RedshankREDSHANK, the usual name of a bird - the Scolopax calidris of Linnaeus and Totanus calidris of modern authors - so called in English from the colour of the bare part of its legs, which, being also long, are conspicuous as it flies though a considerable number remain during that season along the coasts and estuaries of some of the more northern countries. Before the great changes effected by draina… RedstartREDSTART, a bird well known in Great Britain, in many parts of which it is called Firetail - a name of al-most the same meaning, since " start " is from the Anglo-Saxon steort, a tall This beautiful bird, the Puticilla pluenicurus of most ornithologists, returni to England about the middle or towards the end of April, and at once takes up its abode in gardens, orchards, and about old buildings, wh… RedwingREDWING, Swedish Rodringe, Danish Roddrossel, Ger-man Rothdrossel, Dutch Koperwiek, a species of THRUSH (q.v.), the Turdus iliacus of authors, which is an abundant winter visitor to the British Islands, arriving in autumn generally about the same time as the FIELDFARE (V01. ix. p. 142) does. This bird has its common English name 3 from the sides of its body, its inner -wing-coverts, and axil-larie… Red WingRED WING, a city of the United States, capital of Goodhue county, Minnesota, occupies a commanding site on a plateau encircled by high bluffs (nearly 300 feet high), on the west bank of the Mississippi, 41 miles south of St Paul on the La Crosse division of the Chicago and St Paul Railroad ; it is also the eastern terminus of the Cannon Valley branch of the same railway. ReedREED, a term applied to several distinct species of large, water-loving grasses. The common or water reed, Pliragmites conzmunis, Trin. (Arundo phragmites, L.), oc-curs along the margins of lakes, fens, marshes, and placid streams, not only throughout Britain but over the Fake-arctic and Nearctic regions, and even in South Australia. Another very important species is Psamma arenaria, R. and S. (Am… Refor3iatory And Industrial SchoolsREFOR3IATORY AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS. There exist two classes of schools for the reformation and industrial training of children in Great Britain and Ireland, both under state control when duly certified. Reformatory schools are for the better training of juvenile convicted offenders ; industrial schools, in which industrial training is provided, are chiefly for vagrant and neglected children and c… Reformed 'ChurchesREFORMED 'CHURCHES, the cle,signation of those Protestant bodies who adopted the tenets of Zwingli (and later of Calvin), as distinguished from those of the Lutheran or Evangelical divines. Reformed Church In AmericaREFORMED CHURCH IN AMERICA (DracH), formerly the Reformed Protestant Dutch Church, a religious denomination which arose in Holland in the 16th century. RegaliaREGALIA, insignia of royalty used at the coronation of the sovereig,n and other great sta.te ceremonials. The regalia of England were in very early times deposited for security in some religious house dependent on the crown, most generally in the treasury of the Temple. The first mention of their being deposited in the Tower of London is in the reign of Henry- III., who on his return from France i… RegentREGENT. The position of a regent as an administrator of the realm during the minority or incapacity of the king is one unknown to the common law. " In judgment of law the king, as king, cannot be said to be a minor, for when the royal body politic of the king doth meet with the natural capacity in one person,the whole body shall have the quality of the royal politic, which is the greater a,nd more… Reggio Di CalabriaREGGIO DI CALABRIA, a city of Italy, in the pro-vince of its own name, formerly Calabria Ulteriore Prima, is admirably situated on the Strait of Messina some miles farther south than the city of Messina on the other side. It is the terminus of the railway round the south-east coast from Bari ; a scheme for a line along the west coast to Naples received legislative sanction in 1879. The luxuriant g… Reggio Nell' EmiliaREGGIO NELL' EMILIA, a city and episcopal see of Italy, in the province of Reggio nell' Emilia (up till 1859 part of the duchy of Modena), is situated on the line of the old Via /Emilia, 17 miles by rail south-east of Parma. It is a large, well-built, and flourishing place with a population iu 1881 of 18,634 (commune 56,031) within the circuit of its walls. Among the points of principal intere,st … RegiomontanusREGIOMONTANUS (1436-1476). The real name of this a,stronomer was JOHANN MtYLLER, but from his birth-place, Konigsberg, a small town in Franconia, he called himself Jou. DE MONTEB.EGIO. The name-Regiomontanus occur for the first time on the title page of his Seriptct, pub-lished in 1544, but he has since become best known by it. He was born in June 1436 and became the pupil of Purbach at the univer… RegistrationREGISTRATION. In all systems of law the registra-tion of certain legal facts has been regarded as necessary, chiefly for the purpose of ensuring publicity and simplify-ing evidence. Registers, when made in performance of a public duty, are as a general rule admissible in evidence merely on the production from the proper custody of the registers themselves or (in most cases) of examined or cer-tifi… Regnault, HenriREGNAULT, HENRI (1843-1871), French painter, born at Paris on the 31st October 1843, was the son of Henri Victor Regnault (noticed below). On leaving school he successively entered the studios of Montfort, Lamothe, and Cabanel, was beaten for the Great Prize (1863) by Layraud and Montchablon, and in 1864 exhibited two portraits in no wise remarkable at the Salon. Nothing, in short, produced by Reg… Regnault, Henri VictorREGNAULT, HENRI VICTOR (1811-1878), was born on July 21, 1811, at Aix-laChapelle. His early life was a struggle with poverty. leVhen a boy he went to Paris, and after a time succeeded in obtaining a situation in a large drapery establishment, where he remained, occupying every spare hour in study, until he was in his twentieth year. Then he entered the Ecole Polytechnique, and, after making the be… Regnault, Jean BaptisteREGNAULT, JEAN BAPTISTE, French painter, was born at Paris on 9th October 1754, and died in the same city on November 12, 1829. He began life at sea in a mer-chant vessel, but at the age of fifteen his talent attracted attention and he was sent to Italy by M. de Monval under the care of Bardin. After his return to Paris, Regnault, in 1776, obtained the Great Prize, and in 1783 he was elected Acade… Regnier, MathurinREGNIER, MATHURIN (1573-1613), the greatest satirist of France, was born at Chartres on the 21st December 1573. His father, Jacques Regnier, was a bourgeois of goad means and position ; his mother, Simonne Desportes, was the sister of the poetical Abbe Desportes, one of the most distinguished of the disciples of Ronsard. Desportes, who was richly beneficed and in great favour at court, seems to ha… RegulusREGULUS, 3fAuctrs ATILIIIS, was consul for the second time in the ninth year of the First Punic War (256 "Lc.), and so was one of the commanders in the great naval expedi-tion which shattered the Cartha-ginian fleet and success-fully landed an army on Carthaginian territory at Clupea. At first the invaders had such success that half the army and the other consul Manlius could be recalled to Ronie,… ReicfienauREICFIENAU, a picturesque island in the Untersee or western arm of the lake of Constance, is 3 miles in length by 1 in breadth, and is connected with the east bank by a causeway three quarters of a mile long. It belongs to the duchy of Baden, and comprises the three parishes of Ober-zell, Mittelzell, and Unterzell, with a joint population of 1463 in 1880. The soil is very fertile, and excellent wi… Reicha, Anton JosephREICHA, ANTON JOSEPH (1770-1836), musical theorist and teacher of composition, was born at Prague, February 27, 1770, and educated chiefly by his uncle, Joseph Reicha (1746-1795), a clever violoncellist, who first received hitn into his house at Wallerstein in Bohemia, and afterwards carried him to Bonn. Ile studied hard, and began to compose at a very early age, - producing, during the course of … ReichenbachREICHENBACH, a manufacturing town of Saxony, in the province of Zwickau, lies in the hilly district ,known as the Voigtland, 50 miles to the south of Leipsic. ReichenbachREICHENBACH, a cotton-manufacturing town of Prus-sian Silesia, with 7225 inhabitants (1880) and an old castle, lies 30 miles to the south-south-west of Breslau, a,nd dernands mention chiefly from its connexion with several important historical events. Reichenbach, GeorgREICHENBACH, GEORG vox (1772-1826), astrono-mical instrument maker, was born at Durlach in Baden on August 24, 1772. He first served as an officer of artillery, and afterwards held several civil appointments in Bavaria. Already from 1796 he was occupied with the construction of a dividing engine ; in 1804 he founded, with Liebherr and Utzschneider, an instrument-making. business in Munich; and in … ReichenbergREICHENBERG (Bohem. Liberec), a town of Bohemia, with an independent jurisdiction, lies on the Neisse, about 50 miles to the north-east of Pram and not far from the Saxon and Prussian frontiers. It is the centre of the important cloth manufacture of northern Bohemia, and is the third town of Bohemia in size and the second in industrial importance. Its cloth factories employ about 7000 workpeople a… ReichenhallREICHENHALL, a small town and watering-place of Upper Bavaria, is finely situated in an amphitheatre of lofty mountains, on the river Saale or Saalach, 1570 feet above the level of the sea and 9 miles to the south-west of Salzburg. As indicated by its name, in which the syllable hall corresponds, according to a well-known linguistic law, to the Latin sa/, Reichenball possesses several copious sali… Reichstadt, Duke OfREICHSTADT, DUKE OF. ReidREID, Slit IVILLiAm (1797-1858), administrator and man of science, was born in 1797 at the manse of Kin-glassie, Fifeshire, Scotland, and entered the army in 1809 a.s a lieutenant of royal engineers. Reid, MayneREID, MAYNE (1818-1883), captain in the United States army, was in his generation one of the most popular of writers of stories of adventure. His own early life was as adventurous as any boy reader of his novels could desire. He was a native of Ulster, born in 1818, and was educated for the church, but, disliking the prospect of a regular pro-fe,ssion, went to America at the age of twenty in searc… Reid, ThomasREID, THOMAS (1710-1796), the chief founder of what is generally designated the Scottish school of philo-sophy, was born at Strachan in Kincardineshire, about 20 miles from Aberdeen, on the 26th April 1710. His father was mhaister of the place for fifty years, and traced his descent from a long line of Presbyterian ministers on Deeside. His mother belonged to the brilliant family of the Gregorys, … ReigateREIGATE, a market town and municipal borough of Surrey, is situated at the head of the long valley of Holms-dale Hollow, on three railway lines, 23 miles south of London.. It consists principally of one long street, with surrounding houses and villas inhabited chiefly by persons having their occupations in London. Of the old castle, supposed to have been built before the Conquest, to command the p… Reimarus, Hermann SamuelREIMARUS, HERMANN SAMUEL (1694-1768), known to history chiefly as the author of the Wolfenbiittel Fragm,ents, was born at Hamburg, December 22, 1694. His father, the son of a clergyman and married into a patrician family of that city, was one of the masters in the Johanneum college, a good scholar and excellent teacher. Until his twelfth year the son received his education almost entirely from his… Reinaud, Joseph ToussaintREINAUD, JOSEPH TOUSSAINT (1795-1867), a distin-guished French Orientalist, was born in 1795 at Lambesc, Bouches. du Rhone, and began to study for the church, but, being drawn towards Eastern learning, he came to Paris in 1815 and became a pupil of Silvestre de Sacy. In 1818 and the following year he was at Rome as an attache to the French minister, and studied under the Maronites of the Propagand… Reinhold, Karl LeonhardREINHOLD, KARL LEONHARD (1758-1823), who played a considerable part in the early spread and develop-ment of the Kantian philosophy, was born at Vienna in 1758. At the age of fourteen he entered the Jesuit College of St Anna with the intention of becoming a priest of the order. The order was dissolved by the pope in the following year ; but young Reinhold, being full of Catholic and monastic zeal, … Reiske, Jorann JacobREISKE, JORANN JACOB (1716-1774), scholar and physician, was born 25th December 1716, in the little town of Zorbig in Electoral Saxony. From the Waisen-haus at Halle he passed in 1733 to the university of Leipsic, and there spent five years. He lived alone with-out teacher or friend, heard no lectures, but studied con-tinually without order or aim. He tried to find his own ?way in Greek literature… Re, Isle OfRE, ISLE OF, a long, low island 3 miles off the coast of the French department of Charente Inferieure, runs south-east and north-west with a breadth of about 3 miles and a length of 18i miles. The north-west point (Pointe des Baleines) has a lighthouse of the first class. The Pertuis Breton separates the island from the coast of La Vendee to the north, and the Pertuis d'Antioche from the Isle of O… RelandRELAND, AnurAN, a meritorious Dutch Orientalist, was born at Ryp, July 17, 1676, studied at Utrecht and Leyden and successively professed Oriental languages with great success at Harderwijk (1699) and Utrecht (1701). RelicsRELICS. Relics, in what may be called their merely human and historic aspect, appeal to many of the most obvious and most deeply seated principles of human nature - to that power of connexion with the past which has been justly called one of the divinest elements of our being, to the law of association, and to that love of something like ocular testimony which so notoriously affects the mind more … ReligionsRELIGIONS. Religions, by which are meant the modes of divine worship proper to different tribes, nations, or communities, and based on the belief held in common by the members of thein severally, were not before the present century the subject of original scientific research and comparative study. With the exception of a few good books containing useful information on some ancient religions and on… Remainder, ReversionREMAINDER, REVERSION. In the view of English law a remainder or reversion is classed either a.s an incorporeal hereditament or, with greater correctness, as an estate in expectancy (see REAL ESTATE). That is to say, it is a present interest subject to an existing estate in possession called the particular estate, which must determine before the estate in expectancy can become au estate in possessi… RembrandtREMBRANDT (1607-1669). REMBRANDT HARMENS VAN RIJN, the chief of the Dutch school of painting and one of the greatest painters the world has seen, was born in Leyden on the 15th July 1607.1 It is only within the past thirty years that we have come to know anything of the real history of the man. Up to that time we had but a tissue of fables connected with his name and representing him as ignorant, … RemigiusREMIGIUS (or REMEDIUS, as the name is spelt in Fredegarius and elsewhere), or REmt, was born of noble parents and, according to a later tradition, in the district of Laon. In one of his own letters, written apparently about 512 A.D., Remigius speaks of himself as having been a bishop for fifty-three years. This throws back his election to about 459; and, as all his earlier biographers agree in mak… RemiremontREMIREMONT, the chief town of an. arrondissement of the department of the Vosges, France, 17 miles south-south-east of Epinal by rail, on the banks of the Moselle where it is joined by the Moselotte. It is a pretty and well-built town picturesquely surrounded by forest-clad mountains, and commanded by Fort Parmont, one of the line of defensive works along the Moselle. Besides a great cotton spinni… RemonstrantsREMONSTRANTS meant originally those Dutch Pro-testants who, after the death of ARMINIUS (q.v.), continued to maintain the views associated with his name, and in 1610 presented to the states of Holland and Friesland a " remonstrance" in five articles formulating their points of departure from stricter Calvinism. Their adversaries met them. with a " counter remonstrance," and so were known as the Co… RemscheidREMSCHEID, a manufacturing town of Rhenish Prussia, in the district of Diisseldorf, sometimes dignified with the title of the " Rhenish Sheffield," is situated about 20 miles to the north-east of Cologne, at a height of 1120 feet above the sea. Remusat, AbelREMUSAT, ABEL (1788-1832), a distinguished Chinese scholas, was born at Paris, 5th September 1788. His father, a, surgeon superintended his early education in person and designed film for the medical profession. Jean Pierre Abel Remusat graduated with distinction as M.D. in 1813, and for a short time held a, hospital appointment, but his heart bad long been in other studies. A Chinese herbal in th… Remusat, Charles Franvis MarieREMUSAT, CHARLES FRANVIS MARIE, COMTE DE (1797-1875), French politician and man of letters, was born at Paris on the 13th March 1797_ His father, also Comte de Remusat, of a good though not very dis-tinguished family in the district of Toulouse, was a man of considerable literary taste, of much administrative ability, and of moderate Liberal views in politics. He was chamberlain to Napoleon, but d… RenaixRENAIX, a manufacturing town of Belgium, in the province of East Flanders, eight miles by rail south of Oudenarde, with a communal population of 14,089 in 1876. Renaudot, EitsbieRENAUDOT, EITSbIE (1646-1720), theologian and Orientalist, was born in Paris in 1646, and was educated for the church. Notwithstanding his taste for theology and his title of abb6, he never took orders, and much of his life was spent at the French court, where he attracted the notice of Colbert and was often employed in con-fidential affairs. The unusual learning in Eastern tongues which he had ac… RendsburgRENDSBURG, a town of Prussia, in' the province of Schleswig-Holstein, is situated on the Eider, in a flat and sandy district, 20 miles to the west of Kiel. It consists of three parts : - the crowded Altstadt, on a,n island in the Eider ; the Neuwerk, on the south bank of the river; and the Kronwerk, on the north bank. Rendsburg is the chief place in the basin of the Eider, and when in the possessi… ReneRENE I. (1409-1480), duke of Anjou, count of Provence, and titular king of Naples, was the second son of Louis II. of Aragon, king of Naples, and Yolande, daughter of John I. of Aragon, and was born 16th January 1409. Although his father was crowned king of Naples at Avignon by Pope Clement VII. in 1384, he was unable to make good his claims. After his death Louis HL, the elder son, assumed the ti… RenfrewRENFREW, a county of Scotland, skirting the Firth of Clyde, lies between 55? 40' 34" and 55? 57' 4'i" N. lat., and between 4? 13' and 4? 51' W. long., and is bounded N. by the Clyde, N.E. by Dumbarton and by Lanark, E. by Lanark, S. by Ayr, and W. by the Firth of Clyde. Its greatest length from west-north-west to east-south-east is 30/ miles, and its greatest breadth at right angles to this 131 mi… RenfrewRENFREW, a royal and parliamentary burgh and the county town of the above county, is situated in the north-east near the south bank of the Clyde, connected with which is a small harbour. The main part of the town is gathered round four streets branching out from an open space called the cross. The town-hall, erected in 1871-73, and restored after partial destruction by fire in 1878, has a massive … RennRENN. ELL, JAMES (1742-1830), probably the most celebrated of English geographers, was born on 3d Decem-ber 1742, near Chudleigh in Devonshire, where his father John Renuell, a man apparently of gentle blood, was the owner of a small farm called Waddon.l. The register of Chudleigh records the baptism of James Rennell on 21st December. John Rennell, who liad married Ann Clark in 1738, seems to have… RennesRENNES, a town of France, formerly the capital of Brittany and now the chief town of the department of Ille-et-Vilaine, is situated at the meeting of the Ele and the Vilaine and at the junction of several lines of railway connecting it with Paris (232 miles east-north-east), St Maio (51 miles north), Brest (147 west-north-west), Sm. It is the seat of an archbishop and the headquarters of the 10th … RennieRENNIE, Jolts (1761-1821), engineer and architect, was the son of a farmer, and was born at Phantassie, East Lothian, 7th Juno 1761. 1Vbile attending the parish school of East Linton he had to pass the workshop of Andrew Meikle, the inventor of the thrashing machine, and evinced such a strong interest in the operations there in progress that the workmen were in the habit of lending him their tools… RentRENT is classed. in English law as an incorporeal heredi-tament, that is, a profit issuing out of a corporeal heredi-tament (see REAL ESTATE). A rent issuing but of an incorporeal hereditament can only be possessed by the crown, or by a subject under statutory authority. Rent is said to lie in render, as distinguished from profits a prendre in general, which are said to lie in prender. At the pres… ReplevinREPLEVIN. ReportingREPORTING. The curious among those who seek to trace political developments may, without any great strain on the imagination, find an intimate relation between the growth of newspaper reporting and the growth of demo-cratic institutions; at any rate the two have always been found together. The history of reporting in Great Britain brings out the relationship with much clearness. There was no truly… Reproduction Of PlantsREPRODUCTION OF PLANTS - The various modes by which plants are reproduced may be conveniently classified in two groups, namely, vege-tative multiplication and true reproduction, the distinction between them being this, that, whereas in the former the production of the new individual may be effected by organs of the moSt various kinds, in the latter it is always effected by means of a specialized r… RepsoldREPSOLD, a family of German instrument makers. Reptile AnatomyREPTILE ANATOMY - As the principal features known of the anatomy of extinct Reptiles have been sufficiently noticed in the several separate articles devoted to them, this chapter will deal almost exclusively with the general structure of living forms. Inasmuch as the class of Reptiles is one of the classes which make up that great primary zoological division known as " vertebrate animals," they of… Reptile General CharactersREPTILE GENERAL CHARACTERS - Reptiles are vertebrate animals, the skin of which is covered with horny or bony plates (scales or scutes). The heat has two auricles, but with the ventricular chamber generally incompletely divided ; two arterial trunks emerge from the right portion of the ventricle ; the blood of the arterial and venous systems mixes either in the heart or at the origin of the aortic… ReptilesREPTILES - the sympathetic system. Reptiles also generally possess three distinct organs of sense - (1) ears, (2) eyes, and (3) nasal organs - though one or more of them may be excep-tionally rudimentary and defective. The Neural Axis. - The spinal marrow extends through . nearly the whole length of the neural canal of the skeleton in the form of a long nervous cylinder with a small central cavity… ReptilesREPTILES - the animals which popularly are known as Tortoises and Turtles, Croco-diles, Lizards and Snakes, Frogs and Toads, Newts and Sala-manders, under the name of Oviparous Quadrupeds or four-limbed animals which lay eggs. Linnus, desirous of giving expression to the extraordinary fact that many of these animals pass part of their life in the water and part on land,' substituted the name of Am… Reptiles History And LiteratureREPTILES HISTORY AND LITERATURE - By some feature of their organization or some peculiarity in their economy Reptiles have always forced themselves upon the observation of man or excited his imagination, so that certain kinds arc mentioned in the earliest written records or have found a place among the fragments of the oldest relics of human art. Such evidences of a popular knowledge of Reptiles, … RequenaREQUENA, a town of Spain, in the province of Valencia, 41 miles to the west of that city on the road to Cuenca, occupies a strong position near the river Oleana in the rocky mountainous district called Las Cabrillas separating Valencia from Castile,. ReshalRESHAL, i.e., RABBEND SHELOMOH LORIA. (or Luria, vulgo Lurye), was one of the famous " Five Sages " (Rabbis) of the 16th century. His father's name was RAsar2 (q.v.). He is also known under the name of Rashal, or Maharshal (i.e., Morenu Harab R. Shelomoh Loria). He himself was chief rabbi of Lublin, where he died in 1573. His works are of importance on account of the numerous, though only incident… ResinaRESINA, a town of Italy, 6 miles south-east of Naples and practically a southern continuation of Portici, is well known as the usual starting place for tourists on their way up Vesuvius, and as the nearest town to the buried city of Herculaneum. ResinsRESINS. A resin is a secretion formed in special resin canals or passages of plants, from many of iihich, such as, for example, coniferous trees, it exudes in soft tears hardening into solid masses in the air. Otherwise it may be obtained by making incisions in the bark or wood of the secreting plant. Resin can also be extracted from almost all plants by treatment of the tissue with alcohol, and i… Restif, Nicolas EdnieRESTIF, NICOLAS EDNIE (1734-1806), called RESTIF DE LX BRETONNE (the form RETIE, though occasionally used by the author himself, and adopted by M. Monselet, has the less authority), was born at Sacy in the present department of the Yonne, France, on 23d October 1734. His father was a farmer of not the lowest rank, and the vanity of Restif has preserved or invented an extraordinary genealogy (suppo… Restout, JeanRESTOUT, JEAN (1692-1768), French painter, born at Rouen, March 26, 1692, was the son of Jean Restout, the first of that name, and of Marie Id. Restout, JfRESTOUT, JF.AN BERNARD, son of the above, was born at Paris, February 22, 1732, and died in the same city on July 18, 1797. Retford, EastRETFORD, EAST, a market town and borough of Nottinghamshire, is situated on the Idle and on the Great Northern and Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire Railways, 36 miles north-east of Nottingham by rail, and eight south-west of Gainsborough. The church of St Swithin, a large cruciform structure with a square em-battled tower, dates from the 13th century, but was rebuilt in 1658 by a brief gran… Rethel, AlfredRETHEL, ALFRED (1816-1859), historical painter, was born at Aix-la-Chapelle in 1816. He very early showed an interest in art, and at the age of thirteen be executed a drawing which procured his admission to the academy of Diisseldorf. Here he studied for several years, and pro-duced, among other works, a figure of St Boniface which attracted much attention. At the age of twenty he removed to Frank… Retz, Jean Franvis Paul De CondiRETZ, JEAN FRANVIS PAUL DE CONDI, CARDINAL DE (1614-1679), was born at Montmirail in 1614. The family was one of those which had been introduced into France by Catherine de' Medici, but it had acquired great estates in Brittany and had been connected with the noblest houses of the kingdom. It may be added that Retz himself always spelt his designation "Rais," and the spelling is not inconvenient f… ReubenREUBEN (141t.tl, Toy/3;y, Toy/3A.), eldest son of Jacob and of Leah (Gen. xxix. 32). Reuben plays no great part in the patriarchal legend ; in the Elohistic version of the story of Joseph he appears in a somewhat favourable light, but in Gen. xxxv. 22 he is charged with a grave offence, which in Gen. xlix. 4 is given as a reason why the tribe which called him father did not take in Hebrew history … ReuchlinREUCHLIN, Join (1455-1522), the first great German humanist and the restorer of Hebrew and in large measure also of Greek letters among his countrymen, was born February 22,1455, at Pforzheim in the Black Forest, where his father was intendant of the Dominican monastery. In the pedantic taste of his time the name was Grcized by his Italian friends into Capnion, a form which Reuchlin himself uses a… ReunionREUNION, formerly BOURBON, an island in the Indian Ocean, belonging to 'France and considered one of her more important colonies. St Denis, the capital, stands on the north side in 20? 51' S. lat. and 53? 9' E. long. Physi-cally it inay be described as the southmost subaerial summit of the great submarine ridge which, running north-east by Mauritius, Albatross Island, and curving round by the Seyc… ReusREUS, a town of Spain, in the province of Tarragona, is situated at the foot of a chain of hills in a fertile plain about four miles from the sea. It is connected by rail tvith Tarragona, 91- miles to the east, and with Lerida, 541 miles to the north-west. It consists of two parts, the old and the new, separated by the boulevard-like Calle Arrabal, which occupies the site of the old wall, some ves… ReussREUSS is the name of two small sovereign principali-ties of the German empire, with a joint area of 440 square miles, forming part of the complex of Thuringian states, and consisting, roughly speaking, of two principal masses of territory, separated by the Neustadt district of the duchy of Saxe-Weimar. The more southerly and much the larger of the two portions belongs to the bleak moun-tainous reg… Reuss-greiz, Or Reuss Alterer LinieREUSS-GREIZ, or REUSS ALTERER LINIE, with an area of The revenue and expenditure for 1885 were each estimated at X36,254, while the public debt iu 1884 was X46,886. Reuss-sciileiz, Or Reuss Jongerer LinieREUSS-SCIILEIZ, or REUSS JONGERER LINIE, with an area of 318 square miles, includes part of the southern and the whole of the northern of the two main divisions above indicated, touching Bavaria on the south and Prussian Saxony on the north. The former portion is known as the Oberland, the latter as the Unterland. Owing to the fertility of the Unterland, agriculture is carried on here with greater… Reuter, FritzREUTER, FRITZ (1810-1874), the greatest writer in Platt Deutsch, was born on the 7th November 1810, at Stavenhagen, in IVIecklenburg-Schwerin, a small country town which had few means of communication with the rest of the world. His father was burgomaster and sheriff (Stadtrichter), and in addition to his official duties carried on the work of a farmer. Until his fourteenth year Reuter was educate… ReutlingenREUTLINGEN, a manufacturing town of Wiirtemberg, situated in a fertile and pretty district on the Echatz, an affluent of the Neckar, near the base of the Achalm, and 20 miles to the south of Stuttgart. It is a quaint but well-built town, with numerous picturesque houses and a fine Gothic church of the 13th and 14th centuries, overtopped by a lofty spire. The tanneries of Reutlingen are extensive, … Reval, Or RevelREVAL, or REVEL (Russian Revel, formerly Kolywait; Esthonian Tallina), a seaport of Russia, capital of Esthonia, is situated in a bay on the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland, in 59? 27' N. lat. and 21? 45' E. long., 230 miles west of St Petersburg by rail. The city consists of two parts - the "Domberg " or "Dom," which occupies a hill, and the lower town on the beach - and is surrounded by pl… Revelation, Book OfREVELATION, BOOK OF. The book of the New Testaof early Christianity that scholars hesitated to apply to it the historico-critical method of investigation. Since this hesitation has been overcome, it appears that the matter of the book is neither obscure nor mysterious, although many special points still remain 'to be cleared up. With-out being paradoxical we may affirm that the Apocalypse is the m… RewahREWAH, the principal native state in Baghelkhand, under the political superintendence of the Baghelkhand and Central India Agencies. It has an area of about 10,000 square miles, and lies between 22? 39' and 25? 12' N. lat., and between 80? 46' and 82? 51' E. long..; it is bounded on the N. by the British districts of Banda, Allahabad, and Mirzapur in the North-Western Provinces; on the E. by -Mirz… Reynolds, Sir JoshuaREYNOLDS, SIR JOSHUA (1723-1792), English por-trait-painter, was born at Plympton Earl, in Devon-shire, on July 16, 1723. He was educated by his father, a clergyman and the master of the free grammar school of the place, who designed his son for the medical profession. But the boy showed a distinct preference for painting. He was constantly copying the plates in Dryden's Plutarch and Cat's Emblems… RhadamanthusRHADAMANTHUS, in Greek mythology, a son of Zeus and Europa and brother of Minos, king of Cretd. RhatiaRHATIA was the name given in ancient times to a province of the Ronian empire, which included a consider-able tract of the Alpine regions that separated the great valleys of the Po and the Danube, comprising the districts occupied in modern times by the Grisons and the Austrian province of Tyrol. Before their subjugation by Rome the Rhaetians are described as one of the most powerful and warlike o… RheaRHEA (or RHEEA) FIBRE is a textile material yielded by one or more species of Bohnteria (nat. ord. Urticacem), plants found over a wide range in India, China, the 11-falay Peninsula and islands, and Japan. Rhea is also capable of being grown in temperate latitudes, and has been experi-mentally introduced into the south of France and Algeria. The most important source of rhea fibre, known also very… RheaRHEA, the name given in 1752 by Marine- to a their very different physiognomy, the former can be readily South-American bird which, though long before known and recognized by the rounded form of their contour-feathers, described by the earlier writers - Nieremberg, Marcurave name it is said to have borne among the aboriginal inhabitants of Brazil, where the Portuguese settlers called it Erna (cf. … RheimsRHEIMS, a city of France, chief town of an arrondisse-ment of the department of Marne, lies 81 miles east-north-east of Paris (99 miles by rail) on the right bank of the Vesle, a tributary of the Aisne, and on the canal which connects the Aisne with the Marne. To the south and west rise the " montagne de Rheims" and the vine-clad hills where the wine is grown which constitutes the chief object of … Rhenanus, BeatusRHENANUS, BEATUS (C. 1485-1547), Germau human-ist, was born about 1485 at Schlettstadt in Alsace, where his father, a native of Rheinau, was a prosperous butcher. He received his early education in Schlettstadt, and afterwards (1503) went to Paris, where he came under the influence of Faber Stapulensis ; here, among his other learned pursuits, we must include that of correcting the press for Henry… Rheticus, Or RhieticusRHETICUS, or RHIETICUS, a surname given to GEORGE JOACHIM (1514-1576) from his birth at Feldkirch in that part of Tyfol which was anciently the territory of the Ithti. Born in 1514, he was appointed professor of mathematics at Wittenberg in 1537. His first appearance before the public was in the character of an enthusiastic convert to the newly broached opinions of Copernicus. No sooner had he ado… RhetoricRHETORIC. A lost work of Aristotle is quoted by Diogenes Laertius (viii. 57) as saying that Empedocles "invented" (citpciv) rhetoric ; Zeno, dialectic. This is cer-tainly not to be understood as meaning that Empedocics composed the first "art" of rhetoric. It is rather to be explained by Aristotle's own remark, cited by Laertius from another lost treatise, that Empedocles was " a master of express… RheumatismRHEUMATISM, a constitutional disease having for its chief manifestations inflammatory affections of the fibrous textures of joints and other parts, together with a liability to various complications. Rheumatoid ArthritisRHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS. - This term (syn. chronic rheu-mcttic arthritis, arthritis deformans) is employed to desig-nate a chronic inflammatory affection of joints, involving specially the synovial membranes and articular cartilages, of slow development and progressive character, resulting in stiffening and deformity of the parts. This disease is held by some to partake of the nature of both rheumati… RheydtRHEYDT, a manufacturing town of Rhenish Prussia, is situated on the Niers, 14 miles to the west of Diissel-dorf. RhineRHINE (Lat. 1?henu,s, Germ. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhijn), the chief river of Germany and one of the most important in Europe, is about 800 miles in length and drains an area of 75,000 square miles.' The distance in a direct line between its source in the Alps and its mouth in the German ocean is 460 miles. Its general course is north-north-west, but it makes numerous deflexions and at one point i… RhinocerosRHINOCEROS, a name applied by the ancients to an animal the most striking external peculiarity of which is certainly the born growing above its nose (f5tvOKcpws, nose-horn). Rhode IslandRHODE ISLAND, one of the six New England States, and the smallest in extent of all the States, is one of the original thirteen which formed. the American Union. It has an actual land area of only 1054.6 square miles, the waters of Narragansett Bay, its chief physical feature, comprising an additional area of not far from 360 square miles. It lies between 41? 18'1 and 42? 3' N. lat., and 71? 6' and… RhodesRHODES, an island in the YEgean Sea, belonging to the Turkish empire, lying off the south-west coast of Asia Minor, between 35? 52' and 36? 28' N. lat. and 27? 40' and 28? 15' E. long., about 10 miles south of Cape Alepo. Its length is about 45 Miles from north-east to south-west, its greatest breadth 22 miles, and its area nearly 424 square miles. The island is diversified in its surface, and is … RhododendronRHODODENDRON. Classical writers, such as Dios-corides and Pliny, seem, from what can be ascertained, to have called the oleander (Nerium Oleander) by this name, but in modern usage it is applied to a large genus of shrubs and trees belonging to the order of heaths (Ericacew). No adequate distinction can be drawn be-tween this genus and ilzalea, - the proposed marks of dis-tinction, however applica… RhoneRHONE, a department of south-eastern France, deriv-ing its name from the great river on which Lyons, its chief town, is situated, was formed in 1793 from the eastern por-tion of the department RhOne-et-Loire, comprising parts of Lyonnais and Beaujolais. It is bounded on the N. by Same-et-Loire, on the E. by Ain and by Isere, on the S. and W. by Loire, and lies between 45? 27' and 46? 18' N. lat. a… RhoneRHONE (Fr. Rlicine), the largest European river flow-ing directly into the Mediterranean, rises in the Swiss France falls into the Gulf of Lyons. It has a length of The natives give the name of source of the Rhone (locally Rotten or Rodden) to three warm springs that rise in a circular stone basin near the Iletel du Glacier du Rhane; but the real beginning of the river is the well-known glacier. A… RhubarbRHUBARB. This name is applied both to a drug and to a vegetable. Rhubarb is used in medicine as a, mild purgative and cholagogue, promoting digestion and improving the appe-tite when given in small doses, prolaably by stimulating the intestinal secretions. It has a subsequent astringent effect due to the rheotannic acid it contains but this can be counteracted by giving it with alkaline preparatio… RhylRHYL, a watering-place of North Wales, in the county of Flint, is situated near the mouth of the Clwyd, 30 miles north-west of Chester and 10 north-north-west of Denbigh, a railway line to which here joins that from Chester to Holyhead. Only recently it was a small fishing village. Its chief advantages as a watering-place are the pure air and extensive firm sands. Although the situation of the tow… RhymneyRHYMNEY, an urban sanitary district of Monmouth-shire, on the borders of Glamorganshire, is situated in the valley of the Rumney river, 20 miles west of Abergavenny, and 22 north of Cardiff. Ribault, Or RibautRIBAULT, or RIBAUT, JEAN (C. 1520-1565), a French navigator rendered famous by his connexion with the early settlement of FLORIDA (q.v.), was born at Dieppe, probably about 1520. Appointed by Coligny to the com-mand of a colonizing expedition (from which the admiral was not deterred by the failure of Nicolas Durand de Villegagnon on a similar mission), Ribault sailed on 18th February 1562 with two… Ribbon-fishesRIBBON-FISHES (Trachypterida), a family of marine fishes readily recognized by their long, compressed tape-like body, short head, narrow mouth, and feeble dentideviates in its direction from the longitudinal axis of the body. The pectoral fins are small, the ventrals composed of several rays, or of one long ray only. Ribbon-fishes possess all the characteristics of fishes living at very great dept… Ribbons-RIBBONS. By this name are designated narrow webs, properly of silk, not exceeding nine inches in width, used primarily for binding and tying in connexion with dress, but also now applied for innumerable useful, ornamental, and symbolical purposes. Along with that of tapes, fringes, and other smallwares, the manufacture of ribbons forms a special department of the textile industries. It is obvious… Ribera, JusepeRIBERA, JUSEPE, or, in Italian, GIUSEPPE (1588? 1656), commonly called. Lo SPAGNOLETTO, Or the Little Spaniard, a leading painter of the Neapolitan or partly of the Spanish school, was born near Valencia in Spain, at Xativa, now named S. Felipe, on 12th January 1588. His parents intended him for a literary or learned career ; but, having an innate tendency to design, he neglected the regular studi… Ricardo, DavidRICARDO, DAVID (1772-182p), a celebrated political economist, was born at London 19th April 1772. He was the third son of his father, a Jewish gentleman of Dutch birth, whose family, it is said, had formerly resided in Portugal. The elder Ricardo bore an honourable character, and was a successful member of the Stock Exchange. The son was placed for two years at a com-mercial school in Holland, and… Riccati, JamesRICCATI, JAMES, Cop-NT (1676-1754), a celebrated Italian mathematician, was born at Venice, May 8,1676, and died. at Treviso, April 15, 1754. He studied at the university of Padua, where he graduated in 1696. Riccati was deeply read in history, belles lettres, architecture, and poetry - in fact, was a highly cultivated man; his favourite pursuits, however, were scientific, and his authority on all… Ricci, Matte0RICCI, MATTE0 (1552-1610), is eminent as practically the founder of Christian missions in modern China. He was born of a noble family at Macerata in the March of Ancona on 7th October 1552, two months before Francis Xavier, burning with the desire to carry his message into China, died at its gates. After some education at a Jesuit college in his native town, Ricci, at the age of sixteen, was sent … Riccoboni, 3iadameRICCOBONI, 3IADAmE (1714-1792), whose maiden name was Marie Jeanne Laboras de Mezieres, and who married and was deserted by an actor and author of little merit, was born at Paris in 1714. She herself was an actress, but did not succeed on the stage. She then took to novel writing and deserves a considerable place in the history of the sentitnental novel. Her first work was the remarkable Histoire … RiceRICE. According to Roxburgh the cultivated rice with all its numerous varieties has originated from a wild plant called in India Newaree or Nivara (Oryza sativa). It is said to grow on the borders of lakes in the Circars and elsewhere in India, and is also native in tropical Australia. The rice plant is an annual grass with long linear glabrous leaves, each provided with a long sharply-pointed lig… Rice PaperRICE PAPER. RichardRICHARD I. (1157-1199), king of England, called even before his death " the Lion" or " Cceur de Lion," was the third son of Henry II. and Eleanor of Aquitaine. He was born, probably at Oxford, on September 8, 1157. When little more than eleven years old he was invested with the duchy of Aquitaine, and imbibed in southern France the spirit of the adventurer and the troubadour which cha,racterized h… RichardRICHARD, earl of Cornwall and king of the Romans (1209-1272), second son of John, king of England, and Isabella, was born at Winchester, January 5, 1209. Richard IiRICHARD II. (1366-1400), king of England, the only son of Edward the Black Prince and Joan of Kent, was born at Bordeaux, April 13, 1366. Ile succeeded to the throne on the death of his grandfather Edward III., on June 21, 1377. He wa,s crowned on July 16. During the first eleven years of his reign, Richard was in a position of tutelage. His uncles, John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, and Thomas, du… Richard IiiRICHARD III. (1452-1485), king of England, third son of Richard, duke of York, and Cicely Nevil, was born at Fotheringay on October 2, 1452. Having been sent out of England for safety on the death of his father in 1460, he was recalled next year by his brother Edward IV., who created him duk-e of Gloucester and appointed him lord high admiral. He remained faithful to his brother during the latter'… Richard Of CirencesterRICHARD OF CIRENCESTER (1335-1401), historical writer, was a member of the Benedictine abbey at West-minster, and his name ("Circestre") first appears on the chamberlain's list of the monks of that foundation drawn up in the year 1355. In the year 1391 he obtained a licence from the abbot to go to Rome, his design being to visit limina Apostolorum, and in this licence the abbot gives his testimony… Richard Of St VictorRICHARD OF ST VICTOR (ob. c. 1173) a Scot by birth, was subprior of his convent in 1159 and prior in 1162, and was a friend of St Bernard, to whom some of his books are dedicated. Richardson, SamuelRICHARDSON, SAMUEL (1689-1761), as the inventor or the accidental discoverer of a new literary form, the modern novel of domestic life and manners, is entitled to a more prominent place in history than his powers, whether of thought or style, would justify. He stumbled on novel writing by accident and late in life. The son of a Derby-shire joiner (born in 1689), he had been apprenticed at the age … Richardson, Sir JohnRICHARDSON, SIR JOHN (1787-1865) naturalist, was born at Dumfries on November 5, 178'7, and died near Grasmere on June 5, 1865. Rich, Claudius JamesRICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821), Eastern traveller and scholar, was born near Dijon, March 28, 1787. While still an infant he was taken to Bristol, where he spent his youth. At a very early age he developed. a wonderful capacity for the acquisition of languages, soon becoming familiar not only with Latin and Greek but also with Hebrew, Syriac, Persian, Turkish, and other Eastern tongues. His unus… Richelieu, Armand Du PlessisRICHELIEU, ARMAND DU PLESSIS, CARDINAL DE (1585-1642), the greatest French statesman of the 17th century. As the chief events of his life have been recorded in connexion with the sketch of his political career in the article FRANCE (VOI. ix. pp. 567-570), it only remains briefly to mention here some matters of second-ary importance. In the early days of his courtiership when he retired for a time … Richelieu, Louis Francois Armand Dit PlessisRICHELIEU, LOUIS FRANCOIS ARMAND DIT PLESSIS, Duc DE, marshal of France and grand-nephew of Cardinal Richelieu, was born in Paris, 13th March 1696, and died in the same city 8th August 1788. Besides his reputation as the most scandalous Lovelace of a scandalous age, he attained, in spite of a deplorably defec-tive education, distinction as a diplomatist and general. As ambassador to Vienna (1725-1… RicherusRICHERUS, a chronicler of the 10th century, son of Rodulf, a trusty councillor and captain of Louis IV., studied at Rheims under Gerbert, afterwards Pope Silvester II. RichmondRICHMOND, a city of the United States, the county seat of Wayne county, Indiana, is situated in a fine agricultural region on the east branch of the White Water River (a sub-tributary of the Ohio), 68 miles east of Indianapolis. RichmondRICHMOND, a borough in the North Riding of Yorkshire, is finely situated on the Swale, at the terminus of the Richmond branch of the North-Eastern Railway, 44 miles north-west of York and 15 south-west of Darlington. The interest of the town centres in the castle, said to have been founded by Alan Rufus, son of Hoel, count of Bretagne, who is also said to have rebuilt the town on his obtaining the… RichmondRICHMOND, a town of Surrey, is situated on the south bank of -the Thames, here crossed by a stone bridge of five arches, 8:12 miles west of Hyde Park Corner by road, and 91. from the -Waterloo station of the South-Western Rail-way. The town, anciently called Syenes and afterwards Scheme and Skeen, until the name was in 1500 changed to Richmond by command of Henry VII., grew up round the royal mano… RichmondRICHMOND, a city of the United ,States, the capital of Virginia, is situated in Henrico county, on the north side of the James River, at the point where the lower falls (100 feet in 6 miles) mark the limit of the tide ascending from Chesapeake Bay. On the other side of the river, and in the county of Chesterfield, but connected with Richmond by bridges, is Manchester. By rail the city is 116 miles… Richmond, LechRICHMOND, LECH (1772-1827), writer of tracts, was born 29th January 1772 at Liverpool, where his father was a physician. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1794 and M.A. in 1797. In 1798 he was appointed to the joint curacies of Brading and Yaverland in the Isle of Wight. Through the perusal of Wilberforce's Practical View an evangeli-cal bias was given to hi… RichterRICHTER,, ERNST FRIEDRICH ED17ARD (1808-1879), writer on musical theory and composition, was born at Grosschiinau in Saxony, on October 24, 1808. Richter, Johann Paul FriedrichRICHTER, JOHANN PAUL FRIEDRICH (1763-1825), usually called JEAN PAUL, the greatest German humorist, was born at Wunsiedel, in Bavaria, on the 21st March 1763. His father was a schoolmaster and organist at Wunsiedel, but in 1765 he became a pastor at Joditz, and in 1776 at Schwarzenbach, where he died in 1779. Having attended the gymnasium at Hof for two years, Richter went in 1780 to the universit… RicimerRICIMER, created " comes" of the empire under Valentinian III., was the son of :a chief of the Suevi, who had married a daughter of Wallia king of the Visigoths. He was brought up at Valentinian's court, and served with distinction under Aetius. In 456 a decisive naval victory over the Vandals off Corsica, followed soon after-wards by the defeat of their land forces near Agrigentum, earned for him… RicketsRICKETS, a disease of childhood characterized chiefly by a softened condition of the bones and by other evidences of perverted nutrition. As regards its nature and causa-tion rickets has been so fully considered under PATHOLOGY that all that appears now necessary is to give a few details as to its chief manifestations, and to refer briefly to some points in relation to its prevention and treatment… Rickman, ThomasRICKMAN, THOMAS (1776-1841), architect and writer on the styles of the Middle Ages, was born in 1776 at Maidenhead, Berkshire where his father practised as a surgeon, and was broughit up as a member of -the Society of Friends. In 1797 be was apprenticed to a London druggist as a step towards entering his father's profession, but finding the work distasteful he gave it up, and for several years tri… RiddlesRIDDLES are probably the oldest extant form of humour. They spring from man's earliest perception that there are such things as analogies in nature. Man observes an example of analogy, puts his observa,tions in the form of a question, and there is the riddle ready made. Some Bceotian humorist, for example, detected the ana-logy between the life of humanity - the child on all fours, the man erect o… Ridley, NicholasRIDLEY, NICHOLAS (C. 1500-1555), bishop of London, and a martyr to the Reformation, was descended from a family long seated in Northumberland. The second son of Nicholas Ridley of Unthank near Willimoteswick in that county, he was born in the beginning of the 16th cen-tury. From the grammar school of Newcastle-upon-Tyne he was sent to Pembroke College, Cambridge, about 1518, being supported there … Riemann, Georg Friedrich BernhardRIEMANN, GEORG FRIEDRICH BERNHARD (1826 - 1866), mathematician, was born on the 17th September 1826, at Breselenz, near Dannenberg in Hanover. His father Friedrich Bernhard Riemann came from Mecklen-burg, had served in the war of freedom, and had finally settled as pastor in Quickborn. Here with his five brothers and sisters Riemann spent his boyhood and received, chiefly from his father, the elem… Riesener, Jean HenriRIESENER, JEAN HENRI (1725-1806), the celebrated cabinet-maker of Louis XVI., was born at Gladbeck near Cologne in 1725. He was employed by Jean Franvis Oeben in the arsenal, and in 1769 married Oeben's widow, by whom he had one son. A number of fine examples of Riesener's cabinets are described in the catalogue of furniture in the South Kensington Museum. He employed tulip, rosewood, holly, maple… RiesengebirgeRIESENGEBIRGE (Bohemian Krkonose), or Giant Mountains, a lofty and rugged group on the common boundary of Silesia and 13ohemia, between the upper courses of the Elbe and the Oder. They form the highest portion of the Sudetic system, which separates south-east Prussia from the Austrian empire, and finds its natural continuation towards the north-west in the Erzgebirge, the Thuringian Forest, and th… RietiRIETI, a city of Italy, in the prov;nce of Perugia, 18i miles south-east of Terni, which is 69 miles by rail from Rome. It occupies a fine position 1396 feet above the sea on the right bank of the Velino (a torrent sub-tributary to the Tiber), which at this point issues from the limestone plateau; the old town occupies the declivity and the new town spreads out on the level. While with its quaint … Rietschel, Ernst FriedrichRIETSCHEL, ERNST FRIEDRICH AucrusT (1804-1861), one of the most distinguished of modern German sculp-tors. Born at Pulsnitz in Saxony in 1804, at an early age he became an art student at Dresden, and subsequently a pupil of Rauch in Berlin. He there gained an art studentship, aud studied in Rome in 1827-28. After returning to Saxony he soon brought himself into notice by a colossal statue of Frede… Rifleman-bird, Or Rifle-birdRIFLEMAN-BIRD, or RIFLE-BIRD, names given by the English in Australia to a very beautiful inhabitant of that country,' probably because in coloration it resembled the well-known uniform of the rifle-regiinents of the British army, while in its long and projecting hypochondriac plumes and short tail a further likeness might be traced to the hanging pelisse and the jacket formerly worn by the meml)e… RigaRIGA (Esth. Ricz-Lin), a seaport of Russia, in 56? 57' N. lat. and 24? 6' E. long., 375 miles south-west of St Petersburg, is in population the fifth city of the empire, while in foreig,n trade it ranks next to St Petersburg and Odessa. It is the seat of the governor-general of the Russian Baltic provinces, and also the capital of the province of Livonia. The Gulf of Riga, 115 miles long and 100 m… Rigaud, HyacintheRIGAUD, HYACINTHE (1659-1743), French painter, born at Perpignan 20th July 1659, was the descendant of a line of painters. Having early lost his father, he was sent by his mother to Montpellier, where he studied under Pezet and was helped by Ranc, then to Lyons, and in 1681 to Paris. There, whilst following the regular course of academical instruction, Rigaud produced a great number of portraits s… Rights, Bill OfRIGHTS, BILL OF. On the 13th February 1688-89 the Declaration of Right was delivered by the Lords and Commons to the prince and princess of Orange. In October 1089- the rights claimed by the declaration were la,ndmark in the constitutional history of England and the nearest approach to the written constitutions of other countries. The Act (the full name of which is " An Act declaring the Rights an… RikoczyRiKOCZY, the name of an old and weafthy family of upper Hungary. Swan:rum) was on Ilth February 1607 elected prince of Transylvania, but in the following year alxlicated in favour of Gabriel Bathori, to whom succeeded Bethlen Gabor. Bethlen died in 1620, and GEORGE I. (1591-1648), son of Sigismund, born in 1591, was, after the demission of Gabor's widow, Catherine of Brandenburg, 26th November 163… RiminiRIMINI. The city of Rimini 'is bounded on three sides by water. It faces the Adriatic to the north, has the torrent Aprusa, now called Ansa, on the east, and has the river Marecchia, the Arimnum of the ancients and later known as the Ariminum, on the west. It stands in a fertile plain, which on the southern side soon swells into pleasant slopes backed by the jagged peaks of the Umbrian Apennines. … RingRING (Gr. Lat. annulus).11 At an early period, when the art of writing was known to but very few, it was commonly the custom for men to wear rings on which some distinguishing sign or badge was engraved (h-io-77p.ov), so that by using it as a seal the owner could give a proof of authenticity to letters or other documents. Thus, when some royal personage wished to delegate his power to one of his o… Riobamba, Or RoyabambaRIOBAMBA, or ROYABAMBA, a town in the South-America,n republic of Ecuador, situated on the road from Guayaquil to Quito in " a sand valley or plain of the great centml highland of the Andes - Chimborazo, Car-guairazo, Tunguragua, and Altar all being visible from its plaza." The town has occupied its present site only since the close of the 18th century; in 1797 the old town, which lay about 12 miles to the west at Cajabamba, was com-pletely destroyed by a vast landslip (still recognizable) from Mount Cicalfa in one of the most terrific convulsions recorded even in that region of volcanic activity. Rio De JaneiroRIO DE JANEIRO (in full form SIO SEBASTIXO DO RIO DE JANEIRO, and colloquially shortened to Rio), the capital of Bmzil, and one of the principal seaports of South America, is situated on the western side of one of the finest natural harbours in the world in 25? 54' 23" S. lat. and 43? 8' 34" W. long. (the position of the observatory). Along with its environs it is separated from the province of Ri… Rio Grande Do SulRIO GRANDE DO SUL, or in full SA.0 PEDRO DO RIO GRANDE DO SITL, a city of Brazil, in the province of the same name, near the mouth of the estuary of Rio Grande. Including the suburbs it is a place of from 30,000 to 35,000 inhabitants (1880), with a considerable trade and various manufactures. The bar at the mouth of the " Rio " does not admit vessels of full 10-feet draught ; but dredging operatio… RiomRIOM, a town of France, with 9590 inhabitants, at the head of an arrondissement in the department of Puy-de-Mime, 8 miles north of Clermont-Ferrand on the railway to Paris, occupies an eminence on the left bank of the Ambene (a left-hand tributary of the Allier) rising above the fertile plain of Limagne. It is surrounded with boule-vards and has wide streets, but the houses, being built of black l… Rionero In VoltureRIONERO IN VOLTURE, a city of Italy, in the pro-vince of Potenza 4 miles from Atella, is pleasantly situated at the foot of Monte Volture, has the repute of being the best built and best kept of the towns of the Basilicata, and has long been distinguished by the industrious character of its inhabitants (11,383 in 1881). RiotRIOT is "an unlawful assembly which has actually begun to execute the purpose for which it assembled by a breach of the peace and to the terror of the public. A lawful assembly may become a riot if the persons assembled form and proceed to execute an unlawful purpose to the terror of the people, although they had not that purpose when they assembled " (Stephen, Digest of the Criminal Law, art. 73)… Riparian LawsRIPARIAN LAWS. By the law of England the property in the bed and water of a tidal river as high a.s the tide ebbs and flows at a medium spring tide is pre-sumed to be in the crown or a grantee of the crown, generally the lord of a manor, and the bed and water of a non-tidal river are presumed to belong to the person through whose land it flows, or, if it divide two properties, to the riparian prop… RiphRIPH Ou"1 Or TN'1), i.e., RABBENII YISHAK B. YA.`AlOB ITAKKOHEN AL-PHASI or AL-rEzr, after the death of his teachers the greatest rabbi of Africa, and subsequently of the Peninsula, in the llth and 12th centuries, was born in 1013 at Karat-Ibn-Hammad near Fez, and died at Lucena in 1103. His teachers were the great rabbins Rabbenu Nissim and Rabbenu Hananeel, both of 1a.irawan (ob. 1055). What RAS… RipleyRIPLEY, a well-built market town of Derbyshire, situ-ated near the river Derwent and the Cromford Canal, and on a branch line of the Midland Railway 10 miles north of Derby and 10 south of Chesterfield. Ripley, GeorgeRIPLEY, GEORGE (1802-1880), critic and man of letters, was born at Greenfield, in western Massachusetts, on October 3, 1802. He was educated at local schools and at Harvard College, where he took his degree in 1823, ranking first in his class, and then studying theology was in 1826 ordained pastor of a Unitarian church in Boston. Here his success as a thoughtful preacher was marked ; but in 1840 h… RiponRIPON, a, cathedral city and borough in the West Riding of Yorkshire, is situated at the confiuence of the Ure with the Laver and the Skell, and on the Great Northern Railway, 22 miles north-west of York and 11 north of Harrogate. The Ure is crossed by a fine bridge of 9 arches. The streets are for the most part narrow and irreg,ular, and, although most of the houses are compara-tively modern, som… RipperdaRIPPERDA, Joux WILLrAm, BARON (1680-1737), a political adventurer, was born of noble parents in the province of Groningen in the Netherlands, in 1680, and was educated in the college of the Jesuits at Cologne. Shortly after leaving the college he married a Protestant, and assumed the Protestant creed. In 1715 he was sent by the states on an ernbassy to Spain. Having gained the favour of Philip V.,… Rist, JohannRIST, JOHANN (1607-1667), G erman hyrn n-wri ter, was born at Ottcnsen in Holstein on March 8,1607, and edu-cated at Hamburg, Bremen, Leyden, Utrecht, and Leipsic. Ritschl, Friedrich WilhelmRITSCHL, FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1806-1876), an ' eminent German scholar, was born in 1806 in Thuringia. His family, in which culture and poverty were hereditary, were Protestants who had immigrated several generations earlier from Bohemia. Ritschl was fortunate in his school training, at a time when the great reform in the higher schools of Prussia had not yet been thoroughly carried out. His chief te… Rittenhouse, DavidRITTENHOUSE, DAVID (1732-1796), astronomer, was born at Germantown, Pennsylvania, on April 8, 1732. RitterRITTER, Cara. (1779-1859), the greatest geographer of modern times, was born at Quedlinburg on August 7th, 1779, and died in Berlin, September 29th, 1859. His father, a physician of some local eminence, having died, leaving his family in somewhat straitened circumstances, Carl, along with an elder brother and a young man, Johann Gutsmuths, who had been his private tutor, was re-ceived into the Sch… RivarolRIVAROL, ANTorNE DE (1753-1801), was born a1 Bagnols in Languedoc on the 26th June 1753, and died at Berlin on the 13th April 1801. It seems to be undisputed that his father was an innkeeper, but nc researches have thrown any certain light on the question of his origin ; later he assumed the title of Comte de Rivarol, and attributed himself to a noble family of Italian origin. His enemies declared… Rive De GierRIVE DE GIER, a town of France, in the department of Loire, situated 13 miles to the east-north-east of St Etienne, on the Lyons Railway at the head of the canal of Givors on the Gier. The town, which is constantly enveloped in a dense cloud of smoke, and presents a dirty and unattractive appearance, is principally dependent on the coal industry, there being fifty pits in the basin of the Gier, wi… River EngineeringRIVER ENGINEERING. The improvement of rivers ma,y be considered under two aspects for rivers form the natural channels for conveying the surp'lus rainfall from the districts through which they pass to the sea, and they can also be utilized for the purposes of inland navigation. If a river, owing to the small section of its channel, or the slight inclination of its bed, is incapable of discharging … Riviera Of GenoaRIVIERA OF GENOA. RixdorfRIXDORF, a large village to the south-east of Berlin, and practically an outlying suburb of that city, with which it is connected by tramway, is chiefly interesting as a foundation of Moravian Brethren from Bohemia, who settled here in 1737, under the protection of King Frederick William I. Rizzio, DavidRIZZIO, DAVID, a servant of Mary, queen of Scots, was, according to Buchanan, a native of Turin, and came to Scotland in 1561 in the train of the Piedmontese ambassador. RoachROACH (Leuciscus rutilus), a fish of the family of Carps (C yprinid.x) and of the genus Leuciscus, which comprises also the Rudd, Chub, and Dace. It is one of the most common freshwater fishes of Europe north of the Alps, and extends northwards as far as Lapland. Its pharyngeal teeth are in a single series, five or six on each side. The body is generally rather deep, its greatest depth being about… Roads And StreetsROADS AND STREETS. The earliest roads about which any-thing definite is known are those of ancient Rome, one of the oldest of which and the most celebrated for the grandeur of its works - the Appian Way - was com-menced in 312 B.?. Roman roads are remarkable for pre-serving a straight course from point to point regardless of obstacles which might have been easily avoided. They appear to have been … RoanneROANNE, a town of France, at the bead of an arron-dissement in the department of the Loire, lies on the left bank of the Loire in 46? 2' 26" N. lat. at a height of 912 feet above the sea. It is now the point of junction for the railway from Paris (262 miles north-north-west) to Lyons (50 mites south-east), via Tarare, with the line from Paris to St Etienne (50 miles south-south-east), and a branch… Robbia, DellaROBBIA, DELLA, the name of a family of great dis-tinction in the annals of Florentine art. Its members are enumerated in chronological order below.' I. LIICA DELLA ROBBIA (1399 or 14002-1482) was the son of a Florentine named Simone di Marco della Robbia. According to Vasari, whose account of Luca's early life is little to be trusted, he was apprenticed to the silversmith Leonardo di Ser Giovanni,… RobertROBERT I., king of France, son and successor of Hugh Capet, wa.s born at Orleans in 971 and died at Melun in 1031. RobertROBERT, Louis LtoroLn (1794-1835), French painter, was born at Chaux de Fonds (Neufchatel) in Switzerland on 13th May 1794, but left his native place with the engraver Oirardet at the age of sixteen for Paris. He was on the eve of obtaining the great prize for engraving when the events of 1815 blasted his hopes, for Neufchatel was restored to Prussia and Robert was struck off the list of competito… RobertROBERT, called THE BRUCE 4 (1274-1329), king of Scotland, was the son of the seventh Robert de Bruce, lord of Annandale in his own right and earl of Carrick in right of his wife Marjory, daughter of Neil, second earl, and thus was of mingled Norman 5 and Celtic blood. His grandfather, the sixth Robert de 13ruce, claimed the crown of Scotland as son of Isabella, second daughter of David, earl of Hu… Robert GuiscardROBERT GUISCARD (c. 1015-1085), duke of Apulia and Calabria, sixth of the twelve sons of Tancred de Hauteville, was born at Hauteville near Coutances in Normandy about the year 1015. At an early age he followed into Apulia his three elder brothers William Bras-de-fer, Drogo, and Humphrey, who had established a foot-ing there as military adventurers ; and in 1053 he took a prominent part in the bat… Robert, HubertROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808), born at Paris in 1753, deserves to be remembered not so much for his skill as a painter as for the liveliness and point with which he treated the subjects he painted. The contrast between the ruins of ancient Rome and the life of his time excited his keenest interest ; and, although he had started for Italy on his own responsibility, the credit he there acquired procure… Robert OfROBERT OF GLoucEsTER, an English antiquary and historical writer, who lived in the second half of the 13th century, was a monk of the abbey at Gloucester, and is supposed by Hearne, the editor of his Chronicle, to have been sent to preside over the foundation at Oxford (after-wards Worcester College), where the younger members of the a,bbey were partly educated. This, however, is mere conjecture. … RobertsROBERTS, Davm.(1796-1864), landscape painter, was born at Stockbridge, Edinburgh, OH 24th October 1796. At an early age he manifested a great love for art ; but his father, a shoemaker, wished him to follow the same trade. He was, however, apprenticed for seven years to a painter and house-decorator ; and during this time he employed his evenings in the earnest study of art. For the next few years… RobertsonROBERTSON, THomAs 'Mum/sr (1829-1871), English dramatist, was born on 9th January 1829. As a dramatist he had a brief but very brilliant career. It is not too much to say that he was the most successful and distin-guished writer of plays in his generation. The son of a provincial actor and manager, chief of a " circuit " that ranged from Bristol to Cambridge, Robertson was familiar with the stage … RobertsonROBERTSON, WILLIAm (1721 - 1793), an eminent Scottish historian, born at Borthwick, Midlothian, on the 19th September 1721, was the eldest son of the Rev. William Robertson and of Eleanor Pitcairn. He received his early education at the school of Dalkeith, - at that time one of the best in Scotland; but at the age of twelve he was removed to the university of Edinburgh, where be soon manifested th… Robertson, Frederick WilliaxROBERTSON, FREDERICK WILLIAX (1816-1853), one of the most brilliant and influential preachers of modern times, was born in London, on 3d February 1816. The first five years of his life were passed at Leith Fort, where his father, a captain in the Royal Artillery, was then resi-dent. The impressions made upon the child in those early years were never effaced ; the military spirit entered into his b… Roberval, Gilles PersoiROBERVAL, GILLES PERSOI,TNE DE (1602-1675), French mathematician, was born at the village of Roberval near Beauvais in 1602. His name was originally Gilles Per-sonne, that of Roberval, by which he is known, being taken from the place of his birth. Like Descartes, he was present at the siege of La Rochelle in 1627. In the same year he went to Paris, where he was appointed to the chair of philosophy… RobespierreROBESPIERRE, MAximILIEN MARIE ISIDORE (1758- 1794), the most fanatical and most famous of the repub-lican leaders of the French Revolution, was born at Arras on 6th May 1758. His family was of Irish descent, having emigrated from Ireland at the time of the Reformation on account of religion, and his direct ancestors in the male line had been notaries at the little village of Carvin near Arras from… Robin HoodROBIN HOOD. The oldest mention of Robin Hood at present known occurs in the second edition - what is called the B text--of Piers the Plowman, the date.of which is about 1377. In passus v. of that poem the figure of Sloth is represented aspaying : " I can noujte perfitly my pater-noster, as the prest it syngeth : But I can rytnes of Robyn Hood and Randolf Erle of Chesterer." He is next mentioned by… Robins, BenjaminROBINS, BENJAMIN (1707-1751), an English natural philosopher, was born at Bath in 1707. His parents were Quakers in poor circumstances, and gave him very little education. Aided solely by his own talent for exact science, he made considerable progress, and attracted so much notice that he was introduced to Pemberton, who befriended and encouraged him. For a time he maintained himself by teaching m… Robinson, EdwardROBINSON, EDWARD (1794-1863), author of the Biblical Researches, a son of the Rev. William Robinson, of Puritan ancestry, was born at Southington, Connecticut, United States, on 10th April 1794. He was educated at Hamilton College, New York, where he graduated in 1816. He served as a tutor at the college during 1817-18, and then engaged in private study of the Greek classics until 1821, when he we… Robinson, JohnROBINSON, JOHN TnomAs ROMNEY (1792-1882), the inventor of the cup-anemometer, was born in Dublin on 23d April 1792. He studied at Trinity College and ob-tained a fellowship in 1814 ; for some years he wa,s deputy professor of natural philosophy, until he relinquished his fellowship in 1821 on obtaining the college living of Enniskillen. In 1823 he was appointed astronomer of the Armagh observatory… Robinson, JohnROBINSON, JOHN (1575-1625), one of the founders of Independency in England (see vol. xii. p. 725), was born most probably near Scrooby in Nottinghamshire in 1575. He was entered of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, in 1592, and graduated in ordinary course, becoming a fellow in 1599. Having taken orders he officiated for some time in the neighbourhood of Norwich, but his Puritan leanings soon cau… Rob RoyROB ROY (c. 1660-1734), the popular designation of a famous Highland outlaw whose prowess is the theme of one of Sir Walter Scott's novels, was by descent a Macgregor, being the younger son of Donald Macgregor of Glengyle, who had attained the rank of lieutenant-colonel in the army of James II., by his wife, a daughter of William Campbell of Glenfalloch. He received the name Roy from the red hair … Robusti, JacopoROBUSTI, JACOPO (1518-1594), commonly called IL TLNTORETTO or TINTORET, one of the greatest painters of the Venetian or of any school, was born in Venice in 1518, though most accounts say in 1512. His father, Battista Robusti, was a dyer, or " tintore"; hence the son got the nickname of " Tintoretto," little dyer, or dyer's boy. In childhood Jacopo, a born painter, began daubing on the dyer's wall… RocftesterROCFTESTER, a city of the United States, capital of Monroe county, New York, lies 229 miles to the west of Albany (43? 9' 22'44 N. lat. and 77? 36' 50'97 NV. long.), Ontario and 263 feet above the lake level. There are three falls in the river of 96, 26, and 83 feet respectively within the city limits, the banks below the first fall vary-ing in height from 100 to 210 feet. To this abundant water-p… RochdaleROCHDALE, a municipal and parliamentary borough of south-east Lancashire, is situated on the river Roch and on the Lancashire and Yorkshire railway, 11 miles north-north-east of Manchester and 12 east of Bolton. By means of the Rochdale Canal, extending from the duke of Bridgewater's canal, Manchester, to the Calder and Hebble navigation at Sowerby Bridge, it has water communication with the most … RochefortROCHEFORT, a town of France, the chef-lieu of an arrondissement of the department of Charente Inferieure built partly on the side of a rocky hill and partly on old marshland, which renders the position unhealthy. The town is laid out with great regularity in chess-board fashion. The fortifications are sufficient merely to prevent it being taken by surprise. By rail it is connected with roadst,ead … Rochelle, LaROCHELLE, LA, a town and seaport of France, the chef-lieu of the department of Charente-Inferieure, is situated on the Atlantic coast in 46? 9' N. lat., 296 miles by rail south-west of Pa,ris. Its fortifications, which were con-structed by Vauban, have a circuit of 3i miles with seven gates. In population (20,028 in 1881 ; 22,464 in the commune) it ranks after Rochefort. The harbour, one of the sa… RochesterROCHESTER, an episcopal city and municipal and parliamentary borough of Mid-Kent, is situated on the dulph, bishop of Rochester, towards the close of the 1 lth century, and which was besieged by King John, by Simon de Montfort in the reign of Henry IIL, and in the reign of Richard H. by a party of rebels during the insurrection still in good preservation. The cathedral was originally founded by Au… Rochester, JohnROCHESTER, JoHN WiLmor, EARL or (1647-1680), born in Oxfordshire in 1647, was one of the unworthies the reign of the "merry monarch, scandalous and poor," "Who never said a foolish thing Nor ever did a wise one." Rochester is the author of both these imperishable descrip-tions of Charles II., and by them and his poem "Upon Nothing," and his death-bed conversation with Bishop Burnet he is now chief… Roche-sur-yon, LaROCHE-SUR-YON, LA, a town of France, the chief town of the department of La Vendee, lies 278 miles south-west of Paris by the railway to Sables d'Olonne, on an eminence 164 feet above the sea on the right bank of the Yon, a little tributary of the Lay, itself an affluent of the Pertuis Breton. In 1881 the population of the town was 9965, of the commune 10,634. The castle of La, Roche-sur-Yon, whic… Roch, StROCH, ST (Lat. Rochus ; Ital. Rocco ; Span. Roque ; Fr. Rock. or Roque), according to the Roman Breviary, was a native of Montpellier, France. The name of his father was John and that of his mother Franca or Libera. He was born with the mark of a red cross upon his person, and this was at once interpreted as signifying his future eminence. In his twelfth year he began to manifest strict asceticism… RockfordROCKFORD, a city of the United States, the county seat of Winnebago county, Illinois, on both banks of the Rock river, which, rising in Wisconsin, falls into the Mis-sissippi after a course of 350 miles. By rail it lies 92 miles north-west of Chicago and is a junction of the Chicago and North:Western, the Chicago, .Milwaukee, and St Paul, and the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Rail-roads. Abundan… RockhamptonROCKHAMPTON, a town of Queensland, is situated some 40 miles up the Fitzroy river, nearly on the Tropic of Capricorn. Rockingham, Charles Watson WentworthROCKINGHAM, CHARLES WATSON WENTWORTH, SECOND MARQUIS OF (1730-1782), twice prime minister of England, was the only son of Thomas 'Watson Wentworth, whose father had inherited the great Wentworth estates in Yorkshire on the death of 'William Wentworth, fourth earl of Strafford, and who had himself succeeded his second cousin as sixth Lord Rockingham in 1746 and been created marquis of Rockingham in… Rock IslandROCK ISLAND, a city of the United States, the capital of Rock Island county, Illinois, is situated opposite Davenport on the left bank of the Mississippi, about 3 miles above the mouth of the Rock river and at the foot of the Upper Rapids, which extend for about 16 miles. Distant by rail 181 miles west of Chicago and 247 miles north of St Louis, Rock Island is one of the great centres of railroad … RocklandROCKLAND, a city and seaport of the United States, county town of Knox county, Maine, is situated 60 miles by rail ea,st-north-east of Portland on Owl's Head Bay, an inlet of Ponobscot Bay. RocroiROCROI, a town of France, the chef-lieu of an arron-dissement in the department of Ardennes, lies 15 miles in a straight line north-north-west of Mezieres and within 2 miles of the Belgian frontier, at a height of 1083 feet above the sea. Rodbertus, Kari, JohannRODBERTUS, KARI, JOHANN (1805-1875), by some considered to be the founder of scientific socialism, was Gottingen and Berlin, thereafter engaging in various legal Meyer and of Hasenclevet, a prominent follower of Lassalle; but no progress was made in this. Rodbertus was neither disposed nor qualified to be an agitator, being a man of a quiet and critical temperament, who believed that society could… RodezRODEZ, a town of France, chef-lieu of the department of Aveyron and the see of a. bishop, 412 miles south of Paris by the railway which continues to Beziers, is built at a height of 2077 feet on a promontory surrounded by the Aveyron, a sub-tributary of the Garonne by the Tarn. Inpopulation-14,425 inhabitants (15,333 in the commune) in 1881 - it ranks next to the industrial town of Milian. The cat… Rodney, George Brydges RodneyRODNEY, GEORGE BRYDGES RODNEY, BARON (17181792), English admiral, second son of Henry Rodney of Walton-on-Thames, was born there on 19th February 1718. His father had served in Spain under the earl of Peter-borough, and on quitting the army obtained command of the king's yacht. George was sent to Harrow when quite young, and on leaving entered the navy. By warrant dated 21st June 1732 he was appoi… RodostoRODOSTO, a town of European Turkey, in the sandjak of Tekfur Daghi or Rodosto in the vilayet of Adrianople (Edirne), is situated on the coast of the Sea of Marmora about midway between Gallipoli and Constantinople. Its picturesque bay is enclosed by the great promontory of Combos, a spur about 2000 feet in height from the hilly plateau to the north, and round about the town are stately cypress gro… RodriguezRODRIGUEZ, an island in the Indian Ocean in 19? 41' S. lat. and 63? 23' E. long., which, after the Seychelles, forms since 1814 the most important dependency of the British colony of Mauritius, from which it is distant 344 nautical miles. It is the easternmost of all the islands con-sidered as belonging to Africa. With a length of 13 miles east and west and a breadth of 3 to 6 north and south it h… RoeblingROEBLING, JollN AUGUSTUS (1806-1869), civil en-gineer, was born at Milhlhausen, Prussia, 6th June 1806. Soon after his graduation from the polytechnic school at Berlin he removed to the United States, and in 1831 entered on the practice of his profession in western Penn-sylVania. He established at Pittsburgh a manufactory of wire rope, and in May 1845 completed his first important structure, the s… Roemer, OleROEMER, OLE (Latinized OLAus) (1644-1710), Danish observatory (Uranienburg on the island of Huen). In 1672 he accompanied Picard to Paris, where he remained nine years, occupied with observations at the new royal observatory and hydraulic works at Versailles and Marly. In 1675 he read a paper before the Academy on the suc-cessive propagation of light as revealed by a certain into Copenhagen, where… RoermondROERMOND or RoEnmo.NDE (i.e., "Roer-Mouth "), a town of the Netherlands in the province of Limburg (formerly Guelderland), on the right bank of the Maas (Meuse) at the mouth of the Roer, which separates it from the suburb of St Jacob. It is 29i miles from Maestricht by the railway to Venlo (opened 1865). The old forti-fications were dismantled in 1819 and have been partly turned into promenades. A… Rogation DaysROGATION DAYS, the Monday, Tuesday, and Wednes-day before Ascension Day. RogerROGER I., "grand count " of Sicily, the twelfth and youngest son of Tancred de Hauteville in Normandy, \vas born about 1031. Roger IiROGER II., count of Sicily, son of the preceding, was born about 1093 and died in 1154. Roger Of WendoverROGER OF WENDOVER, who was a monk in the abbey of St Albans, and who died prior of Belvoir in 1237, wafs long regarded as the sole author of a Latin chronicle entitled Flores Historiarum, being a history of the world from the creation down to the year 1235. Rogers, SamuelROGERS, SAMUEL (1763 - 1855), the " melodious Rogers" of Byron, the " memory Rogers" of the general reader, has a unique reputation among English men of letters. Not only was he a poet of sufficient mark to be hailed by Byron - with perverse but sincere admiration - as one of the few men of genuine weight in an age of scribblers, but he was also for fifty years the most cele-brated entertainer of … Rohan, Henri DeROHAN, HENRI DE (1579-1638), a general and writer of eminence and one of the last and best representatives of the independent French noblesse, was born at the chateau of Bleins in Brittany on 21st August 1579. His father was Rene II., count of Rohan, and head of a. family which had hardly a superior in France for antiquity and distinction, and which was connected with most of the reigning houses o… Rohan, Louis Rene EdouardROHAN, LOUIS RENE EDOUARD, CARDINAL DE (17341803), prince de Rohan-Guemenee archbishop of Stras-burg, the hero of the scandal of the diamond necklace, and a cadet of the great family of Bohan (which traced its origin to the kings of Brittany, and was granted the precedence and rank of a foreign princely family by Louis XIV.), was born at Paris on 25th September 1734. Members of the Rohan family ha… RohilkhandROHILKHAND or RormeuNn, a division or commis-sionership in the North-Western Provinces of India, lying between 27? 35' and 30? l' N. lat. and between 78? l' and 80? 26' E. long. RohtakROHTAK, municipal town and headquarters of the above district, lying in 28? 54' N. lat and 76? 38' E. long., on the road to Hissar, and, viewed from the sandhills to the south, forms with its white mosque in the centre and the fort standing out boldly to the east a striking and picturesque object. RohtakROHTAK, a British district of India, in the Hissar division, under the lieutenant-governorship of the Punjab, lying between 28? 19' and 29? 17' N. lat. and between 76? 17' and 77? 30' E. long. It contains an area of 1811 square miles, and is bounded on the N. by Karnali on the E. by Delhi, on the S. by Gurgaon, and on the W. by Hissar and the native state of Jhind. Rohtak district is situated in t… Rojas-zorilla, Francisco DeROJAS-ZORILLA, FRANCISCO DE, Spanish dramatist, a contemporary of Lope de Vega and Calderon, was born about the beginning of the 17th century. Of his personal history hardly anything has been recorded, but we know that he lived at Madrid, and about the year 1641 he seems to have become a knight of Santiago. Of his dramatic compositions some thirty still survive, which can be read in the 54th volum… Rokitansky, Carl Von RokitanskyROKITANSKY, CARL VON ROKITANSKY, FREIFIERR VON (1804-1878), the founder of the Vienna school of pathological anatomy, wa.s born in 1804 at Koniggratz in Bohemia. He got his schooling in his native town as well as at the gymnasium of Leitmeritz, after which he became a student of medicine at Prague. He finished hi,s medical studies at Vienna, graduating there in 1828. Soon after he became assistant… RolandROLAND. JEAN MARIE ROLAND DE LA_ PLATRIERE (1732-1793), who, along with his wife, MANoN JEANNE PITLIPON (1754-1793) played a prominent part in the his-tory of the French Revolution, in connexion chiefly with the policy and fortunes of the Girondists, was born at Ville-franche near Lyons in 1732. He received a good educa-tion, and early formed the studious habits which remained with him through lif… Roland, Legend OfROLAND, LEGEND OF. The main incident of this legend is founded upon an undoubted historical event, - the Spanish ex-pedition of Charlemagne (778). The Frankish king, having crossed the Pyrenees and captured Pamplona, was beaten 'back from the walls of Saragossa.' On his return the " Gascons " (Basques) surprised his rear-guard, and, according to the testimony of Eginhard, cut it off to a man (Vit.… RollerROLLER, a very beautiful bird so called from its way of occasionally rolling or turning over in its flight,4 some-what after the fashion of a Tumbler-Pigeon. It is the Coracias garrulus of ornithology, and is widely though not very numerously spread over Europe and Western Asia in summer, breeding so far to the northward as the middle of Sweden, but retiring to winter in Africa. It occurs almost e… Rollin, CharlesROLLIN, CHARLES (1661,1741), was born at Paris on 30th January 1661. He was the son of a tradesman, but distinguished himself at school, and at the age of twenty-two was made a master in the College du Plessis. He was successively promoted to various other posts of the same kind. In 1694 he was rector of the university of Paris. He held that post for two years instead of one, and was then appointe… Rollock, RobertROLLOCK, ROBERT (1555-1599), the first principal of the university of Edinburgh, was the son of David Rollock of Powis near Stirling, and was born in 1555. He received Ms early education at the school of Stirling from Thomas Buchanan, a nephew of George Buchanan, and after graduating at St Andrews became regent of philosophy there in 1580. In 1583 he was appointed by the Edin-burgh town council so… Rollo, RolfROLLO, ROLF, or Rou, Scandinavian rover, born c. 860, died 932. Romam, Epistle To TheROMAM, EPISTLE TO THE. The origin of the Chris-tian community at Rome is involved in obscurity. Accord-ing to Catholic tradition it was founded by Peter, who WaS its bishop for a quarter of a, century. But neither allega-tion has historical support. The most striking proof of the contrary is precisely this epistle of Paul. It does not contain the remotest reference to either the one fact or the ot… Roman Catholic ChurchROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH, the name generally given to that very numerous body of Christians who ac-knowledge the pope, or bishop of Rome, as head of their church. This name also signifies that the Roman Catholic Church is "Roman in its centre and catholic in its circum-ference." The number of Catholics throughout the world is variously estimated, some statisticians placing it as low as 152,000,000, o… Romance LanguagesROMANCE LANGUAGES is the name generally adopted for the modern languages descended from the old Roman or Latin tongue, acted upon by inner decay or growth, by dialectic variety, and by outward influence, rnore or less marked, of all the foreign nations with which it came into contact. ? During the Middle Ages the old Roman empire or the Latin-speakino world was called Romania, its inhabitants Roma… RomancesROMANCES. - Partzifai und Titurel, in German verse, 2 vols. fol. 1477. This book is a translation by Wolfram von Eschenbach, about 3205, of buyors lost French poem, based upon Robert de Borron's Flistoire du Graal. Perceval, fol., Paris, 1530. A totally distinct work from the Franco-German Partzifal mentioned above. Various poems in French and English of early date exist on the adventures of Perce… Roman LawROMAN LAW - phrases legitima cognatio, legitima hereditas, legitimi heredes, tutela legitima, tutores legitimi themselves proclaim the origin of agnation, agnatic inheritance, and agnatic tutory ; for, though the word legitimus might be applied to any in-stitution based on statute, yet in the ordinary case it indi-cated one introduced by the XII. Tables, the law of laws. A man's agnates were those… Roman Law ActionsROMAN LAW ACTIONS - The Legis Actiones generally? - We owe to Gains the only connected (though, owing to the state of the Verona MS., rather fragmentary) account we possess of the legis actiones, as the system of judicial procedure was called which prevailed in Rome down to the substitution of that per formulas' by the JEbutian and Julian laws, - the first early in the sixth century of the city, a… Roman Law JurisprudenceROMAN LAW JURISPRUDENCE - Characteristics generally and Recognition of a Jus Naturale in particular. - The first three centuries of the empire witnessed the perfection of Roman jurisprudence and the commencement of its decline. During that time the history of the law presents no such great landmarks as the enactment of the XII. Tables, the commencement of a prtor's edict, the recognition of simple… Roman Law Jus Gentium And Jus HonorariumROMAN LAW JUS GENTIUM AND JUS HONORARIUM - Growth of Commerce and Influx of Foreigners. - While it may be admitted that commerc,e was beginning to take 0 root in Rome in the 5th century, yet it was not until the e 6th that it really became of importance. The campaigns in which Rome was engaged until the end of the First Punic War absorbed all its energies. But after that time the influx of strange… Roman Law Period Of CodificationROMAN LAW PERIOD OF CODIFICATION - Supremacy of the Emperors as Sole Leyislators. - From the time of Diocletian downwards the making of the law was exclusively in the hands of the emperors. The senate still existed, but shorn of all its old functions alike of government and legislation. The responses of patented. jurists were a thing of the past. It was to the imperial consistory alone that men lo… Roman Law Regal PeriodROMAN LAW REGAL PERIOD - Contributories to People, Customs, and Law. - The union of the Latin, Sabine, and, to a small extent, Etruscan ' bands that, as conquerors or conquered, old settlers or new inunigrants, together constituted the first elements of the Roman people, did not necessarily involve contemporaneous adoption of identical institutions or identical notions of law. Although they were d… Roman Law The Jus CivileROMAN LAW THE JUS CIVILE - The Legislative Bodies of the Period. - The limits and I scope of this article do not permit of any detailed account of the consequences of the change from kings to consuls, sf or of the tribulations of the plebeians during the first two centmies of the republic. Stage by stage they fought and conquered in the uphill battle for social and political equality. In 260 u.c. … Roman LiteratureROMAN LITERATURE - it would be impossible within the limits allowed for this article to attetnpt, even in outline, any history of the course of Roman literature which would include an account, not only of the extant works which. it con-tains and of their authors, but also of the principal works a,nd writers known to us from ancient testimony. The mere enumeration of these in chronological order, w… RomansROMANS, a town of France, in the department of Dr8ffte, 12 miles north-east of Valence by the railway con-necting this town with Grenoble, stands at the foot of an eminence on the right bank of the Isere, 530 feet above the sea. A fine stone bridge unites it with Bourg du Wage on the other side of the river. Both towns owe their prosperity to their situation in the most fertile part of the valley … RomanusROMANUS I. (Lecapenus), who shared the imperial throne with CoNsTANTINE VII. (q.v.) and exercised all the real power from 919 to 944, was admiral of tho By-zantine fleet on the Danube when, hearing of the defeat of the army at Achelous (17th August 917), he resolved to sail for Constantinople. Romanus HiROMANUS HI. (Argyrus), emperor of the East, was an accomplished but othenvise undistinguished member of the Byzantine aristocracy when, summoned to the palace of the dying Constantine VIII., he was informed that he had been selected to marry one of the; imperial princesses and succeed the emperor. Romanus IiROMANUS II., emperor of the East, succeeded his father Constantine VII. in 959 at the age of twenty-one, and died - poisoned, it was believed, by his wife, Theophano - in 963. Romanus IvROMANUS IV. (Diogenes), eniperor of the East from 1068 to 1071, was a member of a distinguished Cappa-docian family and had risen to distinction in the army when he was convicted of treason against the sons of Con-stantine X. While waiting execution he was summoned into the presence of their mother, Eudocia Macrembolitissa, the empress regent, whom he so fascinated that she granted him a free pard… RomeROME, a city of the United States, the capital of Oneida county, New York, 110 miles by rail west-north-west of Albany, occupies a level site at the head of Mohawk valley, near the watershed between the Atlantic and the western lakes. Rome Ancient HistoryROME ANCIENT HISTORY - both the city and the state of Rome are represented in tradition as having been gradually formed by the fusion of separate communities. The original settlement of Romulus is said to have been limited to the Palatine Mount. With this were united before the end of his reign the Capitoline and the Quirinal ; Tullus Hostilius added the Czelian, Ancus Martins the Aventine ; and f… Rome Architecture And ConstructionROME ARCHITECTURE AND CONSTRUCTION - The chief building materials used in ancient Rome were those enumerated below. (1) Tufa, the " ruber et niger tophus " of Vitruvius (ii. 7), the formation of which has been described above, is usually a warm brown or yellow colour. The Aventine, Palatine, and Capitoline Hills contained quarries of the tufa, much worked at an early period (see Liv., xxvi 27, xxx… Rome The Empire 27ROME THE EMPIRE 27 B.C.-284 A.D. - (a) The Constitution of .the Principate. - The conqueror of Antony at Actium, the great-nephew and heir of the dictator Csar, was now summoned, by the general consent of a world wearied out with twenty years of war and anarchy,5 to the task of establishing a government which should as far as possible respect the forms and traditions of the republic, without sacri… Rome Topography And ArchaeologyROME TOPOGRAPHY AND ARCHAEOLOGY - Rome' is situated (41? 53' 52" N. lat., 12? 28' 40" E. long.) on the banks of the Tiber, Italy, 14 miles from its present month, in a great plain of alluvial and marine deposit, broken into elevations by numerous masses of volcanic matter. The nine or ten hills and ridges on which the city stands are formed of masses of tufa or con-glomerated sand. and ashes throw… RomfordROMFORD, an old market-town of Essex, is situated on the small river Rom, and on the Great Eastern Railway about 12 miles east-north-east of London. Romilly, Sir SamuelROMILLY, SIR SAMUEL (1757-1818), the great legal reformer who first attempted to relax the barbarity of the English penal code, was the second son of Peter Romilly, watchinaker and jeweller in London, whose father had emigrated from Montpellier after the revocation of the edict of Nantes, and who had married a Miss Garnault, a Huguenot refugee like himself, but of a far wealthier family. Samuel Ro… RomintyROMINTY, a district town of Russia, on the Sula river, 112 miles to the north-west of Poltava, and in the govern-ment of that name. Romney, GeorgeROMNEY, GEORGE (1734-1802), historical and portrait painter, was born at Dalton-le-Furness, Lancashire, on December 26, 1734. His father was a builder and cabinet-maker of the place, and the son, having manifested a turn for mechanics, wa-s instructed in the latter craft, showing considerable dexterity with his fingers, executing carvings of figures in wood, and constructing a violin, which he spe… RomulusROMULUS, the mythical eponym founder and first king of Rome, is represented in legend as the son of Mars. His mother, the Vestal Silvia or Ilia, was daughter of Numitor, who had been dispossessed of the throne of Alba by his younger brother Amulius; Silvia's twin sons, Romulus and Remus, were placed in a trough and cast into the Tiber by their cruel granduncle. The trough grounded in the marshes w… RondaRONDA, a town of Spain, in the province of Malaga, and about 43 miles to the west of that city. It occupies a site of singular picturesqueness on a high rock nearly surrounded by the Guadalvin (afterwards the Guadiaro), which flows through a deep and abrupt chasm (or " Tajo ") by which the old town is separated from the new. Of the two bridges the more inodern (1761) spans the stream in a single a… Rondeau Or RondelRONDEAU or RONDEL (Ital. Rcmdo). In poetry the rondeau is a short metrical structure which in its perfect form is divided into three strophes of unequal length, knit together by rapidly recurrent rhymes and a refmin. The laws of the rondeau have varied at different periods, and even with different poets of the same period - varied so fundamentally that some critics have found a generic dif-ference… Ronsard, Pierre DeRONSARD, PIERRE DE (1524-1585), "Prince of Poets" (a,s his own generation in France called him, and as after much change of criticism there is reason for calling him still in reference to that generation and country), was born at the Chateau de la Poissonniere, near the village of Couture in the province of VendOmois (department of Loir-et-Cher) on September 11, 1524. His family are sald to have c… RonsdorfRONSDORF, a town in north-western Prussia, on the INIorsbach, a small affluent of the Rhine, 18 miles west of Diisseldorf, contains considerable iron and brass works, foundries, and wire-works, besides carrying on extensive manufa,ctures of ribbons, trimmings, and similar goods. RookROOK (Anglo-Saxon //Ale, Icelandic Hrokr,1 Swedish Rag, Dutch Roek, Gaelic Rocas), the Corms frugilegus of ornithology, and throughout a great part of Europe the commonest and best-known of the Crow-tribe. Besides its pre-eminently gregarious habits, which did not escape the notice of Virgil (Georg. i. 382)2 and are so unlike those of nearly every other member of the Corvidx, the Rook is at once d… Rooke, Sir George1ROOKE, SIR GEORGE1(1650-1709), naval commander, was born near Canterbury in 1650. RopeROPE. All varieties of cordage having a circumference of an inch or more are known by the general name of rope. Twisted cordages of smaller dimensions are called cords, twines, and lines and when the dimensions are still smaller the article 'becomes thread or doubled yarn. All these varieties of cordage are composed of at least two, and in most cases of very many separate yarns, which are textile … Rosamond, FairROSAMOND, FAIR. Rosamond Clifford, mistress of Henry II., was the daughter of Sir Walter Clifford, a Berkshire knight (Dugdale, ifonasticon, iv. 366). She appears to have died in or about the year 1177, and was buried in the nunnery at Godstow. At the command of St Hugh, bishop of Lincoln, her body was removed from the church in which it had been buried, and was interred again outside the church. … RosarioROSARIO, a river-port on the Parana, and the chief town of a department in the province of Santa Fe in the Argentine Republic, 186 miles by river from Buenos Ayres. In 1853 an insignificant village, with less than four thousand inhabitants, it now ranks in commercial import-ance as the second city in the republic, being the centre of almost the entire trade of the eleven provinces lying between th… RosaryROSARY (Rosarium, Germ. Rosenkranz) is defined in the Roman Breviary as a series of one hundred and fifty repetitions of the "Ave Maria," with a "Pater Noster " interpolated after each decade, the whole exercise being accompanied with pious meditation on the mysteries of redemption. This particular method of devotion, though said to have been not altogether unknown previously, first became extensi… Rosa, SalvatorROSA, SALVATOR (1615-1673), a renowned painter of the Neapolitan school, was born in Arenella, in the out-skirts of Naples, in 1615: the precise day is given as 20th June, and also a,s 21st July. His father, Vito Antonio de Rosa, a land surveyor, was bent upon making the youth a lawyer, and sent him to study in the convent of the Soma,schi fathers. Here Salvator began showing a turn for art : be w… RoscellinusROSCELLINUS (also written ROUSSELIN and RucE-LiNus), often called the founder of nominalism (see SCHOLASTICISM), was born in Armorica or Lower Brittany somewhere about the middle of the 1 lth century. Our information about his life is scanty, and, as he appears to have written nothing, we are dependent for a knowledge of his doctrine upon the statements of his opponents and the cursory- statements… Roscoe, WilliamROSCOE, WILLIAM (1753-1831), historian and miscel-laneous writer, was born March 8, 1753, at Liverpool, where his father, who was a market gardener, kept the public house known as the Bowling Green at Mount Pleasant. Young Roscoe showed an early eagerness in the acquisition of knowledge, and at tvvelve he left school, having learned all that his schoolmaster could teach. He now assisted his father… RoscommonROSCOMMON, an inland county of Ireland, in the province of Connaught, is bounded N.E. by Leitrim, N.W. by Sligo, W. by Mayo, W. and S. by Galway, E. by Longford, and E. and S. by Westmeath and King's County. The total area is 607,691 acres or nearly 950 square miles. The greater part of the county belongs to the great lime-stone plain, and is either flat or very slightly undulating. In the north-e… Roscommon, Wentworth DillonROSCOMMON, WENTWORTH DILLON, EARL OR (1634 - 1684), one of the pioneers of the so-called " classical " school in English poetry, owed his burial in Westminster Abbey more to his rank than to his achievements in poetry. But his Essay on Translated Verse (1684), though feeble in thought, has a certain distinction in the history of our literature as being the first definite enunciation of the princip… RoseROSE (Rosa). The rose has for all ages been the favourite flower, and as such it has a place in general literature that no other plant can rival. In most cases the rose of the poets and the rose of the botanist are one and the same in kind, but popular usage has attached the name rose to a variety of plants whose kinship to the true plant no botanist would for a motuent admit. In this place we sha… Rosellini, IrpolitoROSELLINI, IRPOLITO (1800-1843), a native of Pisa and subsequently professor there of Oriental languages, in shared and whom he accompanied in his Egyptian Rosellini cilfonumenei dell' Egitto e della Nubia, Florence, 1832-1840, 10 vols. fol.). RosemaryROSEMARY (Rosmarinus), a well-known Labiate plant, the only representative of the genus and a native of the Mediterranean region. RosettaROSETTA (see EGYPT, r01. vii. p. 768). The cele-brated Rosetta Stone, a basalt stele containing a. decree of Ptolemy V. Epiphanes in hieroglyphics, demotic, and Julien, 4 miles north of the town, in 1799, by Boussard, a French officer. It is now in the British Museum. ROSEWOOD. Under this name several distinct kinds rosewood, the palissan,dre of the French, the finest quali-ties of which, coming f… RoshROSH, also HAitosu t.?"Wiri, i.e., " chief," "the chief "), stands by contraction for Rabbenu Asher, or Harab Rabbenu Asher (b. Yehiel), chief rabbi of all Castile. He was born. in Germany about the middle of the 13th century and died at Toledo on the 25th of October 1327.1 Rosh enjoys a sixfold celebrity. (1) He was a descendant of a long line of distinguished ancestors, among WhOth RABAN (g.s, ,… RosicruciansROSICRUCIANS (RosxxitnxuzEn), a celebrated but entirely fabulous secret society. In 1614 there appeared at Cassel an anonymous German work, Allgenteine und General-Reformation der ganzen, Welt beneben der Fame Fraternitatis des lobliehen Ordens des Rosenkreuzes, inviting the scholars of Europe to test the pretensions and join the ranks of a secret society, said to have been founded two hundred yea… Rosin, Or ColophonyROSIN, or COLOPHONY, is the resinous constituent of the oleo-resin exuded by various species of pine, known in commerce as crude turpentine (see TURPENTLNE). The separation of the oleo-resin into the essential oil-spirit of turpentine and common rosin is effected by distillation in large copper stills. The essential oil is carried off at a heat of between 212? and 316?, leaving fluid rosin, which … RossROSS, a county in the north of Scotland. CROMARTY (q.v.) consists of detached portions scattered throughout Ross, and for most administrative purposes the two coun-ties are regarded as one. The united area of their inainland portion lies between 57? 8' and 58? 6' N. lat., and 3? 47' and 5? 52' W. long., and is bounded N. by the Dornoch Firth and Sutherlandshire, E. by the Moray Firth, S. by Invern… RossanoROSSANO, a city of Italy, in the province of Cosenza, most picturesquely situated on a precipitous spur of the great mountain mass of Sila (geologically the oldest part of Italy) overlooking the Gulf of Taranto. The railway station, 93 miles from Taranto, is about an honr from the town. Rossano is the seat of an archbishop and the centre of a circoudario ; marble and alabaster quarries are worked … RosseROSSE, WILLIAir PARSONS, THIRD EARL OF (180? - 1867), the distinguished constructor of reflecting telescopes, M.P. for King's County from 1821 to 1834, Irish represen-tative peer from 1845, president of the Royal Society from 1848 to 1854, and chancellor of the university of Dublin from 1862. From 1827 he devoted himself to the improvement of reflecting telescopes ; in 1839 he mounted a telescope … RosselliROSSELLI, Comm (1439?c.1507), aFlorentinepainter, was born in 1439. At the age of fourteen he became a pupil of Neri di Bicci, and in 1460 he worked as assistant to his cousin Bernardo di Stefano Rosselli. The first work of Cosimo mentioned by Vasari still exists in S. Ambrogio, in Florence, over the third altar on the left. It is an Assumption of the Virgin, a youthful and feeble work of but litt… Rossellino, AntonioROSSELLINO, ANTONIO (1427?c. 1479), one of the most skilful of Florentine sculptors, was the son of Matter. di Domenico Gamberelli, and had four brothers, who all practised some branch of the fine arts. Almost nothing is known about the life of Antonio, but many of his works still exist, and are of the highest beauty, full of strong, religious sentiment, and executed with the utmost delicacy' of … Rossellino, BernardoROSSELLINO, BERNARDO (1409-1464), `was no less able as a sculptor than his younger brother (see above), and was also a very distinguished architect. His finest piece of sculpture is the tomb, in the Florentine Santa Croce, of Leonardo Bruni of Arezzo, the historian of Florence ; the recumbent effigy is a work of great merit. The inner cathedral pulpit at Prato, circular in form on a tall slender s… Rossetti, Da Nte GabrielROSSETTI, DA NTE GABRIEL (1828-1882), poet and painter, whose full baptismal name was Gabriel Charles Dante, was born May 12,1828, at 38 Charlotte Street, Portland Place, London. He WM the first of the two sons and the second of the four children of Gabriele Rossetti, the Italian poet and patriot, whose career was at one period as turbulent as that of his illustrious son was (as far as mere outwar… Rossini, Gioachino AntonioROSSINI, GIOACHINO ANTONIO (1792-1868), Italian dramatic composer, was born at Pesaro, February 29, 1792. He first studied music under Angelo Tesei, and that so successfully that he was able to sing solos in church when only ten years old, and three years later to appear at the opera house as Adolfo, in Paer's Camilla. He was next placed under a retired tenor, named Babbini, and on the breaking of… Ross, Sir James ClareROSS, SIR JAMES CLARE: (1800-1862) arctic voyager, was born in London 15th. Ross, Sir JohnROSS, SIR JOHN (1777-1856), arctic voyager, was the fourth son of the Rev. Andrew Ross, minister of Inch, Wigtonshire, where he was born in 1777. He entered the navy in 1786. In 1818 he sailed in command of an Arctic expedition (see POLAR REGIONS, VOL xix. p. 319), an account of which he published, under the title Voyage of Discovery for the Purpose of .Exploring Bagin's Bay, in 1819. In 1829, thr… RostockROSTOCK, the largest town of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and one of the most important commercial cities on the Baltic, is situated on the left bank of the estuary of the Warnow, about eight miles from the sea. It lies 177 miles north-west of Berlin by railway, 80 miles north-east of Liibeck, and 106 miles south of Copenhagen. The city Blucher, who was born in the town in 1742. Rostock was pied by a pro… ScelidaSCELIDA (=Di/ION/aria, OW.). Sexual ReproductionSEXUAL REPRODUCTION - In the lowest forms of animal life the process of sexual reproduction is found in its simplest imaginable expression unassociated with any of those complexities which arise among the higher animals and plants. All that iS to be observed is the growth of the reproductive organs, the maturation of their products, and the passive liberation of these, - the fecundation of the ovu… SolenoglypiiesSOLENOGLYPIIES. Anterior maxillary teeth perforated and iso-lated : 2 families and 13 genera. The progress made in ophiology from the time of the appearance of this work down to the present period consists rather in the increase of our knowledge of the great variety of species and genera than in the further development of the system. Gray, Reinhardt, Peters, Giinther, Cope, Bocage, Jan, Krefft, an… Substantive Changes In Roman LawSUBSTANTIVE CHANGES IN ROMAN LAW - Concession of Peculiar Privileges to Soldiers. - While the period with which we are dealing saw the substantial dis-appearance of the distinction between citizen and peregrin, it witnessed the rise of another, - that between soldiers and civilia,ns (milites, pagani). The most remarkable effluxes of the jus militare (as it is sometimes called) were the military te… SynaptosauriaSYNAPTOSAURIA (Cope). Order 5. ItIlYNCIIOCEPHALIA (Gthr.). C, A RCHOSAURIA (Cope). Order 8. ANOMODONTIA (OW.). Order 9. DINOSAURIA (OW.). Order 10. CROCODILIA (OW.). Order 11. ORNITHOSAURIA (Fitz.). The most recent general work on Reptiles is from the Hoe pen of Dr C. K. HOFFMANN, and appears since the year inau 1879 in Brown's Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs. The author treats with predilec… Tapeworms, PlanTAPEWORMS, PLAN.ARIANS, NEMERTINF.S, ANNELIDA, &C.). Echinodermata. - The generally uniform segmentation results in a blastosphere, usually elongated in the direction of the axis of invagination. A gastrula is formed by normal invagination, in the course of which amceboid cells aro budded off from the two sides of the advancing depression to form the mesodermic musculature and connective tissue of… TeutonicTEUTONIC, DAxo-ENousa, dic. - See F. The Appendice Lail SkeletonTHE APPENDICE LAIL SKELETON. - The appendicular skeleton of Reptiles, like that of Vertebrates generally, consists of a pair of limb girdles (pectoral and pelvic), with a pair of skeletal appendages proceeding from either girdle. Each such skeletal appendage has also, normally, the typical differentiation into (1) a single upper limb bone, (2) a pair of lower limb bones, (3) a group of small foot… The Axial SkeletonTHE AXIAL SKELETON. - In describing the axial skeleton it will be well to begin with that part of it which belongs to the trunk, leaving the more complex skeleton of the head, i.e., the skull, for subsequent consideration. Skeleton of the Trunk. - The backbone, spinal column, or spine consists in all adult Reptiles of a series of ossi-fied vertebrm, many, almost all, of which are separa.te and not… Visceral AnatomyVISCERAL ANATOMY.-11ulke, " Retina of Reptiles," Jour. Anat. and Physiol., vol. I., 1667 ; C. Stewart, " Lacryrnal Gland of Turtle," Monthly Illicrosc. Jour., 1877, p. 241; M. Braun, " Umgenital System d. einheimischen ReptIllen," in Arbeiten und Zool. Jour. Inst. 1V2Irzburg. Iv. 113-228, 3877; Brlicke, " Me-clianlk d. Kreislaufes b. d. Sehildkrtiten," .sitzb. der Kaiser!. Akad.d. Wissensch. trien… VolterraVOLTERRA, was born in 1509, and studied painting under Razzi and Peruzzi. The young artist, settling in Rome, strove most unweariedly to attain eminence in his profes-sion. No efforts were spared on his pictures. He pro-ceeded with a careful slowness, attempting to reach his ideal by a close imitation of Michelangelo. It is even said that he sometimes in a difficulty bad recourse to the more direc… West PrussiaWEST PRUSSIA ( Westpreussen), with an area of 9850 square miles, is bounded by the Baltic, East Prussia, Poland, Posen, Brandenburg, and Pomerania. It resembles East Prussia in its physical characteristics, but its fertility is somewhat greater and its climate not quite so harsh. The Baltic plateau traverses the province from east to west, reaching its culminating point in the Thurmberg (1090 feet… William RastellWILLIAM RASTELL (C. 1508-1565), printer and judge, son of the above, was born in London about 1508. At the age of seventeen he went to the university of Oxford, (1531), a reprint of the edition published by his father in was granted on 27th October 1558. One of his pre-decessors, John Boteler, had also been printer and judge. Rastell continued on the bench until 1562, when he retired to Louvain wi… Zificaic, Xaipe, KaatiZIFICAIC, XAIPE, KAATI, Or votis meis Claudia vivas. In the Middle Ages rnany rings were inscribed with words of cabal-istic power, such as anam zapta, or Caspar, Melchior, and Balthasar, the supposed na,mes of the Magi. In the 17th century they were largely used a,s wedding rings, with such phrases as " love and obaye," " fear God and love me," or " mulier viro subjecta esto." In the same century…
More To Explore
|
Contact & About
|
