1876-771876-77. 4---4,' ,..' Fm. 14. - Herschelian reflector. Herschel to avoid the loss of light from reflexion in the small mirror of the Newtonian telescope. It has several disadvantages. (1) The upper part of the observer's head must necessarily obstruct some of the rays which would otherwise fall on the large mirror ; but when a telescope of very large aperture is employed the loss of light thus occasioned is… AgricultureAGRICULTURE. along the 85th, in 1870 along the 88th, in 1880 along the 89th. Meanwhile one portion of the inhabitants of the earlier settlements Agriculture has been the chief and most characteristic work of joined in the movement across the face of the continent. As the the American people, that in which they have achieved the greatest grain centre passed on to the west they followed it, too rest… Ainidae Simon Dominique ThierryAINIDAE SIMON DOMINIQUE THIERRY (1797-1873) was the younger brother of Augustin, and was born on the 2d August 1797. He began life as a journalist (after an essay, like his brother, at schoolmastering), was connected with the famous romantic harbinger the Globe, and obtained a small Government clerkship. His first book was a brief history of Guienne in 1825, and three years later appeared the Hist… Allen, EthanALLEN, ETHAN, was born in Roxbury, Conn., Jan. 10, 1737. Andrew, John AlbionANDREW, JOHN ALBION (1818-1867), governor of Massachusetts from 1861 to 1866, was born at Windham, Me., Slay 31, 1818. He became a graduate of Bowdoin College in 1837, and was admitted to the bar in Boston in 1840. He entered political life as a Whig, and the intensity of his anti-slavery convictions stood in his way until 1859, when he was sent to the State legislature. In 1860 he was elected gov… Arnold, BenedictARNOLD, BENEDICT, was born at Norwich, Conn., Jan. 3, 1740. His disposition was unruly in his boyhood. When the revolutionary war broke out, he entered the army, and soon became a colonel. He was sent with a detachment through the Maine wilderness to assist Montgomery, and was severely wounded in the assault on Quebec in December, 1775. He was discontented because his promotion was slow, and still… Arthur, ChfARTHUR, CHF.STER ALAN (1830-1886), president from 1881 to 1885, was born in Fairfield, Vt., October 5, 1830, his father being a Baptist minister who had immigrated from Ireland. After graduating at Union College in 1848, he was a teacher for several years, and was admitted to the bar in New York in 1853. He rapidly obtained repute as a lawyer, particularly by his management of the cases of fugitiv… AustriaAUSTRIA. AND HUNGARY9 3 5 6 4 2 3 Fluctua- In 1878 a comparison of the numbers of the students in Lions of the different faculties in the Prussian universities with numbers. those for the year 1867 showed a remarkable diminution in the faculty of theology, amounting in Lutheran centres to more than one-half, and in Catholic centres to nearly three-fourths. In jurisprudence there was an increase of… Bell, JohnBELL, JOHN, was born near Nashville, Tenn., Feb. 15, 1797, and died near the same place, Sept. 10, 1869. Benjamin TrumbullBENJAMIN TRUMBULL was born at Hebron, Connecticut, on 19th December 1735, and died at North Haven, Connecticut, on 2d February 1820. Benoit TurretinBENOIT TURRETIN (1588-1631), the son of Francesco Turretini, a native of Lucca, who settled in Geneva in 1579, was born in that town on 9th November 1588. Benton, Thomas HartBENTON, THOMAS HART (1782-1858), was born near Hillsborough, N.C., March 14, 1782. Removing to Tennessee in 1799, he studied law, was admitted to the bar, and entered the life of a frontier lawyer and politician. Andrew Jackson, then the leading figure of Nashville, made him his aide-de-camp, and obtained for him the command of a Tennessee regiment. Quarrels and a street-fight in 1813, in which Ja… BobBOB'. Suppose OP of fixed length, tions. that as- + a includes all the angles which have the same tangent as a. Rela- From the Pythagorean theorem, the sum of the squares of the tions be- projections of any straight line upon two straight lines at right tween angles to one another is equal to the square on the projected line, trigono- we get sin2a + cos'a =1, and from this by the help cof the defi… Boone, DanielBOONE, DANIEL, born in Bucks county, Pa., Feb. 11, 1735, emigrated to North Carolina, penetrated the wilderness of Kentucky and began the settlement of that region, and died In Missouri, Sept. 20, 1820. Bragg, BraxtonBRAGG, BRAXTON (c. 1815-1876), American officer and general In the Confederate service, was born in Warren County, N.C., about 1815. He graduated at West Point in 1837, served in Florida and elsewhere for several years, and so distinguished himseU in the Mexican war, particularly at Buena Vista; as to reach the rank of lieutenant-colonel by brevet. He resigned and retired to private life in 1856, … Bri8c0BRI8C0 Wo e w N ..F: :a.: 7 0 /s' , 404 ;. --4",. - s.,...-ii T sa--"A 7,,,,,,p i HALL DRESS C ;?.1 It t t 7Howo. 01,, i . Burnside, Ambrose EverettBURNSIDE, AmBROsE EVERETT (1824-1881), general in the Federal army, was born at Liberty, Ind., May 23, 1824. After graduating at West Point in 1847, he served in the 'Mexican war and on frontier duty until 1853, when he resigned. For five years be was engaged in the manufacture of firearms in Rhode Island, and for the next three years in the management of the Illinois Central Railway Company. He e… Burr, AaronBURR, AARON (1750-1836), vice-esident of the United States from 1801 to 1805, was born at Newark, N.J.., Feb. 6, 1756, being the son of Rev. Aaron Burr, president of Princeton College, and grandson of Rev. Jonathan Edwards, He graduated at Princeton in 1772, served as an officer in the revolutionary army, becoming lieutenant-colonel, and in 1779 resigned and studied law. He began practice in New Y… Christians Of St ThomasCHRISTIANS OF ST THOMAS is a name often applied to the members of the ancient Christian churches of southern India, which claim him as their first founder, and honour as their second founder a certain Thomas of Jerusalem, who is said to have led a Christian colony to Malabar in 345 A.D.1 According to their tradition, St Thomas went from Malabar to Mylapur, now a suburb of Madras, where the shrine … CoitusCOITUS'. ? in the United States, which he proceeded to do (? 115). The Supreme Court, after the war, decided that no branch of the Government had power to suspend the writ in districts where the courts were open, - that the privilege of the writ might be suspended as to persons properly involved in the war, but that the writ was still to issue, the court deciding whether the person came within the… CosCOS' D H" COS X? - Ht COS xt +eosi, (p-1) e COS E sin (E - Km) _ sin S cos S d_S r '683 H" H tang Ksin, dl Lcos(K" - K ?m) J s cos_G dPdt 4Hme? H? + Hl e cos' ~, o. - II [ cos (K,. - x?) cos (xj - xm) ] ' M,=H,+c052sins~ s2~, ?317H"+(P, 1) Hte H'; 2?,=K, ' (82). Since observation and theory agree in showing that ,l' is generally very nearly equal to X? we are tnstified in substituting x, for x" in… Crawford, WilliamCRAWFORD, WILLIAM Haunts, American statesman, was born in Amherst county, Va., Feb. 24, 1772, but removed to Georgia while still a boy. He was admitted to the bar, served in the State legislature, 1803-7, in the United States senate, 1807-13, as minister to France, 1813-15, as secretary of war, 1815-16, and as secretary of the treasury, 1816-25. He was one of the leading aspirants to the presidenc… De D'auliceDE D'AULICE (1727-1781), French statesman and economist, was born at Paris, 10th May 1727. He was the third son of Michel Etienne Turgot and of Madeleine Francoise Martineau. His family, which was ancient and noble, is said to have been originally Scottish, but had long been settled in Normandy. His ancestors early abandoned the sword for the robe. Both his father and grandfather had been in the c… EmbroideryEMBROIDERY, vol. viii. p. 160 sq. heavier ones were employed to stretch the strings of the warp ; this method must have been very inconvenient, as the whole warp could swing to and fro. A very obvious improvement, introduced in some countries at an early date, was to have a second beam, round which the lower ends of the warp could be wound. In Scandinavian countries the use of weights continued ti… EmbryologyEMBRYOLOGY 3 AND LIFE HISTORY. In most Ascidians the eggs are fertilized in the peribranchial Embryo-cavity, and undergo most of their development before leaving the logy. parent ; in some cases, however, the eggs are laid, and fertilization takes place in the surrounding water. The segmentation is complete and regular (fig. 10, A) and results in the formation of a spherical blastula, which then u… FigsFIGS. 10 and 11. - Diagrams of Tactile Innervation. (From sensitive surface Beaunis, Physiologic Humaine.) of the skin to be diagrammatically represented as in figs. 10 and 11, each square would be a " circle of sensibility." In more sensitive regions the squares would be smaller and the number of nerve terminations greater than in less sensitive regions. In fig. 10 the area contains nine "circles… Francois TurretinFRANcOIS TURRETIN (1623-87), son of the preceding, was born at Geneva on 17th October 1623. Garfield, James AbramGARFIELD, JAMES ABRAM (1831-1881), president of the United States in 1881, was born at Orange, 0., Nov. 19. 1881. His father died in 1833, leaving Garfield's mother to support four children, of whom the future president was the youngest. He learned the trade of a carpenter, earning some little additional money by working as a wood-chopper and as a driver on the canal. At the age of eighteen, he en… Grant, Ulysses SimpsonGRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885), lieutenant-general in the United States army and president of the United States from 1809 to 1877, was born at Point Pleasant, 0., April 27, 1822. He had but a slight education in his early youth, but graduated at West Point in 1843. He served in the Mexican war with credit, and in routine service until 1854, when he resigned having then the rank of captain. His… Hancock, Winfield ScottHANCOCK, WINFIELD SCOTT (1824-1886), American officer, was born in Montgomery county, Pa., Feb. 14, 1824. He graduated at West Point in 1844, served with credit in Scott's campaign in Mexico and on frontier duty until 1861, when he held the rank of captain. Having been appointed brigadier-general of volunteers in 1861, he served in the army of the Potomac throughout its existence. For distinguishe… Hendricks, Thomas AndrewsHENDRICKS, THOMAS ANDREWS (1819-1855), vice-president of the United States in 1885, was born in Muskingum county, 0., Sept. 7, 1819. HenryHENRY Tim: (1756-1814), son of the preceding and father of Samuel Tuke, co-operated with his father in the reform at the York Retreat. HistoryHISTORY. north to Ladak in the west, and in the south he carried his power History. From the 11th century B.O. the Chinese used to call by the name through Nepal to the Indian side of the Himalayas. How far of Kiang the tribes (about 150 in number) of nomads and shepherds southward this dominion at first extended is not known ; but in in Koko-nur and the north-east of present Tibet ? but their kno… Hood, John BellHOOD, JOHN BELL (1831-1879), American officer in the Confederate service, was born at Owingsville, Ky., June 2931. He graduated at West -U Point in 1853, and continued to serve in the -United States army until 1861, when he entered the Confederate service. Rising rapidly from a first-lieutenancy to the command of the Texas brigade, he distinguished himself on the peninsula, in the seven days' batt… Il The Struggle For ExpansionIL THE STRUGGLE FOR EXPANSION : 1750-63. The English settlements along the Atlantic had covered the narrow strip of coast territory quite thoroughly before it was possible to think of expansion westward. Since about 1605 Canada had been undisputedly in the The hands of the French. Their traders and missionaries had French in entered the present western United States ; Marquette and cairdatdhl Joli… InzioINZIO ta.7:7104.9449 t â– ?? - ------,-.,â– -...ila r-r--,..._- ?,..__ o...r.w!!...â– 4t-rt..zjikt: ___ 7414111"--414) i k --.11 )1ftillimmitift,4441Z7. tlig. ? time and driven by a galvanic current from the sidereal clock, and counter weights which can be removed when a spectroscope or other heavy appliance is added. All these, although making up an apparently complicated apparatus, are convenien… Jacques Nicolas Augustin ThierryJACQUES NICOLAS AUGUSTIN THIERRY (1795-1856), the elder and most gifted, was born at Blois on the 10th May 1795. He had no advantages of birth or fortune, but was greatly distinguished at the Blois grammar school, and entered the Ecole Normale, an establishment which, designed on the best principles to supply France with perfectly equipped teachers, has on the whole done more service to journalism… Jean Alphonse TurretinJEAN ALPHONSE TURRETIN (1671-1737), son of the preceding, was born at Geneva on 13th August 1671. He was educated fit Geneva and in Holland, and after travelling in England. and in France was received into the " Venerable Compagnie des Pa,steurs " of Geneva in 1693. In 1697 he became professor of church history. During the next forty years of his life he enjoyed great influence in Geneva as the ad… John TrumbullJOHN TRUMBULL was born at Waterbury, Connecticut, on 24th April 1750, and died at Detroit, Michigan, on 12th May 1831. John TrumbullJOHN TRUMBULL, son of the following, was born at Lebanon, Connecticut, on 6th June 1756, and died at New York City, on 10th November 1843. Jonathan TrumbullJONATHAN TRUMBULL, son of the preceding, was born at Lebanon, Connecticut, on 26th March 1740, and died at the same place on 7th August 1809. Jonathan TrumbullJONATHAN TRUMBULL was born at Lebanon, Connecticut, on 10th June 1710, and died at the same place on 17th August 1785. Knox, HenryKNOX, HENRY, major-general in the American revolutionary army, was born at Boston, July 25, 1750. Lawrence, JamesLAWRENCE, JAMES (1781-1813), captain in the United States navy, was born at Burlington, N.J., Oct. 1, 1781, and entered the navy as a midshipman in 1798. He commanded the "Hornet" in the capture of the "Peacock," Feb. 24, 1813. Placed in command of the frigate "Chesapeake," he accepted the challenge of Captain Broke of the " Shannon " to a single battle, off Boston harbour. The "Chesapeake" was ca… LipscomLIPSCOM ? ii HARTLEY MOOR E (MERTZ; . Macedonia, And ThraceMACEDONIA, and THRACE. Here it will suffice to remark in a general way that the territory still directly administered from Stambul comprises one of the most favoured regions of the temperate zone. The extensive igneous and metamorphic system of the Great Balkans and Rhodope (Despoto-Dagh), culminating in the Rilo Dagh (9000 feet), interspersed in the Pindus range farther west by Permian formations… MagallanMAGALLAN S.EspantAi Santo C C.P illar Land athenne f?)rr?twa , ........ A, italty j. C' C,Cd" 4../ C 1,, 1 CODiaga .?Oarri ingF.tock..., 0. Owed,. tr... 8?6?.541adolat.3 \S''maw. 7 " ''' a . ti 11-r.1 e S vo,,Ino T 6, , . ? Wollaston!. tion has not yet been reached, each family circle living apart and combining only in small groups against some common enemy, but recognizing no hereditary chief or … Marcy, William LearnedMARCY, WILLIAM LEARNED (1786-1857), was born at Sturbridge, Mass., Dec. 12, 1786. He graduated at Brown University in 1808, was admitted to the bar in 1810, and began practice at Troy, N.Y. He soon became a leading Democratic politician, and one of the "Albany regency" which was supposed to control the action of the party in New York State. He was United States senator in 1831-32, and during his t… Mason, GeorgeMASON, GEORGE (1726-1792), member of the Federal convention of 1787, was born in Fairfax county, Va., in 1726. He served in the 'Virginia convention in 1775, and drafted its Declaration of Rights and Plan of Government. His most conspicuous service was in the Federal convention of 1787, of which he was a member. He took part in most of the debates, and exerted a strong influence on the decision of… Mercury In Glass ThermometerMERCURY IN GLASS THERMOMETER. - The simplest form is the Weight Thermometer, a large glass bulb terminating in a capillary tube, and filled with a known weight of mercury at 0? C. The weight of mercury that escapes when the apparatus is heated to The process of converting readings of any one of the three existing scales into those of any other is a simple matter of proportion. They stand in the ra… Meter, VolMETER, VOL 4,? \ xvi. p. 245). The driving circle is also much too for the Vienna observatory, represented in .4./ Great l 4 N4/./ teleaxis tends to create instability in right ascension from torsion of that axis. Strange to say, the wooden tube has till very recently the cross-head simultaneousl , ascension, whilst its position at the lower end of a too weak polar (by means of prisms numbered 1, … Mg TrentMG TRENT [COUNCIL. bate ; the conclusion arrived at was that a secret examination of the evidence should be made, but not suffered to appear in the public acts of the council. The third question was decided negatively. These congregations were the first wherein theological experts and canonists, not being members of the council, were admitted to a share in the discussions. The nature and function … MimiMIMI emmitasommor ilMOMESIBIAsuiak 11 , Inn 7_., A AII_. IMINIENIIINFAVAMPLIMIIIIIIMM EH - -RIAMPrinionANINMEMBRIMOR MINEFIRIMMAINIMERAMPANIV7 ."'?,,.. LEI 461011P1100111R11103060m nwm, w I'm. 6. - Cotidal Ines of the world. where kc is in degrees. Therefore, if we draw over the ocean a of 140 feet, and we know that the depth along the deeper channel succession of lines defined by equidistant inte… MonommommonsommomMONOMMOMMONSOMMOM , OMMOMMIRMOOMMUMMUMM r 4VIIMMEMIMMAMMEMMEMMEâ– ... RIMMUMMUMNIMMENIMMEM e OMOMUMMOMMUMOMMOMMEIN ,00- MOOMMIMMOMMOMMIIMMIN IIIIIIIimummimmum Temperature chart of relapsing fever. (105?407? Fahr.), at which it continues with little variation, while the pulse is rapid (100-140), full, and strong. There is intense thirst, a dry brown tongue, bilious vomiting, tenderness over the li… Morgan, Edwin DennisonMORGAN, EDWIN DENNISON, governor of New York, WaS born at Washington, Mass., Feb. 8, 1811. Morton, Oliver PerryMORTON, OLIVER PERRY (1823-1877), one of the leaders of the Republican party, was born in Wayne county. Ind., Aug. 4, 1823. He was admitted to the bar m 1817, and was elected a circuit judge in 1852. He had been a Democrat, but became a Republican in 1855, and was the Republican candidate for the governorship in 1856. He was defeated, and in 1660 was nominated for the office of lieutenant-governor… Muscular SenseMUSCULAR SENSE. - The sensory impressions considered in this article are closely related to the so-called muscular sense, or that sense or feeling by which we are aware of the state of the muscles of a limb as regards contraction or relaxation. Some have held that the muscular sense is really due to greater or less stretching of the skin and therefore to irritation of the nerves of that organ. Tha… PainPAIN. - In addition to sensations of touch and of temperature referred to the skin, there is still a third kind of sensation unlike either, namely, pain. This sensation cannot be supposed to be excited by irritations of the end-organs of touch, or of specific thermal end-organs (if there be such), but rather to irritation of ordinary sensory nerves, and there is every reason to believe that painfu… ParallaxPARALLAX, vol. xviii. p. 249), / descent electric lamps for the Fra. 24. - Dr Engelmann's 8-inch oil lamps would be an improvement. refractor. Grubb's (2) 2'eIcseopes of Moderate Size for General Purposes. - The modern small equatorial should for general purposes be capable of carrying spectroequa- scopes of considerable weight, so that the strength of the axis and twill. the rigidity of the instr… Physical Geography And GeologyPHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY. Pinckney, CharlesPINCKNEY, CHARLES (1758-1822), American statesman, was born at Charleston, S.C., March 9, 1758. Pinckney, Charles CotesworthPINCKNEY, CHARLES COTESWORTH (1746-1825), born at Charleston, S.C., Feb. 25, 1746, and died at the same place, Aug. 16, 1825. PolystosieiePOLYSTOSIEIE, Leuckart ; body elongate, pointed and narrow anteriorly; broad behind and generally provided with special organs of adhesion in the shape of suckers or chitinoid hooks, of suckers or claspers with chitinoid structures. Two adoral suckers In some instances. Sexual apertures median. Lamer-Stieda canal single or double. Male sexual aperture often armed with elritinoid hooks. Ova frequen… PtolemyPTOLEMY (q.v.). Indian. The Indians, who were much more apt calculators than the Greeks, availed themselves of the Greek geometry which came from Alexandria, and made it the basis of trigonometrical calculations. The principal improvement which they introduced consists in the formation of tables of half-chords or sines instead of chords. Like the Greeks, they divided the circumference of the circl… Pulaski, Casimir, CountPULASKI, CASIMIR, COUNT, born in Lithuania, March 4, 1747, joined in the insurrection of 1769, escaped to Turkey in 1772, and was induced by Franklin to emigrate to America in 1777. Putnam, IsraelPUTNAM, ISRAEL, was born at Salem, Mass., Jan. 7, 1718, removing to Pomfret, Conn., in 1739. RaphyRAPHY [HISTORICAL. jiniti et di oil-taut iatbri.103 ttoilarfa it Wawa. TA atormite ALLNuntrs, vol. xv. p. 512) ; G. B. Bodoni of Parma (1768History of Modern Types. Italic. The Italic type' is said to be an imitation of the handwriting of Petrarch, and was introduced by Aldus Manntius of Venice for the purpose of printing his projected small editions of the classics. The cutting of it was entruste… Schuyler, PhilipSCHUYLER, PHILIP, American general, was born at Albany, N.Y., Nov. 20, 1733. He was of an old and wealthy Dutch family, and in early manhood became is leader in the affairs of the colony of New York. He reached the rank of major in the French and Indian war, and at the beginning of the revolutionary struggle was made one of the American major-generals. He took part in the expedition against Canada… SeljuksSELJUKS (q.v.). Meanwhile they underwent a great change in their out- Turk-ward appearance, habits, &c., as Rashid ed-Din relates, owing to the influence of the air and the water, and, we may add, to frequent intermarriage with the inhabitants of the countries invaded by them. After some generations the change was great enough to strike their Iranian neighbours, who called them Turkmans (Turcomans… Sensations Of TemperatureSENSATIONS OF TEMPERATURE. - The skin is not merely the seat of tactile impressions, but also of impressions of temperature. This depends on thermic irritation of the terminal organs, as proved by the following experiment of E. H. Weber : - " If the elbow be dipped into a very cold fluid, the cold is only felt at the immersed part of the body (where the fibres terminate); pain, however, is felt in… ServiceSERVICE S/ DE HAZARD S/ 0 E ball returned by him better, i.e., nearer to the end wall, than the point at which the chase was marked. As often as his adversary returns his stroke, he must again endeavour to do this, until he succeeds or fails. If he succeed, he scores the stroke ; if not, it is scored to his adversary. If two chases have been made at any stage of the score, even at the beginning of… Seymour, HoratioSEYMOUR, HORATIO, governor of New York, was born at Pompey, N.Y., May 31, 1810. Steuben, FriedrSTEUBEN, FRIEDR/CH WILHELM AUGUST HEINRICH FERDINAND, BARON VON, was born at Magdeburg, Prussia, Nov. 15, 1730. SuborderSUBORDER L ATHEC,E. Vortebrm and ribs free, separated from a bony exoskeleton. Family 1. SPIIARGIDZE. Limbs paddle-shaped, clawless ; phalanges without condyles. Plastron reduced to an annular series of eight small bones. Exoskeleton consisting of numerous small bony plates arranged like mosaic. Pelagic. Genus : Dermaioehelys (Sphargis). Fossil genera : Psephophorus (Pliocene), Protosphargis (Cret… Sultans Of The House OfSULTANS OF THE HOUSE OF 'OsmAs. The dates are those of the sultan's accession, according to the Moslem and Christian eras. A.R. A.D. Bayezid I. son of Murad I. 791 13S9 Mohammed II. son of Murad II Mustafa I. Mustafa III. son of Mustafa III. D ? d.40.1r1 Awn , Opretimag P 7 , .11, ;,/ .0711W1117 '3 Stlit , .91INTIPIThi. OI/0403% A ft . tcp ?" enafb 6.6 . . 0.$p,a sr.;), ta J 0 *-9 2- 1 .1 u… SumterSUMTER, Thomas, was born in Virginia in 1734, and died near Camden, S.C., June 1, 1832. T1tapaniT1tAPANI, a seaport of Italy, capital of the province of Trapani, and an episcopal see, lies on the extreme north-west coast of Sicily, 19 miles to the north-north-east of Marsala and 4 miles to the west-south-west of Monte St Giuliano. It lies on a sandy peninsula resembling a sickle (whence the name, from Sp6rayov), projecting westward and concave towards the north. It is a place of considerable… Tabari And Early Arab HistoriansTABARI AND EARLY ARAB HISTORIANS Arabian historians differ from all others in the unique form of their compositions. Each event is related in the words of eye-witnesses or contemporaries transmitted to the final narrator through a chain of intermediate reporters (rdicis), each of whom passed on the original report to his successor. Often the same account is given in two or more slightly divergent … TabernacleTABERNACLE, the portable sanctuary of Israel in the wilderness wanderings. Critical analysis of the PENTATEUCH (q.v.) teaches us to draw a sharp line between the old notices of the tabernacle contained in the pre-Deuteronomic history book (JE) and the account given by the post-exilic priestly narrator. The latter throws back into the time of Moses the whole scheme of worship and ritual of which th… Tables, MathematicalTABLES, MATHEMATICAL. In any table the results tabulated are termed the " tabular results " or " respondents," and the corresponding numbers by which the table is entered are termed the "arguments." A table is said to be of single or double entry according as there are one or two arguments. For example, a table of logarithms is a table of single entry, the numbers being the arguments and the logar… TabooTABOO (also written TABU and TAPU) is the name given to a system of religious prohibitions which attained its fullest development in Polynesia (from Hawaii to New Zealand ; see vol. xix. p. 426), but of which under different names traces may be discovered in most parts of the world. The word " taboo " is common to the different dialects Meaning. of Polynesia, and is perhaps derived from ta, "to ma… Tabriz, Tavris, Or TavrizTABRIZ, TAVRIS, or TAVRIZ, a town of Persia, capital of the province of Aclarbaijan (Azerbijan, ancient Atropatene), is situated in 38? 4' N. lat. and 46? 18' E. long., more than 4000 feet above the sea, at the eastern end of a wide valley, through which runs a river whose waters irrigate the gardens that encircle the town. In 1812 the walls had a circumference of 31 miles. Overlooking the valley … TacitusTACITUS. The famous Roman historian Tacitus, who ranks beyond dispute in the highest place among men of letters of all ages, lived in the latter half of the first and in the early part of the 2d century of our era, through the reigns of the emperors Nero, Galba, Otho, Vitellius, Vespasian, Titus, Domitian, Nerva, Trajan. All we know of his personal history is from allusions to himself in his own w… TacitusTACITUS, M. TaganrogTAGANROG, a seaport of southern Russia, on the northern shore of the Sea of Azoff, in the government of Ekaterinoslaff, and nearly 200 miles south-east of its chief town. It is built, principally of wood, on a low cape, and, with its extensive store-houses, exchange, and wholesale shops, has the aspect of an important commercial city. It is well provided with educational institutions for children,… Tagliacozzi, GasparoTAGLIACOZZI, GASPARO (1546-1599), a surgeon of wide repute, was born at Bologna in 1546, and studied at that university under Cardan, taking his degree in philosophy and medicine at the age of twenty-four. He was appointed professor of surgery and afterwards of anatomy, and achieved notoriety at least, and the fame of a wonder-worker. He died at Bologna on November 7, 1599. His principal work is e… TaglioniTAGLIONI, 11LutiE (1809-1884), a ballet dancer, was the daughter of Filippo Taglioni, an Italian master of the ballet, and was born at Stockholm 23d April 1809. She was trained by her father, who in his discipline is said to have been pitilessly severe. It was to his care and her own special talent for dancing that she owed her success, for she possessed no remarkable personal attractions. Her fir… TagusTAGUS (Span. Tajo, Portug. Tejo), the longest river of the Iberian Peninsula. Its length is 566 miles, of which 192 are on or within the frontier of Portugal, and the area of its basin, according to Strelbitsky, is 31,864 square miles. The basin is comparatively narrow, and the Tagus, like the other rivers of the Iberian tableland, generally flows in a rather confined valley, often at the bottom o… Tajak, Tajik, Or TausikTAJAK, TAJIK, or TAUSIK, a term originally occurring in which traces alike its descent and its surname from the the Pahlavi writings, and explained to mean, first, the Arabs Norman conquerors of England ; and it may really be said in general, then their descendants born in Persia and else- that there has hardly been a time during the last eight where out of Arabia, and, lastly, the Persians in gen… Talavera De La ReinaTALAVERA DE LA REINA, a town of Spain, in the devient Sarte; le mot Sarte n'est done pas une appellation ethnique " Lord Talbot ; but this John, after obtaining by marriage (Charles de Ujfalvy in But. Soc. Geogr., June 1878). But the Tajaks, less there is a certain local etiquette observed in the use of the two French mothers used to threaten refractory children that words Tajak. and Sarte, embodi… Talbot, William HenryTALBOT, WILLIAM HENRY Fox (1800-1877), a discoverer in photography, was the only child of William Davenport Talbot, of Laycock Abbey, Wilts, and of Lady Elizabeth Fox Strangways, daughter of the second earl of Ilchester. He was born in February 1800, and educated at Harrow and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he gained the Porson prize in 1820, and graduated as twelfth wrangler in 1821. From 1… TalcaTALCA, a town of Chili, capital of the province of Talcs, is situated on the Claro, a tributary of the Maule, nearly due south of Santiago, with which it is connected by rail. TalesTALES are, in the usual acceptance of the word, fictitious narratives, long or short, ancient or modern. In this article "tale" is used in a stricter sense, as equivalent to the German "Folks-marchen" or the French "conte populaire." Thus understood, popular tales mean the stories handed down by oral tradition from an unknown antiquity, among savage and civilized peoples. So understood, popular ta… Talfourd, Sir Thomas NoonTALFOURD, SIR THOMAS NOON (1795-1854), was at tragedy was also well received in America, and it met with once eminent as a lawyer, as a writer, and as a member of the honour of reproduction at Sadler's Wells in December a brilliant and polished society. He had the faculty of 1861. This dramatic poem, its author's masterpiece, turns winning friendships ; so sympathetic indeed was his nature upon th… TallowTALLOW is the solid oil or fat of ruminant animals, but commercially it is almost exclusively obtained from oxen and sheep. The fat is distributed throughout the entire animal structure; but it accumulates in large quantities as "suet " in the body cavity, and it is from such suet that tallow is principally melted or rendered. The various methods by which tallow and other animal fats are separated… Talma, Joseph FrancoisTALMA, JOSEPH FRANcOIS ( 1763-1826), French tragedian, was born at Paris 15th January 1763. After attending the Mazarin college, he accompanied his father, who was a dentist, to London, where he studied in the hospitals. While in London he took part in some amateur theatricals, and, his talents at once attracting notice, a professional engagement was offered him. To this, however, his father would… TalmudTALMUD signifies - (1) "study of and instruction in anything (whether by any one else or by oneself)" ;1 (2) "learning acquired";2 (3) "style, system": 3 as such it is synonymous with Mishnah in its fifth signification, vol. xvi. p. 503; (4) "theory," in contradistinction to " practice,"4 - synonymons with illidrash in its fourth signification, vol. xvi. p. 285 ; (5) such interpretation of the Mos… TaltridaTALTRIDA, a government of southern Russia, includes the peninsula of CRIMEA (q.v.) and a tract of mainland situated between the lower Dnieper and the coasts of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azoff, and is bounded by these two seas on the S., while it has on the N. the governments of Kherson and Ekaterinoslaff. The area is 24,540 square miles, of which 6990 square miles belong to the Crimea ; its con… TamaquaTAMAQUA, a borough of Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, United States, in a broken, hilly country, upon the Little Schuylkill river, 98 miles nearly north of Philadelphia. TamarindTAMARIND. This name is popularly applied to the pods of a Leguminous tree, which are hard externally, but within filled with an acid juicy pulp containing sugar and various acids, such as citric and tartaric, in combination with potash. The acid pulp is used as a laxative and a refrigerant, the pods being largely imported both from the East and the West Indies. The tree is now widely distributed i… TamariskTAMARISK. The genus Tamarix gives its name to a small group of shrubs or low trees constituting the tamarisk family. The species of tamarisk and of the very closely allied genus !if yricaria grow in salt deserts, by the sea-shore, or in other more or less sterile localities in south temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions of the eastern hemisphere. Their long slender branches bear very numero… TamboffTAMBOFF, one of the largest and most fertile governments of central Russia, extends from north to south between the basins of the Oka and the Don, and has plain intersected by deep ravines and broad valleys, ranglast appear only in the deeper ravines, and seams of coal have been noticed at several places. Iron ore (in the north-west), limestone, clay, and gypsum are obtained for building and manuf… TamboffTAMBOFF, capital of the above government, 300 miles distant from Moscow, is situated on the Tsna river, and on the railway from Kozloff to Saratoff. TamilsTAMILS. The word Tamil (properly Tamil) has been identified with Dravida, the Sanskrit generic appellation for the South Indian peoples and their languages; and the various stages through which the word has passedDramida, Dramila, Damila - have been finally discussed by Bishop Caldwell in his Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Languages (2d ed., 1875, p. 10 sq.), and the derivation has recently … TamworthTAMWORTH, a municipal borough and market-town of England, on the borders of Staffordshire and Warwickshire, chiefly in the former, is situated at the junction of the Tame with the Anker, and on branches of the London and North-Western and Midland Railway lines, 7 miles south-east of Lichfield, 20 north-west of Coventry, and 110 north-west of London. The castle, situated on a height above the Anker… TanagerTANAGER, a word adapted from the quasi-Latin Tanagra of Linnaeus, which again is an adaptation, perhaps with a classical allusion, of Tangara, used by Brisson and Buffon, and said by Marcgrave (Hist. Ker. Nat. Brasiliw, p. 214) to be the Brazilian name of certain birds found in that country. From them it has since been extended to a great many others mostly belonging to the southern portion of the… Taney, Roger BrookeTANEY, ROGER BROOKE, chief justice, was born in Calvert county, 3fd., March 17, 1777. He graduated at Dickinson College in 1795, and was admitted to the bar in Maryland in 1799. Like many other Federalists, he became a supporter of Jackson about 1824, and was called by him to the office of secretary of the treasury in 1833. The charter of the Bank of the United States contained a clause, allowing … TanganyikaTANGANYIKA, a lake in East Central Africa, called Msaga r tempestuous ") by the Wakawendi and Kimana by the Warungu. The meaning of the name Tanganyika is, according to Cameron, nothing more than "the mixing place." It is the longest freshwater lake in the world, being about 75 miles longer than Lake Michigan. Although the Arabs had long known of the existence of the lake, the first Europeans who … Tangiers, Or TangierTANGIERS, or TANGIER ('anja), a seaport of Morocco and capital of a pashalik, on the Strait of Gibraltar, about 14 miles to the east of Cape Spartel, stands on two eminences at the north-west extremity of a spacious bay. The town has a fine appearance from the sea, rising gradually in the form of an amphitheatre, and defended by walls and a castle. The streets, which are unpaved, are very narrow a… Tanhauser, Or TannhauserTANHAUSER, or TANNHAUSER, the subject of one of the most famous of old German legends, is represented as a knight who after many wanderings comes to the Venusberg. He enters the cave where the Lady Venus holds her court, and abandons himself to a life of sensual pleasure. By and by he is overcome by remorse, and, invoking the aid of the Virgin Mary, he obtains permission to return for a while to t… TanjoreTANJORE, capital and administrative headquarters of the above district, is situated in 10? 47' N. lat. and 79? Indian art and early civilization are of the first importance. TanjoreTANJORE, a district of British India, in the Madras presidency, lying between 9? 50' and 11? 25' N. lat. and between 78? 55' and 79? 55' E. long., with an area of 3654 square miles. It forms a portion of the Southern Carnatic, and is bounded on the N. by the river Coleroon, which separates it from Trichinopoly and South Arcot districts, on the E. and S.E. by the Bay of Bengal, on the S.W. by Madur… Tannahill, RobertTANNAHILL, ROBERT (1774-1810), one of the most apprenticed to his father's trade at the age of twelve, in the year of the first publication of the poems of Burns, which quickened the poetic ambition of so many Scottish youths in humble life. TanninTANNIN, a generic name for a class of vegetable which form the commercial sources of the substance will be found under LEATHER, vol. xiv. p. 381, and in various special articles referred to from that heading. characters are common to them all :- All are colourless or little-coloured non-volatile solids, soluble in water and in alcohol ; the solution has an astringent taste. They colour blue litmus… TantalusTANTALUS, a hero of ancient Greek myth and legend. He was a son of Zeus and Pluto (" Wealth "), and became the father of Pelops, Proteus, and Niobe. He dwelt in splendour on Mount Sipylus near Smyrna, and was admitted to the table of the gods themselves. But he abused the divine favour by revealing to mankind the secrets he had learned in heaven, or by killing his son Pelops and serving him up to … TaorminaTAORMINA (Tauromenium), now an unimportant village of about 3000 inhabitants, is magnificently situated at the edge of a precipitous cliff 900 feet high on the east coast of Sicily, about 32 miles from Messina and the same from Catania. The original city was founded by a tribe of Siculi after the destruction of the neighbouring city of Naxos in 403 B.C. by Dionysius of Syracuse. It was built on th… TapaculoTAPACULO, the name' given in Chili to a bird of singular appearance, - the Pteroptochus albicollis of ornithology, - and, throughout this series of articles (BIRDS, vol. iii. p. 743 ; ORNITHOLOGY, vol. xviii. p. 40, et alibi), applied in an extended sense to its allied forms, which are now found to constitute a small Family, Pteroptochidx, - Tapaculo. belonging to the Tracheophonous division of P… Tape-worms, Or CestodaTAPE-WORMS, or CESTODA, are a group of worms forming one of the three main divisions of the Platyhelminthes, the other two being the Turbellaria (see PLANARIANS and NEMERTINES) and Trematoda (see TREMATODA ). They have been defined as follows : - " Flat worms without mouth or alimentary canal, which typically develop by alternation of generations, by budding from a generally pear-shaped nurse, wit… TapiocaTAPIOCA is a farinaceous food substance prepared from cassava starch, the product of the large tuberous p. 182, and comp. ARROWROOT, Vol. ii. p. 631, fig. 6). Cassava starch, being separated from the fibrous and nitrogenous constituents of the roots, is in a moist condition spread upon iron plates, and with constant stirring exposed to such heat as causes a partial rupture of the starch with which… TaraiTARAI, a British district in the Kumaun division of the lieutenant-governorship of the North-West Provinces and Oudh, India, lying between 28? 51' and 29? 30' N. lat. and 78? 46' and 79? 47' E. long. It contains an area of 938 square miles, and is bounded on the N. by the Khumaun Bhhbar, on the E. by Nepal and Pilibhit subdivision of Bareilly district, on the S. by the districts of Bareilly and ll… TarantismTARANTISM. The tarantula has given its name to one of those dancing manias which overspread Europe during the Middle Ages. The bite of the spider threw the sufferer into a depressed state of melancholy, accompanied by various nervous disorders. The condition was accompanied by an increased sensibility to the power of music. The excitement of the nervous system amounted in some cases almost to insa… TarantulaTARANTULA. The tarantula (Lycosa tarantula) belongs to the mining section of the family Lycosidm or Wolf Spiders. Its cephalothorax is dorsally of a brownish grey colour, whilst the abdomen is more distinctly brown, and marked with either two or three pairs of triangular black spots above the apex of the triangles pointing backwards. One of the most striking specific characteristics of this spider… TarareTARARE, on the Turdine, a manufacturing town of France, and the second most populous in the department of Rhone, is 25 miles north-west of Lyons. Within a circle drawn 25 or 30 miles from the town more than 60,000 workmen are employed, and the value of the textile fabrics produced exceeds ?600,000 per annum. Tarlatans are made in Tarare on more than 3000 Jacquard looms. The manufacture of Swiss co… TarasconTARASCON, a town of France, in the department of Bouches-du-Rhone, is situated on the left bank of the Rhone, opposite Beaucaire, with which it is connected by a suspension and a railway bridge. It is on the Lyons and Marseilles Railway, 156 miles south of the former town. The church of St Martha, built in 1187-97 on the ruins of a Roman temple, rebuilt in 1379-1449, has a Gothic spire, and many i… TaraxacumTARAXACUM is the name usually applied in medical practice to the common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale, Niggers). The DANDELION (q.v.) is a plant of the northern hemisphere, extending to the Arctic regions, and is cultivated in India. The preparations chiefly employed are the fluid extract, the preserved juice of the root, or succus, and the solid extract. The dried and roasted root, mixed with g… TarbesTARBES, a town of France, chef-lieu of the department of Hautes-Pyrenees, is situated in one of the most beautiful plains of France, on the left bank of the Adour, streams from which are conducted through all parts of the town. The lines of railway from Paris to Pierrefitte and from Toulouse to Bayonne cross here. Among the many gardens and open spaces for which Tarbes is distinguished is the Mass… Tarentum, Or TaraTARENTUM, or TARA; now Taranto, a famous Greek city of southern Italy, situated on the north coast of the bay of the same name, at the entrance of the only secure port on the gulf. This port, now called the Mare Piccolo, is a bay 16 miles in circuit, landlocked by a low rocky peninsula. The entrance is so narrow that it is crossed by is the see of an archbishop and bad in 1881 a population of 26,6… TargumTARGUM (n4nr_1) in its concrete sense signifies the paraphrastic translation of the Hebrew Scriptures, or parts thereof, into the Aramaic tongue. It has, however, three other meanings: - (1) a translation from any language into another;1 (2) an interpretation in any language;2 and (3) the Aramaic portions of certain books of the Bible (notably Daniel and Ezra) .2 The word is not itself found in th… TarifaTARIFA, a seaport of Spain, in the province of Cadiz, at the extreme south point of the Peninsula, 59 miles southeast from Cadiz and (by land) 21 miles west-south-west from Gibraltar. The town is nearly quadrangular, with narrow crooked streets, and is still surrounded by its old Moorish walls. On its east side, just within these, stands the alcazar. The rocky island in front of the town, connecte… TarnTARN, a department of southern France, formed in 1790 of the three dioceses of Albi, Castres, and Lavaur, all belonging to the province of Languedoc, lies between 42? 23' and 44? 12' N. lat. and 1? 32' and 2? 56' E. long. It is bounded N. and E. by Aveyron, S.E. by Henault, S. by Aude, S.W. and W. by Haute-Garonne, N.W. by Tarn-et-Garonne. The slope of the department is from east to west, and its … Tarn-et-garonneTARN-ET-GARONNE, a department of south-western France, was formed in 1808 of districts formerly belonging to Guienne and Gascony (Quercy, Lomagne, Armagnac, Rouergue, Agenais), with the addition of a small piece of Languedoc. From 1790 to 1808 it was divided between the departments of Lot, Haute-Garonne, Tarn, Aveyron, Gers, and Lot-et-Garonne. Lying between 43? 47' and 44? 25' N. lat. and 0? 55' … TarnopolTARNOPOL, a market-town in Galicia, Austria, on the Sereth. TarpaulinTARPAULIN is a waterproof sheeting consisting of a stout canvas cloth impregnated and coated with tar. Tarquinius PriscusTARQUINIUS PRISCUS, Lucius, fifth legendary king of Rome, is represented as the son of a Greek refugee who removed from Tarquinii in Etruria to Rome, by the advice of his wife, the prophetess Tanaquil. Tarquinius SuperbusTARQUINIUS SUPERBUS, Lucius, son of the preceding, and son-in-law of Servius Tullius, immediately succeeded the latter without any of the forms of election, and proceeded at once to repeal the recent reforms in the constitution, seeking to establish a pure despotism in their place. Wars were waged with the Latins and Etruscans, but the lower classes were deprived of their arms, and employed in ere… TarragonaTARRAGONA, the capital of the above province, is a flourishing seaport, the seat of an archbishopric, at the mouth of the Francoli, 63 miles by rail west-southwest of Barcelona, in 41? 10' N. lat. and 0? 20' E. long., with a population of 23,046 in 1877. The picturesque but badly built older portion of the town stands on the steep slope of a hill 760 feet high, and is still surrounded by walls of … TarragonaTARRAGONA, a maritime province in the north-east of Spain, with an area of 2451 square miles and a population in 1877 of 330,105, was formerly part of the province of Catalonia. It is bounded on the S.E. by the Mediterranean, on the N.E. by Barcelona, on the N. by Lerida (the Sierra de Almenar), on the W. by Saragossa and Teruel, and on the S.W. by Castellon-de-la-Plana. The Ebro flows through the… TarsusTARSUS, now TARSUS, an ancient city in the fertile plain of Cilicia, lay on both sides of the Cydnus, whose cool and swift waters were the pride of the city (Dio Chrys., vol. ii. p. 2, Reiske's ed. ; Vita Apollon., i. 7), and bore traffic to and from the port of Rhegma. In the time of Xenophon (Anab., i. 2. 23) Tarsus was already great and flourishing, and was the residence of the vassal king of C… TartagliaTARTAGLIA, Niccoth (c. 1500-1557), a self-taught mathematician, was born at Brescia about 1500. His father, Michele Fontana, was a postal messenger between Brescia and the neighbouring towns, who, dying in 1506, left two sons and a daughter to the care of their penniless mother. Niccolo's childhood was accordingly passed under the stress of dire poverty, and was marked by a cruel misfortune. Durin… TartanTARTAN is a worsted cloth woven with alternate stripes or bands of coloured warp and weft, so as to form a chequered pattern in which the colours alternate in "sets " of definite width and sequence. The weaving of particoloured and striped cloth cannot be claimed as peculiar to any special race or country; for indeed such checks are the simplest ornamental form into which dyed yarns can be combine… TartarsTARTARS (more correctly TATARS, but Tartars is the form generally current), a name given to nearly three million inhabitants of the Russian empire, chiefly Moslem and of Turkish origin. The majority - in European Mongols, who in the 5th century inhabited the northeastern Gobi, and, after subjugation in the 9th century by the Tungus Kidaris, migrated southward, there founding the Mongolian empire u… TartarusTARTARUS, in the Iliad (viii. 13 sq., 481), is a dark underground prison with iron gates, as far below Hades as earth is below heaven, whither Cronus and the Titans were thrust down by Zeus (vol. xxi. p. 321), and to which the sovereign of Olympus threatens to consign other gods who may disobey his behests. Tartini, GiuseppeTARTINI, GIUSEPPE (1692-1770), violinist, composer, and musical theorist, was born at Pirano, April 12, 1692, and in early life studied, with equal want of success, for the church, the law courts, and the profession of arms. His life as a young man was wild and irregular, and his temper extremely violent and impulsive. His unfitness for an ecclesiastical career was manifest ; and, after failing in… Tashkend, Or TashkentTASHKEND, or TASHKENT, one of the largest and most important cities of Central Asia, now the capital of Russian Turkestan, is situated in the valley of the Tchirtchik, some 50 miles above its junction with the Syr-Daria, in 41? 20' N. lat. and 69? 18' E. long. The city, formerly enclosed by walls which are now ruinous, is surrounded by rich gardens, and its houses are buried among the fruit and ot… Tasman, Abel JanszenTASMAN, ABEL JANSZEN (C. 1602-1659), a distinguished Dutch navigator, born at Hoorn, North Holland, probably in 1602 or 1603. He is known to have made two important voyages of discovery in the Pacific and Southern Oceans; only of the second of them have we a full account. In Juno 1639 Tasman, along with Matthew Quast, was despatched by Van Diemen, governor-general of the Dutch East Indies, on a vo… TasmaniaTASMANIA, formerly VAN DIEDIEN'S LAND, is a com- Plate 1- pact island, forming a British colony, which lies to the south of Australia, in the Southern Ocean. It has an area of 24,600 square miles. (about three-fourths of the size of Ireland), and some fifty islets belong to it. Most of these lie between it and the southern shore of Victoria, in Bass's Strait. It is a laud of mountain and flood, wi… TassieTASSIE, JAmEs (1735-1799), gem-engraver and modeller, was born of humble parentage at Pollokshaws, near Glasgow, in 1735. During his earlier years he worked as a stone-mason, but, having visited Glasgow on a fairholiday, and seen the collection of paintings brought together in that city by Robert and Andrew Foulis, the celebrated printers, he was seized with an irresistible desire to become an art… Tassie, WilliaiTASSIE, WILLIAI (1777-1860), gem-engraver and modeller, nephew of the above, was born in London on the 4th of December 1777. TassoTASSO, TonouaTo (1544-1595), who ranks with Dante, Petrarch, and Ariosto among the first four poets of Italy, was the son of Bernardo Tasso, a nobleman of Bergamo, and his wife Porzia de' Rossi. He was born at Sorrento in 1544. His father had for many years been secretary in the service of the prince of Salerno, and his mother was closely connected with the most illustrious Neapolitan families. Th… Tassoni, AlessandroTASSONI, ALESSANDRO, Italian poet, was a native of Modena, where he was born in 1565, and where he died in 1635. From 1599 till 1608 he was secretary to Cardinal Ascanio Colonna, and in this capacity saw some diplomatic service ; he was afterwards employed for some time in similar occupations by Charles Emmanuel, duke of Savoy. His best-known literary work is a burlesque epic entitled La Seceitia … TasteTASTE is the sensation referred to the mouth when certain soluble substances are brought into contact with the mucous membrane of that cavity. The sense is located almost entirely in the tongue. Three distinct sensations are referable to the tongue - (1) taste, (2) touch, and (3) temperature, The posterior part of its surface, where there is a A-shaped group of large papillx, called circumvallate … Tate, NahumTATE, NAHUM (1652-1715), poet-laureate, was born in 1652 in Dublin, and was educated at Trinity College there. TatianTATIAN, one of the earliest Christian apologists, whose personality and work had an important influence on the history of the church during the period of the Antonines. He was by birth an .Assyrian (according to Zahn of Semitic descent), but received a Greek education, and, after acquiring a very extensive knowledge of Greek literature, began to travel about the Roman empire as a wandering teacher… Tatius, AchillesTATIUS, ACHILLES. See ROMANCE, vol. xx. p. 635 sq. TAULER, JOHANN (c. 1300-1361) was born about the year 1300 in Strasburg, where his /tither was a wealthy burgher. It is probable that he entered the Dominican convent in his native city about the year 1313, while Meister Eckhart was still professor of theology (13121320) in the monastery school. From Strasburg he went to the Dominican college of C… TauntonTAUNTON, a municipal borough and market-town of Somerset, England, is situated in the beautiful and fertile vale of Taunton Dene, on the river Tone, on the Taunton and Bridgwater Canal, and on several branches of the Great Western Railway, 45 miles south-south-west of Bristol, 31 north-east of Exeter, and 163 west-south-west of London. The river is crossed by a stone bridge of three arches. The to… TauntonTAUNTON, a city of the United States, the county seat of Bristol county, Massachusetts, lies some 31 miles nearly south from Boston. The town proper, sometimes called Taunton Green, stands on the right bank of the Taunton river, at the head of navigation, about 17 miles above its mouth. The entire area enclosed within the corporate limits is 37 square miles. Taunton is traversed by the main line o… Tavernier, Jean BaptismTAVERNIER, JEAN BAPTISM (1605-1689), the celebrated traveller and pioneer of French trade with India, was born (1605) at Paris, where his father Gabriel and uncle Melchior, Protestants from Antwerp, pursued with reputation and success the profession of geographers and engravers. The conversations he heard in his father's house inspired Jean Baptiste with an early desire to travel, and in his sixte… TaviraTAVIRA, a seaport of Portugal, in the province of Algarves, at the mouth of the Seca, 21 miles east-north-east of Faro. TavistockTAVISTOCK, a town of Devonshire, England, is finely situated in the valley of the Tavy, on the western border of Dartmoor, and on the South Devon Railway, 15 miles north of Plymouth, 14 south-east of Launceston, and 213 west-south-west of London. The town has been greatly improved since 1845, chiefly at the expense of the duke of Bedford, by the construction of a system of sewage and the erection … TavoyTAVOY, a British district in the Tenasserim division of Burmah, lying between 13? 15' and 15? 11' N. lat. and between 97? 48' and 98? 44' E. long. It has an area of 7200 square miles, and is bounded on the N. by Amherst district, E. by the Yoma Mountains, S. by Mergui district, and W. by the Bay of Bengal. The district? is enclosed by mountains on three sides, viz., the main chain of the Yomas on … TaxationTAXATION. With regard to taxes in general Adam Smith lays down four maxims which have been briefly described as the maxims of equality, certainty, convenience, and economy. The treatment of the general principles of taxation by subsequent writers consists in the main of the development and criticism of these celebrated canons. Equality. Equality of Taxation. - The subjoined passage from Adam Smith… TaxidermyTAXIDERMY, the art of preserving the integument, together with the scales, feathers, or fur, of animals. Little is known of the beginnings of the practice of the " stuffing " or "setting up" of animals for ornament or for scientific purposes ; and it is highly probable, from what we gather from old works of travel or natural history, that the art is not more than some three hundred years old. It w… TaylorTAYLOR, Tom (1817-1880), dramatist and art critic, was born at Sunderland in 1817. After attending school there, and studying for two sessions at Glasgow university, he in 1837 entered Trinity College, Cambridge, of which he became a fellow. Subsequently he held for two years the professorship of English literature at University College, London. He was called to the bar (Middle Temple) in November… TaylorTAYLOR, Sin HENRY (1800-1886), poet and colonial statesman, was born October 18, 1800, at Bishop-Middleham, in the county of Durham. His ancestors had been small landowners for some generations, and both his studious father, who late in life emerged for a time from a recluse existence to make an efficient secretary to the Poor Law Commission, and his original warm-hearted mother were interesting p… Taylor, BayardTAYLOR, BAYARD (1825-1878), one of the most prolific among American authors, was born at Kennett Square in Chester county, Pennsylvania, on January 25, 1825. The son of a:well-to-do farmer, he received his early instruction in an academy at West Chester, and, later, at Unionville. At the age of seventeen he was apprenticed to a printer in West Chester. A little volume, published in 1844 under the … Taylor, BrookTAYLOR, BROOK (1685-1731), a distinguished mathematician of Newton's school, was the son of John Taylor, of Bifrons House, Kent, by Olivia, daughter of Sir Nicholas Tempest, Bart., of Durham, and was born at Edmonton in Middlesex, August 18, 1685. He entered St John's College, Cambridge, as a fellow-commoner in 1701, and took degrees of LL.B. and LL.D. respectively in 1709 and 1714. Having studied… Taylor, IsaacTAYLOR, ISAAC (1787-1865), a voluminous writer on philosophical and theological subjects, was born at Lavenham, Suffolk, in 1787, and was trained by his father to be an artist, but early adopted literature as a profession. Essex, where he died on June 28, 1865. He early became a contributor to the Eclectic Review, when it was conducted by Robert Hall and John Foster, and in 1822 he published a sma… Taylor, JeremyTAYLOR, JEREMY (1613-1667), was a native of Cambridge, and was baptized on the 15th August 1613. His father, Nathaniel, though a barber, was a man of some education, respected by his townsmen, and lineally descended from Dr Rowland Taylor, Cranmer's chaplain, who suffered martyrdom under Mary. Jeremy, after passing through the grammar school, was entered at Caius College as a sizar in 1626, eighte… Taylor, JohnTAYLOR, JOHN (1580-1654), commonly called "The Water Poet," was born at Gloucester in August 1580. Of his parentage and early boyhood very little is known, and that little is mainly to be gleaned from various scattered personal allusions in the numerous short writings of this prolific wit and rhymster. After fulfilling his apprenticeship to a waterman, he seems to have served (1596) in the fleet u… Taylor, ZacharyTAYLOR, ZACHARY (1784-1850), president of the United States, was born in Orange county, Virginia, November 24, 1784. Tay, TheTAY, THE, the longest river in Scotland, has its source on the northern side of Ben Lui, on the borders of Argyllshire and Perthshire, being known in its earlier course as the Fillan, and, after forming Loch Dochart, as the Dochart, until entering Loch Tay, 25 miles from its source, at an elevation above sea-level of 553 feet. Its course through Perthshire is described in the article on that count… TcherkasyTCHERKASY (Polish Czerkasy), a district town of Russia, in the government of Kieff, and 190 miles by rail to the south-east of Kieff, on the right bank of the Dnieper. TchernigoffTCHERNIGOFF, capital of the above government, stands on the right bank of the Desna, nearly half a mile from the river, 476 miles from Moscow. Far removed from the great channels of trade, its sole importance is as an administrative centre. Its houses are poorly built, and the streets are unpaved. The population (19,000 in 1885, one-third being Jews) is almost stationary. The ruins of its fortress… TchernigoffTCHERNIGOFF, a government of Little Russia, on the left bank of the Dnieper, bounded by Moghileff and Smolensk on the N., Orel and Kursk on the E., Poltava on the S., and Kieft and Minsk on the W., has an area of 20,233 square miles. Its surface is an undulating plain, 650 to 750 feet high in the north, and from 370 to 600 feet in the south, deeply grooved by ravines and the valleys of the rivers.… TchernomorskTCHERNOMORSK, a government of Caucasia, Russia, included in the same genus. The tea-plants have been consisting of a narrow strip of land between the main cultivated in China for at least a thousand years. tected by the mountains from the cold winds of the north, distinctions among the varieties of tea. Under the name is in respect of climate one of the most favoured parts of of Thea sinensis, Lin… TchistopolTCHISTOPOL, a district town of Russia, in the government of Kazaii, 90 miles to the south-east of that town, on the left bank of the Kama. TeakTEAK' may justly be called the most valuable of all inches. The mean annual temperature which suits it best known timbers. For use in tropical countries it has no lies between 75? and 81? Fahr. Near the coast the tree equal, and for certain purposes it is preferable to other is absent, and the most valuable forests are on low hills woods in temperate climates also. Its price is higher than up to 3… TealTEAL (Old English TELE), a word of uncertain origin, but doubtless cognate with the Dutch Titling (formerly different kind of bird ; and commentators have shewn a marvellous ineptitude in surmising what that bird was. The Teal is the Anas creeca of Linineus, and the smallest of the European Anaticlx, as well as one of the most abundant and highly esteemed for the table. It breeds in many parts of … Technical EducationTECHNICAL EDUCATION. The special education, the object of which is to train persons in the arts and sciences that underlie the practice of some trade or profession, is technical education. Schools in which this training is provided are known as technical schools. In its widest sense, technical education embraces all kinds of instruction that have direct reference to the career a person is followin… TeethTEETH. See MA AIMALIA, vol. xv. p. 349 ; DIGESTIVE ORGANS, vol. vii. p. 232; IVORY; and DENTISTRY. TEGEA, one of the chief cities of Arcadia, of which its resistance to the encroachments of Lacedxmon, and on Wexi5 he remained until his death, twenty-two years later. more than one occasion defeated its ambitious neighbour. Tegner's early poems have little merit. He was corn-About 560 B.C., however,… Tegner, EsaiasTEGNER, ESAIAS (1782-1846), the most celebrated poetry, turned the poet's blood to gall From this time of Swedish writers, was born November 13, 1782, at forward the heartlessness of woman is one of Tegner's Kyrkerud in Wermland. His father was a pastor, and his principal themes. It is a remarkable sign of the condigrandparents on both sides were peasants. His father, tion of Sweden at that time t… TeheranTEHERAN, or, more properly, TEHRAN (lat. 35? 40' N., long. 51? 25' E.), for about a century the recognized capital of Persia, has little to distinguish it, in general outward appearance, from other large cities of the country, though in quite recent years Parisian streets or boulevards, and even Western architecture for single houses, in the midst of mud-brick palaces or plain mud hovels, have bee… TehuantepecTEHUANTEPEC, an isthmus in Mexico, comprising the western extremities of the states of Vera Cruz and Oajaca, and limited eastwards by the states of Tabasco and north or Atlantic side and that of Tehuantepec on the south or Pacific side the distance in a bee line is only 125 miles. Here also the Sierra Madre falls rapidly from over 5000 feet in Chiapas to about 730 feet in the ridge skirting the Pa… TeignmouthTEIGNMOUTH, a seaport and market town of England, in Devonshire, consisting of the parishes of East and West Teignmouth, and situated on the English Channel, at the mouth of the Teign and on the Great Western Railway, 14 miles south of Exeter and 209 west-southwest of London. It is somewhat irregularly built, partly on a projecting peninsula and partly on the acclivities rising behind the river. T… TelegraphTELEGRAPH (from rilte and ypicfra)) signifies an instrument to write at a distance. The term is specifically applied to apparatus for communicating intelligence to a .distance in unwritten signs addressed to the eye or ear, and has only recently had application to those wonderful combinations of inanimate matter which literally write at a distance the intelligence committed to them. The chief obje… Telemeter, Or RangefinderTELEMETER, or RANGEFINDER. This is an instru- base is actually measured or found by means of a sub-base. ment used in modern warfare to determine the distance The range is obtained by table or calculating scale. The or range to an enemy's position, in order that correct Nolan rangefinder, which was the first telemeter used by elevations may be given to guns or rifles directed against the British a… TelephonyTELEPHONY is the art of reproducing sounds at a distance from their source. The term was first used by Philip Reis of Friedrichsdorf, in a lecture delivered before the Physical Society of Frankfort in 1861.1 But, although this lecture and Reis's subsequent work received considerable notice, little progress was made until the subject was taken up between 1874 and 1876 by Alexander Graham Bell, a na… TelesphorusTELESPHORUS, bishop of Rome from about 128 till about 137, succeeded Sixtus I. and was followed by Hyginus. Telford, ThomasTELFORD, THOMAS (1757-1834), civil engineer, was the son of a shepherd in Eskdale, Dumfriesshire, and was born in the valley of the Megget, 9th August 1757. From early childhood he was employed as a herd, occasionally attending the parish school of Westerkirk, where his quickness and diligence helped to make up for his lack of opportunity. On being apprenticed, at the age of fifteen, to a stone ma… TellTELL. The story of William Tell's skill in shooting at and striking the apple which had been placed on the head of his little son by order of Gessler, the tyrannical Austrian bailiff of Uri, is so closely bound up with the legendary history of the origin of the Swiss Confederation that they must be considered together. Both appear first in the 15th century, probably as results of the war for the T… Teller, Wilhelm AbrahamTELLER, WILHELM ABRAHAM (1734-1804), was the son of the Leipsic clergyman, Romanus Teller, -who edited the earlier volumes of the Englisches Bibelwerk (in 19 vols., 1749-70), an adaptation for German readers of the exegetical works of Willet, Ainsworth, Patrick, Poole, Henry, and others. Teller was born at Leipsic on 9th January 1734, and studied philosophy and theology in the university there. Am… Tellez, GabrielTELLEZ, GABRIEL (c. 1570-1648), Spanish dramatist, sketch his whole design on the dry finished surface ; while better known as TIRSO DE MOLINA (his nom de plume), was in fresco work each portion of the design is hidden piece-born about the year 1570, and about 1613 entered the meal as each new patch of stucco is applied (see RAPHAEL, order of the Brothers of Charity at Toledo. TellicherriTELLICHERRI, a seaport town of India, in Malabar other trees, various gums which are soluble in water, and district of Madras, situated in 11? 44' 53" N. lat. and size made by boiling down fish-bones, parchment, and 75? 31' 3S" E. long. It is a healthy and picturesque animals' hoofs. In more recent times a mixture of egg town, built upon a group of wooded hills running down and vinegar has been fo… TemesvarTEMESVAR, a royal free city and capital of the county times, see MURAL DECORATION, vol. xvii. pp. 39-47. of Temes, is the chief town of south-eastern Hungary. It Hence it used to be called " water-work "; see Shakespeare, Hen. iv., part ii. act ii. sc. 1. lies on the navigable 13ega Canal and the river Bea in in 3 Miniatures and illuminated letters in mediaeval MSS. were painted 45? 47' N. lat. an… Temperance SocietiesTEMPERANCE SOCIETIES.? The modern temperance movement may be said to date from the publication at Philadelphia, in 1785, of Dr Benjamin Rush's essay on "The Effects of Ardent Spirits on the Human Body and Mind," which was republished in the Gentleman's Magazine of 1786, and had a wide circulation. The distinction which he draws between distilled and fermented liquors has, however, no foundation in… Templars, KnightsTEMPLARS, KNIGHTS. Perhaps the most renowned of the three great military orders founded in, the 12th century for the defence of the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem is that of the Knights Templars (pauperes commilitones Christi templique Salomonici), though abolished long before its rivals. It differed from the Hospitallers and the Teutonic Knights in having been a military order from its very origin, i… TempleTEMPLE. The temple is an institution common to Meaning. religions of natural growth which have reached a certain stage, and in most languages bears a name expressing that it is the house or palace erected by men as a habitation for their god 4 (Greek, vans ; Hebrew, hekal, " palace," or bah elohim, "house of God"; Latin, cedes sacra). In this connexion the term "house of God" has quite a different… Temple, Sir WilliamTEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM (1628-1699), English states- chief title to fame. The French conquests were made at man, diplomatist, and author, was born in London in the expense of Spain, but were almost equally dangerous to 1628. He came of an old English family, but of the the United Netherlands, whose independence would have younger branch of it, which had for some time been settled been forfeited had Lo… TenasserimTENASSERIM, a division of the province of British Burmah, lying between 9? 30' and 19? 30' N. lat. and 95? 50' and 99? 30' E. long. It has an area of 46,730 square miles and comprises the seven districts of Moulmein town, Amherst, Tavoy, Mergui, Shwagyin, Toungoo, and Salwin, which formed the tract south of Pegu conquered from Burmah in 1826, and were for many years generally known as the Tenasser… TenbyTENBY, a; municipal and parliamentary borough and watering-place of Pembrokeshire, South Wales, is finely situated on a long and narrow promontory of limestone rock, washed on three sides by the sea, on the west side of Carmarthen Bay, and on a branch of the South Wales Railway, 10 miles east of Pembroke and 274 west of London (by rail). Its chief attractions as a watering-place are its picturesqu… TenchTENCH, the Tinca tines of naturalists, is one of the commonest and most widely spread freshwater fishes of Europe. It is generally distributed in all suitable localities throughout England, but is limited to a few lakes and ponds in the south of Scotland and in Ireland. As the tench is of comparatively uncommon occurrence in unenclosed waters, its place among the indigenous fishes of Great Britain… Teniers, DavidTENIERS, DAVID (1610-1690), the younger, a Flemish painter, almost ranking in celebrity with Rubens and Van Dyck, was born in Antwerp on 15th December 1610. His father, David Teniers the elder (1582-1649), whose style he followed with a vastly superior power of conception, had been a pupil of Elsheimer in Rome and of Rubens in Antwerp. Besides these influences, we can also distinctly trace that of… Tenison, ThomasTENISON, THOMAS (1636-1715), archbishop of Canterbury, was the son of Rev. John Tenison, rector of Mundsley, Norfolk, by Mary, daughter of Thomas Dowson of Cottenham, Cambridgeshire, where he was born on 29th September 1636. He was educated at the free school, Norwich, whence he entered Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, as a scholar on Archbishop Parker's foundation. He graduated B.A. in 1657, M.… Tennant, WilliamTENNANT, WILLIAM (1784-1848), author of Anster Fair, was born in 1784 at Anstruther in Fifeshire, the birthplace of two other contemporary Scottish worthies, Thomas Chalmers and John Goodsir. He was lame from childhood, like his more famous contemporaries Byron and Scott, and this probably determined his father, who was a small merchant and farmer, to educate him for a scholarly career. But the pa… TennentTENNENT, Sin JAMES EMERSON (1794-1869), English politician and traveller, the third son of William Emerson, a merchant of Belfast, was born there on 7th April 1794. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, of which he became LL.D. After travelling in Greece, where he made the acquaintance of Lord Byron, whose sentiments in regard to the Greek cause he fully shared, he studied for the bar and wa… TennisTENNIS. This, the oldest, perhaps, of all existing The server then begins at the "dedans" end of the court, ball-games, is at once the most difficult to learn, on account technically called the "service side," pitches the ball in of the intricacy of its laws, and the most interesting when the air, and strikes it with his racket so that it shall drop learnt, because of the great variety of its comb… Tennis, LawnTENNIS, LAWN. Lawn-tennis is a modern adaptation of the first principle of tennis, in the simplest form, to a ball-game played on grass with rackets. The balls are of india-rubber hollow, and covered with white cloth. The rackets are fighter, and broader than those used at tennis. The court for the single-handed game, one player against one, is shown in fig. 1, that for the three or four-handed ga… TentTENT. A tent is a portable habitation or place of shelter consisting in its simplest form of a covering of some textile substance stretched over a framework of cords and poles, or of wooden rods, and fastened tightly to the ground by pegs. Throughout the greater part of the interior of Asia the pastoral tribes have of necessity ever been dwellers in tents, - the scantiness of water, the consequent… Teplitz, Or ToplitzTEPLITZ, or TOPLITZ, one of the most frequented watering-places in the north of Bohemia, is picturesquely situated about 30 miles south of Dresden, in the plain of the Biela, which separates the Erzgebirge from the Bohemian Mittelgebirge. The main interest of the little town centres in the bathing season, which reaches its height in August ; and the arrangements for the convenience and amusement o… TeramoTERAMO, a town of Italy, capital of the province of Teramo (formerly Abruzzo Ulteriore I.) and an episcopal see, stands on the left bank of the Tordino where it is joined by the Vezzola, 12 miles from the coast and 876 feet above sea-level. It is connected by a branch line with Giulianova on the railway from Ancona to Brindisi. The picturesque valley of the Tordino is here dominated by the peaks o… TeraphimTERAPHIM (O'Dirl), a Hebrew word found only in the plural, which the Authorized Version sometimes simply transcribes (Judges xvii. 5, xviii. 14 sq.; Hosea iii. 4), but elsewhere translates by "images" (Gen. xxxi. 19 and often elsewhere), "image" (1 Sam. xix. 13), " idols " (Zech. x. 2), " idolatry " (1 Sam. xv. 23). The etymology of the word is quite obscure (see Gesenius, Thesaurus, p. 1519 sq.),… Terburg, GerardTERBURG, GERARD (1608-1681), subject painter, was born in 1608, at Zwolle, in the province of Overyssel, Holland. His father, also an artist, sent him to study in Rome, where he adopted a style distinguished by great finish and accuracy. He practised for a time in Paris with much success, visited England, it is said, and then returned to Holland. In 1648 he was at Munster during the meeting of the… TeredoTEREDO, a genus of Lamellibranchiate Mollusca, of the order Isomya, sub-order Sinupallia, family Pholadacea (see MOLLUSCA, vol. xvi. p. 685). The animals included in this genus are commonly known as " ship-worms," and are notorious for the destruction which they cause in ships' timbers, the woodwork of harbours, and piles or other wood immersed for a long period in the sea. They inhabit long cylin… TerekTEREK (Russ. Terskaya Oblast), a Russian government on the S., and by Tchernomorsk and Kuban on the W. It has an area of 23,548 square miles. From Mt Elburz to Kazbek the southern boundary coincides with the main snow-covered range of the Caucasus and thus includes its highest peaks ; further east it follows a sinuous line so as to embrace the secondary chains and their ramifications. Nearly one-t… TerenceTERENCE. P. Terentius Afer (1851-159 B.c.) holds a unique position among Roman writers. No writer in any literature has gained so great a reputation who has contented himself with so limited a function. He lays no claim to the position of an original artist painting from life or commenting on the results of his own observation. His art has no relation to his own time or to the country in which he … TerlizziTERLIZZI, a town of Italy, in the province of Bari, and 20 miles west from that town, stands in the midst of a fertile plain. TermTERM (from the Latin terminus) in English law is used in two senses, the idea common to both being that of a limited and certain period of time. It denotes (or rather did denote) a fixed time during which the courts are open for legal proceedings. Terms in this sense affected only what used to be called the superior courts, - that is, the Queen's Bench, Common Pleas, and Exchequer. They were origi… Termini, Or Termini ImereseTERMINI, or TERMINI IMERESE (Thermx Ilimerenses), a town on the north coast of Sicily, at the mouth of a river of the same name, in the province of Palermo, and nand I. TernTERN (Norsk Tarne, Tenne, or Tende ; Swedish Tanta; according to Selby, properly belonging, at least in the Fame Islands, to the species known by the book-name of Sandwich Tern, all the others being those called Sea-Swallows - a name still most commonly given to the whole group throughout Britain from their long wings, forked tail, a name as it is now. Setting aside those which are but occasional … TernateTERNATE, a small island in the East Indian Archipelago, off the west coast of JILOLO (q.v.), in .0? 48' N. lat. and 127? 19' "E. long. It is nearly circular in form, with an area of about 25 square miles, and consists. almost entirely of a very remarkable volcano (5600 feet) formed of three superimposed cones. Frequent and destructive eruptions have taken place.. Cocoa-nuts, sago, tobacco, cotton,… TerniTERNI, a town of Italy, in the province of Perugia, is situated in the fertile valley of the Nera, between two branches of that river, about 5 miles below the point where it is joined by the Velino. It has a station, three? quarters of a mile off, on the railway line between Rome and Ancona, 69 miles to the north of the former city and 19 south by west from Spoleto. Terni is an episcopal see, and … TerpanderTERPANDER, a Lesbian poet and musician, settled in Sparta about the end of the Second Messenian War (668 B.c.). TerracinaTERRACINA, a town of Italy, in the province of Rome, and about 60 miles to the south-east of that city, at the south-east extremity of the Pontine marshes, where the Monti Lepini (see ITALY, VOL xiii. p. 438, and Lazin-m) descend into the sea. The ancient town (Volscian Anxur, Roman Tarracina) stood on the white hillside ("impositum saris late candentibus Anxur "), along the foot of which, by the … Terra-cottaTERRA-COTTA.' Strictly speaking this name is 3Iean? applicable to all objects made of baked clay, from the jug. rudest brick to the finest piece of pottery, but it usually has a more limited meaning, to denote fictile objects which do not come under the head of pottery, such as statuettes and busts ; and in its architectural use it specially implies the finer sorts of decorative-clay-work, to the … Terranova, Or TerranuovaTERRANOVA, or TERRANUOVA, a seaport town of Sicily, on a hill at the mouth of the Terranova, in the province of Caltanisetta, and 41 miles east-south-east from Girgenti. Terre HauteTERRE HAUTE, a city of the United States, in Harrison township, Vigo county (of which it is the county seat), in the western part of Indiana. Tersteegen, GerhardTERSTEEGEN, GERHARD (1697-1769), German religions writer, was born at Mors in Rhenish Prussia oh 25th November 1697. TertullianTERTULLIAN, whose full name was QUINTUS SEPTIMHIS FLORENS TERTULLIANUS, is the earliest and after Augustine the greatest of the ancient church writers of the West. Before him the whole Christian literature in the Latin language consisted of a translation of the Bible, the Octavius of Minucius Felix - an apologetic treatise written in the Ciceronian style for the higher circles of society, and with… TeruelTERUEL, the capital' and most important town of the above province, is situated on the left bank of the Guadalaviar, 142 miles east of Madrid, and on the high road from. TeruelTERUEL, a province of Spain, forming part of the ancient kingdom of Aragon, is bounded on the N. by Zaragoza, on the E. by Tarragona, on the S. by Castellon de la Plana and Valencia, on the S.W. by Cuenca, and on the W. by Guadalajara, and has an area of 2363 square miles. It is intersected from east to west by the mountain chains of Albarracin and Gudar, from which several offsets diverge on eith… TeschenTESCHEN (Polish Cieszyn), the chief town of a duchy in Austrian Silesia, is situated on the Olsa, a tributary of the Oder, 34 miles south-east of Troppau. It combines both Polish and German peculiarities in the style of its buildings, and contains five churches, the most interesting of which are the parish church, which formerly belonged to a Dominican monastery, and the Gnadenkirche, one of the P… Test ActsTEST ACTS. The principle that none but peisons professing the established religion were eligible for public employment was adopted by the legislatures of both England and Scotland soon after the Reformation. In England the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity and the severe penalties denounced against recusants, whether Roman Catholic or Nonconformist, were affirmations of this principle. The Act of 7… TetanusTETANUS (from Gr. Telco), I stretch), a disorder of the It is sometimes observed in new-born children (trismus neonatoruni) and in parturient women (puerperal tetanus). But by far the greater number of cases occur in connexion with a wound or other injury, more especially in the extremities, probably implicating some of the peripheral nerves. Certain forms of injury, as punctured, lacerated, and g… TetrarchTETRARCH (Terpcipx713), the ruler of a tetrarchy (rerpapxta), that is, in the original sense of the word, of one quarter of a region. The title of tetrarch is familiar from the New Testament as borne by certain princes of the petty dynasties which the Romans allowed to exercise a dependent sovereignty within the province of Syria. In this application it has lost its original precise sense, and mea… TetuanTETUAN (Tettdwin), a town of Morocco, about 23 miles south-south-west from Ceuta and 44 south-east from Tangiers, is picturesquely situated about 9 miles inland on the steep slope of a hill, behind which rise the bold Rif Mountains. It is surrounded by walls flanked with towers, and has on the summit of the hill a castle which is the residence of the governor. The streets are narrow, unpaved, and … Teutones, Or TeutonTEUTONES, or TEUTON', a powerful German tribe, first appearing in history along with the CIMBRI (q.v.). Teutonic Order, TheTEUTONIC ORDER, THE, or TEUTONIC KNIGHTS OF ST MARY'S HOSPITAL AT JERUSALEM (Deutsche?. Orden, Deutsche Ritter, Orden der Ritter des Hospitales St Marien zu Jerusalem), is one of the three great military and religious orders to which the crusades gave birth. Its name is derived from a German hospital founded at Jerusalem in 1128, which disappeared on the capture of the Holy City by the Saracens in… TewkesburyTEWKESBURY, an ancient borough and market-town of Gloucestershire, England, is situated in a fine pastoral valley at the junction of the Severn and the Upper Avon, and on the Midland and Great Western Railways, 15 miles south of Worcester and 126 north-west of London. It has three principal streets, which are regularly built and well paved. The Severn is crossed by an iron bridge with a flattened … TextilesTEXTILES.' This word is applied to all fabrics which are woven in a loom, of whatever material they may be made, and whether the woven stuff be plain or figured. The simplest and earliest process of weaving was managed Method thus. The ground of the future stuff was formed by a of weav- number of parallel strings called the warp, having their ing. upper ends attached to a horizontal beam and drawn… Thackeray, William MakepeaceTHACKERAY, WILLIAM MAKEPEACE (1811-1863), one of the greatest of English authors and novelists, son of Richmond Thackeray (Mrs Richmond Thackeray was born Miss Becher), and grandson of W. R. Thackeray of Hadley, Middlesex, was born at Calcutta on July 18, 1811. Both his father and grandfather had been Indian civil servants. His mother, who was only nineteen at the date of his birth, was left a wid… Thalberg, SigismondTHALBERG, SIGISMOND (1812-1871), a celebrated pianist and composer for his instrument, was born at Geneva in 1812 (May 5 or January 7). In 1822 he was taken to Vienna, where, under the watchful care of Count Dietrichstein, his education was completed. There is some doubt as to the masters under whom he studied ; but it is certain that he received instruction from Hummel, and perhaps also from Czer… Thales Of MiletusTHALES OF MILETUS (640-546 me.), son of Examyus and Cleobuline, is universally recognized as the founder of Greek geometry, astronomy, and philosophy. He is said by Herodotus and others to have been of Phoenician extraction, but the more common account (see Diogenes Laertius) is that he was a native Milesian of noble birth. Zeller thinks that his ancestors belonged to the Cadmean tribe in Bceotia,… ThalliumTHALLIUM, one of the rarer elements of chemistry. Its discovery is one of the outcomes of Bunsen and tellurium ; but Lamy, who anticipated him in isolating upon the labours of Crookes. The chemical character of thallium presents striking peculiarities. Dumas once called it the " ornithorhynchus paradoxus of metals." As an elementary substance, it is very similar in its mechanical and physical prop… ThamesTHAMES, the most important river in Great Britain, has its source in several streams on the Gloucestershire river, until the junction with the Thame near Dorchester, is generally called the Isis, a usage to which Camden perhaps gave currency, who derives the word Tamesis or Thames from the junction of the names of the two rivers, are seven hours of ebb tide and five hours of flow tide. of any tonn… ThanaTHANA (see below), Bhiwandi (13,837), Kalyan (12,910), Bassein (10,357), Panvel (10,351), Uran (10,149). The area under cultivation on the E. by the Pegu Yoma range, on the S. by Hanthain 1885-86 was 1,002,448 acres, and 768,057 remained uncultivated. waddy, and on the W. by Henzada. The Pegu Yoma The total area of crops was 522,810 acres, including 5835 twice range separates Tharrawaddy from Toun… ThanaTHANA, chief town of the above district and a station an area of 817 square miles. Thana, Or TannahTHANA, or TANNAH, a district in Bombay presidency, India, with an area of 4243 square miles, lying between 18? 42' and 20? 20' N. lat. and 72? 45' and 73? 48' E. long. It extends along the coast for 105 miles, with a breadth of 50 miles, and is confined between the Sahyadri Ghats on the E. and the sea on the W., while on the N. it is bounded by the Portuguese territory of Daman and by Surat distri… Thar And ParkarTHAR AND PARKAR, or Tam?. ThasosTHASOS, an island in the north of the JEgean Sea, off Hyderabad district, and on the S. by the Bunn of Cutch. the coast of Thrace, 31 miles distant from the plain of the The district is divided into two portions. The western part, called the " Pat," is watered by the Eastern Nara and river Nestus (now the Kara-Su). The island was colonized a the Mithrau canals, which constitute the sole water-syst… ThayetmyoTHAYETMYO, a district in the Irrawaddy division of Burmah, having an area of 2397 square miles, and lying between 18? 50' and 19? 30' N. lat. and between 94? 30' and 95? 50' E. long. It is bounded on the N. by the newly acquired territory of Burmah, on the E. by Toungii district, on the S. by Prome, and on the W. by Sandoway. On the west is the Arakan Yoma range, and on the east the Pegu Yoma ; an… TheatreTHEATRE (Oicerpov, "a place for seeing," from Ocao,uai). The invention of a building specially devised for dramatic representations was due to the Athenians (see DRAMA). At first representations at the Dionysiac festivals were held on temporary wooden platforms ; an accident, however, which occurred in 500 B.C. induced the Athenians to begin the construction of a permanent building. This first the… ThebesTHEBES (anciently en [3aL, Thebw, or in poetry sometimes 04/3a., in modern Greek Phiva, or, according to the corrected pronunciation, Thira), one of the most interesting towns in Greece, is situated on low hilly ground of gentle slope a little north of the range of Cithieron, which divides Bceotia from Attica, and on the edge of the Bceotian plain, about 44 miles from Athens, whence it is now reac… Thecla, StTHECLA, ST, virgin, is commemorated by the Latin form of furtum called plagium). The latter would be in Church on September 23. The Breviary relates that English law an abduction under certain circumstances, but she was born of illustrious parentage at Iconium, and not a theft. On the other hand, one of two married came under the personal teaching of the apostle Paul. persons could not commit furt… TheftTHEFT is, in modern legal systems, universally treated or a wreck, or of prevention of search. No doubt the as a crime, but the conception of theft as a crime is not object of this large penalty was to induce injured persons one belonging to the earliest stage of law. To its latest to refrain from taking the law into their own hands. The period Roman law regarded theft (furtum) as a delict Twelve … ThemisTHEMIS, the Greek mythological personification of the beginning of a yet greater conflict. He resolved from custom. In Homer the word occurs both in the singular that time to make his country great, that he might be great and in the plural (themistes), with the sense of " custom," and famous himself. As he was rising to political distinc" unwritten law." But even in Homer Themis is also tion, he h… ThemistiusTHEMISTIUS, named drhpaais, or " the well-Ian- to the fleet, more, however, with a view to flight than to guaged," was a rhetorician and philosopher of the latter resistance. Salamis, too, was named in the oracle, coupled half of the 4th century. Of Paphlagonian descent, he with the epithet "divine," which Themistocles cleverly settled and taught at Constantinople. Thence he was argued portended d… ThemistoclesTHEMISTOCLES was born in the latter part of the Gth present station, Themistocles went straight to the Spartan century B. O. , some time during the rule of the Pisistratidm admiral, Eurybiades, and induced him to call another at Athens, the son of an Athenian father, Neocles, by a council. There was much angry debating, till at last the foreign woman from Thrace or Caria, A wayward, am- Spartan fe… Theobald, LewisTHEOBALD, LEWIS (1688-1744), will survive as the prime butt of the original Dunciad when as a playwright, a litterateur, a translator, and even as a Shakespearean commentator, he will be entirely forgotten. The son of an attorney, Theobald was born at Sittingbourne, in Kent, in 1688, and, after a moderate education at Isleworth, studied for the profession of law, - a profession, however, which he … TheocritusTHEOCRITUS, of Syracuse, the foremost Greek pastoral poet, lived a life of which nothing is known except from allusions in his own works. The epigram appended to his poems makes him say, " I am a Syracusan, a man of the people, a son of Praxagoras and Philinna." He must have been born early in the 3d century, among a Dorian people, whose Dorian speech survives in his rural idyls. These " little pi… TheodoraTHEODORA, the wife of the emperor JUSTINIAN (q.v.), was born probably in Constantinople, though according to some in Cyprus, in the early years of the 6th century, and died in 547. We shall first give the usually received account of her life and character, and then proceed to inquire how far this account deserves to be accepted. According to Procopius, our chief, but by no means a trustworthy auth… TheodoreTHEODORE, the name of two popes. Theodore Of MopsuestiaTHEODORE OF MOPSUESTIA, the most eminent representative of the so-called school of Antioch, the beginnings of which date from about the middle of the 3d century the school of the great exegete and ascetic, Diodorus, presbyter in Antioch, and, with only a transitory period of vacillation, he ever afterwards remained faithful to the theology and ascetic discipline of this master. Under Diodorus he b… TheodoretTHEODORET, bishop of Cyrus, and an important writer in the domains of exegesis, dogmatic theology, church history, and ascetic theology, was born in Antioch, Syria, about 390. At an early age he entered the cloister ; and in 423 he became bishop of Cyrus, or Cyrrhus, a small city between Antioch and the Euphrates; where, except for a short period of exile, he spent all the rest of his life. The da… TheodoricTHEODORIC, king of the Ostrogoths (c. 454-526). Referring to the article GOTHS for a general statement of the position of this, the greatest ruler that the Gothic nation produced, we add here some details of a more personal kind. Theodoric was born about the year 454, and was the son of Theudemir, one of three brothers who reigned over the East Goths, at that time settled in Pannonia. The day of h… Theodosia, Or KaffaTHEODOSIA, or KAFFA, a seaport and district town of Russia, situated on the east coast of Crimea, 69 miles to the east-north-east of Simpheropol. Its roadstead, which has a width of 18 miles and is never frozen, is well protected from east and west winds, and partly also from the south, but its depth is small, ranging from 11 to 14 feet and reaching 35 feet only in the middle. The want of railway … TheodosiusTHEODOSIUS, of Tripolis, a Greek geometer and astronomer, three of whose works were contained in the collection of lesser writings named '0 ticKpOs tkri-povokcoilp.evos (sc. TiSr0g), or '1.2) juKpOs durpo'vo,uos.1 Pappus of Alexandria, at the commencement of the sixth book of his vvayiiryii, speaks of this collection, the study of which is indispensable to any one who would master the science of a… TheodosiusTHEODOSIUS I., emperor of Rome, surnamed the Great, was the son of Theodosius, Valentinian's great general, who in 368-69 drove back the Picts and Scots from the Roman territories in Britain, and, after other successes on the Continent, was at last despatched to suppress the revolt of Firmus in Mauretania (372). Shortly after (376), the elder Theodosius, despite his great services, was put to deat… Theodosius IiTHEODOSIUS II. (401-450) succeeded his father Arcadius as emperor of the East in 408. Theodosius IiiTHEODOSIUS III. was the last of three emperors whose short reigns filled the interval between the death of Justinian II. and the accession of Leo the Isaurian. TheophilusTHEOPHILUS. Nicholas Alemanni, in his notes to the first edition of the Anecdota of Procopius (see PilocoPius), published in 1623, repeatedly quotes a Life of Justinian, which he attributes to "Theophilus Abbas, prieceptor Justiniani," but without telling us where he found this Life or who Theophilus was. Subsequent writers have continued to quote Theophilus from Alemanni's notes for the facts asc… TheophrastusTHEOPHRASTUS, the successor of Aristotle in the Peripatetic school, was a native of Eresus, in Lesbos. The date of his birth is a matter of inference, and has been fixed between 373 and 368 B.C. It is said that his original name was Tyrtamus, and that the name Theophrastus was given him by Aristotle on account of his eloquence, but this story is quite as likely to be an afterthought suggested by t… TheophylactTHEOPHYLACT, a well-known Biblical commentator, was born most probably at Euripus, in Eubcea, about the middle of the 11th century. TheopompusTHEOPOMPUS of Chios, a celebrated historian and rhetorician, was born about 378 B.C. In early youth he seems to have spent some time at Athens, along with his father, who had been exiled on account of his Laconian sympathies. Here he became a pupil of Isocrates, and Theopompus the bit (Cic., Brutus, ? 204). At first he appears to have composed epideictic speeches, in which he attained to such prof… TheosophyTHEOSOPHY, as its derivation implies, is a term used to denote those forms of philosophic and religious thought which claim a special insight into the Divine nature and its constitutive moments or processes. Sometimes this insight is claimed as the result of the operation of some higher faculty or some supernatural revelation to the individual; in other instances the theosophical theory is not bas… TheraTHERA, or, as it is now called, &MORIN, is a volcanic island in the .tEgean Sea, the southernmost of the group of islands, called Sporades, which intervene between the Cyclades and Crete. From the last-named island it is separated by a space of 60 miles of sea, but the lofty Cretan ranges of Dicte and Ida are clearly visible from it in fine weather. In shape Santorin forms a crescent, and ? , encl… TheramenesTHERAMENES, an Athenian who played a prominent part in the history of Athens towards the close of the Peloponnesian War and in the revolution which followed it. He was one of the conspirators who, in 411 B.c., abolished the democracy at Athens, and substituted the oligarchy of the Four Hundred. The adhesion of the army in Samos to the democracy, however, created dissensions among the oligarchs at … Theresa, StTHERESA, ST (1515-1582). Teresa de Cepeda, perhaps the favourite saint of modern Spain, was born at Avila, in Old Castile, on the 28th of March 1515, - at the very time, adds her biographer, " when Luther was secreting the poison which he vomited out two years later." She was one of a large family - eight sons and three daughters. Her father was a Spanish gentleman of good family, whose time was c… ThermodynamicsTHERMODYNAMICS. In a strict interpretation, this branch of science, sometimes called the Dynamical Theory of Heat, deals with the relations between heat and work, though it is often extended so as to include all transformations of energy. Either term is an infelicitous one, for there is no direct reference to force in the majority of questions dealt with in the subject. Even the title of Carnot's … ThermometerTHERMOMETER, an instrument for detecting and measuring differences in temperature. The name is usually restricted to instruments adapted for use at moderate temperatures; those for measuring high temperatures are termed pyrometers (see PYROMETER). Thermometry has been treated theoretically under HEAT (see vol. xi. p. 558 sq.). It here remains to trace the history of thermometers, and to describe t… Thermometers Employed For Special PurposesTHERMOMETERS EMPLOYED FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES. - Physical been made,' but in some cases sufficient precautions in the way of and Chemical IVOrIc. - For all purposes of minute accuracy where using instruments precisely similar and only dissimilarly situated thermometers are applicable standard instruments must be em- have not been observed, and the results are uncertain. A critical ployed. They must b… Theroigne De MericourtTHEROIGNE DE MERICOURT, ANNE JOSEPH (1762-1817), was born at Marcourt (from a corruption of which name she took her usual designation), a small town in Luxembourg, on the banks of the Ourthe, on 13th August 1762. She was the daughter of a well-to-do farmer, Peter Theroigne. She appears to have been well educated, having been brought up in the convent of Robermont ; she was quick-witted, strikingly… Thessalonians, Epistles To TheTHESSALONIANS, EPISTLES TO THE. Thessalonica, now SALONICA (q.v.), was in the time of the Romans the most important town of Macedonia. In consequence of its advantageous situation, on a good harbour and on the Via Egnatia, the great trade road which connected the Adriatic with the Hellespont, the town had surpassed the old capital Pella, and had indeed become one of the chief commercial centres of… ThessalyTHESSALY is the district of northern Greece which See vol. intervenes between Macedonia and the more purely xi. Plates Hellenic countries towards the south, and between the I. and upland region of Epirus and the lEgean Sea. It forms an vol, ay. irregular square, extending for about sixty miles in each pi. in. direction, and this area, which is for the most part level, is enclosed by well-marked bo… Thevenot, Jean DeTHEVENOT, JEAN DE (1633-1667), an eminent Oriental traveller, was a native of Paris, where he received his education in the college of Navarre. The perusal of works of travel 1 moved him to go abroad, and his circumstances permitted him to please himself. Leaving France in 1652, he first visited England, Holland, Germany, and Italy, and at Rome he fell in with D'Herbelot, who invited him to be his… Thian-shan, Or Celestial MountainsTHIAN-SHAN, or CELESTIAL MOUNTAINS. See ASIA (vol. ii. p. 686), SYR-DARIA, and TURKESTAN. somewhat envious scholar is wrong in saying that this was Thevenot's only visit to the ruins (Chardin, Voyages, ed. Langles, 345). See Thevenot, pt. ii. bk. 3, chap. 6. lerature sueme in German and who felt hi somewhat sense; it discriminates between what is good and what ait strangerwas to laterpr German cul… ThiersTHIERS, a town of France, chef-lieu of an arrondissement in the department of Puy-de-DOme, on the railway between Clermont and St Etienne, 24 miles east-northeast of the former town. It is most picturesquely situated on the side of a hill, at the foot of which the Durolle rapidly descends through a narrow valley into the Dore, in its turn a tributary of the Allier. The streets, rising in steep row… Thirlwall, ConnopTHIRLWALL, CONNOP (1797-1875), bishop of St David's, was born at Stepney on 11th January 1797, and was the son of the Rev. Thomas Thirlwall, at the time lecturer at St Dunstan's, Stepney, and afterwards rector of Bowers Gifford, in Essex. The family were of Northumbrian extraction. Young Connop showed the most remarkable precocity, learning Latin at three, reading Greek at four, and writing sermon… ThirskTHIRSK, a market-town in the North Riding of Yorkshire, is situated on the North Eastern Railway, and on the Codbeck, a branch of the Swale, 21 miles south of Darlington, 11 north-east of Ripon, and 210 north of London. The Codbeck is crossed by two stone bridges connecting the old and the new town. The church of St Mary, in the Perpendicular style, with parvise, chancel, nave, aisles, porch, and … ThistleTHISTLE. This term, as generally employed, is of vague application, being given to almost any herbaceous plant that is of a spiny character. More strictly, it is applied to the species of Carduus. These are Composite herbs tam), and there he was received into the house of the with very spiny leaves, and similar bracts surrounding a Orientalist Von Dietz. He was introduced to Pietistic head of purp… Thistle, Order Of TheTHISTLE, ORDER OF THE. Thistlewood Conspiracy, Or Cato StreetTHISTLEWOOD CONSPIRACY, or CATO STREET tianity. In 1825, with the aid of the Prussian Govern-CONSPIRACY, a plot formed in 1820 to murder Lord ment, he visited the libraries of England and Holland, and Castlereagh and other ministers of the British crown, and on his return was appointed professor of theology at Halle, to seize the Bank and Mansion-House and proclaim a pro- the centre of German rati… Thlrii, Or ThuricniTHLRII, or THURICNI, a city of Magna Graecia on the Gulf of Tarentum, near the site of the older SYBARIS (q.v.), but farther inland. It owed its origin to an attempt made in 452 B.C. by Sybarite exiles and their descendants to repeople their old home. The new settlement was crushed by Crotona, but the Athenians lent aid to the fugitives, and in 446, or rather in 443, Pericles sent out to Thurii a … Tholuck, Friedrich August GottreuTHOLUCK, FRIEDRICH AUGUST GOTTREU (1799-1877), Tholuck ranked amongst the foremost of his time. He German theologian and preacher, was born at Breslau, was also one of the prominent members of the Evangelical March 30, 1799, in humble circumstances. He received Alliance, and few men were more widely known or more his education at the grammar school and university of his beloved throughout the Prot… Thomas, George HenryTHOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-1870), general in the United States army, was born in Southampton county, Va., July 31, 1810. He graduated at West Point in 1840, and served on frontier duty and in the Mexican war. His fellow officers in the South unhesitatingly entered the Confederate service in 1881; but lie declared for the Federal cause. Ile was sent at first into his native State, and then to the W… Thomasius, ChristianTHOMASIUS, CHRISTIAN (1655-1728), German jurist and his mother speedily married a second time. But he and publicist, was born at Leipsic January 1, 1655, and seems to have been well cared for, and his education was educated by his father Jacob Thomasius, professor of so far from neglected that, according to his own statement, philosophy and eloquence, a learned man, and friend of he was at the age… Thomas Of CelanoTHOMAS OF CELANO, the contemporary and supposed biographer of Francis of Assisi, was born probably towards the end of the 12th century, and died about 1255. Thomas Of ErceldouneTHOMAS OF ERCELDOUNE, called also the RHYMER (c. 1225-c. 1300), occupies a prominent place as a poet and prophet in the mythical and legendary literature of Scotland. The historical person of that name figures in two charters of the 13th century, and from these it appears that he owned lands in Erceldoune (now Earlston), in Berwickshire, which were made over by his son and heir to the cloister of … Thomas, StTHOMAS, ST, one of the twelve apostles. The synoptical Gospels give only his name, associating him in their lists with Matthew (Mat. x. 3 ; Mark iii. 18 ; Luke vi. 15) ; in Acts i. 13 he is coupled with Philip. In the Gospel of John (xi. 16 ; xiv. 5 ; xx. 24 sq. ; xxi. 2) he appears in a characteristic light, full of personal devotion and ready to die with his Master, but slow to grasp the true si… Thompson, Thomas PeronnetTHOMPSON, THOMAS PERONNET (1783-1869), mathematician and political writer, was born at Hull in 1783. He was educated at the Hull grammar school, and in October 1798 entered Queens' College, Cambridge. He entered the navy as midshipman in the " Isis " in 1803, but in 1806 exchanged to the army. Through his acquaintance with Wilberforce, he was appointed governor of Sierra Leone in 1808, but was rec… ThomsonTHOMSON, JkmEs (1834-1882), author of The City of Dreadful Night, was born at Port Glasgow, in Renfrew-shire, on November 23, 1834, the eldest child of a mate in the merchant shipping service. His mother was a deeply religious woman of the Irvingite sect, and it is not improbable that it was from her the son inherited his sombre and imaginative temperament. On her death, James, then in his seventh… Thomson, JamesTHOMSON, JAMES (1700-1748), author of The Seasons, was a native of the Scottish Border country, his father being successively minister of the parishes of Ednam and Southdean, in Roxburghshire. He was born at Ednam on September 11, 1700, and was reared at a distance from the social influences and literary fashions that helped to form and fix the manner of the " classical " school, the monotony of w… Thomson, JohnTHOMSON, JOHN (1778-1840), amateur landscape painter - Thomson of Duddingston, as he is commonly styled, - was born on September 1, 1778, at Dailly, Ayrshire. his father, grandfather, and, as we are informed, great-grandfather also, were clergymen of the Church of Scotland. The father determined that his son should follow the ancestral profession, and, greatly against his natural bent, - for all h… Thomson, Sir Charles WyvilleTHOMSON, SIR CHARLES WYVILLE (1830-1882), was born at Bonsyde, Linlithgowshire, became professor of natural history in Aberdeen, Cork, Belfast, and finally Edinburgh, and will be specially remembered as a student of the biological conditions of the depths of the sea. Being interested in crinoids, and stimulated by the results of the dredgings of Sars in the deep sea off the Norwegian coasts, which… Thoreau, HenryTHOREAU, HENRY Davin (1817-1862), one of the most strongly-marked individualities of modern times, spent the greater part of his life in the neighbourhood of the place where he was born - Concord, a village town of Massachusetts, pleasantly situated some twenty miles northwest of Boston, amidst a pastoral country of placid beauty. To Thoreau this Concord country contained all of beauty and even gr… ThoriumTHORIUM, in chemistry, is the name of the as yet in the mineral now called thorite. ThornTHORN (Polish Toran), an interesting old town in the province of West Prussia, is situated on the right bank of south of Dantzic. Its position near the frontier of at one time the only permanent bridge across the lower Vistula, has been succeeded by a massive iron railway viaduct, half a mile long. Thorn carries on an active trade in grain, timber, wine, colonial wares, and iron, and has manufactu… ThornbackTHORNBACK is the name given to a species of ray (Raja clavata) which is found all round the coasts of Europe, and locally abundant ; it derives its name from the peculiar armature of the skin of its body, the upper and lower surfaces of the body of the female being armed with scattered, more or less numerous, large round osseous bucklers, each with a spine in the centre ; the tail also is armed with rows of similar bucklers. ThornhillTHORNHILL, Sin JAMES (1676-1734), historical painter, was born at Melcombe Regis, Dorset, in 1676, coming of an ancient but impoverished county family. His father died while he was young, but he was befriended by his maternal uncle, the celebrated Dr Sydenham, and apprenticed to Thomas Highmore, sergeant-painter to King William III., a connexion of the Thornhill family. Little is known regarding h… Thorwaldsen, BertelTHORWALDSEN, BERTEL (1770-4844), a very able Danish sculptor, was the son of an Icelander who had settled in Copenhagen, and there carried on the trade of a wood-carver. While very young, Bertel Thorwaldsen learnt to assist his father ; at the age of eleven he entered the Copenhagen school of art, and soon began to show his exceptional talents. In 1792 he won the highest prize, the travelling stud… Thou, Jacques Auguste DeTHOU, JACQUES AUGUSTE DE (1553-1617), sometimes known by the Latinized form TIMANUS, as his great history is by the name Thuana, was born at Paris on October 8, 1553. He belonged to a family of distinction in the Orleanais, of which the elder branch had, he tells us, been noblesse &epee, though he gives no particulars except of those who had for some generations been noblesse de robe. He and his w… Thousand And One NightsTHOUSAND AND ONE NIGHTS. The Thousand and One Nights, commonly known in English as The Arabian Nights' Entertainments, is a collection of tales written in Arabic, which first became generally known in Europe in the early part of last century through the French translation by Antoine GALLAND (q.v.), and rapidly attained such universal popularity that it is unnecessary to describe the contents of th… ThraceTHRACE is a name which was applied at various periods to areas of different extent, but for the purposes of this article it will be taken in its most restricted sense, as signifying the Roman province which was so called (Thracia, see Plate of the Roman empire in vol.1 xx.) after the district that intervened between the river Ister (Danube) and the Hmmus Mountains (Balkan) had been formed into the… ThrasybulusTHRASYBULUS, an Athenian who played a distinguished part in the latter years of the Peloponnesian War and in the restoration of the democracy at Athens. In 411 n.c., as an officer in the Athenian armament at Samos, he energetically opposed the oligarchical conspiracy of the Four Hundred, and was mainly instrumental in keeping the fleet and army loyal to the democracy and in procuring the recall of… Three RiversTHREE RIVERS, the third city of Quebec province, Canada, and capital of St Maurice county, is situated at the confluence of the rivers St Maurice and St Lawrence. The St Maurice flows in from the north, and, being divided at its mouth by two islands, the channels give the town its name. It is on the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, 78 miles south-west of Quebec, and 92 north-east of Montreal.… Throat DiseasesTHROAT DISEASES. These form a large and important class, and include some of the most serious and fatal of maladies (see CROUP and DIPHTHERIA). The present article will be devoted mainly to a general account of the more common diseases affecting the upper part of the respiratory passages, but certain morbid conditions of the back of the mouth and of the gullet will also be referred to. The diagnos… Throndhjem, Or TrondhjemTHRONDHJEM, or TRONDHJEM (DRONTHEIM), the third town of Norway, capital of the Throndhjem stift and of the South Throndhjem amt, is pleasantly situated on the southern shore of the Throndhjem fjord, at the mouth of the Nid, 348 miles by rail to the north of Christiania, in 63? 25' 52" N. lat. and 10? 33' 19" E. long. In front of the town is the islet of Munkholm, formerly a monastery and now a for… ThrushTHRUSH (A. S. prysce, Icel. prostr, Norw. Trast, 0. H. Germ. Drosce, whence the modern German Drossel, to be compared with the analogous English form THROSTLE,1 now almost obsolete, both being apparently diminutives), the name that in England seems to have been common to two species of birds, the first now generally distinguished as the Song-Thrush, but known in many districts as the Mavis,2 the s… ThucydidesTHUCYDIDES. Thucydides was the greatest historian of antiquity, and, if not the greatest that ever lived, as some have deemed him, at least the historian whose work is the most wonderful, when it is viewed relatively to the age in which he did it. The most important facts which we know about him are those which he has told us himself. It matters very little, fortunately, that the biographical mate… ThugsTHUGS. That the Sanskrit root sthag (Pali, thak), " to cover," " to conceal," was mainly applied to fraudulent concealment, appears from the noun sthaga, " a cheat," which has retained this signification in the modern vernaculars, in all of which it has assumed the form thag (commonly written thug), with a specific meaning. The Thugs were a well-organized confederacy of professional assassins, who… ThuleTHULE was the name given by Greek and Roman geographers to a land situated to the north of Britain, which they believed to be the most northerly portion of Europe, or indeed of the known world. The first writer who mentioned the name was Pytheas of 31assilia, whose' statements concerning it have been already given under the heading PYTHEAS. But it is impossible for us to determine with certainty w… Thunberg, Carl PeterTHUNBERG, CARL PETER (1743-1828), an eminent thunderstorm is developed during the formation of hail, traveller, and one of the most distinguished botanists of by others that it is due to the molecular actions which the school of Linnmus, was born in 1743. He became a accompany the diminution of total surface when two or pupil of Linnmus at the university of Upsala, where he more drops of water coa… ThunderstormTHUNDERSTORM. All the more ordinary pheno- above. Whatever be the true source of the charge, it is mena of thunderstorms had, about 1750, been conclusively easy to see, by known properties of electricity, that even traced to electrical charges and discharges (ELECTRICITY, an exceedingly small charge on each vapour particle would voL viii. p. 6), so that they could easily be reproduced on lead to a… ThuringiaTHURINGIA (Germ. Thuringen), a territorial term without modern political significance, designates, strictly speaking, only that district in Upper Saxony that is bounded by the Werra, the Harz Mountains, the Saale, and the Thuringian Forest ; but in common parlance it is frequently used as equivalent to the Thuringian states, i.e., the group of small duchies and principalities lying between Prussia…
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