ThurlesTHURLES, an ancient market-town of Ireland, in the county of Tipperary, and the seat of the Catholic archdiocese of Cashel, is pleasantly situated on the Suir, and on the Great Southern and Western Railway, 46 miles east of Limerick, 29 west from Kilkenny, and 87 southwhere was held in 1850 the synod of Thurles, composed of all the Catholic bishops of Ireland ; and an establishment of Christian Brothers, who devote themselves to the instruction of boys on the Lancastrian method. Thurlow, EdwardTHURLOW, EDWARD Tx unLow, BARON (1732-1806), was born at Bracon-Ash, in the county of Norfolk, in 1732. His father was a clergyman, and held successively the livings of Little Ashfield in Suffolk and of Stratton St Mary's in Norfolk. His mother Elizabeth was the daughter of Robert Smith of Ashfield. Thurlow received his early education at home. He was next placed under the care of Mr Brett at Seam… ThursoTHURSO, a seaport, police burgh, and burgh of barony of Caithness, Scotland, is situated at the mouth of the Thurso, on the beautiful Thurso Bay, at the northern terminus of the Highland Railway, 21 miles north-west of Wick, and 367 north of Edinburgh by rail. The new town, regularly built with broad streets and good houses, is steadily increasing in population. In Macdonald Square, now laid out w… ThymeTHYME. TibbusTIBBUS, or Tuns, a nomad race of North Africa, to about 24? E. long., and from Fezzan southwards nearly to Lake Tchad, 25? to 15? N. lat. Their westernmost settlements are the oases of Agram, Kawar, and Jebado, their northernmost the district of Qatnin within the Fezzan . nation is concentrated in the central region of Tibesti or Tu, whence they take their collective name of Tib-bu or Tu-bu, i.e.,… TiberTIBER. See ITALY, VOL xiii. pp. 438-439. TIBERIAS, now TABARiYA, a city of Palestine, on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee or Lake of Tiberias, occupies a narrow strip of plain under a hill in a feverish but fertile situation. Recent estimates place the population at from 2000 to 3000, - about half the inhabitants being Jews, and many of the latter immigrants from Poland. is a very ancient s… TibullusTIBULLUS, Au:3ms (c. 54-19 n.c.), was the second in the tetrad of the elegiac poets of Rome. As we learn from Ovid, he was the successor of Cornelius Gallus and the immediate predecessor of Propertius. The information which we possess about him is extremely meagre. Besides the poems themselves - that is to say, the first and second books - we have only a few references in later authors and a short… Ticino, Or TessinTICINO, or TESSIN, a canton of Switzerland, ranking as eighteenth in the Confederation, consists of the upper basin of the river from which it takes its name, - the Val Leventina, with the tributary valleys of Blegno and Maggio. - and farther south takes in the districts of Lugano and Mendrisio between Lakes Maggiore and Como. Its total area is 1088-2 square miles, which is exceeded by only four o… Tickell, ThomasTICKELL, THOMAS (1686-1740), English man of letters, the son of a clergyman, was born at Bridekirk, near Carlisle, in 1686. After a good preliminary education he went to Queen's College, Oxford, where in 1708 he took his degree, and of which college he was two years later elected fellow. He did not take orders, but by a dispensation from the crown was allowed to retain his fellowship until his mar… Ticknor, GeorgeTICKNOR, GEORGE (1791-1871), historian of Spanish literature, was born at Boston (Mass.), on 1st August 1791. He received his early education from his father, Elisha Ticknor, who, though at that time in business, had been principal of the local Franklin public school and was the originator both of the system of free primary schools in Boston and of the first New England savings-bank. He studied at… TiconderogaTICONDEROGA, a village and township of the United mont. Tidor, Or TidoreTIDOR, or TIDORE, an island (0? 39' N. lat. and 127? of Blue Beard entitled Peter Lebrecht and several kindred 23' E. long.) of the East Indian Archipelago, off the west works. Fair Eckbert, his masterpiece, and the master-coast of JuoLo (q.v.) and south of Ternate, is nearly cir- piece of all romantic fiction, came to him, he said, by cular in form, and has an area of about 58 square miles. inspi… Tieck, LudwigTIECK, LUDWIG (1773-1853), the most conspicuous tinned to walk in his own way. His was a susceptible figure of the German romantic school of literature, was nature, too sensitive for perfect independence. In 1798 born at Berlin on 31st May 1773. His father, a rope- he made the acquaintance of the Schlegels, and was drawn maker, was dry, sarcastic, and matter-of-fact; his mother, into their circle.… Tiedemann, FriedrichTIEDEMANN, FRIEDRICH (1781-1861), German anatomist and physiologist, the son of a philosopher and psychologist of considerable repute, was born at Cassel on 23d August 1781. He graduated in medicine at Marburg in 1804, but soon abandoned practice owing to disappointment at his failure to check his father's last illness. Repelled on the one hand by the brilliant but unsubstantial discourses of Sche… T'ientsinT'IENTSIN is the largest commercial city in Chih-li, the metropolitan province of China. It is situated in 39? 7' N. lat. and 117? 11' E. long., at the junction of the Peiho and the Wan-ho, which is connected by the Grand Canal with the Yang-tsze-kiang. It is a prefectural city, and the residence of the viceroy of the province during a great portion of the year. The town is built on a vast" alluvi… Tierra Del FuegoTIERRA DEL FUEGO, a large archipelago at the southern extremity of South America, from which it is separated by Magellan Strait, at the Narrows and oth6r points scarcely a mile wide. The group lies between 52? 40' and 55? 59' S. lat. and 63? 30' and 74? 35' W. long. stretching nearly in a line with the Patagonian Andes for over 400 miles north-west and south-east, between Capes Pillar and Horn, an… TiffinTIFFIN, a city of the United States, in Seneca county (of which it is the county seat), Ohio, stands upon the Sandusky river, in 41? 7' N. lat., 83? 11' W. long., 42 miles south-east of Toledo. TiflisTIFLIS, capital of the province of the same name and of Russian Caucasia, is picturesquely situated (44? 48' E. long., 41? 42' N. lat.) at the foot of high mountains, on both banks of the river Ktir, some 500 feet above the level of the Black Sea. The heat in summer is excessive, owing to the confined position ; but the surrounding hills (1350 to 2400 feet) shelter the town effectively from the co… TigerTIGER. Although this name is often applied by settlers and sportsmen to several of the larger Feliclx, as the leopard of Africa and the jaguar of America, it should properly be restricted to the well-known striped species of Asia, Felis tigris of Linnaeus, an animal which is only rivalled by the lion in size, strength, and ferocity among the cat like beasts of prey. It is a true cat on a large sca… Tigranes, Or DikraiiTIGRANES, or DIKRAII, a name borne by several kings of ancient Armenia. According to the legend of the Armenians, the first of these kings was the Tigranes who in Xenophon's romance appears as the schoolfellow of. Cyrus, and to him they ascribe the foundation of Tigranocerta (Dikranagerd) on the Tigris. But in reality, as classical writers relate, this city was built by the first historical Tigran… TigrisTIGRIS,1 the shorter of the two large rivers rising in The Tigris is the Hiddekel of the Bible, the Diklat or Idiklat of the cuneiform monuments. The old Persian form Tigrt (" swift as an arrow"), whence Tigris, seems to be connected etymologically with the highlands of Armenia and Kurdistan, and (when turned southward) running each its own independent course to the Persian Gulf. Like the Euphrate… Tilburg, Or TilborgTILBURG, or TILBORG, a town of Holland, in the province of North Brabant, 13 miles to the east-south-east of Breda, contains numerous and extensive woollen-factories, employing from 5000 to 6000 persons, and also some calico-printing establishments. Tilden, Samuel JonesTILDEN, SAMUEL JONES (1814-1886), American statesman, was born at New Lebanon, New York, on the 9th of February 1814. He studied at Yale and at the university of New York, but ill-health prevented him from finishing his course. He studied law and rose rapidly to the first rank at the New York bar. From boyhood he had had a fondness for politics, but had sacrificed it to the practice of law. After … TilesTILES (Saxon tigel, connected with Lat. tegula) are used for a great variety of architectural purposes, such as covering roofs, floors, and walls, and are made of many different materials. In Egypt and Assyria temples and palaces were mostly roofed with stone, while inferior buildings had flat roofs covered with beaten clay. See Cockerell, Temples of -Egina and Bassw, London, 1860. at the lower ed… Tillemont, Stbastien Le Nain DeTILLEMONT, StBASTIEN LE NAIN DE (1637-1698), weapons with some skill against "atheism" and "Popery." ecclesiastical historian, was born at Paris on 30th Novem- In 1663 he published a characteristic sermon on "The ber 1637, and received his education in the "petites ecoles" Wisdom of being Religious," and in 1666 replied to of the Port Royalists, Nicole being his principal master. Sergeant's Sure F… Tillotson, JohnTILLOTSON, JOHN (1630-1694), archbishop of Can- was appointed to appear before the privy council; but his terbury, was the son of a Puritan clothier in Sowerby, explanations were regarded as satisfactory, the chief suspicions in connexion with the speech resting on Burnet. Yorkshire, where he was born in October 1630. He entered as a pensioner of Clare Hall, Cambridge, in 1647, Tillotson afterward… Tilly, Johann TserclaesTILLY, JOHANN TSERCLAES, COUNT OF (1559-1632), a famous general, was born in February 1559 at the chateau of Tilly in Brabant. It was originally intended that he should become a priest, and he was strictly educated by the Jesuits. He preferred, however, the life of a soldier, and began his military career in the Netherlands, under under Duke Philip Emmanuel of Lorraine greatly distin'to withdraw f… TilsitTILSIT, a commercial town of East Prussia and the capital of Prussian Lithuania, is situated on the left bank of the Memel or Niemen, 52 miles south-east of the town of Memel and 60 north-east of Konigsberg. The town is spacious, and has a number of handsome modern buildings, including a town-house, post-office, law-courts, and a large hospital. It contains three Protestant churches, a Roman Catho… Timbuktu, Or TimbuctooTIMBUKTU, or TIMBUCTOO (Sonrhai, Timbutu; Berber, Tumbutku ; Arab, Tin-buktu), a city of the Sahara, on the southern verge of the desert, in 18? 4' N. lat. and 1? 45' , W. long., at the north-east extremity of the Fulah state of Moassina (Massina), 9 miles north of its riverine port Kabara, on the left bank of the Niger, at the confluence of the numerous branches of the Joliba (upper Niger) where … Time, Measurement OfTIME, MEASUREMENT OF. Time is measured by SUCcessive phenomena recurring at regular intervals. The 'only astronomical phenomenon which rigorously fulfils this condition, and the most striking one, - the apparent daily revolution of the celestial sphere caused by the rotation of the earth, - has from the remotest antiquity been employed as a measure of time. The interval between two successive retu… TimoleonTIMOLEON. The life of Timoleon, one of the noblest and most interesting of the men of old Greece, is closely bound up with the history of SICILY (q.v.), and more particularly of SYRACUSE (q.v.), in the latter half of the 4th century B.C. It is as the champion of Greece against Carthage, and of constitutional government against violence and oppression, that he stands out as such a grand figure. His… TimonTIMON of Athens, a noted misanthrope, lived during the Peloponnesian War. TimonTIMON of Phlius, the well-known sillograph and sceptic philosopher, flourished about 280 B.C. He studied philosophy under Stilpo the Megarian and Pyrrho of Eli; the famous sceptic. Thereafter he spent some time in Chalcedon, where he made a fortune by teaching and lecturing. The rest of his life was passed chiefly at Athens, where he died at an advanced age. The writings of Timon, if we may trust … TimorTIMOR, an island of the East Indian Archipelago, the easternmost and largest of the lesser Sundanese group, stretching south-west and north-east for 300 miles between 8? 40' and 10? 40' S. lat. and 123? 30' and 127? E. long. It kas a mean breadth of CO mile; an area of over 11,000 square miles, and a population roughly estimated at about 500,000. Timor lies in deep water a little to the west of th… Timor LautTIMOR LAUT ("Seaward Timor "), called also TEN-MISER, an insular group in the Fast Indian Archipelago, forming the central and largest link in a double chain of islands which stretches from Timor through Kei and Aru to New Guinea. It lies nearly midway between Timor and Aru, and forms, not one continuous mass, as used to be supposed, but a group of three large islands, - Yamdena in the centre, sep… TimotheusTIMOTHEUS, a distinguished Athenian general, was a son of Conon, who restored the walls of Athens. To the military qualities of his father he added a love of letters, which found scope in his friendship with Isocrates. The considerable fortune which he inherited from his father seems to have been exhausted by him in the public service. In 375 B.C. the Athenians, then at war with Sparta, sent Timot… TimotheusTIMOTHEUS, a celebrated Greek musician and poet, was a native of Miletus, and died, according to the Parian marble, in 357 or 356 B.C., at the age of ninety. Timothy, Or TimotheiisTIMOTHY, or TIMOTHEIIS (Acts xvi. 1, xvii. 14, &c.), a Lycaonian, the son of a Gentile father but of a Jewish mother, Eunice (2 Tim. i. 5), became a disciple of Paul at the time of his visit to Derbe and Lystra, and in deference to Jewish feeling was circumcised. He accompanied the apostle on many of his journeys, and was employed by him on important missions (1 Thess. iii. 2 ; 1 Cor. iv. 17, xvi.… TimurTIMUR. TIMIIR BEY or TIMI1R LANG (Timur i Lev), " the lame Timur " - vulgarized into TAMERLANE - the renowned Oriental conqueror, was born in 1336 at Kesh, better known as Shahr-i-Sabz, "the green city," situated some 50 miles south of Samarkand in Transoxiana. His father Teragai was head of the tribe of Berlas. Great-grandson of Karachar Nevian (minister of Jagatai, son of Jenghiz Khan, and comma… Tindal, MattTINDAL, MATT= (1656-17 33), one of the ablest and most popular of the English deists, the son of a clergyman, was born at Beer Ferris, Devonshire, in 1656. He studied law at Lincoln College, Oxford, where he came under the influence of the High Churchman George Hickes, dean of Worcester ; and in his twenty-second year he was elected fellow of All Souls College, and held his fellowship till his dea… Tinne, AlexandrineTINNE, ALEXANDRINE (1839-1869), African traveller, born at The Hague on 17th October 1839, was the daughter of an English merchant and his wife, Baroness van Steengracht-Capellen. Her father died when she was five years old, leaving her the richest heiress in the Netherlands. After travelling in Norway, Italy, and the East, and visiting Egypt, when she ascended the Nile to near the equator, Mademo… TinnevelliTINNEVELLI, chief and largest town of the above district, is situated 1 miles from the left bank of the Tambraparni in 8? 43' 47" N. lat. and 77? 43' 49" E. long. Tinnevelli, Or TinavellyTINNEVELLI, or TINAVELLY, a district of British India, in the Madras presidency, lying between 8? 9' and 9? 56' N. lat. and 77? 16' and 78? 27' E. long. It has an area of 5381 square miles, and a coast-line of nearly 100 miles. Madura district bounds it on the N. and N.E., on the S. and S.E. the Gulf of Mannar, and on the W. the southern Ghats. Tinnevelli is a large plain, with an average elevatio… TipperahTIPPERAH, a district of British India, in the Chittagong division of the lieutenant-governorship of Bengal, situated between 23? 0' and 24? 16' N. lat. and 90? 36' and 91? 39' E. long., with an area of 2491 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by Maimansinh and Sylliet, on the S. by Noakhalf, on the W. by the river Meghna, separating it from Maimansinh, Dacca, and Bakarganj, and on the E. by the … TipperaryTIPPERARY, an inland county of Ireland, in the province of Munster, is bounded N.W. by Galway, N.E. by King's county, E. by Queen's County and Kilkenny, S. by Waterford, and W. by Cork, Limerick, Clare, and Galway. Its greatest length north to south, from the confluence of the Little Brosna and the Shannon to the Knockmealdown Mountains, is 70 miles, and its greatest breadth west and east 40. The … TipperaryTIPPERARY, a market town in the above county, is beautifully situated near the base of the Slieve-na-muck or Tipperary Hills, a branch of the Galtee range, on the Waterford and Limerick Railway, 3 miles south-east of Limerick junction and 110 south-west of Dublin. It contains a handsome Protestant church, a Catholic chapel, an endowed grammar-school, a town-hall, and a new corn and butter market. … Tippoo SahibTIPPOO SAHIB (1749-1799), sultan_ of Mysore, was the son of HYDER Au (q.v.), and was bOrn in 1749. He received a careful Mohammedan education, and was instructed in military tactics by the French officers in the employment of his father. In 1767 in the invasion of the Carnatic he commanded a corps of cavalry, and he subsequently distinguished himself in the Mahratta War of 1775-79. On the outbreak… TiptonTIPTON, a town of England, in Staffordshire, is situated in the valley of the Stour, on the London and North-Western Railway, 41 miles south-east of Wolverhampton and 121 north-west of London. It is built in a somewhat scattered and irregular manner, with coal-pits and iron and other works interspersed. Branches of the Birmingham Canal supply it with water communication. It depends chiefly on its … TiresiasTIRESIAS, a famous Theban seer of Greek legend, was a son of Everes and Chariclo, and a descendant of Lrdmus, one of the men who had sprung up from the serpent's teeth sown by Cadmus. He was blind, for which various causes were alleged. Some said that the gods had blinded him because he had revealed to men what they ought not to know. Others said that Athene (or Artemis) blinded him because he had… Tirhut, Or TirhootTIRHUT, or TIRHOOT, a district of British India, was formerly the largest and most populous in Bengal. On 1st January 1875 it was divided into the two districts of Darbhangah and Mum ffarpur. For the latter, see MuzAFFARPIIII. The former, with an area of 3335 square miles, lies between 25? 30' and 26? 40' N. lat. and 85? 34' and 86? 46' E. long., and is bounded on the N. by Nepal, on the E. by Bha… TirlemontTIRLEMONT (Flem. Thienen), a town of Belgium, in the province of Brabant, 292 miles by rail to the east of Brussels, on the Great Geete. The old walls, dismantled since 1804, are nearly 6 miles in circuit, but enclose a large extent of arable and garden ground. The streets are regular, and there are some spacious squares ; the market-place contains the town-hall, recently restored, and the church … TirynsTIRYNS, the Tipvvs retxuSco-cra of Homer (Ii., u. 559), was a small Peloponnesian city, in the prehistoric period of the Achaan race, long before the Dorian immigration. It stood on a small rock in the marshy plain of Argolis, about 3 miles from the sea, and was fabled to have been founded by King Prcetus, the brother of Acrisius, who was succeeded by the hero Perseus. It was the scene of the earl… TischendorfTISCHENDORF,4 LoBEGorr FRIEDRICH KONSTANTIN (1815-1874), an eminent Biblical critic, the son of a physician, was born on 18th January 1815 at Lengenfeld, near Plauen, in the Saxon Voigtland. From the gymnasium at Plauen he passed in 1834 to the university of Leipsic, where he was mainly influenced by Winer, and began to take special interest in New Testament criticism In 1840 he qualified as unive… TisioTISIO, or Tisi, BE:TV-EMIT? (1481-155), commonly called IL GAROFALO, a painter of the Ferrarese school. TitaniumTITANIUM (atomic weight I = 48.08, 0= 16), designates in chemistry a relatively rare element, which is customarily classed with the metals, although it comes nearer in its character to silicon than to any of the ordinary metals. Its discovery as an element was due to William Gregor, who found in the mineral menaccanite a new earth, which was regarded as the oxide of a new metal, menachin. Independ… TitansTITANS, powerful beings of Greek mythology, the children of Sky and Earth. According to Hesiod, the male Titans were Oceanus, Coeus, Crius, Hyperion, Iapetus, and consignment of the Titans to Tartarus by Zeus, see MYTHOLOGY, vol. xvii. p. 155, and SATURN, vol. xxi. p. 320 sq. TITHES. It has been explained in SACRIFICE (vol. to the deity in acknowledgment of the fruits of the land, (Deut. xiv. 28, … TithonusTITHONUS, a character of Greek mythology, a son or, according to others, a brother of Laomedon, king of Troy. He was beloved by Eos (the Morning), who carried him away and dwelt with him at the limit of the world, by the Ocean stream. Eos begged of Zeus that her lover might live for ever, and her request was granted ; but she forgot to ask immortal youth for him, so he shrivelled up into a hideous… TitianTITIAN (1477-1576). Tiziano Vecellio, or Vecelli, one of the greatest painters of the world, and in especial the typical representative of the Venetian school, was commonly called during his lifetime "Da Cadore," from the place of his birth, and has also been designated " Il Divino." The country of Cadore, in the Friuli, barren and poor, is watered by the Piave torrent poured forth from the Carnic… Titles Of HonourTITLES OF HONOUR are words and phrases used for marking and distinguishing the rank or station of the persons to whom they are assigned and appropriated. Whatever may have been their actual or verbal origin, it is certain that among nations which have made any considerable progress in civilization their immediate derivation has been in the great majority of cases from some kind of public office or… TitmouseTITMOUSE (Anglo-Saxon Maze and Tytmase, German Dieise, Swedish Hes, Dutch .diees, French liesange), the name' long in use for several species of small English birds, which are further distinguished from one another by some characteristic appellation. These go to make up the genus Pants of Linnmus, and with a very uncertain number of other genera form the Family Paricke of modern ornithology. Its l… TitusTITUS. By this, his Roman prmnomen, is usually known the eleventh of the Twelve Cmsars, TITUS FLAVIUS SABINUS VESPASL4NUS, emperor from 79 to 81 A.D. With his ?father Irespasian, who rose to empire from the camp, began the Flavian line of emperors, the last three Cmsars. Titus was born in 40, the year of the assassination of the fourth Csar, Caius Caligula, and was brought up in the household of C… TitusTITUS, one of the companions of St Paul, was of Greek origin (Gal. ii. 3), and appears to have -been among the apostle's earliest converts ; he is first mentioned (Gal. ii. 1) as having accompanied Paul, then in the course of his second missionary journey, from Antioch to Jerusalem. Here the Judaizing brethren desired that he should be circumcised; but the liberty of the gospel was successfully ma… TitusvilleTITUSVILLE, a city of the United States, in Crawford county, Pennsylvania, in 41? 38' N. lat. and 79? 42' W. long., stands upon Oil Creek, in the midst of the oil region of north-western Pennsylvania. TivertonTIVERTON, a borough of Devonshire, England, is finely situated in the midst of beautiful scenery at the confluence of the Lowman and the Exe, 14i miles north of Exeter and 184 west-south-west of London. A branch line connects it with the Great Western, and the Exe Valley Railway with Exeter and Dulverton. The greater part of the town is on the left bank of the Exe ; the four principal streets are … TivoliTIVOLI (Lat. Tibur), a town of Italy, situated 17 miles east-north-east of Rome on one of the spurs of Monte Ripoli, 830 feet above the sea. Its position is very striking and beautiful ; it stands partly at the edge of the lofty cliff over which the river Anio falls in a most imposing mass of water. The present aspect of the fall is very different from what it was in ancient times, as the water ha… TlaxcalaTLAXCALA (Tlaxcala, i.e., " House of Bread "), an historical city of Mexico, capital of the state of Tlaxcala, which nearly coincides with the old native republic of Tlaxcala, occupying the easternmost of the four sections into which the Anahuac plateau is here divided by ranges of hills, between 19? and 20? N. lat. The modern town, standing on the site of the old Indian capital, lies (in 19' 19' … Tlemcen, Or TilimsanTLEMCEN, or TILIMSAN, a town of Algeria, chef-lieu of an arrondissement in the department of Oran, lies 86 miles S.W. of Oran, 2625 feet above the sea, on a terrace on the northern slope of a range of rocky hills (3430 feet). Its white minarets, towers, and battlements rise picturesquely above the surrounding verdure, which is nourished by numerous springs, and even in ancient days gave rise to th… TlnamouTLNAMOU, the name given in Guiana to a certain bird as stated in 1741 by Barrere (France Equinoxiale, p. 138), from whom it was taken and used in a more general sense by Buffon (Hist. _Sat. Oiseaux, iv. p. 502). In 1783 Latham (Synopsis, ii. p. 724) adopted it as English, and in 1790 (Index, ii. p. 633) Latinized it Tinamus, as the name of a new and distinct genus. The " Tinamou " of Barrere has b… ToadTOAD. This animal belongs to the Anurous division of the Amphibia, and toads and frogs are the only representatives of the A aura or Batrathia indigenous to Britain. To an ordinary observer the toad is proved to be an amphibian by its moist soft skin, an anuran or tailless amphibian by the want of a separate tail. The toad differs from the frog in the following points : - It has no teeth on either… TobaccoTOBACCO consists of the leaves of several species of Nicotiana (nat. ord. Solanacece), variously prepared for use as a narcotic. While it is principally manufactured for smoking, a large amount is also prepared for chewing, and to a more limited extent it is taken in the form of snuff. Under one or other of these forms the use of tobacco is more widely spread than is that of any other narcotic or … TobagoTOBAGO, the most southerly of the Windward group of British West Indian Islands (11? 9' N. lat., 60? 12' W. long.), 20 miles north-east from Trinidad, is 26 miles in length and 72 at its greatest breadth, with an area of 114 square miles (73,313 acres). Its formation is volcanic, and the physical aspect irregular and picturesque, with conical hills and ridges ; the main ridge is 1800 feet high and… Tobit, The 1300kTOBIT, THE 1300K or, one of the Old Testament apocrypha, relates with many marvellous circumstances the virtues, trials, and final deliverance of Tobit, a pious Israelite who was carried to Nineveh in the captivity of the ten tribes, and, after rising into favour and wealth as a trader at the royal court, was reduced to poverty because he habitually buried those of his nation whom the tyrant slew … TobolskTOBOLSK, a government of Western Siberia, having the Arctic Ocean on the N., Archangel, Vologda, Perm, and Orenburg on the W., Akmolinsk and Semipalatinsk on the S., and Tomsk and Yeniseisk on the E., is one of the largest provinces of the Russian empire, occupying nearly 7 per cent. (531,980 square miles) of its total area. It borders on the Arctic Ocean, from the river Kara to the Bay of the Ghi… TobolskTOBOLSK, capital of the above government, is situated on the right bank of the Irtish, near its junction with the Tobot. It is 1535 miles from Moscow, and since the alteration of the course of the great Siberian highroad from Tyumeii to Tomsk it has become an out-of-the-way place, and is no longer either capital of Western Siberia aspect, with its kreml, or stone walls, built on a crag 200 feet hi… Tocqueville, Alexis Henri Charles CiierelTOCQUEVILLE, ALEXIS HENRI CHARLES CIIEREL, COMTE DE (1805-1859), was born at Verneuil on July 29, 1805. His family on the father's side were of good descent, and distinguished both in the law and in arms, while his mother was the granddaughter of Malesherbes. Alexis de Tocqueville was brought up for the bar, or, rather, according to the division of that profession in France, for the bench, and bec… TodmordenTODMORDEN, a market-town of England, partly in Lancashire but chiefly in the West Riding of Yorkshire, stands on the Calder, on the Rochdale Canal, and on the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway,13 miles west of Halifax, 9 north of Rochdale, and 2071 north-north-west of London. It lies in three valleys amidst scenery originally romantic, and still in part retaining that characteristic. The town-hall … TodyTODY, Pennant's rendering (Gen. Birds, pp. 15, 61) through the French Todier of Brisson (Ornithologie, iv. p. 528) of the somewhat obscure Latin word Todue,1 not unhappily applied in 1756 by Patrick Browne (Civ. and Nat. Hist. Jamaica, p. 476) to a little bird remarkable for its slender legs and small feet, the "Green Sparrow" or In Foreellini's Lexicon (ed. De Vit, 1875) we find " Todus genus pa… Togo-landTOGO-LAND, one of the portions of the African continent under the protection of the German empire. It forms part of the territory on the west coast formerly distinguished as the Slave Coast, and is bounded on the E. by Little Popo, on the S.W. by the British Gold Coast Colony, and on the N.W. by the still independent territory of the Anlo tribes. The coast-line is only 22 miles in length, and with… TokatTOKAT, a decayed provincial town of Turkey, in the vilayet of Sivas, and capital of the upper basin of the Iris (Yeschil Irmak), is a poorly-built place of about 10,000 inhabitants, in a hot, narrow valley, dominated by the ruins of a Byzantine castle, and surrounded by gardens watered by the Iris. Tokay, Or TokajTOKAY, or TOKAJ, a small town in the county of Zemplen, in the north-east of Hungary, at the influx of the Bodrog into the Tisza, in 48? 7' N. lat., 21? 4' E. long. TokioTOKIO, formerly called YEDO, the present capital of the empire of Japan, is situated in 35? 41' N. lat. and 139? 46' E. long., at the head of the bay of the same name, on the south-east coast of Hondo (mainland), the largest of the group of Japanese islands. It is connected with the seaport of Yokohama by a railway 18 miles in length. The bay of Tokio is shallow, and therefore not well suited for … Toland, JohnTOLAND, JOHN (1670-1722), or Janus Junius, as his sponsors are said to have named him, usually described as a chief leader of the English deists, was born November 30, 1670 or 1671, in the north of Ireland, near Londonderry. He was the son, perhaps illegitimate, of Catholic parents, and was brought up in their faith. But in his fifteenth year he became a zealous Protestant, and in 1687 he passed f… ToledoTOLEDO, the capital of the above province, and once of the whole of Spain, stands upon a circle of seven hills, 2400 feet above the sea, and washed on three sides by the Tagus. It is 37 miles west-south-west of Madrid. The river is spanned by two fine stone bridges, - the Alcantara, a Moorish bridge of a single arch, giving entrance to the city from the east, and the other, that of San Martin, fro… ToledoTOLEDO, a province of Spain, in New Castile, is bounded on the N. by Avila and Madrid, on the E. by Cuenca, on the S. by Ciudad Real, and on the W. by Caceres, and has an area of 5620 square miles. The surface is throughout lofty, and in a great part of its extent mountainous. Towards the centre, indeed, there are extensive plains or tablelands, but the whole of the south and east is occupied by t… ToledoTOLEDO, a city of the United States, the county seat of Lucas county, Ohio, is situated in 41? 40' N. lat. and 83? 33' W. long., chiefly upon a peninsula between the Maumee on the south and the Ottawa upon the north, just above their points of discharge into Maumee Bay, and 5 miles from Lake Erie. A small part of it, formerly known as Maumee City, lies south of the Maumee. Toledo includes an area … TollTOLL is a sum of money paid for the use and enjoyment of a privilege. In England it is now always or almost always a sum of money; but formerly tolls in kind were not unknown. An instance is afforded by the Act of 36 Geo. III. c. 85, substituting a money payment for tolls of corn in kind taken by millers, with an exception in favour of tolls taken by custom in soke mills. Such customary tolls, if … TolucaTOLUCA, or ToLoccAN, a city of Mexico, the capital of the state of Mexico, on the Mexican National Railway, 45 miles south-west from the federal capital. It lies on the west side of the Anahuac tableland, at the foot of Mount San Miguel de Tutucuitlalpillo, at an elevation of 8653 feet above the sea, being the highest town in the republic next to the mining station of Ameca-meca (which is 8800 fee… Tompa, MihalyTOMPA, MIHALY (= MICHAEL) (1817-1868), one of the best and tenderest Hungarian lyric poets, was born in years, he removed to Kelemdr, and four years later to Hanva, in the county of Borsod, where he remained till his death in 1868. At the age of four-and-twenty Tompa published his first poems in the Athemeum, which soon procured for him a high reputation. His first volume, Ne'pregek is .Wipmonddk … TomskTOMSK, capital of the above government, is situated on the Tom at its confluence with the Ushaika, 27 miles above its junction with the Ob, and 2377 miles from Moscow. It is one of the chief cities of Siberia, second only to Irkutsk in population and trade importance. The great Siberian highway from Tyumeli to Irkutsk passes through Tomsk, and it is the terminus of the navigation by steamer froni … TomskTOMSK, a government of Western Siberia, extending from the Chinese frontier to 60? N. lat., is bounded by Tobolsk on the N.W., by Yeniseisk on the N.E., by the Chinese province of Khobdo on the S.E., and by Semipalatinsk on the S.W. Its area, 329,040 square miles, is fully one and a half times that of France. The surface is most varied, including in the south-east the high alpine tracts of the Alt… Tong-king, Tung-king, TonquinTONG-KING, TUNG-KING, TONQUIN, or, as it is called see vol. by the Annamese, BONG-KING, consists of that portion of xxi. P1. Annam between 18? N. lat. and the frontiers of the 1X. Chinese provinces of Kwang-se and Yun-nan, with an area of 60,000 square miles. On the W. it is bounded by the Tran-ninh range, which forms the limit of the Lao states, and on the E. by the sea. In shape it resembles, ro… Tonnage And PoundageTONNAGE AND POUNDAGE were customs duties anciently imposed upon exports and imports, the former being a duty upon all wines imported in addition to prisage and butlerage, the latter a duty imposed ad valorem at the rate of twelvepence in the pound on all merchandise imported or exported. The duties were levied at first by agreement with merchants (poundage in 1302, tonnage in 1347), then granted b… Tonnage, Register TonnageTONNAGE, REGISTER TONNAGE, or INTERNATIONAL REGISTER TONNAGE, is the unit on which the assessment of dues and charges on shipping is based. The system at present in force is known as the Moorsom system. A register ton is 100 cubic feet of internal volume. Thus a vessel of 100,000 cubic feet of internal space within the points of measurements prescribed by the law is 1000 tons register. Vessels are… Tonqua BeanTONQUA BEAN. TonsureTONSURE. The reception of the tonsure, in the Roman Catholic Church, is the initial ceremony which marks admission to orders and to the rights and privileges of clerical standing. It is administered by the bishop with an appropriate ritual. Candidates for the rite must have been confirmed, be adequately instructed in the elements of the Christian faith, and be able to read and write. Those who hav… TontineTONTINE. This system of life insurance owes its name to Lorenzo Tonti, an Italian banker, born at Naples early in the 17th century, who settled in France about 1650. In 1653 he proposed to Cardinal Mazarin a new scheme he had devised for promoting a public loan. His plan was to the following effect. A total of 1,025,000 livres was to be subscribed in ten portions of 102,500 livres each by ten clas… Tooke, John HorneTOOKE, JOHN HORNE (1736-1812), an ardent politician and an erudite philologer, was the third son of John Horne, a poulterer in Newport Market, whose business the son, when a pupil at Eton with other boys of a more aristocratic position, in early life happily veiled under the title of a "Turkey merchant." He was born in Newport Street, Long Acre, Westminster, on 25th June 1736. Some portion of his … TopazTOPAZ. It appears that the stone described by ancient writers under the name of ToraZos, in allusion to its occurrence on the island of Topazion in the Red Sea, was the mineral which we now know as the chrysolite or PERIDOTE (q.v.). The topaz of modern mineralogists was unknown to the ancients. Topaz occurs either crystallized, in association with granitic rocks, or in the form of rolled pebbles i… TopekaTOPEKA, a city of the United States, the county seat of Shawnee county and the capital of the State of Kansas, is situated (39? 3' N. lat. and 95? 39' W. long.) for the most part upon the south bank of the Kansas or Kaw river, upon a level prairie bench considerably elevated above the river. A small portion, known locally as North Topeka, lies upon the north side of the river. Besides the State ca… TorcelloTORCELLO, a small island 6 miles north-east of Venice, now almost deserted, but once a place of much importance. Torcello was one of the parent islands from which Venice was colonized, and possessed a cathedral church long before St Mark's was founded. In the 11th century Torcello had already begun rapidly to decline. The existing cathedral of S. Maria is a building of the highest ecclesiological … TorgaiiTORGAII, a fortified town in the Prussian province of Saxony, is situated on the left bank of the Elbe, 30 miles north-east of Leipsic and 26 miles south-east of Witten berg. Its most conspicuous building is the Schloss Hartenfels, on an island in the Elbe, begun in 1481 and completed in 1544 by the elector John Frederick the Magnanimous. This castle is one of the largest Renaissance buildings in … TorontoTORONTO, the capital of the province of Ontario and the second largest city in the Dominion of Canada, is situated on a large and finely sheltered bay on the north shore of Lake Ontario, between the rivers Don and Humber. TorpedoTORPEDO. Torpedoes may be briefly described as charges of some explosive agent, enclosed in water-tight cases, and moored or propelled under water at such depths that by their explosion they may sink or seriously damage a vessel in their vicinity. The use of torpedoes in naval warfare was proposed and even attempted in the end of the last and beginning of the present century, but no successful app… TorquayTORQUAY, a watering-place of England, is finely situated on the northern recess of Tor Bay, Devonshire, and on the Dartmouth and Torbay branch of the Great Western Railway, 12 miles north of Dartmouth, 23 south of Exeter, and 220 west-south-west of London. Owing to the beauty of its site and the equability of its climate, it is the favourite watering-place of Devon, and, being screened by lofty hi… Torquemada, Juan DeTORQUEMADA, JUAN DE (1388-1468), or rather JOHAN:TES DE TURRECREMATA, cardinal, was born at Valladolid in 1388, and at an early age joined the Dominican order, early distinguishing himself for learning and devotion. In 1415 he accompanied the general of his order to the council of Constance, whence he proceeded to Paris for study, and took his doctor's degree in 1423. After teaching for some time … Torquemada, Tomas DeTORQUEMADA, TOMAS DE, inquisitor-general for Castile and Leon, was born early in the 15th century, and died in 1498. Torre AnnunziataTORRE ANNUNZIATA, a town of Italy, in the province of Naples, 121 miles south-east from that city, on the Bay of Naples, at the southern base of Vesuvius. Torre Del GrecoTORRE DEL GRECO, a town of Italy, in the province of Naples, 71 miles to the south-east of that city, lies at the south-west foot of Vesuvius, on the shore of the Bay of Naples. Torrey, JohnTORREY, JOHN (1796-1873), a distinguished American botanist, was a member of an old New England family which contributed several officers to the War of Independence. He was born at New York, and spent his school days there, save for the concluding year at Boston. When he was 15 or 16 years of age his father received a prison appointment at Greenwich, and there he made the acquaintance of Amos Eato… Torricelli, EvangelistaTORRICELLI, EVANGELISTA (1608-1647), physicist and mathematician, was born at Faenza, October 15, 1608. Left fatherless at an early age, he was carefully educated under the care of his uncle, a Camaldolese monk, who in 1627 sent him to Rome to profit by the scientific teachings of Benedetto Castelli. The perusal of Galileo's Dialoghi delle Nuove Scienze (1638) inspired his fertile mind with many f… Torrigiano, PietroTORRIGIANO, PIETRO (c. 1470-1522), a Florentine sculptor, was, according to Vasari, one of the group of talented youths who studied art under the patronage of Lorenzo the Magnificent in Florence. Ben. Cellini, reporting a conversation with Torrigiano, relates that he and Michelangelo, while both young, were copying the frescos in the Carmine chapel, when some slighting remark made by Michelangelo … TorshokTORSHOK, a district town of Russia, in the government of Tver, on the river Tvertsa, 38 miles by rail to the south-west of the Ostashkovo station of the St Petersburg and Moscow railway. TortTORT, as a word of art in the law of England and the United States, is the name of civil wrongs (not being merely breaches of contract) for which there is a remedy by action in courts of common law jurisdiction. It may be said to correspond approximately to the term "delict" in Roman law and the systems derived from it. But this is only a rough approximation. For in English usage tort includes, no… TortoiseTORTOISE. Of the three names generally used for this order of reptiles, viz., Tortoise, Turtle, and Terrapin, the first is derived from the old French word tortis, i.e., twisted, and was probably applied first to the common European species on account of its curiously bent forelegs. Turtle is believed to be a corruption of the same word, but the origin of the name terrapin is unknown : since the t… TortoiseshellTORTOISESHELL. The tortoiseshell of commerce other to the extent of one-third of their whole size, and which dates from 1317, has its Gothic character disguised hence they attain a large size, reaching in the largest to 8 by a classical facade with Ionic pillars and much tasteless the plates of the plastron, or belly, are of inferior value, some of the precious marbles with which the chapels are h… TortonaTORTONA, a town of Italy, in the province of Ales- tion of his life, - in the language of Bentham, an afflictive as sandria, on the right bank of the Scrivia, at the northern opposed to a simple punishment. Thus the unnecessary foot of the Apennines, 13 miles to the east of Alessandria, sufferings endured in English prisons before the reforms was formerly a place of strength until its fortificatio… TortosaTORTOSA, a fortified city of Spain, in the province of ordeal or trial by battle. Speaking generally, torture may Tarragona, and 40 miles by rail to the south-west of that 1 But even in these countries, whatever the law was, torture certainlytown, is picturesquely 'situated on the left bank of the existed in fact. - Hallam, Middle Ages, vol. i. p. 282. technically called the head, are 13 in number… TotemismTOTEMISM. A totem is a class of material objects which a savage regards with superstitious respect, believing that there exists between him and every member of the class an intimate and altogether special relation. The name is derived from an Ojibway (Chippeway) word which was first introduced into literature, so far as appears, by J. Long, an Indian interpreter of last century, who spelt it totam… TotilaTOTILA. See JUSTINIAN and NARSES. who created him earl of Huntingdon. He married Maud, heiress of Hugh, earl of Chester, and his son John inherited both earldoms. This, however, by no means amounts to a proof of totemism. Towne of Tottenham, in which he printed for the first time the ? s Morgan, A. S., p. 364 sq. One of the aboriginal tribes of China See Robinson's History of Tottenham, 1840. wors… TouchTOUCH may be defined as a sense of pressure, referred usually to the surface of the body. It is often understood as a sensation of contact as distinguished from pressure, but it is evident that, however gentle be the contact, a certain amount of pressure always exists between the sensitive surface and the body touched. Mere contact in such circumstances is gentle pressure ; a greater amount of for… ToulTOUL, a town of France, chef-lieu of an arrondissement in the department of Meurthe-et-Moselle, on the left bank of the Moselle, 199 miles east of Paris by the railway to Nancy, at the point where the Marne Canal joins those of the Rhine and the East. The isolated bills of St Michel and Barine respectively rise 548 feet and 574 feet above the town, which is a stronghold of the first order, the cen… ToulonTOULON, a French fortress of the first class, chef-lieu of an arrondissement in the department of Var, of the 5th naval arrondissement, and of a military subdivision, is situated on the Mediterranean, 42 miles east-south-east of Marseilles by the railway to Nice. The bay, which opens to the east, has two divisions, the "grand rade" and the " petite rade"; it is sheltered on the north and west by h… ToulouseTOULOUSE, chef-lieu of the French department of Haute-Garonne, 478 miles south from Paris and 160 southeast from Bordeaux, stands on the right bank of the Garonne, which here describes a bold outward curve to the east. On the left bank is the Faubourg St Cyprien. The river is spanned by three bridges, - that of St Pierre to the north, that of St Michel towards the south, and the Pont Neuf in the c… TouracoTOURACO, the name, evidently already in use, under which in 1743 Edwards figured a pretty African bird,' and presumably that applied to it in Guinea, whence it had been brought alive. It is the Cuculus persa of Linmore classical word. In 1788 Isert described and figured (Beobacht. Gesellsch. naturf. Freunde, iii. pp. 16-20, pl. 1) a bird, also from Guinea, which he called Musophaga violacea. Its a… TourcoingTOURCOING, a manufacturing town of France in the department of Nord, 7 miles north-east of Lille on the railway to Ghent, is rapidly becoming one with the neighbouring town of ROUBAIX (q.v.). Wool, cotton, linen, and silk are spun in more than 65 mills (40,000 spindles); there are upwards of 25 combing establishments (by machine and hand), 50 to 55 manufactories of velvet-pile carpets, furniture s… Tourguenieff, IvanTOURGUENIEFF, IVAN (1818-1883), the descendant of an old Russian family, was born at Orel, in the government of the same name, in 1818. His father, the colonel of a cavalry regiment, died when our author was sixteen years of age, leaving two sons, Nicholas and Ivan, who were brought up under the care of their mother, the heiress of the Litvinoffs, a lady who owned large estates and many serfs. Iva… Tour, Iviaueice Quentin De LaTOUR, IVIAUEICE QUENTIN DE LA (1704-1788), the renowned pastellist, was born at St Quentin on the 5th September 1704. On leaving Picardy for Paris he entered the studio of an artist named Du Pouche, and then that of Spoede, - an upright man, but a poor master, rector of the Academy of St Luke, who still continued, in the teeth of the Royal Academy, the traditions of the old guild of the master-pai… TournaiTOURNAI (Flem. Doornik), a town of Belgium, capital of an arrondissement in the province of Hainault, 53 miles by rail west-south-west from Brussels, is divided into two parts by the Scheldt, which is here spanned by seven bridges and lined with spacious tree-shaded quays. The older, which is also the busier and more important portion of the town, stands on the left bank ; the new town is distingu… TournamentsTOURNAMENTS. Tournaments and jousts were the chief military exercises and displays of the age of chivalry. Besides being the appropriate sports and pastimes of a warlike era and caste, they were intended to test the skill and exhibit the prowess of the knights and squires who took part in them. Considered under their more serious aspect, apart from their association with pomp and festivity, they w… TourneboutTOURNEBOUT, a wind instrument of wood, in which a cylindrical column of air is set in vibration by a reed. The lower extremity is turned up in a half circle, and from this peculiarity it has gained the French names tournebout and cromorne, - the latter a corruption of the German name Krummhorn. There appears to be no English equivalent. The reed of the tournebout, like that of the bassoon, is form… Tournefort, Joseph Pitton DeTOURNEFORT, JOSEPH PITTON DE (1656-1708), a botanist of considerable reputation, was born at Aix, in Provence, in 1656. Tourneur, CyrilTOURNEUR, CYRIL, a tragic poet of the first order, has left no record of his existence beyond the respective dates of his first and last extant works (1600-1613). An ception of a perfect knight or "happy warrior," comparable Rev. Charles Fitzgeoffrey, whose voluminous and fervent elegy on Sir Francis Drake is indeed of more actual value, historic or poetic, than either or than both of Tourneur's e… ToursTOURS, a town of France, formerly the capital of Touraine, now chef-lieu of the department of Indre-etLoire, the see of an archbishop, and the headquarters of the 9th corps d'armee, lies 145 miles (by rail) south-west of Paris, on the left bank of the Loire, a little above the Plan of Tours. junction of the Loire and Cher. Many foreigners, especially English, live at Tours, attracted by the town … Toussaint Louverture, PierreTOUSSAINT LOUVERTURE, PIERRE - DomurrQuE May 1746 at Breda, and was at first surnamed Breda, intendent of the other negroes on the plantation. After the insurrection of 1791 he joined the insurgents, and, having acquired some knowledge of surgery and medicine, acted as physician to the forces. His rapid rise in influence aroused, however, the jealousy of Jean Francois, who caused his arrest on the… Townshend, CharlesTOWNSHEND, CHARLES (1725-1767), a politician ever to be remembered as the embodiment of wit and indiscretion, was the second son of Charles, third Viscount Townshend, who married Audrey, the daughter and heiress of Edward Harrison of Ball's Park, near Hertford, a lady who rivalled her son in brilliancy of wit and frankness of expression. Charles was born 29th August 1725, and was sent for his educ… Townshend, Charles TownsefendTOWNSHEND, CHARLES TOWNSEfEND, SECOND VISborn in 1674. He succeeded to the peerage in December 1687, and was educated at Eton and King's College, Cambridge. When he took his seat in the House of Lords his sympathies leant to Toryism, but this predilection soon faded away, and in February 1701-2 it was rumoured among the courtiers that he would hold the office of privy seal in the Whig ministry whi… TrachisTRACHIS, a city of ancient Greece, at the foot of Mount (Eta, a little to the north-west of Thermopylm. As commanding the approach to Thermopylm from Thessaly, it was a place of great military importance. According to Homer, it was one of the places subject to Achilles, and was famed in legend as the scene of Hercules's death - an event which forms the subject of Sophocles's play The Trachinian Wo… Traction, ElectricTRACTION, ELECTRIC. The driving of vehicles by electricity was made commercially practicable by the invention of the dynamo-electric machine, which gave a ready means of producing electrical energy by the expenditure of mechanical work, and by the further discovery that the function of the dynamo could be reversed, - that it was capable of acting efficiently as a motor to do mechanical work when s… Tract SocietiesTRACT SOCIETIES are associations for publishing or circulating religious treatises or books. The circulation of short treatises for the promotion of Christian knowledge is older than the invention of printing. Wickliffe, for instance, was a great writer and circulator of tracts, employing his Oxford friends and pupils to multiply copies. So was Luther in his day, with the help by that time of prin… Tracy, Antoine Louis Claude DestuttTRACY, ANTOINE LOUIS CLAUDE DESTUTT, COMTE DE (1754-1836), was born in Bourbonnais on July 20, 1754. The noble family to which he belonged was of Scottish descent, tracing its origin to Walter Stutt, a gentleman who in 1420 accompanied the earls of Buchan and Douglas to the court of France, and whose family afterwards rose to be counts of Tracy. The father of Destutt de Tracy (as he is usually cal… Trade, BoardTRADE, BOARD or. The greater part of such supervision of commerce and industry as exists in the United Kingdom is exercised by the "Committee of Privy Council for Trade" (see PRIVY COUNCIL), or, as it is usually called, the Board of Trade. As early as the 14th century councils and commissions had been formed from time to time to advise parliament in matters of trade, but it was not till the middle… Trade-marksTRADE-MARKS. There seems no reason to doubt that the practice of employing a mark to denote the goods of a particular trader (not necessarily the manufacturer) grew out of the use of signs, which, first affixed to the dealer's shop, were afterwards represented on his tokens, and eventually placed on the goods themselves. Trademarks proper appear to have been in use in England in the reign of Eliza… Trade UnionsTRADE UNIONS are combinations for regulating the relations between workmen and masters, workmen and workmen, or masters and masters, or for imposing restrictive conditions on the conduct of any industry or business. By the common law all such combinations were, with certain rare and unimportant exceptions, regarded as illegal. They were considered to be contrary to public policy, and were treated … TrajanTRAJAN (c. 53-117 A.D.). MARCUS ULPMS TRAIANUS, the fourteenth Roman emperor, was a native of Italica, in Spain. The family to which he belonged was probably Italian and not Iberian by blood. His father began life as a common legionary soldier, and fought his way up to the consulship and the governorship of Asia. He was one of the hardest fighters in Jndma under Vespasian and Titus ; he served too… TramwayTRAMWAY. Originally a tramway signified a wheel track laid with timbers, and afterwards with iron plates, having a flange on the inner edge by which wheels of the ordinary sort were kept in the track (see RAILWAY). The introduction of the flanged wheel and edge rail caused tramways to be superseded by railways, but not until many miles of tramroads had been laid and successfully worked in various … TraniTRANI, a seaport of Italy, on the Adriatic, in the border-ridge on the north-western edge of the plateau can province of Bari, and 26 miles by rail west-north-west of be crossed only by difficult footpaths. The border-ridge that town, still retains its old walls and bastions, with the just mentioned, pierced by the wide opening of the Selenga, citadel, now used as a prison. Some of the streets rem… TranquebarTRANQUEBAR, a seaport town in the Tanjore district whole the plateau has the appearance, especially in the of Madras presidency, India, in 11? 1' 37" N. lat. and north, of a wet or marshy prairie in the hollows, while the 79? 55' E. long. In the 17th century it belonged to the hills are thickly clothed with forests (almost exclusively of Danes ; it was taken by the British with other Danish larch … Transit Circle, Or Meridian CircleTRANSIT CIRCLE, or MERIDIAN CIRCLE, an instrument for observing the time of a star's passing the meridian, at the same time measuring its angular distance from the zenith. The idea of having an instrument (quadrant) fixed in the plane of the meridian occurred even to the ancient astronomers, and is mentioned by Ptolemy, but it was not carried into practice until Tycho Brahe constructed a large mer… Transvaal, Oe South African RepublicTRANSVAAL, OE SOUTH AFRICAN REPUBLIC, a country see vol. in South Africa, northernmost of the European states, Plate lying between 22? 15' and 28? S. lat., and 25? and 32? 10' E. long., is bounded N. and N.W. by the Limpopo, separating it from the Makalaka and Bamangwato countries ; W. partly by the Marico and the Hart, partly by an irregular line between these streams, separating it from the new … Transverse Flute, TheTRANSVERSE FLUTE, THE, - or GERMAN FLUTE, as it was formerly designated in Great Britain, - may be described as a musical instrument in which a column of air is set in vibration by regular pulsations derived from a current of air directed by the lips of the executant against the side of an orifice serving as an embouchure, pierced laterally in the substance of the pipe and towards its upper extrem… TransylvaniaTRANSYLVANIA (Germ. Siebenbiirgen), a mountainous principality (Gross-Fiirstenthum) forming the extreme eastern portion of Austria-Hungary, is bounded on the W. and N. by Hungary proper, on the K by Bukowina and Moldavia, and on the S. by Walachia. The German name is usually derived from the seven principal fortified towns or " burgs " founded by the German colonists, though some authorities prefe… TrappistsTRAPPISTS. The abbey of Notre Dame de la MaisonDieu de la Trappe was founded in 1140 by Rotrou, count of Perche, at Soligny-la-Trappe, a village of Haut-Perche, now in the arrondissement of Mortagne, department of the Orne, so named from the narrow gorge which forms its entrance, comparable to a trap-door. It was at first attached' to the congregation of Savigny, a minor offshoot of the order of F… Tras-os-montesTRAS-OS-MONTES (i.e., "Behind the Mountains ") is the north-east frontier province of Portugal, situated on the other side of the Serra de Mark) from Oporto. TravancoreTRAVANCORE, a native state in Madras presidency, India, between 8? 4' and 10? 22' N. lat. and between 76? 12' and 77? 38' E. long., with an area of 6730 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by the native state of Cochin, on the E. by the British districts of Madura and Tinnevelli, and on the S. and W. by the Indian Ocean. This state is described as one of the most picturesque portions of southern… TreasonTREASON. The law which punishes treason is a necessary consequence of the idea of a state, and is essential to the existence of the state. Most, if not all, nations have accordingly, at an early period of their history, made provision by legislation or otherwise for the punishment of those offences against public order which consist in more or less direct attacks upon the safety of the state or it… Treasure-troveTREASURE-TROVE is defined by Blackstone to be money or coin, gold, silver, plate, or bullion found hidden trove was not, however, the same in Roman and English law. The former at its latest stage divided it between the finder and the owner of the land on which it was found, except where it was found on public or imperial property, when one-half went to the fist. If a man found treasure on his own … TreatiesTREATIES. 1. A treaty is a contract between two or Terminomore states. The term " tractatus, " and its derivatives, logy. though of occasional occurrence in this sense from the 13th century onwards, only began to be commonly so employed, in lieu of the older technical terms " conventio publica," or " fcedus," from the end of the 17th century. In the language of modern diplomacy the term " treaty "… TrebizondTREBIZOND, in Greek TRAPEZITS, a city of Asia archy ; and thus he succeeded without difficulty in making himself Minor, situated on the Black Sea, near its south-eastern master of the greater part of the southern coast of the Black Sea. angle, from the time of its foundation as a Greek colony The empire that was thus founded continued to exist until 1461, to the present day has always been a consi… TredegarTREDEGAR, a town of Monmouthshire, England, is situated on the Sirhowy river, and on the London and North Western Railway system, 7 miles east-north-east of century of the works of the Tredegar Iron and Coal Circle, in the centre of the town, where there are a number of good shops. Tree-creeperTREE-CREEPER, one of the smallest of British birds, paratively large feet, it climbs nimbly, in a succession of jerks, the trunks or branches of trees, invariably proceeding upwards or outwards and generally in a spiral direction, as it seeks the small insects that are hidden in the it flits to another, always alighting lower down than the place it has left, and so continues its work. Inconspicuou… Tree-fernTREE-FERN. In old and well-grown specimens of some of the familiar ferns of our temperate climates the wide-spreading crown of fronds may be observed to rise at a distance often of a good many inches above the surface of the ground, and from a stein of considerable thickness. The common male fern Nephrodium (Lastraa) furnishes the commonest instance of this ; higher and thicker trunks are, however… Tregelles, Samuel PrideauxTREGELLES, SAMUEL PRIDEAUX (1813-1875), New Testament scholar, was born at Wodehouse Place, near Falmouth, on January 30, 1813. His parents were Quakers, and he himself for many years was in communion with the (Darbyite) Plymouth Brethren, but latterly he became a member of the Church of England. He was educated at Falmouth grammar school, and afterwards, without having attended any university, he… TrematodaTREMATODA, popularly known as "flukes," form one of the three main divisions of the flatworms or Platyh,elminthes. They have been defined thus (Jackson, 1):1. - " Unisegmental Vermes, with a flattish, leaf-like, more or less cylindrical body provided with organs of adhesion in the shape of suckers and sometimes of chitinoid hooks. The cuticle, so called, appears to be a metamorphosed layer of cell… Trench, Richard ChenevixTRENCH, RICHARD CHENEVIX (1807-1880), archbishop of Dublin, poet, scholar, and divine, was born at Dublin, September 9, 1807, and graduated at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1829. While incumbent of Curd-ridge Chapel, near Bishop Waltham in Hampshire, he published (1835) The Story of Justin Martyr and other Poems, which, having been very favourably received, was followed in 1838 by Sabbation, Hono… TrenckTRENCK, the name of two barons of old German extraction, who, endowed with exceptional physical powers, and each blending to a singular if not to an insane degree the hero and the Bobadil, have left startling records of not wholly dissimilar, ad ventures and misfortunes. foot crushed by a cannon-ball. Maria Theresa sent him a surgeon, and, having made a species of triumphal entry into Vienna, he r… Trendelenburg, Friedrich AdolfTRENDELENBURG, FRIEDRICH ADOLF (1802-1872), one of the chief revivers of Aristotelian study in the present century, was born on November 30,1802, at Eutin, near Lubeck. He received his education-at the gymnasium of his native town and at the universities of Kiel, Leipsic, and Berlin, displaying from his earliest years an extraordinary industry and thirst for knowledge. He was introduced to philoso… TrentTRENT (Tridentum ; Ital. Trento ; Germ. Trient), a city of the Austrian empire, capital of Italian or " Welsch " Tyrol, stands on the left bank of the Adige, where it is joined by the Fersina, on the Brenner Railway, 35 miles below Botzen and GO miles above Verona. It has a very picturesque appearance, especially when approached from the north, with its embattled walls and towers filling the whole… TrentonTRENTON, a city of the United States, county seat of Mercer county, New Jersey, and capital of the State, is ance of system ; this is doubtless due to the fact that different portions of the city were originally settled as independent villages. Till recently Trenton was rather backward in the matter of municipal improvements, but an extensive system of paving and sewage has now been entered on. Th… Trent, The Council OfTRENT, THE COUNCIL OF, which may be described as the watershed of Roman Catholicism and Protestantism, is the most important occurrence in post-mediaeval church history. It is the culminating event in a long series of similar assemblies, convoked to remedy the evils occasioned during and by the great schism of the papacy, and by the dissolution of lay and clerical morals to which the pagan temper … TrespassTRESPASS, in law, is any transgression of the law less than treason, felony, or misprision of either. The term statutory enactment, e.g., the old statutes against forcible entry, the Game Acts, and the private Acts of many railway companies. When, however, trespass is carried sufficiently far it may become criminal, and be prosecuted as assault if to the person, as nuisance if to the land. At one … TrevesTREVES (French, Tre'ves ; German, Trier), formerly the capital of an archbishopric and spiritual elector ate of the empire, and now the seat of a Roman Catholic bishop and the chief town of a governmental district in the Prussian province of the Rhine, is situated on the rigl.t bank of the Moselle, pleasantly surrounded by low vine-clad hills, 60 miles south-west of Coblentz and 86 miles south of … Treviranus, Gottfried ReinholdTREVIRANUS, GOTTFRIED REINHOLD (1776-1837), German naturalist, was born at Bremen, February 4, 1776, studied medicine at Gottingen, in 1797 became professor of mathematics in the Bremen lyceum, and died at Bremen, February 16, 1837. He made numerous important contributions to comparative anatomy, especially in regard to birds and spiders. Though noted for his learning and acute observation, his st… TrevisoTREVISO, a town of Italy, in the province of the same name, lies in the midst of a district of great fertility, at the confluence of the Piavesella with the Silo, which is here navigable for large boats and communicates by canals with the lagoons of Venice (17 miles distant). It is an old town, with narrow irregular colonnaded streets and some good squares. The cathedral of San Pietro, dating from… Trevithick, RichardTREVITHICK, RICHARD (1771-1833), inventor of the locomotive, was descended from a family of great antiquity in the county of Cornwall, and was born 13th April 1771, in the parish of Illogan. Shortly afterwards the family removed to Penponds, near Camborne, where the boy attended his first and only school, his attainments being limited to reading, writing, and arithmetic. Though slow and obstinate … TrialTRIAL, in law, is the examination of a cause before a court of justice. It is the stage in the cause next This was especially the case in the history of Roman law, decision, and that (unless in very exceptional cases) the trial is to be in public. For purposes of convenience rather than as a scientific division trials may be divided into civil and criminal. An ordinary trial in a civil case may be… TribonianTRIBONIAN, the famous jurist and minister of Justinian, was born in Pamphylia in the latter part of the 5th century. Adopting the profession of an advocate, he piling a collection of extracts from the writings of the great jurists of the earlier empire, Tribonian was made president and no doubt general director of this board. He had already been raised to the office of quoestor, which at that time… TribuneTRIBUNE (tribunes) was a name assigned to officers of several different descriptions in the constitution of ancient Rome. The connexion of the word with tribes, "tribe," is obvious. The original tribunes were no doubt the commanders of the several contingents of cavalry and infantry which were supplied to the Roman army by the early gentilician tribes, - the Ramnes, the Tities, and the Luceres. In… TrichinopoliTRICHINOPOLI, a district of British India, in the Madras presidency, lying between 10? 37' and 11? 30' N. lat. and 78? 12' and 79? 30' E. long. Its area is 3561 square miles. It is bounded on the north and north-west by Salem, on the north and north-east by South Arcot, on the east and south-east by Tanjore, on the south by Pudukottai state and Madura, and on the west by Coimbatore. The surface is… TricycleTRICYCLE. Though velocipedes were made and used more than one hundred years ago, none were practically successful until the brothers Starley constructed in 1876 the Coventry tricycle. One of the earliest descriptions of a cycle occurs in the Journal de Paris of 17th July 1779. Somewhat later M. Richard invented a machine driven by mechanism almost identical with that of the modern omnicycle, but w… TriersTRIERS, Louis ADOLPFIE (1797-1877), " liberator of the territory," as even the short-lived gratitude of France continues to call him, was born at Marseilles on April 16, 1797. His family are somewhat grandiloquently spoken of as " cloth merchants ruined by the Revolution," but it seems that at the actual time of his birth his father was a locksmith. His mother belonged to the family of the Chenier… TriesteTRIESTE (Germ. Triest, Slay. Trst, Lat. Tergeste), the principal seaport of the Austrian-Hungarian empire, is picturesquely situated at the north-east angle of the Adriatic Sea, in the Gulf of Trieste and at the foot of the barren Karst Hills. The old town, nestling round the hill on which the castle stands, consists of narrow, steep, and irregular streets. It is connected by the broad and handsom… TrigonometryTRIGONOMETRY is primarily the science which is concerned with the measurement of plane and spherical triangles, that is, with the determination of three of the parts of such triangles when the numerical values of the other three parts are given. Since any plane triangle can be divided into right-angled triangles, the solution of all plane triangles can be reduced to that of right-angled triangles … TrincomaleeTRINCOMALEE, a town and naval station in the island of Ceylon, is situated on the north-east coast - which is bold, rocky, and picturesquely wooded - by road 113 miles north-north-east of Kandy, in 8? 33' 30" N. lat. and 81? 13' 10" E. long. It is built on the north side of the Bay of Trincomalee, on the neck of a bold peninsula separating the inner from the outer harbour. There is a lighthouse on… TrinidadTRINIDAD, a West Indian island, lying north-east of Venezuela, between 10? 3' and 10? 50' N. lat. and 61? 39' and 62? W. long., being the most southern of the chain of islands separating the Atlantic from the Caribbean Sea. Its area is 1754 square miles, or nearly 1,123,000 acres. In shape the island is almost rectangular, but from its north-west and south-west corners project two long horns towar… TrinitariansTRINITARIANS (O-rdo Sant Trinitatis et Captorum), a religious order instituted about the year 1197 by Innocent III., at the instance of John de Matha (1160-1213) and Felix de Valois (ob. 1212), for the ransom of captives among the Moors and Saracens. The rule was the Augustinian, the dress white with a red and blue cross. De Matha was the first general and De Valois the first abbot of the mother h… Trinity House, Corporation OfTRINITY HOUSE, CORPORATION OF. An association of English mariners, which originally had its head-quarters at Deptford in Kent. In its first charter, received from Henry VIII. in 1514, it was described as the "guild or fraternity of the most glorious and undividable Trinity of St Clement," the court being made to consist of master, wardens, and assistants, numbering thirteen in all and elected an… Trinity SundayTRINITY SUNDAY, which immediately follows Whitsunday, was in the older liturgies regarded merely as the " Octave " of Pentecost. TripoliTRIPOLI (Tardbulus), a town of Syria, capital of covered with orchards and dominated by a castle overhanging a gorge of the river, some parts of which are, perhaps, the work of the crusaders. The port (Al-Mfna) is about two miles distant, on a small peninsula. The population is estimated at 17,000, with the port at 24,000 or a little more. Nearly half of these are Christians, the Maronites prepond… TripoliTRIPOLI, a North African state, bounded by the Medi- Plate terranean on the north, by the desert of Barca (or Libyan Desert), which separates it from Egypt, on the east, by the Sahara and Fezzan on the south-east, south, and southwest, and by Tunis on the north-west. The country is made up of a strip of fertile soil adjacent to the sea, with vast sandy plains and parallel chains of rocky mountains… TripoliTRIPOLI, the capital of the above country, is situated in 32? 53' 40" N. lat. and 13? 11' 32" E. long., on a promontory stretching out into the Mediterranean and forming Tripoli is still a typical Moorish city. TripolitzaTRIPOLITZA, officially TRIPOLIS, a town of Greece, capital of the nomarchy of Arcadia, is situated in a plain 3000 feet above sea-level, 22 miles south-west of Argos. Tristan Da CunhaTRISTAN DA CUNHA, a group of three small volcanic islands, situated in the South Atlantic nearly midway between the Cape of Good Hope and the coast of South America, the summit of the largest being in 37? 5' 50" S. lat. and 12? 16' 40" W. long. They rise from the low submarine elevation which runs down the centre of the Atlantic and on which are likewise situated Ascension, St. Paul's Rocks, and t… TristomeaTRISTOMEA, Leuckart; body roundish or elongate; posterior extremity never specially developed. TritonTRITON. The genus Triton was constituted by Lauby Merrem in his Tentamen Syst. Amphibia, 1820. The genus belongs to the division ifecodanta of the family Salamandrida in Strauch's classification (see AMPHIBLt, vol. i. p. 771). The definition of J.folge given by Boulenger, which closely agrees with that of Triton adopted by Strauch, is as follows. Tongue free along the sides, adherent or somewhat f… TriumphTRIUMPH, an honour awarded to generals in ancient Rome for decisive victories over foreign enemies ; for victories in civil war or over rebels a triumph was not allowed. The power of granting a triumph rested with the senate ; and it was a condition of granting it that the victorious general, on his return from the war, should not have entered the city until he entered it in triumph. Lucullus on h… TrivandrumTRIVANDRUM, a town of India, capital of the native state of TRAVANCORE (q.v.), is situated in 8? 29' 3" N. lat. and 76? 59' 9" E. long., near the coast, not far from Cape Comorin. TroadTROAD A - ND TROY. The Troad (7) Tpc,96.3), or land of Geogra. Troy, is the north-western promontory of Asia Minor. Phical The name "Troad" is never used by Homer, - who calls the land, like the city, Tporm - but is already known to Herodotus. The Troad is bounded on the north by the Hellespont and the westernmost part of the Propontis, on the west by the /Egean Sea, and on the south by the Gulf o… TroglodytesTROGLODYTES (rporyAoUTas), a Greek word meaning "cave-dwellers." Caves have been widely used as human habitations both in prehistoric and in historic times (see CAVE), and ancient writers speak of Troglodytes in various parts of the world, as in 3Icesia near the lower Danube (Strabo, vii. 5, p. 318), in the Caucasus (Id., xi. 5, p. 506), but especially in various parts of Africa from Libya (Id., x… TrogonTROGON, a word apparently first used as English 2 by Shaw (..lfus. Leverictnunt, p. 177) in 1792, and now for many years accepted as the general name of certain birds forming the Family Trogonidm of modern ornithology, the species Trogon curucui of Linnaeus being its type. But, since doubts exist as to whether this is that which was subsequently called by Yieillot T. collaris or the T melanurus of… Trogus, CnTROGUS, CN. POMPEIUS, a Roman historian, nearly contemporary with Livy. Although the epitome of his historical writings by Justin, and a few fragments, are all that have come down to us, there is abundant reason to believe that he deserves a place in the history of Roman literature by the side of Sallust, Livy, and Tacitus. Of his life little is known. He was almost certainly of Greek descent. His… TroitskTROITSK, a district town of Russia, in the government of Orenburg, situated in a fertile steppe 392 miles to the north-east of Orenburg, on the Siberian highway, is one suited Trollope exactly, being not office work, which he of those towns which have grown rapidly of late in the always hated, but a kind of travelling inspectorship. And south-east of Russia. The Troitskiy fort, erected in 1743, he… Trollope, AnthonyTROLLOPE, ANTHONY (1815-1882), English novelist, Trollope had always dreamt of novel-writing, and his was born in Keppel Street, Russell Square, London, accord- Irish experiences seemed to supply him with promising ing to most authorities, on 24th April 1815 ; in his own subjects. With some assistance from his mother he got Autobiography he merely gives the year. His father, a his first two books,… TromboneTROMBONE. TromboneTROMBONE, a musical instrument of brass. It has a cupped mouthpiece, and is formed of two principal parts - the bell, the bore of which gradually widens, and the slide, which is composed of two cylindrical tubes parallel to each other, upon which two other tubes, communicating at their lower extremities by a pipe curved in a half-circle, glide without loss of air. The mouthpiece is adapted to one … TrompTROMP, the name of two famous Dutch admirals. I. MARTIN HARPERTZOON TROMP (1597-1653) was born at Brielle, South Holland, in 1597. At the age of eight he made a voyage to the East Indies in a merchantman, but was made prisoner and spent several years on board an English cruiser. On making his escape to Holland he entered the navy in 1624, and in 1637 was made lieutenant-admiral. In February 1639 h… TromsoTROMSO, a town of Norway, capital of the amt of the same name and an episcopal see, stands on the eastern shore of a low fertile islet of the same name between Hvaloe and the mainland, in 69? 38' N. lat. and 18? 55' E. long. Tropic-birdTROPIC-BIRD, so called of sailors from early times,' because, as Dampier (Voyages, i. p. 53) among many others testifies, it is " never seen far without either Tropick," and hence, indulging a pretty fancy, Linnmus bestowed on it the generic term, continued by modern writers, of Phaethon, in allusion to its attempt to follow the path of the sun.2 There are certainly three well-marked species of th… TroppauTROPPAU (Slavonic Opava), the chief town of Austrian Silesia, is a busy commercial place on the right bank of refinery and manufactories of machines and stoves. Trotzendorff, Or TrocedorfiusTROTZENDORFF, or TROCEDORFIUS, VALENTIN FRIEDLAND (1490-1556), called Trotzendorff from his birthplace, near Gorlitz, in Prussian Silesia, was born on 14th February 1490, of parents so poor that they could not keep him at school. The boy taught himself to read and write while herding cattle; he made paper from birch bark, and ink from soot. When difficulties were overcome and he was sent for educa… TroubadoursTROUBADOURS. Troughton, EdwardTROUGHTON, EDWARD (1753 - 1835), instrument the Gothic style, with a west square tower, surmounted by maker, was born in the parish of Corney in Cumberland a spire 159 feet in height, and a baptistery (1885). The in October 1753. He joined his elder brother John in site of the ancient castle was at the mound called Courthill, carrying on the business of mathematical instrument makers but all trace… TroyTROY, a city of the United States, county seat of of St Peter and St Paul, the building of which lasted from Rensselaer county, New York, is situated in 42? 44' N. 1206 till the 16th century, still wants the south tower. lat. and 73? 41' W. long., upon the east bank of the The choir, the end chapels, and the sacristry were restored Hudson river, at the head of tide water. It is nearly in 1849-1866… TroyesTROYES, a town of France, formerly the capital of 1870 the town was occupied by the Germans. the railway to Belfort, at the junction of the line from TRUCE OF GOD. The orderly administration of Orleans to Chalons. Several arms of the Seine and also justice and the universal peace, which the Roman empire established from the Euphrates to the Atlantic, did not long survive the inroads of the Teutoni… Troy, Jean Frantis DeTROY, JEAN FRANTIS DE (1679-1752), a French woollen hosiery, which is woven almost entirely by hand, and is exported to America and Switzerland. One-fourth painter, highly endowed by nature, was born at Paris in of the population live by subsidiary industries. There are self a skilful portrait-painter, who afterwards sent his son and dye works, workshops for making looms, needle factories, to Ital… TruffleTRUFFLE, the name of several different species of subterranean fungi which are used as food. The species sold in English markets is Tuber xstieum ; the commonest species of French markets is T. melanosporum, and of Italian the garlic-scented T. magnatum. Of the three, the English species is the least excellent, and the French is possibly the best. The truffle used for Perigord pie (pcitz5 de foie … TrumpetTRUMPET, a musical instrument, consisting of a long, narrow brass tube, cylindrical for the greater part of its length: the fusiform development which terminates in the bell or opening of the lower end only begins at a point that varies from a third to a fourth of the total length from that extremity. The air inside is set in vibration by the lips (which act as true reeds) applied to the edges of … Trumpeter, Or Trumpet-birdTRUMPETER, or TRUMPET-BIRD, the literal rendering in 1747, by the anonymous English translator of De la Condamine's travels in South America (p. 87), of that writer's " Oiseau trompette" (Ment. de l' Acad. des Sciences, 1745, p. 473), which he says was called " Trompeter? " by the Spaniards of Maynas on the upper Amazons, from the peculiar sound it utters. He added that it was the "Agarni " of the… Trumpet, Speaking And HearingTRUMPET, SPEAKING AND HEARING. The speaking world, is connected in its modern form with the name of En this theory, which is still commonly put forward, it is Versuch einer Anleitung zur heroisch-musikalischen Trompeter-and Pauker-Kunsl, Halle, 1795. which the wave-disturbance passes into free air is large compared with the wave-length. If the fusiform mouth of the speaking trumpet were half a mil… TruroTRURO, a city, municipal borough, and port of Cornwall, England, is situated on a kind of peninsula formed by the rivers Allen and Kenwyn, which below the town unite with a branch of Falmouth harbour called Truro creek or river. Truro is 300 miles south-west of London by the Great Western Railway, and 11 north of Falmouth, to which there is a branch line. The town is regularly built, chiefly of gr… TrustTRUST. In Roman and English law alike that legal relation between two or more persons implied in the word trust was of comparatively late growth. The trust of English law is probably based upon a combination of the Roman conceptions of usus and fidekomnrissunt. To usus is perhaps due the name as well as the idea of that right over property, coordinate with the right of the nominal owner, possessed… TsaritsynTSARITSYN, a district town of the government of and despatched by rail to the interior of Russia. The town has grown rapidly since the completion of the railway system, and has a large trade in naphtha from Baku, which is shipped up the Volga to Tsaritsyn and sent thence by rail to the interior of Russia. The railway between the Baskunchak salt lakes of Astrakhan and the Volga has made Tsaritsyn a… Tsar Skoye SeloTSAR SKOYE SELO, a district town of Russia, in the government of St Petersburg, and an imperial residence, 18 miles to the south of the capital, is situated on the Dudcrhof Hills and consists of the town proper, surrounded by several villages and a German colony, which are summer resorts for the inhabitants of St Petersburg, and the imperial parks and palaces. The town is built according-to a regu… Tschudi, Or SchudyTSCHUDI, or SCHUDY, the name of one of the oldest and most distinguished families of the land of Glarus, Switzerland. From 1029 to 1253 a member of the clan held the office of steward of the abbess of Sackingen on the Rhine, the lady of the manor ; and after Glarus joined the Swiss Confederation in 1352 various members of the family held high political offices at home, and were distinguished abroa… Tse-nan FooTSE-NAN FOO, the capital city of the province of Shanoverthrow of the Mongol dynasty in the 14th century, when the name of Tse-nan was restored to it. The city, which lies in the valley of the present channel of the Yellow river (Hoang-Ho), and at a short distance from its banks, is surrounded by a triple line of defence. First is the city wall, strongly built and carefully guarded, outside this a… Tsetse FlyTSETSE FLY (Glossina morsitans). The tsetse fly, so much dreaded by the traveller in South Africa, belongs to the sub-family .11-uscinw and is closely allied to Stomo.rys. It is scarcely larger than the common house fly, which it resembles in its general shape. It can, however, be easily distinguished by its colour and the position of its wings. These are longer than the abdomen, and when at rest … TuamTUAM, a market town and episcopal city of Galway, Ireland, is the terminus of the Athenry and Tuam Railway, and lies 20 miles north-east of Galway and 129 west of Dublin. An abbey was founded here towards the end of the 5th century, and in the beginning of the 6th an episcopal see by St Jarlath. The new Protestant cathedral of St Mary occupies the site of the original cathedral, built in 1130, and… Tuamotu Archipelag0TUAMOTU ARCHIPELAG0,1 a broad belt of seventy coral islands lying between 14? 5' and 23? 22' S. lat. and 134? 25' and 148? 40' W. long., and now under the protection of France. They trend in irregular lines in a northwest and south-east direction, and cover 1500 miles of the Pacific, the easternmost Tuamotus being 3600 miles from Peru.2 With the exception of a few insignificant islands the archipe… TuberoseTUBEROSE. TubingenTUBINGEN, the university town of Wfirtemberg, is picturesquely situated on the hilly and well-wooded banks of the Neckar, at the junction of the Ammer and Steinlach, 18 miles south of Stuttgart, and on the S.E. border of the Black Forest. The older town is irregularly built and unattractive, but the newer suburbs, the chief of which is the Wilhelmsstrasse, are handsome. The most conspicuous buildi… Tucker, AbrahamTUCKER, ABRAHAM (1705-1774), holds a place of his afresh ; as his ideas arose in his mind, he committed them to paper ; own among the English moralists of the 18th century. he repeated the same things over again or inserted any new observation or example that suggested itself to him in confirmation of his He was born in London, of a Somerset family, on 2d argument ; and thus by the help of a new t… TucsonTUCSON, a city in Pima county, Arizona Territory, United States, is situated in 32? 13' N. lat. and 110? 53' W. long. at an elevation of 2403 feet above the sea, upon the Santa Cruz river and on the Southern Pacific Railroad, about 70 miles from the Mexican frontier. TucumanTUCUMAN, or, more fully, SAN MIGUEL DE TUCII3IAN, capital of the province of Tucuman, in the Argentine Republic, is a straggling town, on the right bank of the Tala (a subtributary of the Rio Salado), at the eastern base of the Sierra de Aconquija, in 26? 50' S. lat. and 64? 35' W. long. TudelaTUDELA, a city of Spain, in the province of Navarre, is situated on the right bank of the Ebro where it is joined by the Queyles, and on the railway from Zaragoza to Pamplona, about 50 miles to the north-west of the former city. Tuke, SamuelTUKE, SAMUEL (1784-1857), English philanthropist, son of Henry Tuke, born at York in 1784, greatly advanced the cause of the amelioration of the condition of the insane, and devoted himself largely to the York Retreat, the methods of treatment pursued in which he made more widely known by his Description of the Retreat near York, &c. (York, 1813). Tuke, WilliamTUKE, WILLIAM (1732-1822), English philanthropist, -was born at York in 1732. He devoted himself to many philanthropic objects, but his name is more especially known in connexion with the humane treatment of the insane, for whose care he projected in 1792 the Retreat at York, which became famous both abroad and in Great Britain as an institution in which a bold attempt was made to manage lunatics … TulaTULA, capital of the above government, is situated on the Upa, 120 miles by rail to the south of Moscow. Other railway lines connect it with Ryazan and Orel. It is built in the broad but low, marshy; and unhealthy valley of the Upa and is divided into three parts, - the Posad on the nearly 150,000 cwts. of steel, iron, and brass are imported every year for this industry alone. The town of Tula is … TulaTULA, a government of central Russia, bounded by Moscow on the N., Ryazali on the E., Tamboff and Orel on the S., and Kaluga on the W., has an area of 11,950 square miles. It is intersected from south-west to northeast by a gently undulating plateau, from 950 to 1020 feet in height, which separates the drainage area of the Oka from that of the Don. The average elevation of Tula is about 800 feet, … TulipTULIP (Tulipa), a genus of bulbous herbs belonging to the Liliacex. The species are found wild along the northern shores of the Mediterranean, in the Levant, Armenia, Caucasus, Persia, Central Asia, and Afghanistan. The cup-shaped flowers have six regular segments in two rows, as many free stamens, and a three-celled ovary with a sessile stigma, which ripens into a leathery many-seeded capsule. Th… TulleTULLE, a town of France, chef-lieu of the department of Correze and a bishop's see, is 61 miles east-north-east of Perigueux by the railway from Bordeaux to ClermondFerrand. The town rises picturesquely on both banks of the Correze, a sub-tributary of the Dordogne. The Correze, crossed by four bridges, flows between embankment; and the narrow streets on the steep left bank are connected by stairs.… TulleTULLE, a term restricted in England to a fine bobbin-net of silk, used for veils, scarves, millinery purposes, and trimmings of ladies' dresses, arc. Tulloch, JohnTULLOCH, JOHN (1823-1886), Scottish theologian, was born at Bridge of Earn, Perthshire, in 1823, went to school at Perth, and received his university education at St Andrews and Edinburgh. In 1845 he became minister of St Paul's, Dundee, and in 1849 of Kettins, in Strathmore, where he remained for six years. His literary gifts, shown in his contributions to various reviews, as well as his talent f… Tullus HostiliusTULLUS HOSTILIUS, third legendary king of Rome, . is represented as having reigned for thirty-two years (670-638 B.c.). TumourTUMOUR, or Toomxoon, a district of India, in the west of the Nandidriig division of Mysore, situated between 12? 43' and 14? 10' N. lat. and 76? 10' and 77? 30' E. long., with an area of 3420 square miles. It is bounded on the north by the Bellary district, on the east by Kolar and Bangalore, on the south by Mysore, and on the west by Chitaldnig and Hassan. Tumkur consists chiefly of elevated land… Tunbridge, Or TonbridgeTUNBRIDGE, or TONBRIDGE, a town of Kent, England, is situated on rising ground above the Medway, and on the South-Eastern Railway, 41 miles (by rail) south-east of London and 33 north-west of Hastings. The Medway is crossed by a stone bridge, erected in 1775. The town consists chiefly of one long main street and a large number of suburban villas. The church of St Peter and St Paul, chiefly Decorat… Tunbridge WellsTUNBRIDGE WELLS, an inland watering-place of England, chiefly in Kent but partly in Sussex, is situated the Parade (or Pantiles), a walk associated with fashion since the time of their discovery. The houses and shops in the Parade somewhat resemble the Rows at Chester. It was paved with pantiles in the reign of Queen Anne. The town is built in a picturesquely irregular manner, and a large part of … T'ung-chowT'UNG-CHOW, a sub-prefectural city in Chih-li, the metropolitan province of China, is situated on the banks By the founder of the Han dynasty (206 n.c.) it was called dynasty to power, Heuen-Chow became T'ung-Chow. TungstenTUNGSTEN (Germ. wolfram, or, antiquated, scIteel), one of the metallic elements of chemistry. The mineral tungsten (meaning in Swedish " heavy stone ") used to a peculiar acid, the metallic nature of which was recognized in the same year by Bergmann. It occurs only as a component of a number of relatively rare minerals, the most important of which are wolfram or wolframite, (Fe, Mn)O.W03, and sche… TungusesTUNGUSES, a wide-spread Asiatic people, forming a main branch of the Mongol division of the Mongol-Tatar family. They are the Tung-1m of the Chinese, probably a corrupt form of tanki or donki, that is, "men" or "people." the Yenisei eastwards to the Pacific, where it occupies most of the seaboard between Corea and Kamchatka. It also reaches the Arctic Ocean at two points, in the Nisovaya tundra, w… Tuning ForkTUNING FORK, a small bar of cast tool steel with tolerably defined edges, bent into a fork with two prongs. A handle of the same metal extending from the bend of the fork serves as a sound-post to transmit the vibrations of the fork to any resonance board or body convenient for reinforcing the sound. The fork is set in vibration by striking one of the prongs against any hard substance, by pressing… TunisTUNIS, capital of the regency of the same name, in 36? 50' N. lat. and 10? 12' E. long., is situated on an isthmus between two salt lakes, a marshy sebkha to the south-west and the shallow Boheira to the north-east. The latter is twelve miles in circumference, and on the side opposite Tunis is connected with the Bay of Tunis at the port of Goletta al-Wad) by a short canal. The old town, of which t… Tunis, Regency OfTUNIS, REGENCY OF, formerly one of the Barbary states Plate v. of north Africa, but since 1881 a dependency of France, whose resident-general exercises all real authority in the nominal dominions of the bey. Is bounded on the west by Algeria, on the north by the western basin of the Mediterranean, on the east from Cape Bon to the Gulf of Gabes (Klibis) by the eastern basin of the same sea, and on … TunnellingTUNNELLING. The process of making a more or have often been thus tunnelled into by the sea, the comless horizontal underground passage, or tunnel, without pressed air blowing out the blocks and the waves carrying removing the top soil is known as tunnelling. In former away the debris. times any long tube-like passage, however constructed, was With so many examples of natural caves and tunnels in c… TunnyTUNNY (Thymus thynnus), one of the largest fishes of the family of Mackerels, belongs to the genus of which the Bonito (Th. pelanzys) and the Albacores (Th. albacora, Th. alalonga, th.) are equally well-known members. From the latter the tunny is distinguished by its much shorter pectoral fins, which reach backwards only to, or nearly to, the end of the first dorsal fin. It possesses nine short fi… TuranianTURANIAN. TurbotTURBOT,1 the largest and best known of a genus of flat fishes, Rhombus, which bears the appropriate systematic name of Rh. mctximus. The turbot has great width of body, and is scaleless, but is covered with conical bony tubercles. The eyes are on the left side of the body, the lower being slightly in advance of the upper ; the mouth is large and armed with teeth of uniformly minute size. The turbo… Turenne, Henri De La Tour D' AuvergneTURENNE, HENRI DE LA TOUR D' AUVERGNE, VICOMTE DE (1611-1675), a famous French general of the 17th century, was the second son of Henri, Due de Bouillon, by Elizabeth, daughter of William I., prince of Orange, and was born at Sedan on 11th September 1611. He was carefully educated in the strictest doctrines of the Reformed religion, and at the age of thirteen was sent to learn war from his uncles … TurgaiTURGAI, a Russian province in Central Asia, formerly a part of the Kirghiz steppe, and now embodied in the governor-generalship of the Steppes, is bounded by Uralsk and Orenburg on the W. and N., by Akmolinsk on the E., and by Syr-Daria and the Sea of Aral on the S. This extensive and irregularly-shaped territory, which has an area (176,800 square miles) as large as that of Caucasia and Transcauca… TurinTURIN, a city of northern Italy, formerly the capital of Piedmont and the Sardinian states and now the chief town of a province in the compartimento of Piedmont, is situated in 45? 4' 8" N. lat. and 7? 48' 22" E. long. in the alluvial valley of the Po, just above the confluence of the Dora Riparia. By rail it is 54 miles from the Mount Cenis tunnel. The communal palace stands 788 feet above the se… TurkeyTURKEY, an abbreviation for TURKEY-COCK or TURKEY-HEN as the case may be, a well-known large domestic gallinaceous bird. How it came by this name has long been a matter of discussion, for it is certain that this valuable animal was introduced to Europe from the New World, and in its introduction had nothing to do with Turkey or with Turks, even in the old and extended sense in which that term was … TurksTURKS. The use of the name " Turks " has never been limited in a clear and definite way from the time of the Byzantine authors to the present day. To the former, as also to the Arabs, it has a collective sense like Scythians or Huns ; 5 at the present day we are wont to restrict the name to the Osmanli Turks, though they themselves refuse to be called Turks, having, as they hold, ceased to be suah… TurmericTURMERIC, the tuberous root of Cureunza lotaga, L., an herbaceous perennial plant belonging to the natural order Zingiberaceir. It is a native of southern Asia, being cultivated on a large scale both on the mainland and in the islands of the Indian Ocean. Turmeric has been used from a remote period both as a condiment and as a dye stuff, and to a more limited extent as a medicine. In Europe it is … Turner, CharlesTURNER, CHARLES (1773-1857), an English engraver, was born at Woodstock in 1773. Turner, Joseph Mallord WilliamTURNER, JOSEPH MALLORD WILLIAM (1775-1851), one of the greatest painters of the English school, was born in London on 23d April 1775. His father, William Turner, a native of Devonshire, kept a barber's shop at 26 Maiden Lane, in the parish of St Paul's, Covent Garden ; he was "a cheerful, talkative little man, with small blue eyes, a parrot nose, projecting chin, and a fresh complexion indicative … Turnip-fly, Turnip-flea, Or Eartii Flea-beetleTURNIP-FLY, TURNIP-FLEA, or EARTII FLEA-BEETLE, the name applied to several species of Haltica which infest ning along each wing-case; the bands are slightly sinuous and bend inwards at the hinder end. Of the eleven-jointed antennee the first three seg ments are yellow and the remainder Turnip fly (Haiti= black. The coxm are black, the rest nentorum). has given rise to the name turnip-flea. The fe… TurnstoneTURNSTONE, the name long givenl to a shore-bird, from its habit of turning over with its bill such stones as it can to seek its food in the small crustaceans or other animals lurking beneath them. It is the Tringa interpres 2 of Linnmus and Strepsilas interpres of most later writers, and is remarkable as being perhaps the most cosmopolitan of birds; for, though properly belonging to the northern h… TurpentineTURPENTINE consists of the oleo-resins which exude from certain trees, especially from some conifers and from the terebinth tree, Pistacia Terebinthus, L. It was to the product of the latter, now known as Chian turpentine, that the term was first applied. The terebinth tree (ripp.tvOos of Theophrastus) and its resin (Pp-ivy TypivOtv-q) were well known and highly prized from the earliest times. The… TurpinTURPIN, archbishop of Rheims and the supposititious author of Historia Karoli Magni et Rotholandi, is probably to be identified with Tilpin, who was archbishop of Rheims towards the end of the 8th century. This Tilpin is alluded to by Hincmar (845-882), his third successor in the see. According to Flodoard (ob. 969), Charles Martel drove Ragobert, bishop of Rheims, from his office, putting in his … TurquoiseTURQUOISE, a blue or bluish green mineral, valued, when cut and polished, as an ornamental stone. The finest variety occurs in Persia, whence it originally reached western Europe by way of Turkey, and thus came to be called by the Venetians, who imported it, turchesa, and by the French turquoise. It is chemically a hydrated phosphate of aluminium, associated with a variable proportion of hydrated … TuscanyTUSCANY (Ital. Toscana), one of the sixteen compartimenti of the kingdom of Italy, 'contains eight provincesArezzo, Florence, Grosseto, Leghorn, Lucca, Massa-Carrara, Pisa, and Siena - and has an area of 9287 square miles, with a population of 2,208,869 in 1881. In 1859, immediately before it united with the kingdom of Sardinia, the grand-duchy of Tuscany, exclusive of Massa-Carrara, which then be… TusculumTUSCULUM, an ancient Latin city, situated in a commanding position on one of the eastern ridges of the Alban Hills, near the site of the modern FRASCATI (q.v.). It has a very beautiful and extensive view of the Campagna, with Rome lying fifteen miles I distant to the north-west, on the west the sea near Ostia, and the long range of the Sabine Hills on the north-east. According to tradition, the ci… TusserTUSSER, TnomAs (c. 1527-1580), poet, was the son of William Tusser by Isabella, daughter of Thomas Smith of Rivenhall, Essex, where he-was born about 1527. Notwithstanding strong reluctance on his part he was sent in his early years to a music school, and became chorister in the collegiate chapel of the castle of Wallingford. He was afterwards admitted into the choir of St Paul's, and went thence … TverTVER, a government of central Russia, on the upper Volga, bounded by Pskoff and Novgorod on the W. and N., Carboniferous limestones, Lower and Upper, underlain by Devonian and Silurian deposits, which appear only in the denudations of the lower valleys. The whole is covered by a thick sheet of boulder-clay (the bottom-moraine of the chalybeate springs. The soil, which is clayey for the most part, … TverTVER, capital of the above government, lies 102 miles by rail to the north-west of Moscow, on both banks of the from 1689. An imperial palace, the courts, and the postwhile more than 1000 women are engaged in the domestic manufactory of hosiery for export to Moscow and St Petersburg. The traffic of the town is considerable, Tver being an intermediate place for the trade of both capitals with the p… TweedTWEED, a river in the south of Scotland, has its rise in the south-west corner of Peeblesshire, not far from the Devil's Beef Tub in Dumfriesshire. The stream flowing from Tweed's Well, about 1500 feet above sea-level, is generally regarded as its source, although the honour is also claimed for other streams issuing from a higher elevation. For the first 36 miles of its course it intersects the co… Twenty-four ParganasTWENTY-FOUR PARGANAS, the metropolitan district of the lieutenant-governorship of Bengal, India, takes its name from the territory originally ceded to the East India Company, which contained twenty-four pargmtnas or sub-districts. The district lies between 21? 55' 20" and 22? 57' 32" N. lat. and 88? 6' 45" and 88? 20' 51" E. long. It has an area of 2124 square miles, and is bounded on the north by… TwickenhamTWICKENHAM, a town of Middlesex, England, is situated on the north bank of the Thames and on the London and South-Western Railway, 11f miles south-west of London by rail. It is a straggling and irregular town, but has many fine suburban villas, and the district is noted for its sylvan beauty. Opposite the town there is an eyot in the river about S acres in extent, called Eel Pie Island, much resor… TwilightTWILIGHT. The light of what is called the "sky" depends upon the scattering or refiexion of direct sunlight in the earth's atmosphere, mainly if not entirely due to those fine dust particles which (as we have recently learned) form the necessary nuclei for condensation of aqueous vapour. Were it not for these particles the sky would appear by day as it does in a clear winter night, and the stars w… Tyldesley With ShakerleyTYLDESLEY WITH SHAKERLEY, a town of Lancashire, England, is situated on a considerable eminence, 11 miles west-north-west of Manchester and 199 north-west of London (by the London and North-Western Railway). The church of St George, a handsome building in the Early Pointed style, erected in 1827, has lately undergone restoration. Public baths were built in 1876. A public cemetery was formed in 187… TylerTYLER, Join; (1790-1862), tenth president of the United States, was accustomed with pride, but with the support of conjecture rather than evidence, to claim relationship with Wat Tyler of the reign of Richard II. The earliest of his American ancestors was Henry Tyler, a reputed native of Shropshire, England, who in 1652 settled at Middle Plantation, Va., on the outskirts of what is now the city of… Tyndale, WilliaTYNDALE, WILLIA.m (c. 1484-1536), translator of the of busy industry, which line both banks of the river from New Testament and Pentateuch (see ENGLISH BIBLE, vol. Newcastle to the sea. The river is navigable to Blaydon viii. pp. 384, 385), was born in Gloucestershire, possibly for small craft, and to Newcastle, 8 miles from its mouth, in the parish of Slimbridge, about the year 1484. Of his for l… TyneTYNE, a river in the north-east of England, is formed slain in battle at Alnwick on 13th November 1093, were both in-of two branches, the North Tyne, rising in the Cheviots terred in the monastery. In 1095 Earl Mowbray, having entered into a conspiracy against William Rufus, converted the monastery on the borders of Roxburgh, and the South Tyne, rising into a castle, which he strongly fortified. B… Typhon, Or TyphoeusTYPHON, or TYPHOEUS, son, according to Hesiod (Theog., 820 sq.), of the Earth and Tartarus, is described as a grisly monster with a hundred dragons' heads who was conquered and cast into Tartarus by Zeus. Typhus, Typhoid, And Relapsing FeversTYPHUS, TYPHOID, AND RELAPSING FEVERS. These are conveniently considered together, as they constitute the important class of continued fevers, having certain characters in common, although each is clearly distinguishable from the others. The following is a general account of the more salient features of each. Typhus I is a continued fever of highly contagious nature, lasting for about fourteen day… TypographyTYPOGRAPHY (writing by types) is the art of print- ing (cast-metal) movable types on paper, vellum, &c. It is quite distinct, not only from writing, but from xylography or wood-engraving, i.e., the art of cutting figures, letters, or words on blocks of wood and taking impressions from such blocks, by means of ink or any other fluid coloured substance, on paper or vellum. Earliest Possibly the earl… TyreTYRE, the ancient ny, Greek T.1.1pos, the most famous I of Stir, with about 5000 inhabitants, built round the liarboar at the north end of a peninsula, which till the time of Alexander's siege was an island. The mole which he constructed to reach the island city has been widened by deposits of sand, so that the ancient island is now connected with the mainland by a tongue of land a quarter of a mi… TyrolTYROL, a province of Austria, with the title of "county," lies between 10? 10' and 13? E. long. and 45? 40' and 47? 45' N. lat., and is conterminous on the north-west with the Austrian province of Vorarlberg, on the north with Bavaria, on the east with Salzburg and Carinthia, on the south-east and south-west with Italy, and on the west with Switzerland. The last-named country forms in the lower En… TyroneTYRONE, an inland county of Ireland, in the province of Ulster, is bounded N. and W. by Donegal, N.E. by Londonderry, E. by Lough Neagh and Armagh, and S. by Monaghan and Fermanagh. Its greatest length from north to south is 46 miles and from east to west 60. The total area in 1881 was 806,658 acres or about 1260 square miles. The surface is for the most part hilly, rising into mountains towards t… TyrtjeusTYRTJEUS, Greek elegiac poet, lived at Sparta about 1. ALEXANDER FRASER TYTLER (1747-1813), Lord the middle of the 7th century B.c. According to the Woodhouselee, Scottish judge, was the eldest son of William legend current in later times, he was a native of the Tytler (see below), and was born at Edinburgh on 15th Attic deme of Aphidnw, and was invited to Sparta, on October 1747. After passing th… TyumenTYUMEN., a district town of West Siberia, in the government of Tobolsk, is situated at a point where the chief highway from Russia across the Urals touches the first navigable river (the Tura) of Siberia. A railway passing through Ekaterinburg and the principal ironworks on the eastern slopes of the middle Urals connects Tyumefi with Perm, the terminus of steamboat traffic on the Kama and Volga. T… Tzetzes, JoannesTZETZES, JOANNES, a voluminous Byzantine writer of the 12th century. See GREECE, vol. xi. p. 145 sq. U Uholds the twenty-first place in our alphabet. The corresponding place in the Greek alphabets was occupied by Y (with some slight variations of form). The form in the Italian alphabets was generally V. These three are only modifications of one original ; but they are independent symbols with us, … UbedaUBEDA, a town of Spain, head of an administrative subdivision in the province of Jaen, stands on a gentle slope about 5 miles from the right bank of the Guadalquivir, and about 22 miles to the east of the Menjibar station on the railway from Madrid to Cordova. UdaipurUDAIPUR [OoDEvronE], or MEWAR, a native state in Rajputana, India, with an area of 12,670 square miles. It extends from 23? 49' to 25? 58' N. lat., and from 73? 7' to 75? 52' E. long., and is bounded on the N. by the British territory of Ajmere ; on the E. by the native states of Bundi, Gwalior, Tonk, and Partabgarh ; on the S. by Banswara, Dungarpur, and Mahi Kantha ; and on the W. by the Aravall… UdalUDAL (Danish odel) is a kind of right still existing in Orkney and Shetland, and supposed to be a relic of the old allodial mode of landholding existing antecedently to the growth of feudalism in Scotland. The udal tenant holds without charter by uninterrupted possession on payment to the crown, the kirk, or a grantee from the crown of a tribute called scat (Danish skat), or without such payment, … UdineUDINE, a town of Italy, in the province of Udine, in a wide plain near the foot of the Carnic Alps, on the Roja, 84 miles by rail north-east from Venice and 49 miles north-west from Trieste. It is enclosed by an imposing wall of considerable antiquity, some 4 or 5 miles in circumference, and fortified with towers. In the centre, on an eminence, stands the old castle, at one time the residence of t… Ueberweg, FriedrichUEBERWEG, FRIEDRICH (1826-1871), best known by his History of Philosophy, was born on the 22d January 1826 at Leichlingen, in Rhenish Prussia, where his father was Lutheran pastor. His mother, left early a widow, devoted her scanty means to the education of her only son. Ueberweg passed through the gymnasium at Elberfeld, and studied at the universities of Gottingen and Berlin. In 1852 he qualifie… UgandaUGANDA, a country of eastern Central Africa, to the north-west of the Victoria Nyanza. It has an area of about 34,000 square miles, extending from 1? N. lat. to the Kitangule river, and from 31? E. long. to the Nile. The country bordering the lake and to the north-west is mountainous, the mountains being arranged in low parallel chains. The hills, covered with splendid timber and abundant underwoo… UglitchUGLITCH, a district town of Russia, in the government of Yaroslavl, is situated on the upper Volga, principally on its right bank, 67 miles to the west of the capital of the province. Its historical remains are mostly associated with the prince Dmitri (see vol. xxi. p. 93). The wooden house he occupied, a church of St Demetrius " on the Blood" erected at the spot where he was killed, and a kiosk o… Uhland, Johann LudwigUHLAND, JOHANN LUDWIG (1787-1862), German poet, was born at Tubingen, on April 26, 1787. He studied at the university of his native place, taking jurisprudence as his special subject, but also devoting much time to literature. Having graduated as a doctor of laws in 1810, he went for some months to Paris ; and from 1812 to 1814 he worked at his profession in Stuttgart, in the bureau of the ministe… UjijiUJIJI, a town in eastern Central Africa, of considerable importance, also known by the name of KAVELE, is situated on the eastern shores of Lake Tanganyika, in 4? 55' S. lat. and 30? 5' E. long. Ujjain, Or O0jeinUJJAIN, or O0JEIN, a town in the native state of Gwalior, central India, situated on the right bank of the Sipra, in 23? 11' 10" N. lat. and 75? 51' 45" E. long., 1698 feet above sea-level. UlfilasULFILAS (311-381), the apostle of Christianity to the Gothic race, and, through his translation of the Scriptures into Gothic, the father of Teutonic literature, was born among the Goths of the trans-Danubian provinces in the year 311.1 There is a tradition that his ancestors were Christian captives from Sadagolthina in Cappadocia, who had been carried off to the lands beyond the Danube in the Got… Ulpianus, DomitiiisULPIANUS, DOMITIIIS, Roman jurist, was of Tyrian stone, after having been powdered coarsely, is heated to ancestry, but the time and place of his birth are unknown, redness and thrown into cold water to facilitate its con-He made his first appearance in public life as assessor in version into a very fine powder, which is next treated with the auditorium, of Papinian and member of the council of di… Ulric', HermannULRIC', HERMANN (1806-1884), one of the most chiefly in Germany. There are very few ultramarine works in other to a professorship at Halle, where he remained till his powder); and (5) powdered charcoal or relatively ash-free coal, or death on the 11th January 1884. His first works were colophony in lumps. The numerous modes of manufacture may in the domain of literary criticism. His treatise On Sh… Ulugh Beg, MirkaULUGH BEG, MIRKA. UlverstonULVERSTON, a market-town in the north-west of Lancashire, England, is picturesquely situated near Morecambe Bay, on the borders of the Lake district, 9 miles northeast of Barrow-in-Furness, and 256 north-west of London. The town bears small evidence of its great antiquity. The principal streets branch from the market-place, and the houses built of stone are generally rough-cast and whitened. A riv… UmarUMAR, a district town of Russia, in the south of the government of Kieff, is now a small industrial and trading town, with 15,400 inhabitants, many of whom are Jews, who carry on an active trade in the export of corn, spirits, &c. It has a remarkable park (290 acres), planted in 1796 by the orders of Count Potocki, in connexion with which a gardening school is maintained. Urnah was founded towards… UmbrellaUMBRELLA now means a portable protector from rain, while the name parasol is given to the generally smaller, lighter, and more fanciful article carried by ladies as a sun-shade. But primarily the umbrella (ombrella, Ital. dim. from Lat. umbra, shade) was a sun-shade alone, - its original home having been in hot brilliant climates. In Eastern countries from the earliest times the umbrella was one o… UmbriaUMBRIA ('O,u13pczoj, '0,43pucol, 049r3poc, U3LBRI). The early Greeks applied the name 'Opfiptiaj to all central and northern Italy. Herodotus (iv. 49) speaks of it somewhat vaguely, as if it extended up to the Alps. The Umbrians probably extended across central Italy from sea to sea down as far as Latium. Pliny 13, 19) tells us that the Umbri were considered the most ancient nation of Italy (antiq… UnaoUNAO, a British district in the Lucknow division of Oudh, India, under the jurisdiction of the lieutenant-governor of the North-Western Provinces. The area of the district is 1768 square miles, and it is bounded on the N. by Hardoi, E. by Lucknow, S. by Rai Bareli, and W. by the Ganges. Unao is very flat, and has no features of particular interest. Rich and fertile tracts, studded with groves, alt… UngvarUNGVAR, chief town of the county Ung, in the northeast of Hungary, stands on the river Ung. UnicornUNICORN, an animal with one horn. The name is applicable and has sometimes been applied to the rhinoceros, which is, for example, the Sumatran unicorn of Marco Polo. But the figure usually associated with the name is the well-known heraldic one of an animal with the form of a horse or ass, save that a long straight horn with spiral twistings, like the tusk of the narwhal, projects from its forehea… UnitarianismUNITARIANISM. The term Unitarianism in its widest sense includes certain lines of the great religious and theological movement or revolution of the Reformation in the 16th century, when this is regarded as the commencement of the process of the humanization of theology and ethics on the basis of the autonomy of the human mind. In another sense the term stands for a set of theological opinions, mor… United Brethren In ChristUNITED BRETHREN IN CHRIST, a body of Protestant Christians in the United States of America, which in 1886 included 4332 organized churches (4078 in 1877), 185,103 members (143,881 in 1877), 1378 itinerant ministers, 890 local preachers, 3169 Sunday schools, with 28,547 teachers and 179,729 scholars. The total value of church property held by the denomination was 83,345,064; the sum raised for sala… United Kingdom, TheUNITED KINGDOM, THE, OF GREAT BRITAIN AND square miles, England and Wales embracing 37,370,041 acres (whereof Wales 4,721,633), Scotland 19,467,077, and Ireland 20,819,947. United Presbyterian ChurchUNITED PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, THE, in point of numbers the third of the Presbyterian organizations of Scotland, was formed in 1847 by the union of the United Secession and Relief Churches (see below). The doctrinal standards are those of the other Presbyterian churches of Scotland, and the formula employed at the ordination of ministers is similar to that of the Established and Free Churches ; but a… United ProvincesUNITED PROVINCES. Universalist ChurchUNIVERSALIST CHURCH, a religious body in the United States of America, especially in the New England States, which has for its distinguishing tenet the doctrine of the final salvation of all souls from sin through Christ. The pioneers of Universalism in America were Dr George De Benneville, who taught from 1741 principally in Pennsylvania; Dr Charles Chauncy, of the First Church, Boston (notably i… UnterwaldenUNTERWALDEN is one of the Forest cantons of Switzerland, ranking as sixth in the Confederation. It is composed of two valleys through which run two streams both called the Aa, and which are called Obwald and Nidwald from their position with regard to the great forest of the Kernwald in which they are situated. In old documents the inhabitants are always described as " homines intramontani," whethe… UnyoroUNYORO, a kingdom of Central Africa, bounded on the N. and E.. by the Nile, on the W. by the Albert Nyanza, and on the S.E. by the kingdom of Uganda. Its area is about 1600 square miles. The country is very fertile, well-watered, and thickly wooded ; for the most part it is hilly in character, especially on the borders of the Albert Lake and in the neighbourhood of Massindi and Kiroto, where the m… UpasUPAS, a Javanese word meaning poison, and specially applied by the Malays and people of western Java to the poison derived from the gum of the anchar tree (Antiaris toxicaria), one of the ArtocaTem, which was commonly used in Celebes to envenom the bamboo darts of the natives. The name of the upas tree has become famous from the mendacious account (professedly by one Foersch, who was a surgeon at … Upper Sind FrontierUPPER SIND FRONTIER, a district of British India, forming the northernmost portion of the province of Sind, in the Bombay presidency. It comprises an area of 2139 square miles, and lies between 27? 56' and 28? 27' N. lat. and between GS? and 69? 44' E. long. It is bounded on the N. and W. by the Derajat districts of the Punjab and the territory of Khelat, on the S. by Shikarpur district, and on th… VegetationVEGETATION. the hard and rock maple, ranges as far south as northern Alabama, but is of the most economical importance in New England and the No portion of the United States attains so high a latitude that region of the Great Lakes. On the southern shore of Lake Superior, the forest growth should be necessarily dwarfed by the cold, or dis- in the higher portions of the country, on and near the div… VirginiaVIRGINIA (Vs.) Washington (WaNh.).... West Virginia (W. Va.) Wisconsin (Wis.) Wyoming (Wy.) United States ...... Alaska.. 113,020 9,658 40,440 149,100 14,181 135,177 84,S00 14,999 32,610 64,890 146,080 20,595 39,159 122,580 91,874 119,565 84,970 86,786 143,963 69,180 23,065 75,116 97,890 9,118 20,789 3,019,140 38,558,371 50,155,783 531,409 33,426 28.1. 0-4 551 55.1 the Atlantic region, the region … WatsWATS. mostly accessory to wars between the mother countries. The colonies had taken part in the wars ended by the peace of Ryswick (1697), the peace of Utrecht (1713), and the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748). The alliance of the French and Indians made all these struggles wretched experiences for the English. The province of Canada became a prison-pen, where captives were held to ransom or adopted…
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