Lacedtemonian policy at the end of the Peloponnesian War. He is said by yElian and Athenteus to have been of servile origin, and by Plutarch to have belonged to a Heraclid family. His father was named Aristoclitns or Aristocritus. He first appears in history when sent to command the fleet on the Ionian coast in 407 B.c. The story of his skilful diplomacy, of his … LysiasLYSIAS, whose name follows those of Antiphon and Andocides on the list of the ten Attic orators, marks an important stage in the development of Greek literary prose, and is, in his own province, one of its most perfect masters. He never acquired the Athenian citizenship, but most of his years were passed at Athens ; and his life has the interest of close personal association with the most critical… LysimachusLYSIMACHUS, son of Agathocles, a Thessaliau in the service of Philip of Macedon, was born about 361 11.0. During Alexander's campaigns he was one of his immediate bodyguard; he distinguished himself in India, and was appointed a trierarch when Alexander constructed his fleet on the Hydaspes. After the death of Alexander, Lysimachus was appointed to the government of Thrace and the district about t… Lysipp UsLYSIPP US, a Greek sculptor whose professional activity falls between the years 372 and 316 B.C. In addition existing representation of the style of Lysippus in portrait difficult to reconcile the tradition of his having taken as his the human figure, and from a number of sculptures traceable to his time, or shortly after his time, it is not only obvious but strikingly in contrast with earlier wor… LyteLYTE, IIENav FRANCIS (1793-1847), a well-known hymn-writer, was born at Kelso, June 1, 1793, received his early education in Ireland, and entered Trinity College, Dublin, in 1812, becoming a scholar of that college in the following year. Having entered deacon's orders in 1815, he for some time held a curacy near Wexford. He did not long remain in Ireland, however, chiefly because of infirm health … Lyttelton, George, LordLYTTELTON, GEORGE, LORD (1709-1773), statesman and man of letters, born at Hagley, Worcestershire, in 1709, was a descendant of the great THOMAS DE LITTLETON political crisis of 1765, before the formation of the Rockingham administration, it was at one time suggested that lie might be placed at the head of the treasury, but he firmly declined to take part in any such scheme. The closing years of h… Lytton, Ba RonLYTTON, BA RON (1805-1873), novelist, dramatist, poet, politician, miscellaneous essayist, the most versatile writer and one of the most active and widely discursive theorizers of his generation, was born in May 1805, the youngest of the three sons of General Bulwer, of Heydon Hall and Wood Dalling, Norfolk. He was a few months younger than Benjamin Disraeli ; the two lives acted not a little one … Mabellon, JeanMABELLON, JEAN (1632-1707), the learned and discriminating historian of the Benedictine order, was born at the village of Saint herremont, Champagne (now in the department of Ardennes), on November 23, 1632. He received his early education from an uncle who held the post of village cure in the neighbourhood, and afterwards he went to Rheims, where, hi 1653, he entered upon his noviciate in the Ben… Mabiotte, EdmeMABIOTTE, EDME (died 1684), a celebrated French physicist, was a native of Burgundy. He lived chiefly near Dijon as prior of St Martin sous Beaune, and was one of the first members of the Academy of Sciences, which was founded at Paris in 1666. He died at Paris May 12, 1684. The first volume of the Ilistoire et illemoires de l'Aealcntie (1733) contains many original papers by him upon a great vari… MacaoMACAO (A-Ma-ngao, "Harbour of the goddess A-Ma"; Portuguese, Macau), a Portuguese settlement on the coast of China, in 22? N. lat. and 132? E. long., consists of a tongue of land 11 square miles in extent, running south-south-west from the island of Hiang Shang (Portuguese, Ancare) on the western side of the estuary of the Canton river. Bold and rocky hills about 300 feet in height occupy both ext… MacaroniMACARONI (from dialectic Italian maccare, "to bruise or crush ") is a preparation of wheat originally peculiar to Italy, in which country it is an article of food of national importance. The same substance in different forms is also known as vermicelli, pasta or Italian pastes, taglioni, fanti, &c. These substances are prepared from the hard semi-translucent varieties of wheat which are largely cu… Macaulay, Thomas Babington Macaulay'MACAULAY, THOMAS BABINGTON MACAULAY, LORD (1800-1859), was born at Rothley Temple, Leicestershire, on the 25th of October 1800. His father, Zachary Macaulay, had been governor of Sierra Leone, and was in 1800 secretary to the chartered company who had founded that colony. Happy in his home, the boy at a very early age gave proof of a determined bent towards literature. Before he was eight years o… MacawMACAW, or, as formerly spelt, MAccAw,1 the name given to some fifteen or more species of large, long-tailed birds of the Parrot Family, natives of the Neotropical Region, and forming a very well-known and easily-recognized group to which the generic designation Ara is usually applied by ornithologists, though some prefer for it iliacrocercus or Sittace. Most of the Macaws are remarkable for their … Macbeth, Macbetliad, Or MacbedaMACBETH, MACBETLIAD, or MACBEDA, son of Finnlaech, was king of Scotland from 1040 to 1057. He had previously been " mormaer " of Moravia or Moray; and his predecessor on the throne was Duncan, son of Crinan, and grandson of Malcolm, whom he slew (according to some accounts at " Bothgowan," said to have been near Elgin). Macbeth's wife was Gruoch, a descendant of the royal house. Of the events of h… MaccabeesMACCABEES, BooKs or. Two books of this name are included among the Apocrypha of the English Bible, as they had formerly been in the Vulgate, and were accepted as canonical by the council of Trent. A third book is usually included in editions of the Septuagint, and is found in common with books iv. and v. in the Syriac, but never took a place in Latin Bibles ; a fourth is found in some MSS. of the … MaccabeesMACCABEES. The name Maccabee (7â– 1' _:_akKa/3a7.03) is properly and originally the distinguishing surname of Judas, son of Mattathias, the first great hero of the Jewish revolt against Antiochus Epiphanes. The source of the name is uncertain, but it is most natural to connect it with :r, "hammer," and so the Syriac writes the name with p not P. Ewald (Gesclt., iv. 403) is doubtless right in argui… MacclesfieldMACCLESFIELD, a municipal and parliamentary borough and market-town of Cheshire, England, is situated on a declivity near the borders of what is still known as the Macclesfield Forest, 17 miles south-south-east of Manchester, and 37 east-north-east of Chester. It consists seems to confirm Heinichen's reading (1., and being easily interchanged in Syrian MSS.). The sense may be "the prince of the ho… Maccullagh, JamesMACCULLAGH, JAMES (1809-1846), one of the most elegant geometers of modern times, was born in 1809, near Strabane, Ireland. After an exceptionally brilliant undergraduate career in Trinity College, Dublin, he was elected fellow in 1832. From 1832 to 1843 he held the chair of mathematics ; and during his tenure of this post, for which lie was specially fitted, he improved in a most marked manner th… MaccullochMACCULLOCH, JouN (1773-1835), one of the most eminent geologists of his time, descended from the Maccullochs of Nether Ardwell in Galloway, was born in Guernsey, 6th October 1773, Isis mother being a native of that island. Having displayed remarkable powers as a boy, he was sent to study medicine in the university of Edinburgh, took his diploma there, and entered the army as assistant surgeon. Att… Maccullocii, HoratioMACCULLOCII, HORATIO (1805-1867), Scotch landscape painter, was born in Glasgow in 1805. An early friendship with Sir Daniel Macnee, and William Leitch, the water-colourist, was the means of turning the lad's attention to art, which he studied for a year under John Knox, a Glasgow landscapist of some repute, with whom Macnee was apprenticed at the time. After leaving the studio of Knox, we find hi… Macdonald, LawrenceMACDONALD, LAWRENCE (1798-1878), sculptor, was born at Gask, Perthshire, Scotland, in 1798, and in early life served as a mason's apprentice. MacedoniaMACEDONIA, when that name is taken in its widest signification, is the country between Thrace on the east and to the basin of the Dube. The most definite limit in its physical geography is that towards Illyria, where the Scardus range, which still bears the name of Schur, forms a continuous barrier between the two countries ; on the side of Thessaly also, Mount Olympus and the Canabunian mountains… Macedonian Empire, TheMACEDONIAN EMPIRE, THE. The attention of the Greeks was drawn at an early time to the danger that the northern tribes might combine to invade the south. Sitalces, king of Thrace, spread great alarm by an inroad during the Peloponnesian War, but the real peril was from Macedonia rather than from Thrace. The Macedonians had been gradually pushing their way down towards the coast, and, though Alexand… MacedoniusMACEDONIUS, a deacon, was raised to the patriarchate of Constantinople as successor of Eusebius of Nicomedia by the Arian bishops in 341 A.D., while the orthodox party elected Paul, whom Eusebius had superseded. The partisans of the two rivals involved the city in a tumultuous broil, murdered Hermogenes, the general whom Constantius II., during his own absence, had empowered to preserve order, and… MaceioMACEIO, or MAcxvo, a city of Brazil, the chief town of the province of Alagoas, and one of the ports open to foreign trade, is situated about 150 miles south of Pernambuco, in 39' S. lat., on an eminence about a mile from the shore, in the midst of luxuriant vegetation. It possesses a fine cathedral and an elegant house of assembly, as well as a cotton inspection office and a custom-house. As its … MacerataMACERATA, a city of Italy, the chief town of a province, a bishop's see, and the seat of a court of appeal, lies 22 miles south of Ancona, and 17 miles by road west of Civita Nova, the nearest station on the East Coast Railway. Crowning the top of a hill about 1300 feet in height with a picturesque mass of buildings enclosed by walls and towers, Macerata looks out over the Adriatic and the valleys… Macgillivray, WilliamMACGILLIVRAY, WILLIAM (1796,-1852), a writer on several branches of natural science, but best known as an ornithologist, was born in 1796. He studied as an arts student in King's College, Aberdeen, graduating M.A. in 1815, and also studied medicine, but did not complete the latter course. In 1823 he became assistant to the professor of natural history in Edinburgh University ; and in 1831 he was a… MachiavelliMACHIAVELLI, NiccoL6 (1469-1527), was born at Florence on the 3d of May 1469. His ancestry claimed blood relationship with the lords of Montespertoli, a fief situated between Val di Pesa and Val d'Elsa, at no great distance from the city. In 1393 the castle of Montespertoli became the property of Niccolo's great-grandfather. At this date the Machiavelli, like other nobles of the Florentine contado… Machine ToolsMACHINE TOOLS. The very small degree of antiquity to which machine tools can lay claim appears forcibly in the sparse records of the state of the mechanical crafts a century ago. A few tools of a rude kind, such as tilt-hammers, and a few special ones which aimed at accuracy, but were of very limited application, such as "mills" for boring cannon, or " engines " for cutting the teeth of clock whee… MackenzieMACKENZIE, Sin ALEXANDER (1755-1520), a of years engaged in the fur trade at Fort Chipewyan, on the north side of the Lake of the Hills, and it was there that his schemes of travel were formed. Mackenzie, HenryMACKENZIE, HENRY (1745-1831), was born at Edinburgh in August 1745. His father was Dr Joshua or Josiah Mackenzie, a successful physician, who also cultivated letters in a small way. Mackenzie got the ordinary education of a youth in his position at the high school and university of Edinburgh, and was afterwards articled to Mr Inglis, who was then attorney for the crown in the management of exchequ… Mackenzie, Sir GeorgeMACKENZIE, SIR GEORGE (1636-1691), of Rosehaugh, knight, a prominent Scottish lawyer, was the grandson of Kenneth, first Lord Mackenzie of Kintail, and the nephew of Colin and George, first and second earls of Seaforth; his mother was a daughter of Dr Andrew Bruce, principal of St Leonard's College, St Andrews. He was born at Dundee in 1636, and, having passed through the grammar school there, was… MackerelMACKEREL. Mackerels are pelagic fishes, belonging to a small family, Scombridx, of which the tunny, bonito, albacore, sucking-fish (Echeneis), and a few other tropical genera are members (see ICHTHYOLOGY, VOL xii. p. 690). Although the species are fewer in number than in the majority of other families of fishes, they are widely spread and extremely abundant, peopling by countless schools the ocean… Mackintosh, Sir JamesMACKINTOSH, SIR JAMES (1765-1832), publicist, historian, statesman, and philosopher, was born at Aldourie, 7 miles from Inverness, in 1765. He came of old Highland families both through his father and his mother. Of the former, who was an officer in the army, and was mostly on duty abroad, he saw but little, and lie spent his early years under the care of his mother and her relatives. At a very ea… Maclaurin, ColinMACLAURIN, COLIN (1698-1746), one of the most eminent among the mathematicians and philosophers that Great Britain has produced, was the son of a clergyman, and born at Kilmodan, Argyllshire, in 1698. At the early age of eleven years he entered the university of Glasgow, where he graduated as master of arts in his sixteenth year. While at the university he exhibited a decided genius for mathematic… Macleod, NormanMACLEOD, NORMAN (1812-1872). There were three Norman Macleods, all ministers of the Church of Scotland, and all men of some note in their day. The first was settled in Morven, the " Highland parish," looking out on the Sound of Mull, of which his grandson has given us so many pleasant and sunny reminiscences. The second was minister of Campbeltown, afterwards of Campsie, and finally of St Columba'… Maclise, DanielMACLISE, DANIEL (1806 or 1811-1870), subject and history painter, was born at Cork, the son of a Highland soldier.' His education was of the plainest kind, but lie was eager for culture, fond of reading, and anxious to become an artist. His father, however, placed him, in 1820, in Newenharn's Bank, where he remained for two years, and then left to study in the Cork school of art. In 1825 it happen… Maclure, WilliamMACLURE, WILLIAM (1763-1810), the pioneer of American geology, was born at Ayr in Scotland in 1763. After a brief visit to New York he began active life as a partner in the firm of Miller, Hart, Co., London. Four years later (1796) business affairs brought him again to America, which he thereafter made his home. In 1803 he visited France as one of the commissioners appointed to settle the claims o… Macnee, Sir DaisielMACNEE, SIR DAISIEL (1806-1882), portrait painter, was born in 1806 at Fintry in Stirlingshire. He was educated in Glasgow, and at the age of thirteen apprenticed, along with Horatio Macculloch and Leitch the water-colour painter, to John Knox, a landscapist of some repute at the time. He afterwards worked for a year as a lithographer, was employed by the Messrs Smith of Cumnock to paint the ornam… Macneill, HectorMACNEILL, HECTOR (1746-1818), a minor Scottish poet, born near Roslin, October 22, 1746, died at Edinburgh, March 15, 1818. The son of an impoverished army captain, he spent several years of his boyhood on a farm which his father had taken on the banks of Loch Lomond, and was sent to Bristol at the age of fourteen to enter on a mercantile career. Soon afterwards he was despatched to the West Indie… MaconMACON, a city of the United States, the chief town of Bibb county-, Georgia, is situated on rising ground in the midst of a beautifully wooded country on both sides of the Ocmulgee river, a navigable headwater of the Altamaha, about 80 miles south-east of Atlanta. It is well laid out with tree-bordered streets, often 180 feet wide, and possesses since 1870 a fine central park, on the formation of … MaconMACON, the capital of Saone-et-Loire, France, occupies a gently sloping site on the right bank of the Saone, 41 miles north of Lyons. It is connected by a bridge of twelve arches with the suburb of St Laurent on the opposite hank of the river. The site is sheltered and the climate mild, but the locality is subject to sudden changes of temperature. Of the public buildings of Macon the most prominen… Macpherson, JamesMACPHERSON, JAMES (1738-1796), the " translator " of the Ossianic poems, was born at Ruthven, Inverness, Scotland, in 1738, was educated in his native village and at King's College, Aberdeen, and from 1756 taught the school of Ruthven for some time. In 1758 he published a poem entitled the Highlander, and about the same period contributed several minor pieces to the Scots Magazine. In 1759, while … Macready, William CharlesMACREADY, WILLIAM CHARLES (1793-1873), was born in London 3d March 1793, and educated at Rugby. In 1810 he made a successful debut as Romeo at Birmingham; and the fame which he had acquired in the provinces gave exceptional interest to his appearance in 1816 at Covent Garden, in the character of Orestes in the Distressed Mother. In London his choice of characters was at first confined chiefly to t… Macrobius, Ambrosius TheodosiusMACROBIUS, AMBROSIUS THEODOSIUS, a Roman grammarian and philosopher, who wrote towards the (przepositus saffi cubiculi) in 422. But the tenure of high office at that date was limited to Christians, and there is no evidence in the writings of Macrobius that he was a Christian. On the contrary, he shows great interest in the deities of paganism ; his friends seem to have belonged wholly to the pagan… MadagascarMADAGASCAR, an important island in the Indian Ocean, and the third largest island in the world, is about 300 miles from the south-east coast of the African continent, from which it is separated by the Mozambique Channel. It is 980 miles in length from north to south, the northern point, Cape Ambro, in 12? S. lat., inclining 16? to the cast from the longitude of Cape St Mary, the southernmost point… MaddaloniMADDALONI, a city of Italy, in the province of Caserta (Terra di Lavoro), about 31- miles south-east of Caserta, with a station both on the railway from Caserta to Benevento and on that from Caserta to Avellino. It is prettily situated at the base of one of the Tiffata hills, the towers of its mediceval castle and the church of San Michele crowning the heights above. The fine old palace of the Car… Madden, SirMADDEN, SIR. FREDERIC (1801-1873), one of the first palmographers and antiquaries of his time, and for nearly forty years assistant keeper and keeper of manuscripts at the British Museum, was born at Portsmouth on February 16, 1801, the son of an officer of Irish extraction. From his earliest years lie displayed a strong bent to linguistic and antiquarian studies. In 1825 he was engaged in collati… Madder, Or Dyer's MadderMADDER, or DYER'S MADDER, is the root of Rubin tinctorunt, L., and perhaps of R. peregrina, L., as well, both being European ; but R. cordifolia, L., and perhaps Mungista, Roxb., a native of the mountains of Nepal, Bengal, Japan, the., supply the Indian madder or manjit (see Pickering, ClITOM. Hist, of Pl., 4'21 ; Drury, Useful Plants of India, 541). Rubia is a genus of about thirty species of the… MadeiraMADEIRA. The Madeiras, a group of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean belonging to Portugal, consist of two inhabited islands named Madeira and Porto Santo, and three uninhabited rocks named collectively the Desertas. Funchal, the capital of Madeira, is on the south coast of the principal island, in 32? 37' 45" N. lat., 16? 55' 20" IV. long. It is about 360 miles from the coast of Africa, 535 mile… MadisonMADISON, a city of the United States, the capital of undulating isthmus between Mendota and Menona, two of the lakes which give name to the Four Lake Region, connected with the Mississippi by Yahara. or Catfish river and Rock river ; and the cool summer climate, which it owes to the fact that it stands 788 feet above the level of the sea, and 210 feet above Lake Michigan, renders it a health resor… MadisonMADISON, a city of the United States, the county seat of Jefferson county, Indiana, is situated on the north bank of the Ohio, 90 miles below Cincinnati, and 44 above in 1860, 10,709 in 1870, and 8945 in 1880. Madison, JamesMADISON, JAMES (1751-1836), fourth president of the United States, was born in King George county, Virginia, on the 16th of March 1751, during a temporary visit of his mother to her relatives. His father was the owner of large landed estates in Orange county, Virginia, and was a man of distinction in the county. In 1769 Madison entered Princeton College in New Jersey, and graduated as B.A. in 1771… MadrasMADRAS, capital of Madras presidency, is situated on the sea-coast in 13? 4' 8" N. lat., 80? 14' 51" E. long. Although at first sight the city presents a disappointing appearance, and possesses not a single handsome street, it has several edifices of high architectural pretensions, and many spots of historical interest. Seen from the roadstead, the fort, a row of merchants' offices, a few spires a… MadrasMADRAS, a presidency of British India, occupying, with its dependencies, the entire south of the Indian peninsula, and washed on the east by the Bay of Bengal and on the west by the Indian Ocean. The north boundary is extremely irregular. On the extreme north-east is the Bengal province of Orissa ; then the wild highlands of the Central Provinces ; next the dominions of the nizam of Hyderabad ; an… MadridMADRID, a province of Spain, one of the five into which New Castile is divided, is bounded on the W., N.W., and N. by Avila and Segovia, on the E. by Guadalajara, on the S.E. by Cuenca, and on the S. by Toledo. The area is 2997 square miles, with a population in 1877 of 593,775, an increase of 104,443 since 1860. Madrid belongs to the basin of the Tagus, being separated from that of the Douro by t… MadridMADRID, capital of the above province and of Spain, is situated in 40? 24' 35" N. lat. and 3? 41' 51" W. long., on the left bank of the Manzanares, a subtributary of the Tagus, at a maximum elevation of 2372 feet above the sea-level. The population (397,816 in 1877) was over 400,000 in 1881. The town is nearly in the centre of the kingdom, almost equidistant from the Mediterranean, the Atlantic, a… MadrigalMADRIGAL. The notice of this branch of musical art which will be included in the general article Music may here be anticipated by an approximately chronological list, according to nationalities, of the masters who have been chiefly distinguished for their compositions of the class :Flanders : Egide Binchois, Brusnois, Jean Okeghern or Ockenheim, Jean Tinctor, Adrian Willaert, Cyprian di Rom, Jacqu… MaduraMADURA, a district in the south of the Madras presidency, India, lying between 9? 4' and 10? 44' N. lat., and 77? 14' and 79? 20' E. long., is bounded on the N. by Coimbatore, Trichinopoli, and Tanjore districts, E. and S.E. by the sea, S.W. by Tinnevelli district, and W. by Travancore state. Broadly speaking, it consists of a section of the plain stretching from the mountains east to the sea, coi… MaduraMADURA, in High Javanese Madanten, an island of the East Indian Archipelago, separated by the shallow Strait of Madura from the east end of Java. It extends Europeans. It may be safely asserted, however, that the a height of 1542 feet. Hot springs are not unfrequent; a girdle of tropical vegetation, broken only here and there by small white peaks with steep perpendicular cliffs ;" but, except in a… Maestricht, Or MaastrichtMAESTRICHT, or MAASTRICHT, the chief town of the province of Limburg, in the Netherlands, lies, as the name expresses, at the trecht or crossing of the Maas (Meuse), where the Romans erected a military post on the road between Bagacuna (Bavay) and Colonia Agrippina (Cologne). Aix-la-Chapelle is 18 miles east-south-east, and Liege 18 miles south by west. The baths discovered in 1840 in the Groote S… Maffei, Francesco ScipioneMAFFEI, FRANCESCO SCIPIONE, MARCHESE DI (1675Parma at the Jesuit college, and afterwards from 1698 at d'Italia, a literary periodical which had but a short career', and subsequently an acquaintance with the actor Riccoboni led him to exert himself for the improvement of dramatic art in Italy. MafraMAFRA, a town of Portugal, in the province of Estremadura and district of Lisbon, lies near the Atlantic coast, about 20 miles to the north-west of Lisbon, and had a population in 1878 of 3231. It is remarkable for its cloister-palace, built by John V. in 1717-32, in consequence of a vow made during a dangerous illness to build a convent for the poorest friary' of the kingdom, - which proved to be… MagdalaMAGDALA (more correctly Makdala), a natural stronghold in the country to the south of Abyssinia, situated about 200 miles inland from the Gulf of Aden, in 11? 22' N. lat. and 39? 25' E. long. The basaltic plateau of which it consists rises 9110 feet above the level of the sea, and forms along with the neighbouring height of Salassye (9160 feet), with which it is connected by the ridge of Salamgye … MagdeburgMAGDEBURG, the capital of the Prussian province of Saxony, and one of the strongest fortresses in Germany, is situated in 52? 8' N. lat. and 11? 40' E. long., mainly on the left bank of the Elbe, which here divides into three branches. It consists of the town proper and of the four suburbs of Friedrichstadt, Neustadt, Sudenburg, and Buckau ; the last three of these are separated from the town by t… Magellan, FerdinandMAGELLAN, FERDINAND, in Portuguese FERNAO DE MAGALHAES (c. 1.470-1521), who, though he (lid not survive to return home with his ship, well deserves the title of the "first circumnavigator," was born about 1470, and (according to the somewhat questionable authority of his will, dating from 1504) at Villa de Sabroza, in the district of Villa Real, Traz os Montes. His family was " hidalgo," and he se… Maggiore, LagoMAGGIORE, LAGO (French, Lac Majeur ; in Italian also frequently Lago Verbano; Latin, Verbanus), is the westmost of the great lakes of northern Italy. In accordance with its popular name it has long been reputed the largest of them all ; but. though in length it somewhat surpasses Lago di Garda, it does not cover so extensive an area. Of the total surface of 82 square miles, 65 belong to Italy, and… MaghtanaMAGHTANA, the chief town and headquarters of Jhang district, Punjab, India, is situated in 31? 17' N. lat. and 72? 21' E.. long., and had a population 'in 1868 of 10,525 (Hindus, 5192; Mohammedans, 4698; Sikhs, 306; and " others," 329). It has a considerable trade with Kandahar, large exports of country cloth, and a fluctuating business in grain from the fertile lowlands of the Ravi. The civil sta… Magic LanternMAGIC LANTERN is the name given to an optical instrument for projecting on a white wall or screen largely magnified representations of transparent pictures painted or photographed on glass. The invention of the magic lantern is usually attributed to Athanasius Kircher, who died in 1680, although, according to some, it was known four centuries earlier to Roger Bacon (see p. 207). For long after its… Magic SquareMAGIC SQUARE, a solution of which is readily obtained by inspection, as in diagram P ; this leads to the square, diagram Q. When the root is 8, the upper four subsidiary rows may at once be written, as in diagram R ; then, if the square be completed, 65 added to each, and the sums halved, the square is completed. In such squares as these, the two opposite squares about the same diagonal (except th… Magic, WisiteMAGIC, WISITE. Under this head is included the art of performing tricks and exhibiting illusions by aid of apparatus, excluding feats of dexterity in which there is no deception, together with the performances of such automaton figures as are actuated in a secret and mysterious manner. Conjuring by prestidigitation, or sleight of hand, independently of mechanical apparatus, is referred to under LE… MagistrateMAGISTRATE. The term magistrate, derived from the Latin magistrates, is one of more general and comprehensive meaning than JUSTICE OF THE PEACE, which has already been treated of (vol. xiii. p. 789), and is of far higher antiquity. In its full significance it indicates one side of the universal public relation by which men are connected together as governors and governed - in other words, as magis… Magliabechi, AntonioMAGLIABECHI, ANTONIO (1633-1714), one of the most remarkable bibliophiles of his time, was born at Florence, October 28, 1633, and followed the trade of a goldsmith until 1673, when he received the appointment of librarian to the grand-duke of Tuscany, a post for which he had qualified himself by his vast stores of self-acquired learning. MagnesiaMAGNESIA, in ancient geography, was the name of two cities in Asia Minor, both of cansiderable interest and importance. A city of Ionia, situated on a small stream flowing into the valley of the Moeander, whence it was commonly called Magnesia ad Mceandrum. It was distant 120 stadia or 15 Roman miles from Miletus, and rather less from Ephesus. According to tradition, as well as the similarity of n… MagnesiumMAGNESIUM, a metallic element (symbol Mg) forming a basic oxide "magnesia," MgO, which in some form or other is universally disseminated throughout the whole of the earth's crust, apart from the large masses of mineral consisting essentially of magnesia compounds. This accounts for the presence of at least traces of magnesia in the ashes of all plants and animals, and for its presence in almost al… Magnetism, AnimalMAGNETISM, ANIMAL. The terms animal magnetism, electro-biology, mesmerism, clairvoyance, odylic or odic force, and hypnotism have been used to designate peculiar nervous conditions in which the body and mind of an individual were supposed to be influenced by a mysterious force emanating from another person. With the exception of mesmerism, a name given to the phenomena in honour of one of their ea… MagnoliaMAGNOLIA, L., the typical genus of the order Nagnoliacem, named from Pierre Magnol, professor of medicine and botany at Montpellier. It contains about fourteen species, distributed in Japan, China, and the Himalayas, as well as in North America and Mexico (De Candolle, Prod., i. 79 ; Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Pl., i. 18 ; A. Gray, Gen. Ill., xxiii., xxiv.). Magnolias are trees or shrubs with evergr… Magnus, Heinrich GustavMAGNUS, HEINRICH GUSTAV (1802-1870), an eminent German chemist and physicist, was born at Berlin May 2, 1802. He early showed a strong scientific bias, which was well fostered and strengthened by his education. Six years of thorough study at Berlin university were supplemented by a year's course at Stockholm in Berzelius's laboratory (1828). After some time spent in Paris under Gay-Lussac and Then… Magnusson, ArniMAGNUSSON, ARNI (1G63-1730), a scholar to whom we are largely indebted for the preservation of the old Icelandic literature, was born in the west of Iceland in 1663. In his youth he resided for a time at Hvamm, then the residence of his mother's father, Ketil the priest, who was a well-known copyist of manuscripts. In 1683 he came to Copenhagen, and was employed by Bartholinus at first as a copyis… MagoMAGO was one of the most common Carthaginian names, borne among others by the reputed founder of the military power of Carthage, and the Punic admiral in the war with the elder Dionysius (see CARTHAGE). The most famous of the name was the youngest of the three sons of Hamilcar Barca. He accompanied his brother Mannibal on his expedition into Italy, and held important commands in the great victorie… MagpieMAGPIE, or simply Pin (French, Pie), the prefix being the abbreviated form of a human name (Margaret') applied as in so many other instances to familiar animals, as this bird once was throughout Great Britain, though of late years almost exterminated in many parts, and now nearly everywhere scarce. Its pilfering habits have led to this result, yet the injuries it causes are unquestionably exaggera… MahabalesiiwarMAHABALESIIWAR, a hill station in Satire district, and the principal sanatarium in the Bombay presidency, India (17? 58' N. lat., 73? 42' E. long.), occupies the summit of a range of the Western Ghats, with a general elevation of 4500 feet above sea-level. Mahanadi, Or MahanuddyMAHANADI, or MAHANUDDY (" The Great River"), a river of India, rising in 20? 10' N. lat., 82? E. long., 25 miles south of Raipur town, in a wild mountainous region of the Central Provinces. At first an insignificant stream, it flows in a tortuous easterly course through the hills in a rocky bed until it reaches Dholpur in Orissa. From this point it rolls its unrestrained waters straight for the ou… Mahanoy City'MAHANOY CITY, a post borough of the United States, in Mahanoy township, Schuylkill county, Pennsyla public library, two weekly newspapers, and the increase of its population from 5533 in 1870 to 7181 in 1880, betoken its prosperity. MahaseerMAHASEER, or MAHSEEIc (Barbus moral), a kind of barbel, abundant in the rivers of India, especially in pools or twenty-seven placed along the lateral line; the dorsal much esteemed. . MahdiMAHDI. i.e., "lie who is guided aright," the third caliph of the house of 'Abbas (see MOHAMMEDAN EMPIRE). MaheMAHE, a French settlement and town, in the Malabar district, Madras, India, is situated in 11? 41' 50" N. lat. and 75? 34' 25" E. long., to the south of the river Mahe, with an area of 1445 acres. Mahi Kantha, TheMAHI KANTHA, THE, a group of native states forming a political agency under the Government of Bombay, India, lying between 23? 14' and 24? 28' N. lat. and 72? 40' and 74? 5' E. long.; with an area of about 4000 square miles, and an estimated population of 447,056. Mahmud Of GhazniMAHMUD OF GHAZNI (971-1030), known also as Malnnd, son of Subuktigin, was born October 2, 971. His fame rests chiefly on his successful wars, in particular his numerous invasions of India. His military capacity, inherited from his father, Nasir-ud-din Subuktigin, was strengthened by youthful experience in the field. Subuktigin, a Turki slave of Alptigin, governor of Khorasan under Abd' ul Malik Ni… MahoganyMAHOGANY, a familiar dark-coloured wood largely used for household furniture, and supplied by a large tree indigenous to Central America and the Antilles. It was originally received from Jamaica; 521,300 feet were exported from that island in 1753. Swietenia Mahogani, L., is the sole species of the genus of the order .111eliacew (Benth. and Hook., Gen. Pl., i. 338). It bears imparipinnate leaves, … Mahony, FrancisMAHONY, FRANCIS (1804-1866), "Father Prout," Roman Catholic priest, scholar, journalist, song-writer, and humorist, was born at Cork of a respectable middle-class family in 1804. His classical education was chiefly obtained at a Jesuit college at Amiens, and after studying theology at Paris he received clerical ordination, and served in Switzerland and Ireland. He then came to London, and officiat… MahrattasMAHRATTAS. The Mahrattas inhabit that portion of India which is known by the ancient name of Maharashtra (Sanskrit for the great kingdom or region). This large tract, extending from the Arabian Sea on the west to the Satpura mountains in the north, comprises a good part of western and central India, including the modern provinces of the Concan, Khandesh, Berar, the British Deccan, part of Nagpur, … MaiaMAIA was the eldest and fairest of the Pleiades, the seven daughters of Atlas and the Oceanid Pleione. Mai, AngeloMAI, ANGELO (1782-1854), cardinal, well known as the discoverer and editor of numerous ancient texts, was born of humble peasant parentage at Schilpario, a mountain village in the province of Bergamo, Lombardy, on March 7, 1782. For the excellence of his early education, received at Bergamo, he was indebted to a Jesuit priest named Mozzi, whom the suppression of the order had caused to settle in t… MaidenheadMAIDENHEAD, a municipal borough and market-town in Berkshire, England, in the diocese of Oxford, 221 miles from London, 131- from Reading, and 6 from Windsor. It was formerly called Maidenhythe, a wharf for timber and a wooden bridge across the Thames having existed there from very early times. In 1352 Edward III. incorporated a guild to keep the bridge in repair. In 1400 the duke of Surrey and th… MaidstoneMAIDSTONE, a municipal and parliamentary borough, and the county town of Kent, England, situated almost midway between London and Dover. It lies principally on the eastern bank of the river Medway, the modern part spreading over the western slopes of a picturesque valley, which is intersected and environed by orchards and hop gardens. Although antiquaries have conjectured that Maidstone was a mili… Maimansinh, Or Mymensing5MAIMANSINH, or MYMENSING5 a district in the lieutenant-governorship of Bengal, India, lying between 23? 56' and 25? 25' N. lat., and 89? 43' and 91? 18' E. long., with an area of 6287 square miles, is bounded on the N. by the Gar? Hills, on the E. by Sylhet, on the S.E. by Tipperah, on the S. by Dacca, and on the W. by the river Jainunit, which separates it from Pabna, Bogra, and Rangpur districts… MaimbourgMAIMBOURG, Louis (1610-1686), a French historical writer, was born at Nancy in 1610. At the age of sixteen he entered the Society of Jesus, and after completing his theological studies at Rome he became a classical master in the Jesuit college at Rouen. He afterwards devoted himself to preaching, but with only moderate success. After having taken some part in minor controversies he threw himself w… MaimonidesMAIMONIDES (1135-1204). Among the great men to whom Mohammedan Cordova 1 has given birth - and these are not a few - the greatest is unquestionably Rabbenu Mosheh b. Mahnun 2 Haddayyan.5 Like the lives of so many great men, that of this " last of the Geonim as regards time and the first of them as regards worth" 4 is surrounded by a halo of fables, some of which, though fictitious, are instructive… MaineMAINE, the most north-easterly of the United States, lies between 43? 4' and 47? 27' 33" N. lat., and between 66? 56' 48" and 71? 6' 41" W. long. It is 302 miles in extreme length and 285 in width, with a total area of 33,040 square miles (of which 29,895 square miles are land), being nearly, as large as all the other New England States combined. Its figure resembles that of a mountain peak, broke… MaineMAINE, a province of France, was bounded on the N. by Normandy, on the W. by Brittany, on the S. by Anjou ments of Sarthe and Mayenne. Together with a portion of Perche which was conterminous with it on the northeast, and the countship of Laval on the west, it constituted a great military government, of which Le Mans was the capital. Before the Roman conquest Maine was held by the with Chartres, O… Maine De BiranMAINE DE BIRAN, FRANcOIS-PIERRE-GONTHIER (1766-1824), a distinguished philosopher of France, the son of a physician, was born at Bergerac November 29, 1766. After studying with distinction under the doctrinaires of Perigueux, he entered the life-guards of Louis XVI., and was present at Versailles on the notable 5th and 6th of October 1789. On the breaking up of the garde du corps, Maine de Biran r… Maine-et-loireMAINE-ET-LOIRE a western department of France, the former province of Anjou, and is bounded on the N. by the departments of IVIaYenne and Sarthe, on the E. by Indre-et-Loire, on the S. by Deux-Sevres and Vendee, on the W. by Loire-inferieure, and on_ the N.W. by Ille-etVilaine. The extreme length from north-east to southwest is about 78 miles ; the breadth from north to south ranges from 25 to 50 … Maintenon, Francoise D'aiibigneMAINTENON, FRANcOISE D'AIIBIGNE, MARQUISE DE (1635-1719), the second wife of Louis XIV., and unacknowledged queen of France for the last thirty years of his reign, was born in a prison at Niort on November 27, 1635. Her father Constant d'Aubign6, was the son of Agrippa d'Aubigne, the famous friend and general of Henry IV., and had been imprisoned as a Huguenot malcontent, but her mother, a fervent… MainzMAINZ, or MExTz (in French, MAYENCE), the largest town in the grand?duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt, one of the strongest fortresses in Germany, and formerly the seat of an archbishop and elector, is situated on a rising ground on the left bank of the Rhine, nearly opposite the influx of the Main. The fortifications, which consist of three enceintes with a series of outlying forts, embrace the sin:di tow… Maistre, Joseph DeMAISTRE, JOSEPH DE, diplomatist and polemical, writer was born at Chambery on the 1st April 1754, and died at Turin on the 26th February 1821. The family was an ancient and noble one, enjoying the title of count, and is said to have been of Languedocian extraction. The father of Joseph was president of the senate of Savoy, and held other important offices. Joseph himself, after studying at Turin, … Maistre, Xavier DeMAISTRE, XAVIER DE, the younger brother of Joseph, was born at Chambery in October 1763, and died at St Petersburg on the 12th June 1852. He served when young in the Piedmontese army, and wrote his Voyage autoicr de ma Cleambre when he was in garrison at Turin. This, a delightful fantasy piece which may have owed something to the example of Sterne in its conception, but which is quite original in … MaitlandMAITLAND, a town of Australia, in New South Wales, 93 miles north of Sydney, in the valley of Hunter river, and communicating with Newcastle and Port Hunter both by steamboat and railway. MaitlandMAITLAND, WILLIAm (c. 1525-1573), best known in Scottish history by the name of his father's estate of Lethington, near Haddington, where lie resided, was the, eldest son of Sir Richard Maitland, noticed above. Eon: about 1525, and partly educated ill France, he was at an early age initiated? into public life. He was made secretary of state by Mary of Guise in 1558 ; but the favour with which he r… Maitland, JohnMAITLAND, JOHN (1614-1682), earl and afterwards duke of Lauderdale in the peerage of Scotland, was a great-grandson of Sir RICHARD MAITLAND (2.v.). In early life a Presbyterian, he attended the Westminster Assembly in 1643 as an elder of the Church of Scotland ; and he was a party to the surrender of Charles I. to the English army in 1645. Soon afterwards, changing his politics, he became a zealou… Maitland, Sir RichardMAITLAND, SIR RICHARD (1496-1586), an early Scottish lawyer and poet, was born in 1496. His father, William Maitland of Lethington and Thirlstane, fell at Flodden ; his mother was a daughter of George, Lord Seton. He studied law at the university of St Andrews, and afterwards in France. He was in 1552 one of the commissioners to settle matters with the English about the debatable lands on the bord… Maittaire, 1iiicxelMAITTAIRE, 1IiICxEL (1668-1747), bibliographer and editor, was a. native of France, and was born in 1668. On the revocation of the edict of Nantes his parents, who were Protestants, removed to England, where he was educated at Westminster and at Christ Church, Oxford, graduating in 1696. From 1695 to 1699 he taught in Westminster School, but afterwards devoted himself exclusively to private teachi… Maize, Or Indian CornMAIZE, or INDIAN CORN, Lea Mays, L., from or tees, which appears to have been "spelt" (Triticunt spelta, L.), according to the description of Theophrastus, is of the tribe Phalaridese .of the order Grantinex or grasses. It is unknown in the native state, but is most probably indigenous to tropical America (Endlicher, Gen. Pl., No. 742). Small grains of an unknown variety have been found in the anc… MajlathMAJLATH, J.iNOS or JOHN, COUNT (1786-1855), Hungarian historian and poet, was born at Pest on the 5th of October 178G. First educated at home, he subsequently studied philosophy at Eger (Erlau) and law at Gyor (Raab), his father, Count Joseph Majlath, an Austrian minister of state, eventually obtaining for him an appointment in the public service. The weakness of his eyesight having rendered it ne… Majorianus, Julius ValeriusMAJORIANUS, JULIUS VALERIUS, emperor of the West from 457 to 461, was the successor of Avitus. He had been a distinguished soldier under Aetius, and also after the death of that general ; for his election to the purple he was indebted to the powerful Count Bicimer, patrician of Rome. To put a stop to the harassing incursions of the Vandals he, in 458, resolved to lead an expedition against Genseri… Major, Or MairMAJOR, or MAIR, JOHN (e. 1470-1550), a theological and historical writer, was born at the village of Cleghorn, near North Berwick, Scotland, about the year 1470. After a short period spent at Cambridge, he entered the university of Paris in 1493, studying successively at the colleges of St Barbe and Montaigu, and graduating as master of arts. in 1496. Promoted to the doctorate in 1505, he lectured… MakallaMAKALLA, or MActiLLA, a port on the south coast of Arabia, in 14? 31' N. lat. and 49? 13' E. long. The town, which appears to be of no great antiquity, is described by Wellsted as built on a low projecting point, with many lofty and substantial houses, and a suburb of huts, chiefly inhabited by slaves, Somalis, and Arab sailors, on the slopes leading up to a lofty chalk-bill (Jebel el-Kara) which … MakoMAKO, a corporate town of Hungary, and capital of the trans-Tisian county of Csanhd, is situated near the right bank of the Maros, about 15 miles east-south-east of Szeged, in 46? 13' N. lat., 20? 28' E. long. The town consists of the three wards of Bujak, Szent-Li3rincz_(SaintLawrence), and Ujvaros (New Town), and has, besides the usual official buildings connected with the administration of a co… MalaMALA.PAP, a district in the Madras presidency, between 10? 15' and 12? 18' N. lat., and 75? 14' and 76? 52' E. long., is bounded on the N. by South' K2inara, on the E. by Coorg, the Nflgiri hills, and Coimbatore district, on the S. by Cochin and Travancore states, and on the W. by the Arabian Sea. The extreme length is 145 miles, while the breadth varies from 25 miles in the north to 70 miles in t… MalachiMALACHI. According to the title (Mal. i. 1) the last book of the minor prophets contains the word of Jehovah to Israel by the hand of Malachi. The word *7? may either be an adjective, " angelic," or may signify " the angel (messenger) of Jehovah." In either case it seems a strange (though hardly an impossible) name for a man to bear, and from -Ale time of the Septuagint, which translates "by the h… MalachiteMALACHITE, an ore of copper, presenting in its finer varieties a beautiful green colour which has led to its use as an ornamental stone. It is chemically a hydrated basic carbonate of copper, and appears to have been formed in most cases by the action of meteoric agencies on native copper, red oxide of copper, copper pyrites, and other ores. Upon these minerals the malachite frequently forms an in… Malachy, StMALACHY, ST (a 1091-1118), otherwise known as i?faelniaedog Ua Morgair, for some time archbishop of Armagh, and afterwards papal legate in Ireland, was born of noble parentage at Armagh about the year 1094, early gained a high reputation for sanctity, and was ordained to the priesthood at the age of twenty-five (thirty being at that time, according to his biographer St Bernard, the canonical age).… MalagaMALAGA, the capital of the above province, and, next to Barcelona, the most important seaport of Spain, is finely situated on the Mediterranean coast, at the southern base of the group of hills known to history as the Axarquia, and at the eastern extremity of the fertile Vega of Malaga (36? 43' N. lat., 4? 25' W. long.): The population in 1877 was 115,882. In the clearness of its sky, which a clou… MalagaMALAGA, a maritime province of Spain, one of the eight modern subdivisions of Andalucia., is bounded on the W. by Cadiz, on the N. by Seville and Cordova, on the E. by Granada, and on the S. by the Mediterranean, having an area of 2823 square miles, and a population. (1877) of 500,231. The rise from the sea is rapid, and the average elevation of the province is considerable. Of the numerous sierra… MalariaMALARIA, an Italian colloquial word (from mel's, bad, and aria, air), introduced into English medical literature by Macculloch (1827) as a substitute for the more restricted terms marsh miasm or paludal poison. By very general consent the word is understood to mean an actual poisonous substance existing as a separate entity, and giving rise to the definite unhealthy condition of body known by a va… MalatiaMALATIA, less correctly MALATivAir, the ancient Melitene of Cappadocia, a town of Kurdish Armenia in the vilayet of Diarbekir, about 8 miles to the south-west of the Euphrates below the confluence of the Toklima-su, and about half way between Baghdad and Constantinople, on a route which for ages has been one of the most important in that part of Asia. Asbuzi or Aspuzi, a place about 5 miles distan… Malay Peninsula, MalaccaMALAY PENINSULA, MALACCA, or TANAII MALAYU ("Malay Land"), the southernmost region in Asia, attached to Further India by the isthmus of Krii, in 10? N. lat., whence it projects for about GOO miles, first south, then south-east parallel with Sumatra, to Cape Ilanninia (Romania) in 1? 23' N., within 95 miles of the equator ; it varies in width from 45 miles at the isthmus of Kra, and again at Tabula… MalaysMALAYS (Orang A.falayri, ""Malay Men "), the dominant people in Malacca and the Eastern Archipelago (hence often called Malaysia), where they are diversely intermingled with other races, and where they have represented the local cultured element for over two thousand years. The Malays proper, that is, those who call themselves by this name,G who speak the standard Malay language, and who possess a… MalcolmMALCOLM, Slit JouN, G.C.13. (1769-1833), soldier, May 2, 1769. At the age of twelve he received a cadetship in the Indian army, and in April 1783 he landed at Madras, shortly afterwards joining his regiment at Yellore. In 1792, having for some time devoted years afterwards was compelled by ill-health to leave for assistant to the resident at Hyderabad. In the lastof disbanding the French corps in … MaldahMALDAH, a district in the lieutenant-governorship of Bengal, India, between 24? 29' 50" and 25? 32' 30" N. lat., the deep valleys of the Tangan and Purnabhaba rivers and their small tributary streams. The soil of this district is a hard red clay ; and the whole is overgrown with thorny tree jungle known as the hirtl. Agricultural prosperity Kaliudri on the right, and the Tangan and Purnabhaba on … MaldenMALDEN, a city of the United States, in Middlesex then known as the village of Mystic Side. MaldonMALDON, a municipal and parliamentary borough and seaport town of Essex, England, is situated on an acclivity rising from the south side of the Blackwater, 44 miles east-north-east of London and 16 south-west from Colchester. it consists principally of one main street with several cross streets at right angles. The church of All Saints, dating from 1056, is a spacious edifice consisting of chancel… MalebrancheMALEBRANCHE, Nicolas (1638-1715), a well-known -disciple of Descartes, was the youngest child of Nicolas INialebranche, secretary to Louis XIII., and Catherine de Lauzon, sister of a viceroy of Canada, and was born at Paris on August 6, 1638. Of an extremely feeble constitution and somewhat deformed habit of body, he received his elementary education in Latin and Greek from a domestic tutor, and o… Malesherres, Ciiretien Guillaume De Lamoignon DeMALESHERRES, CIIRETIEN GUILLAUME DE LAMOIGNON DE (1721-1794), minister and afterwards counsel for the defence of Louis XVI., came of a famous legal family, and was born at Paris on December 6, 1721. He too was destined for the legal profession, much to the surprise of Marcel, the famous dancing master, who declared that his pupil would never be able to dance well enough to be a soldier or a lawyer… MalinesMALINES. MallemuckMALLEMUCK, from the German rendering of the Dutch Mallemugye (which originally meant small flies or midges that madly whirl round a light), a name given by the early Dutch Arctic voyagers to the Furimian (vol. ix. p. 8171), of which the English form is nowadays most commonly applied by our sailors to the smaller Albatroses, of about the size of a Goose, met with in the Southern Ocean - corrupted i… Mallet, Paul HenriMALLET, PAUL HENRI (1730-1807), born in Geneva in 1730, and educated there, became tutor in the family of the count of Calenberg in Saxony. In 1752 he was appointed professor of belles lettres to the academy at Copenhagen, but as the French language was then little known in Denmark he had but few students. He was naturally attracted to the study of the ancient literature and history of his adopted… MallowMALLOW, a municipal and parliamentary borough, market-town, and watering-place in the county of Cork, Ireland, is situated on the Blackwater, 150 miles southwest from Dublin, and 20 north from Cork. MallowMALLOW, botanically Malva, the typical genus of Alalvacem, embracing about sixteen species of annual and perennial herbaceous plants, widely distributed throughout the northern hemisphere. The mallows possess the reniform one-celled anthers which distinguish the Malvacem from all other dichlamydeous exogcns. The petals also are united by their base to the tube formed by the coalesced filaments of … MalmesburyMALMESBURY, a parliamentary borough and market-town of Wilts, England, is finely situated on an eminence almost surrounded by the Lower Avon, and on a branch of the Great Western Railway, 92 miles west of London. Of the Benedictine house which was founded in the 7th century, and in the reign of Edward III. rose to the dignity of a mitred abbey, little more than the nave and side aisles of the conv… Malmesbury, James HarrisMALMESBURY, JAMES HARRIS, EARL or (1746-1820), the best-known English diplomatist of the latter half of the 18th century, was born at Salisbury on April 21, 1746. Ile was the son of JAMES HARRIS (q.v.), the author of Hermes, and, what was important for his son's future success, M.P. for Christchurch, a lord of thee treasury under George Grenville (1763-65), and comptroller to the queen (1771-80). … Malmesbury, William OfMALMESBURY, WILLIAM OF, an historical writer of toe 12th century, the date of whose birth is usually assigned to the year 1095, but may with more probability be placed some twenty years earlier. It may reasonably be conjectured from his own statement ("utriusque gentis sauguinem traho ") that he was the son of a Norman father and an English mother ; he undoubtedly represents the fusion of the two … MalmoMALMO, a seaport town of Sweden, inferior only to Stockholm and Gothenburg in importance, is the capital of the 'an or province of Malmiihus, and stands on the eastern shore of the Sound, opposite Copenhagen, from which it is 16 miles distant. The town, which is built on a level plain, formerly had strong fortifications, of which all that now remains is the citadel, where the earl of Bothwell was … Malory, Sir ThomasMALORY, SIR THOMAS, the author or compiler of the Morte Darthur, was horn most probably about the year Darthur in the literary history of the Arthurian legend, see ARTHUR, GEOFFREY OF MONMOUTH, GRAIL (HOLY), &C. MALPIGHI, MARCELLO (1628-1694), of Bologna, was death, he drew up a long account of his academical and scientific labours, correspondence, and controversies, and committed it to the charge… Malstatt-burbachMALSTATT-BURBACH, a town in the district of Troves, Prussia, is situated on the right bank of the Saar (Sarre), almost contiguous with the town of St Johann, and separated from Saarbrficken by the river. It lies in the midst of an important coal-mining and industrial district, and is itself little more than a long and narrow row of manufactories and workmen's houses. The largest factories are enga… MaltMALT is the grain of any cereal artificially germinated so as to induce certain changes in the constitution of the seed, specially a conversion of a portion of the starch into sugar. The varieties of grain usually employed for malting are barley and bore or bias., and the processes of preparing the substance are fully explained under BREWING (vol. iv. p. 266). The specific effect of the malting of… MaltaMALTA is the chief island of the Maltese group, consisting of Malta, 35? 50' N. lat. and I I? 30' E. long., Gozo, 36? 5' N. lat. and 14? 10' E. long., Comino, which lies between them, and the two islets Cominotto and Filfla, crown colony, and one of the Mediterranean possessions of Great Britain. Malta is 171 miles long by 91 broad, containing an area of about 95 square miles (about two-thirds tho… Malte-brun, ConradMALTE-BRUN, CONRAD, a distinguished geographer, was born August 12, 1755, at Thysted in Denmark, and (lied at Paris, December 14, 1826. His real name was Malte Conrad Bruun, and it was nut till he settled in France that he became known by the more familiar form. While a student at Copenhagen, lie made himself famous partly by his verses, but much more by the violence of his political pamphleteerin… Malthus, Thomas RobertMALTHUS, THOMAS ROBERT (1766-1834), the scientific expounder of the principle of population, was born in 1766 at the Rookery, a small estate owned by his father in the county of Surrey. His father was a gentleman of good family and independent fortune, - a man of considerable culture both in literature and philosophy, the friend and correspondent of Rousseau, and one of his executors, one, too, wh… Maltierbe, Francois DeMALTIERBE, FRANCOIS DE (1555-1628), poet, critic, and translator, was born at Caen in 1555. His family was of some position, though it seems not to have been able to establish to the satisfaction of heralds the claims which it made to nobility older than the 16th century. The poet was the eldest son of another Francois do Malherbe, comedici roi in the magistracy of Caen. Ho himself was elaborately… MaltonMALTON, a parliamentary borough of Yorkshire, England, which includes Old Mahon and New Mahon in the North Riding, and the parish of Norton in the East Riding. New Balton is situated on an eminence on the right bank of the Derwent, 22 miles north-cast of York and 213 north of London. Old Malton lies about a mile to the north-east, and a bridge across the river connects New Malton with Norton. New … Maltzan, Heinrich IcMALTZAN, HEINRICH IC. E. H. FREIHERR [BARON] VON (1820-1874), African and Oriental traveller, was born in the vicinity of Dresden, and studied law at Jena, but on account of ill-health spent much of his time from 1850 in travel. Succeeding to his father's property in 1852, he extended the range of his journeys to Morocco and other parts of the Maghrib, and before his return home in 1854 hail also … Malus, EtienneMALUS, ETIENNE Lours (1775-1812), the discoverer of the laws of the polarization of light by rellexion, born at Paris on the 23d of June 1775, was the son of Anne Louis Mahn du Mitry, and of Louisa Charlotte Desboves, his wife. His father, who had a place in the treasury of France, ,gave him at home an excellent education in mathematics and in the fine arts, as well as in classical literature, and… MalvasiaMALVASIA (from the Greek Monembasia, i.e., the city of the single approach or entrance ; the Italian Napoli di Ilfalvetsia, the Turkish Mengeshe or Beneshe), one of the principal fortresses and commercial centres of the Levant during the Middle Ages, still represented by a considerable mass of ruins and a town of about 1000 inhabitants, stood on the east coast of the Morea, contiguous to the site … Malvern, GreatMALVERN, GREAT, a watering-place of Worcestershire, England, beautifully situated on the eastern slope of the Malvern hills, 8 miles south-west by south of Worcester, and 120 north-west by west of Landon. The town is irregularly built, but there are many villas, and on account of its fine situation in the centre of the Chase of Malvern, its pure air, and its chalyheate and bituminous springs, it i… MalwaMALWA, an historical province of Central India, roughly coextensive with the western portion of the Central India agency, is bounded on the N. by Hindustan Proper, on the E. by Bundelkhand, on the S. by the Deccan, and on the W. by Rajputana. It consists of an upland region, with many fertile valleys, included within the main rivers of the Ganges, the Son, the Chambal, and the Nerbudda. In prehist… MamelukeMAMELUKE, a corruption of the Arabic Nandi& (211endook), a slave. MammaliaMAMMALIA (French, Mammiftres; German, Save- thiere) is the name invented by Liniimus (from the Latin, mamma), and now commonly used by zoologists, for one of the classes of vertebrated animals, which, though the best known and undoubtedly the most important group of the animal kingdom, has never received any generally accepted vernacular designation in our language. The unity of structure of the a… Mammalia CarnivoraMAMMALIA CARNIVORA, though the Carnivora as at present restricted 1 form a very natural and well-defined order among the Maninialia, it is difficult to find any important common diagnostic characters by which they can be absolutely separated ; but, as in the case of so many other natural groups, it is by the possession of a combination of various characters that Fancily CERVIDX. Frontal appendages… Mammalia Dental SystemMAMMALIA DENTAL SYSTEM, the dental system of mammals may be considered rather more in detail than space permits for some other portions of their structure, both on account of the important part it plays in the economy of the animals of this class, and of its interest to zoologists as an aid in classification and identification of species. Owing to the imperishable nature of their tissues, teeth ar… Mammalia Digestive SystemMAMMALIA DIGESTIVE SYSTEM, the search after the purpose which every modification of structure subserves in the economy is always full of interest, and, if conducted with due caution and sufficient knowledge of all the attendant circumstances, may lead to important generalizations. It must always be borne in mind, however, that adaptation to its special function is not the only cause of the particu… Mammalia Geographical DistributionMAMMALIA GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION, the existing species of few classes of the animal kingdom are better known than those of the Mammalia, and, owing to the comparatively limited methods of locomotion or transport which most of them possess, the area of distribution of each species is more definite and restricted than in some other classes. In the articles BIRDS and DISTRIBUTION the various region… Mammalia HistoryMAMMALIA HISTORY, as already intimated, such knowledge as we yet possess of the history of mammals in past times is of very recent. growth, and is still extremely incomplete. The very rapid advances which have been made in the last few years, especially in consequence of the explorations of rich fossiliferous beds in North America, have not only completely changed the present aspect of the science… Mammalia Nervous SystemMAMMALIA NERVOUS SYSTEM, the brain of mammals shows a higher condition of organization than that of other vertebrates. The cerebral hemispheres have a greater preponderance compared to other parts, especially to the so-called optic lobes, or corpora quadrigemina, which are completely concealed by them. The commissural system of the hemispheres is much more complete, both fornix and corpus callosum… Mammalia Order CetaceaMAMMALIA ORDER CETACEA, this is perhaps the most distinctly circumscribed and natural of all the larger groups into which the class is divided. The external form is Fish-like, the body being fusiform, passing anteriorly into the head without any distinct constriction or neck, and posteriorly tapering off gradually towards the extremity of the tail, which is provided with a pair of lateral, pointed… Mammalia Order ChiropteraMAMMALIA ORDER CHIROPTERA, volant mammals, having their fore limbs specially modified for flight. The forearm consists of a rudimentary ulna, a long curved radius, and a carpus of six bones supporting a thumb and four greatly elongated fingers, between which, the sides of the body, and the hinder extremities a thin expansion of the integument (the wing- membrane) is spread out. The knee is directe… Mammalia Order EdentataMAMMALIA ORDER EDENTATA, the name assigned to this group (which some zoologists think ought rather to be ranked as a subclass than an order) by envier is often objected to as inappropriate, for though some of the members are edentulous, others have very numerous teeth ; and the Linneean name Drtita is occasionally substituted. But that term is quite as objectionable, especially as the group to whi… Mammalia Order InsectivoraMAMMALIA ORDER INSECTIVORA, terrestrial, rarely arboreal or natatorial, diphyodont, heterodont, placental mammals of small size, with plantigrade or semiplantigrade, generally pentadactyle, unguiculate feet ; with clavicles (except in Potamogale); with more than two incisors in the mandible, and with enamel-coated molars having tuberculated crowns and well-developed roots. The body is clothed with… Mammalia Order RodentiaMAMMALIA ORDER RODENTIA, terrestrial, rarely arboreal or natatorial, diphyodont placental mammals of small size ; with plantigrade or semiplantigrade, generally pentadactyle, unguiculate, rarely subnngulate, feet ; with clavicles (sometimes imperfect or rudimentary) ; with never more than two incisors in the mandible, and without canines. The upper incisors resemble the lower in growing uninterrup… Mammalia Order SireniaMAMMALIA ORDER SIRENIA, the purely aquatic habits and Fish-like form of the animals of this order caused them to be formerly confounded with the Cetacea, but a more intimate knowledge of their structure has shown that they really belong to a widely different type of the class. The head is rounded and not disproportionate in size as compared with the trunk, from which it is scarcely separated by an… Mammalia Order UngulataMAMMALIA ORDER UNGULATA, under this term may be included provisionally a large and rather heterogeneous group of mammals, the existing members of which form the Pecora and Bell= of Linnaeus, the Runtinantia and PacItydermata of Cuvier. A few years ago it was found convenient to restrict the order to a well-marked and distinctly circumscribed group, comprising the two sections known as Perissodacty… Mammalia PrimatesMAMMALIA PRIMATES, this order in the system of Linnmus includes Man, all the Monkeys, the Lemurs, and the Bats. By common consent of all zoologists the last-named animals have been removed into a distinct order. With regard to the association of the others, -there has been, and still is, much difference of opinion. That all the Monkeys, from the highest Anthropoid Apes to the lowest Marmosets, for… Mammalia Reproductive OrgansMAMMALIA REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS, in the male the testes retain nearly their primitive or internal position throughout life in the Monotremata, Sirenia, Cetacea, most Edentata, Hyracoidea, Proboscidea, and Seals, but in other orders they either periodically (as in Rodentia, Insectivora, and Chiropt era) or permanently pass out of the abdominal cavity through the inguival canal, forming a projection be… Mammalia SkeletonMAMMALIA SKELETON, the skeleton is a system of hard parts, forming a framework which supports and protects the softer organs and tissues of the body. It consists of dense fibrous and cartilaginous tissues, of which portions remain through life in this state, but the greater part is transformed during the growth of the animal into bone or osseous tissue. This is characterized by a peculiar histolog… Mammalia Subclass MetatheriaMAMMALIA SUBCLASS METATHERIA, although the great diversity in external form, in many anatomical characters, and in mode of life of various animals of this section might lead to their division into groups equivalent to the orders of the Eutheria, it is more convenient on the whole to adhere to the usual custom of treating them all as forming one order called MARSUPIALIA, the limits of which are the… Mammalia Subclass PrototheriaMAMMALIA SUBCLASS PROTOTHERIA, the principal distinguishing characteristics of this group have been already given (p. 371). They apply not only to the subclass, but of course equally to the one order MONOTREMATA, in which the few known members of the group are commonly associated. In addition to the more important characters enumerated above, the following, which are common to all existing species… Mammalia SubungulataMAMMALIA SUBUNGULATA, by far the greater number of the Subungulata are extinct, and of many of those whose former existence has been revealed, chiefly by the labours of the American palaeontologists, our knowledge is at present necessarily imperfect, though daily extending. It will only be possible here to give any details of some of the more interesting or best-known forms. This division is const… Mammals Of Mesozoic PeriodMAMMALS OF MESOZOIC PERIOD, the hitherto discovered remains of mammals which existed anterior to the Tertiary period all belong to creatures of very small size, the largest scarcely exceeding the common Polecat or Squirrel. Some ara known only by a few isolated teeth, others by nearly complete sets of these organs, and the majority by more or less perfect specimens of the rami of the lower jaw. It… MammothMAMMOTH, a name commonly given to one of the numerous extinct forms of Elephant, .Elephas primigenius of Blumeubach and most subsequent authors.' Probably no animal which has not survived to the historic period has left such abundant and well-preserved evidence of its former existence. The discovery of immense numbers, not only, as in the case of most extinct creatures, in the form of fragmentary … Mammoth CaveMAMMOTH CAVE, in Edmondson county, Kentucky, United States, 37? 14' N. lat. and 86? 12' W. long., by rail 85 miles south-south-west of Louisville, was discovered, in 1800, by a hunter named Hutchins, while in pursuit of a wounded bear. Its mouth is in a forest ravine, 194 feet above Green river, and 600 feet above the sea. This aperture is not the original mouth, the latter being a chasm a quarter… ManacorMANACOR, a town in the island of Majorca, stands on a slight eminence in a fertile plain, 30 miles cast of Palma (40 miles by rail, by way of Inca). ManaguaMANAGUA, the capital of Nicaragua, Central America, lies on the south shore of Lake Managua in 12? 7' N. lat. ManakinMANAKIN, from the Dutch word Manne7en, applied to certain small birds, a name apparently introduced into English by Edwards (Vat. Mist. Birds, i. p. 21) in or about 1743, since which time it has been accepted generally, and is now used for those which form the Family Pipridiz of modern ornithologists. The Manakins are peculiar to the Neotropical Region, and are said to have many of the habits of t… Manantadi, Or ManantoddyMANANTADI, or MANANTODDY, a town in Malabar district, Madras, the trading centre of the Wainad coffee district (11? 48' N. lat., 76? 2' 55" E. long.).
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