Volume 7 [DEA - ELD]: 01'1110permitime to Dorogobush


9th Edition of Encyclopedia Britannica - free ninth edition online encyclopedia Britannica Volume 7 [DEA - ELD]: 01'1110permitime to Dorogobush 01'1110permitime 01'1110PERMITIME. Buccal scutes trigonal ; disk granulated. Ex. Ophittra (Ophioderma), Ophio-chccta, OrnIOLEUILE. Buccal sou tes pentagonal; disk scales spinous. Ex. Antphium,Ophiacantha, Ophiopholis, Ophiostignza, Ophiactis. Papillce angaiares present. Oritiocominz. Disk covered with solid plates. Ex. Ophiocoma, Ophionuistix, 0,ohiarthrum. B. Oral clefts unarined. Opilionuticin..E. Radial plates … 125-6 And 130-2 125-6 and 130-2 of the same volume. degenerates when removed into a city or a cultivated tract, that the former commonly becomes mangy, and the latter experiences a physical and moral degradation. The Egyptian camel is of the one-humped kind, which has been erroneously called the dromedary, whereas the dromedary is merely a swift camel standing in the same relation to the ordinary camel that our s… 1817-20 1817-20, Svo : Vocabulaxietto, ib. 1872, 4to. Como : Monti, Milano, 1845, 8vo. Ferrara : Manini, Ferrara, 1805, 8vo: Azzi, 4to, 956 pages : Biundi, ib. 1857, 12mo, 578 pages : Traiva, ib. 1870, 8vo. Siena: Barbagli, Siena, 1602, 4to. Taranto: Vincentiis, Taranto, 1872, 8vo. Turin : Somis Chavrie, Torino, 1843, 8vo. TUSeitny: Luna, Napoli 1536, 4to: l'oliti, Roma,1604, 8vo ; Venezia, 1615; 1628; 16… 1829-31 1829-31, 4to, 2 vols. : Vogtberg (Germ.), Wein, 1831, Svo. 1851-56 1851-56, 8vo, 3 vols.: Laborde (1cotice des emaux . . . du Louvre, Part ii.), Paris, 1853, 8vo, 564pages:1 Gachet (rhymed chronicles), Bruxelles, 1859, 4to: Le Hericher (Norman, English, and French), Paris, 1862, 3 vols. 8vo: Ilippeau (12th and 13th centuries), l'aris, 1875, 8vo. DIALECTS.-Jaubert (central), Paris, 1856-57, 8vo, 2 vols.: Baumgarten (north and centre), Coblentz, 1870, 8vo : Azais, … 1867-69 1867-69, 2 vols. 8vo, 2352 pages), is excellent for spoken Arabic. PERSIAN. -The Soorah, by Jumal, Calcutta, 1812-15, 2 vols. 4to: Samaehsharii Lexicon, ed. Wetzstein, Leipz. 1845, 4to; 1850: Nuntalchal Loghat, Calcutta, 1808 ; lb. 1836 ; Lucknow, 1845 ; Bombay, 186% 8vo, 2 vols.: Muntaha P Arabi, 4 vols. fol. 1840 : Shams al Loghat, I3ombay, 1860, fol. 2 vols. 509 pages. Tuatosii.- .4ehteri Kabir… Abdominal Cavity And Peritoneum ABDOMINAL CAVITY AND PERITONEUM. - As the remaining por-tions of the alimentary canal are situated in the abdominal cavity, it will be advisable, before describing their anatomy, to give an ac-count of the form and boundmies of that cavity, of its division into regions, and of the general arrangement of the pmitoneum, which constitutes its lining membrane. The Abdominal Cavity, Abdomen, or Belly, … Ambroise Firmin Didot AMBROISE FIRMIN DIDOT (1790-1876), was the eldest son of the preceding. After receiving a classical eclucatioa, lie spent three years in Greece and in the East; and on the retirement of his father in 1827 he undertook, in con-junction with his brother Hyacinthe, the direction of the publishing business. Their greatest undertaking w as a new edition of the Thesaurus Grcecce kingutz uf Henry Stephen… America AMERICA : North, Central (with Mexico), South. Greek.-Athenams quotes 35 writers of works, known or supposed to be dictionaries, for, as they are all lost, it is often difficult to decide on their nature. Of these, Anticlides, who lived after the reign of Alexander the Great, wrote 'E?rnynTtruis, which seems to have been a sort of dictionary, perhaps explaining the words and phrases occurring in a… Ax2-1-by2-1-c7 AX2-1-BY2-1-C7.24-2DYZ-1-2EZX+2EXY .nd A,12+13,Y24-C,Z2-1-2D,YZ4-2E,ZX4-2F,XY , vhich It is easily proved to be by direct transformation. Bibliography BIBLIOGRAPHY.- The First Principles of Observational Seismology, by R, Mallet, 2 vols. 8N-o, London, 1862. (This contains the Report on the Neapolitan Earthquake of 18,57). Mallet's four "Reports on the Facts and Theory of Earth-quake Phenomena," in Reports of the British Association, 1850 to 1858. (The Earthquake Catalogue is the 3d report of this serie9. Maltees chapter " On Observation of Earth… Brisingid2e BRISINGID2E. Ex. Brisinga. Distribution. in time of Asteridea. (fig. 17). - The Asteridea are represented in the Lower Silurian series of strata by the genera Ettriastcr, Fake-aster (ranging to Carboniferous), &master, Tcentaster, and Urastercila; in the Upper Silurian by Glyptaster, Palcectsterina, Palccoconta Pctraster, Pabaipes, Lepi-(taster, and' Trochilaster ; in the Devonian by Aspiclosonta… Chapter CHAPTER. III. - On the Distribution of Force in a Stress. Theorent.--ln every homogeneous stress there is a system of three rectangular planes, each of which is perpendraddr to the direction of the umtiml force between the parts of the body on its two sides. For let P(X), P(Z) denote the components, parallel to X, Y, Z, any three rectangular lines of reference, of the force experienced per unit o… Chapter CHAPTER X bnp6rfeet Concurrences of two Stress or Strain Def. The concurrence of any stresses or strains of two stated types is the proportion which the work done when a body of unit volume experiences a stress of either type, while acquirirg a strain >f the other, bears to the product of the numbers measuring the stress and strain respectively. Cur. 1. In orthogonal resolution of a stress or stra… Chapter Il CHAPTER IL - Homogemous Stresses and Homogeneous Strains. Def. A stress is said to be homogeneous throughout a body when equal and similar portions of the body, with corresporeding lines parallel, experience equal and parallel pressures or tensions an correspowlin, elements of their surfaces. Cor. When a body is subjected to any homogeneous stress, the mutual tension or pressure between the parts … Chapter Iv CHAPTER IV. - Om the Distribution of Displacement in a Strain. Prop. In every homogeneous strain any part of the solid bounded by an ellipsoid remains bounded by an ellipsoid. Fur all particles of the solid in a plane remain in a plane, and two parallel planes remain parallel. Consequently every system of conjugate diametral planes of an ellipsoid of the solid retain the property of conjugate diam… Chapter Ix CHAPTER IX. - Orthogonal Types of Reference. Def. A normal system of types of reference is one in which the strains or stresses of the different types are all six mutually orthogonal (fifteen conditions). A normal system of types of reference may also be called an orthogonal system. The elements specifying, with reference to such a system, any stress or strain, will be called orthogonal components… Chapter Vi CHAPTER VI. - Orthogonal Stresses and Strains. Def. 1, A stress is said to act right across a strain, or to act orthogonally to a strain, or to be orthogonal to a strain, if work is neither done upon nor by the body in virtue of the action of the stress upon it while it is acquiring the strain. Def. 2. Two stresses are said to be orthogonal when either coincides in direction with a strain orthogon… Chapter Xv11 CHAPTER XV11. - Plane Waves in a Homogeneous Afolotropie A plane wave in a homogeneous elastic solid is a motion in which every line of particles in a plane parallel to one fixed plane ex periences simply a 'notion of translation - but a motion (lifTering from the motions of particles in planes parallel to the same. Let OX, CV, OZ be three fixed rectangular axes ; OX perpendicular to the wave fron… Charles Dickens CHARLES DICKENS (1812-1870), the great English novelist., was what would generally be described as a self-educated man, and yet, if by a man's education we understand preparation for the work he has to do in life, he was indebted to circumstances for an education on which it would have been difficult to improve. His father was a clerk in the Navy Pay Office, stationed at Portsmouth when Charles wa… Cilapter Xvi CILAPTER XVI. - Application of Conclusions to Natural Crystals. It is easy to demonstrate that a body, homogeneous when regarded on a large scale, may be constructed to have twenty-one arbitrarily prescribed values for the coefficients in the expression for its potential energy in terms of any prescribed system of strain coordinates. This proposition was first enunciated in the paper on the Thermo… D1zful, Or Desful D1ZFUL, or DESFUL, formerly known as Anda-el-Misk, a town of Persia, in the province of Khuzistan, 36 miles north-west of Shuster, on the right bank of the Shat-el-Diz, or Abzal, a tributary of the Karun, and there crossed by a fine bridge of twenty arches, the lower part of which is of ancient worktnanship. Deacon DEACON (minister, servant), the name given to the lowest order of minister in the Christian church. From the appointment of the seven Hellenic deacons (Acts vi.) we learn that their duty under the apostles was simply to distribute alms from the public fund. In the early church, however, they soon came to discharge higher functions. They assisted the bishop and presbyter in the service of the sanct… Dead Sea DEAD SEA, the largest lake in Palestine, and physically, as well as historically, among the most remarkable in the world. It is called in Scripture The Salt Sea (Gen. xiv. 3), The Sea of the Plain, or more correctly of the Arabah (Dent. iii. 17), and The East Sea (Ezek. xlvii. 18). Josephus calls it the Asphaltic Lake (B. J. iii. 10, 17), a name adopted by classic writers in allusion to the , bitu… Deaf And Dumb DEAF AND DUMB. It is a. not uncommon supposition that deaf mutes are dumb on account of some vocal or organic defect, whereas the dumbness arises, with very rare exceptions, from the deprivation of hearing caused by some natural or accidental disease. 'Where partial or total dumbness exists with the sense of hearing perfect, it will be generally found to proceed either from great nervous debility … Deaietrius Ii DEAIETRIUS II., king of Macedonia, son of Antigonus Gonnatas, who was a son of Demetrius Poliorcetes. Deak, Franz DEAK, FRANZ (1803-1876), an Hungarian statesman, was born on October 17,1803, at Kehida, in the comitat of Szalad. He sprang from an old noble fancily, of which he was the last descendant. Having studied law at the academy of Baal), he practised as an advocate in Szalad, and soon became a prominent figure at the meetings of the comitat. He represented Szalad in the Diet which met at Presburg in 18… Deal DEAL, a municipal and. parliamentary borough and market town of England, in the county of Kent, eight miles .N.N.E. of Dover and five miles by rail S.S.E. of Sandwich. It consists of three divisions : - Lower Deal, which is the most important, on the coast ; Middle Deal ; and, about a mile inland, Upper Deal. Though largely frequented as a sea-bathing place, the town delives its im-portance mainly… Dean DEAN, Latin decanus, is derived from the Greek Urca, ten ; and whether the term was first used among the secular clergy to signify the priest who had a charge of inspection and superintendence over ten parishes, or among the regular clergy to signify the monk who in a monastery had author-ity over ten other monks, appears doubtful. " Decurius " may be found in early writers used to signify the sam… Debenture DEBENTURE, a deed by which certain property is charged with the repayment of money lent at a fixed interest. Debreczyn, Or Debretzn DEBRECZYN, or DEBRETZN, a royal free city of Hungary, the chief town of the comitat of Hadju, and one of the largest in the kingdom, is situated in the midst of a slightly elevated sandy plain 114 miles east of Pesti], with which it is connected by rail. It is a meanly-built, straggling town, with irregular suburbs stretching out into the plain ; its wide roadways are only paved with wood down the… Debt DEBT is a sum certain due by one person to another. Decalogue DECALOGUE (in patristic Greek, 7, 8eKcaoyos, sc., (3//3Xes or vopoOccria) is another name for the ten commandments, in Hebrew the ten, words (Dent. iv. 13, x. 4 ; Exod. xxxiv. 28), written on the two tables of stone, the so-called tables of the revelation, (E. V., tables of testimony - Ex. xxxiv. 29, comp. ch. xxv. 21), or tables of the covenant (Dent. ix. 9). In Deuteronomy the inscription on the… Decamps, Alexandre Gabriel DECAMPS, ALEXANDRE GABRIEL (1803-1860), one of the foremost painters of the modern French school, was born in Paris on the 3d March 1803. He received his artistic training from Abel de Pujol, but set himself free at an early period of his career from academic trammels. He asserted his originality in his choice of subjects as well as in his style of treatment. In his youth he travelled in the East,… De Candolle, Augustin Pyramus DE CANDOLLE, AUGUSTIN PYRAMUS (1778-1841), a celebrated botanist, was born at Geneva, February 1,1778. He was descended from one of the most ancient families of Provence, and his ancestors had been expatriated for their religion in the middle of the 16th century. His father was a famous printer, and syndic of the university and republic. Though a weakly boy he showed great aptitude for study, and … Decapol1s DECAPOL1S, a district of Palestine, or perhaps rather a confederation of districts, situated, with the exception of a small portion, on the eastern side of the Upper Jordan and the Sea of Tiberias. Its boundaries are not accurately known, and probably were .never precisely defined. It evidently takes its name from the fact that it included ten cities (8gKa irOXas), but the ancient geographers do n… Decatur DECATUR, a flourishing city of the United States, capital of Macon county, Illinois, situated in the midst of a rich agricultural district to the right of the Sangamon river,?at a railway junction about 38 miles east of Springfield. Deccan 'DECCAN (DnicsniN, the Country of the South), in India, includes, according to Hindu geographers, the whole of the territories situated to the south of the Nerbudda. In its more modern acceptation, however, it is sometimes understood as comprising only the country lying between, that river' and the Krishna, the latter having for a long period formed the southern boundary of the Mahometan empire of… December DECEMBER, the ldst month of the year. In the Roman calendar, traditionally ascribed to Romulus, the year was divided into ten months, the last of which was called December, or the tenth month, and this name, though etymologically incorrect, was retained for the fast or twelfth month of the year as now divided. In the Romulian calendar December had thirty days ; Numa reduced the number to twenty ni… Decemviri DECEMVIRI (i.e., the ten men), ten magistrates of absolute authority among the Romans. Their appointment, according to Roman tradition, was due to plebeian dissatisfaction with the capricious administration of justice by the patricians, who had no written law to direct them. On the representation to the senate of the popular grievances by the tribunes, commissioners were sent to Greece to collect … Decimal Coinage DECIMAL COINAGE. It has often been proposed to substitute for our quarto-duodecimo-vicesimal system of reckoning money one entirely decimal, and therefore in harmony with the system, employed in all civilized coun-tries, of reckoning numbers both integral and fractional. In the case of numbers, there is ho difficulty in regard to the standard by which to reckon ; it is unity, 0,nd all integral num… Declaration DECLARATION in an action at law was the first step in pleading - the formal statement of the matter in respect of which the defendant sued. It was divided into counts, in each of which a, specific cause of action was alleged, but the language used was cautious and general, and the same matter might be the subject of several counts. By the shnpler form of pleading established by the Judicature Act,… Declaration Of Paris DECLARATION OF PARIS, a diplomatic instrument or protocol signed by the representatives of all the powers present at the Congress of Paris in 1856, and subsequently accepted as a biuding engagement of public law by all the other powers (except the United States of America, Spain, and Mexico), for the purpose of settling and' defining, certain rules of maritime law, in time of war, on points of gre… Declarator Decree, Decreet DECREE, DECREET, the judgment of a court of justice, and, in English law, more particularly the judgment of a court of equity. Decretals DECRETALS, in canon law, are the answers sent by the Pope to applications made to him as head of the church, chiefly by bishops, but also by synods, and even private individuals, for guidance in cases involving points of doctrine or discipline. In the early clays of the church these replies cane to be circulated throughout the various dioceses, and furnished precedents to be observed in analogous … Decurio DECURIO, an officer in the Roman cavalry, commanding a decuria, which was a body consisting of ten men. Deed DEED is a contract in writing, sealed and delivered by the party bound to the party benefited. Contracts or obligations under seal are called in English law specialties, and down to a recent date they took precedence in payment over simple contracts, whether written or not. Writing, sealing, and delivery are all essential to a deed. The signature of the party charged is not material, and the deed … Dee, John DEE, JOHN (1527-1608), a mathematician and astrologer, was born in July 1527, in London, where his father was a wealthy vintner. In 1542 he was sent to St John's College, Cambridge. After five years' close application to mathematical studies, particularly astronomy, he went to Holland, in order to visit several eminent Continental mathematicians. Having remained abroad nearly a year, he returned t… Deer DEER (Cervidca), a family of Ruminant Artiodactyle Mammals, distinguished by the possession of deciduous branching horns or antlers, and by the presence of spots on the young. The antlers are borne by the frontal bone, and generally begin to appear towards the end of spring. At that season there is a marked determination of blood to the head, the vessels surrounding the frontal eminences become te… Defamation DEFAMATION, saying or writing something of another, calculated to injure his reputation or expose him to public hatred, contempt, and ridicule. Defender Of The Faith DEFENDER OF THE FAITH (Fidel, .D efensor), a peculiar title belonging to the sovereign of England, in the same way that Catholicus belongs to the king of Spain, and Chri stianissimus to the king of France. Deffand, Maria De DEFFAND, MARIA DE VICIli'-ClIA.NIROND, MARQUISE DU (1697-1780), a celebrated leader in the fashionable literary society of Paris during the greater part of the 18th century, was born in Burgundy of a noble family in 1697. Educated at a convent in Paris, she there displayed, along with great intelligence, the sceptical and cynical tum of mind which so well suited the part she was afterwards to fill… Defoe, Daniel DEFOE, DANIEL (1661-1731), was born in London in the year 1661, in the parish of St Giles, Cripplegate. Neither the exact date nor place of his birth is known, nor is his baptism recorded, probably because he was of a nonconformist family. Hardly anything is known of his ancestors ; his grandfather, Daniel Foe, is said to have been a squire or wealthy yeoman at Elton, in Huntingdonshire (not North… De Geitando, Marie Joseph DE GEItANDO, MARIE JOSEPH (1772-1842), one of the most distinguished ethical and metaphysical philosophers of France, was born at Lyons, February 29, 1772. When that city was besieged in 1793 by the armies of the whence he afterwards fled to Naples. In 1796, after an posed as a subject for an essay this question, - " What is the influence of symbols on the faculty of thought " De Gerando gained th… Deggendorf, Or Deckendorf DEGGENDORF, or DECKENDORF, the chief town of a district in Lower Bavaria, about 25 miles north-west t;f Passau, on the left bank of the Danube, which is there crossed by two iron bridges. It is situated at the lower end of the beautiful valley of the Perlbach, with the 'mountains of the Bavarian Forest rising behind ; and in itself it is. a well-built and attractive town. Besides the administrativ… Dehra Min DEHRA MIN, a district of British India in the Meerut (Mirat) division of the lieutenant-governorship of the North-Western. Provinces, lies between 29? 57' and 30? 59' N. lat., and 77? 37' 15" and 78? 22' 45" E. long. It com-prises the valley (thin) of Debra, together with the hills division (parficenti) of Jaunsar Bawer, which runs from S.E. to N.W. of it, on the north. The district is bounded on … Deism DEISM is the received name for a current of theological thought which, though not confined to one country, or to any well-defined period, had England for its principal source, and was most conspicuous in the last years of the 17th and the first half of the 18th century. The deists, differing widely in important matters of belief, were yet agreed in seeking above all to establish the certainty and … Dejanira DEJANIRA, the wife of Hercules. See FIEncurms. DEKKER, JEREMTAS DE (1610-1666), a Dutch poet, was born at Dort in 1610. He received his entire education from his father, a, native of Antwerp, who, having embraced the reformed religion, had been compelled to take refuge in Holland. Entering his father's business at an early age, he found leisure to cultivate his taste for literature and especially … Dekker, Thomas DEKKER, THOMAS, dramatist. It is impossible to make out, from the scanty records of Dekker's personal life, what manner of man he was. His name occurs fre-quently in Henslowe's Diary during the last year of the 16th century ; he is mentioned there as receiving loans and payments for writing plays in conjunction with Ben Jonson, Chettle, Haughton, and Day, and he would appear to have been then in t… De La Beche DE LA BECHE, HENRY THOMAS (1796-1855), one of the band of enthusiastic workers by whom the science of geology was developed so rapidly in England during the early part of this century, was born in the year 1796. His father, an officer in the army, possessed landed property in Jamaica, but died while his son was still young. The boy accordingly spent his youth with his mother among the interesting … Delacroix, Ferdinand Victor' Eugene DELACROIX, FERDINAND VICTOR' EUGENE, (1798 - 1863), a French painter of history, was born at CharentonSt-Maurice, near Paris, 26th April 1798. His father was a partisan of the most violent faction during the time of the Revolution. The family affairs seem to have been conducted. in the wildest manner, and the accidents that befell the child, well authenticated as they are said to be, make it almos… Delagoa Bay DELAGOA BAY (i.e., in Portuguese, the Bay of the Swampy Land), an inlet on the east coast of South Africa, between 25? 40' and 26? 20' S. lat., with a length from north to south of about 60 miles, and a L readth of about 20. It is protected by a series of islands stretching north from the mainland; and in spite of a bar at the entrance, and a number of shallows within, it forms a valuable harbour,… Delambre, Jean Baptiste Joseph DELAMBRE, JEAN BAPTISTE JOSEPH (1749-1822), an eminent mathematician and astronomer, was born at Amiens, September 19, 1749. He commenced his studies in the gymnasium of that town under the celebrated poet with whom he maintained an intimate friendship till his death. Having obtained an exhibition founded by one of his ancestors for the benefit of the town of Amiens, he waa enabled to prosecute hi… De La Rive DE LA RIVE, AUGUSTE (1801-1873), a Swiss physicist, distinguished chiefly for his researches on the subject of electricity, was born at Geneva on the 9th October 1801. He belonged to a good family closely connected with that of the Count Cavour, and he inherited his taste for natural science from his father, an eminent physician and chemist. After an unusually brilliant career as a student, he was… Delaroche DELAROCHE, MrPonrrE, commonly known as PAUL (1797-1856), one of the most accomplished painters of the eclectic modern school, was born in Paris, 17th July 1797. He is always spoken of as one of the most fortunate and successful of men, as well as one of the ablest, since he never appeared to encounter any obstacles or to feel any difficulties. The father of Delaroche was an expert who had made e f… Delarue, Gervais DELARUE, GERVAIS (1751-1835), a French historical investigator, and one of the chief authorities on Norman and Anglo-Norman literature. He was a native of Caen, received his education at the university of that town, and was ultimately raised to the rank of professor. His first historical enterprize was interrupted by the French Revolu-tion, which forced him to take refuge in England ; but the inte… Delavigne, Jean Francois Casimir DELAVIGNE, JEAN FRANcOIS CASIMIR (1793-1843), I French poet and dramatist, was born April 4, 1793, at Havre, whence his father sent him at an early age to Paris, there to be educated at the Lycee Napoleon. During the first years of his attendance at this school he was little else than a dullard, but on reaching the age of fourteen he seems to have undergone a complete change - sluggishness gave pl… Delaware DELAWARE, ono of the States of the American Union (next to Rhode Island, the smallest in extent), is situated on the Atlantic seaboard, forming part of the peninsula between the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays. It covers an area of 2120 square miles. The population in 1840, and at the end of every ten years down to 1870. has been .as follows : - It is bounded on the N. by Pennsylvania, on the W. and… Delaware DELAWARE, a city of the United States, capital of a county of the same name in Ohio, is situated on the west bank of t,he Olentangy, nearly in the centre of the State, 21 miles north of Columbus. Del Credere Agent DEL CREDERE AGENT is one who, selling goods for his principal on credit, undertakes for an additional com-mission to guarantee the solvency of the purchaser. Delfico, Atelcitiorre DELFICO, ATELCITIORRE (1744-1835), an eminent Italian writer on political economy, was born at Teramo in the Abruzzi on the 1st August 1744, and was educated at Naples. He devoted himself specially to the study of jurisprudence and political economy, and thus qualified himself for the valuable service he was to render to his native country by his writings on legal and economic subjects. His first … Delft DELFT, a town of Holland, in the province of South IIolland, on the Schie, nearly ten miles from Rotterdam, and in the line of the canal between that city and the Hague. It is well and regularly built in the forin of a square, but has a rather gloomy appearance from its streets being traversed by narrow stagnant canals. The public buildings comprise the Prinsenhof, or palace, vvhere William of Ora… Delhi DELHI,I a district of British India under the jurisdic-tion of the lieutenant-governor of the Punjab, situated. between 28? 13' and 29? 13' N. lat. and 76? 53' and 77' 34" E. long. It consists of a strip of territory on the right or west bank of the River Jumna, 75 miles in length, and vatying from 15 to 23 miles in breadth, bounded on the N. by the district of Karnal, on the E. by the Jumna river… Delhi DELHI, the chief city of the district and division of the same name, and the capital of the Mughul empire, is situated in 28? 39' 40" N. lat. and 77? 17' 45" E. long. It abuts on the right bank of the River Jumna, and is inclosed on three sides by a lofty wall of solid stone constructed by the Emperor Shah JAM], and subsequently strengthened by the English at the beginning of the present century b… Delia DELIA, a festival of Apollo held in Delos. Delille, Jacques DELILLE, JACQUES (1738-1813), a French poet, was born on the 22d of June 1738, at Aigues-Perse Auvergne. He was an illegitimate child, and was connected by his mother with the family of the Chancellor de l'H5pital. With very slender means of support he was educated at the college of Lisieux in Paris, and made such progress in his studies as augured well for his future dis-tinction. When his educat… Delirium DELIRIUM, a temporary disorder of the mind gene-rally occurring in connection with. some form of bodily disease. It ntay vary in intensity from slight and occasional wandering of the mind and incoherence of expression, to fixed delusions and violent maniacal excitement, and again it may be associated with more or less of coma or insensibility (see MENTAL DISEASES). Delirium is apt to occur in most… Delitzsch DELITZSCH, a town of Prussia, in the province of Saxony, at the head of a district in the department of Merseburg, situated on the Lober, an affluent of the Mulde, 12 miles north of Leipsic at a railway junction. Delolme, Jean DELOLME, JEAN Louis (1740-1806), jurist and constitutional writer, was born at Geneva in 1740. He studied for the bar, and had entered on the profession of an advocate in his native town when he was obliged to emigrate on account of the publication of a pamphlet entitled Examen de trois parts de droit, which gave offence to the authorities of the town. He found an asylum in England, where he lived… Delos DELOS, now Mik?a Dili, or Little Delos, to distinguish it from Illegali Dili, or Great Delos, an island in the sEgean, the smallest but most famous of the Cyclades, and, according to the ancient belief, the spot round which the group arranged itself in a nearly circular form. It is a rugged mass of granite, about 12 square miles in extent, in 37? 23' N. lat. and 25? 17' E. long., about half a mile… De Loutherbourg, Piiilip James DE LOUTHERBOURG, PIIILIP JAMES (1740-1812), an artist of remarkably versatile ability and interesting personality. He was born at Strasburg, 31st October 1740, where his father, the representative of a noble Polish family, practised miniature painting in a semi-amateur manner ; but he spent the greater part of his life in London, where he was naturalized, and exerted a considerable influence on th… Delphi, Aex001 DELPHI, AEX001, a town of ancient Greece in the territory of Phocis, famous as the seat of the most important temple and oracle of Apollo. It was situated about six miles inland from the shores of the Corinthian Gulf, in a rugged and romantic glen, closed on the N. by the steep wall-like under-cliffs of Mount Parnassus known as the Phxdriades, or Shining Rocks, on the E. and W. by two minor ridges… Delphinia DELPHINIA, a festival of Apollo held annually on the 7th of the month Munychion (April) at Athens, where he was styled Delphinios. Deluc, Jean Andrl DELUC, JEAN ANDRL (1727-1817), geologist and mete-orologist, born at Geneva, February 8, 1727, was descended. from a family which had emigrated from Lucca and settled at Geneva in the 15th century. His father, Francois Delue, was the author of some publications in refuta-tion of Mandeville and other rationalistic writers, which are best known through Rousseau's humorous account of his ennui in rea… Deluge DELUGE, a, submersion of the world, related by various nations as having taken place in a primitive age, and in which all, or nearly all, living beings are said to have perished. By this definition we exclude all partial floods, and also the theory which would account for deluge-stories as exaggerations of traditions of local inundations. Upon a low level of culture, as Von Hahn has shown, the mem… Demades DEMADES, an orator and demagogue who flourished in the 4th century p.c. He was originally of humble posi-tion, and was employed at one time as a common sailor, but he rose partly by. his eloquence and partly by his unscrupulous character to a prominent position at Athens. He espoused the cause of Philip in the war against Olynthus, and was thus brought into bitter and life-long enmity with Demosth… Demerara, Or Demerary DEMERARA, or DEMERARY, a river and county of British Guiana. Demetria DEMETRIA, a festival in honour of Demeter, held at seed-time, and lasting ten days. Demetrius DEMETRIUS, a Cynic philosopher, was a disciple of Apollonius of Tyana, to whom he afterwards proved an able antagonist. Demetrius DEMETRIUS I., king of Macedonia, a son of Antigouus and Stratonice, surnamed Poliorcetes, or the Besieger. Both father and son play an important part in the vicissitudes of the Macedonian empire after the death of Alexander the Great. Demetrius grew up to be a beautiful young man, reared in the fulness of the new Macedonian life, devoted to Greek seieuee, and inspired with an eager ambition to riv… Demetrius DEMETRIUS I., named Soter, king of Sy-ria, was sent to Rome as a hostage during the reign of Antiochus Epiphanes. Demetrius DEMETRIUS, an orator and Peripatetic philosopher, surnamed Plictlereus, from the Attic demos of Phalerus, where he was born. He Was the son of a poor man named Phanostratus, and was a scholar of Theophrastus. He governed the city of Athens as representative of Cassander for ten years, and 360 statues were erected to his honour. On the restoration of the old democracy by Demetrius Poliorcetes, he w… Demetrius Ii DEMETRIUS II., surnamed Nieator, the son of the preceding, lived in exile during the usurpation of Balas. Demetrius Iii DEMETRIUS III., called Eucerus, also Euergetes and Philometor, king of Syria, was the fourth son of Antiochus Grypus. Demidoff DEMIDOFF, a Russian family honourably distinguished in various ways in the history of their country. Demidoff, Akinfij DEMIDOFF, AKINFIJ, son of the former, greatly increased the wealth he had inherited by the discovery (along with his son) of gold, silver, and copper mines, which they worked with permission of the Government for their 0 NS 11 profit. Demidoff, Anatoli DEMIDOFF, ANATOLI, son of Paul, was born at Florence in 1812, and died at Paris in 1870. Demidoff, Nikita DEMIDOFF, NIKITA, the founder of the family, originally a blacksmith serf, was born about 1665. Demidoff, Nikolay DEMIDOFF, NIKOLAY Nixrrizcx, nephew of the preceding, was born in 1774, and died at Florence in 1828. Demidoff, Paul Grigorjevicti DEMIDOFF, PAUL GRIGORJEVICTI, nephew of the preceding (born in 1738, died in 1821), was a great traveller, and devoted himself to scientific studies, the prosecution of which among his countrymen he encouraged by the establishment of professorships, lyceums, and museums. Demmin DEMMIN, a town of Prussia, at the head of a circle in the government .of Stettin, is situated on the Peene, which in the immediate neighbourhood receives the Trebel and the Tollense, 72 miles W.N.W. of Stettin. Democritus DEMOCRITUS, one of the founders of the Atomic philosophy, was born at Abdera, a Thracian colony, the inhabitants of which were notorious for their stupidity. Nearly all the information that we possess concerning his life consists of traditions of very doubtful authenticity. He was a contemporary of Socrates ; but the date of his birth has been fixed variously from 494 to 460 B.C. His father (who i… Demoivre DEMOIVRE, AnnArrAm (1667-1754), an eminent mathematician, was born at Vitry, in Champagne, May 26, 1667 He belonged to a French Protestant family, and was compelled to take refuge in England at the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, in 1685. Having laid the foundation of his mathematical studies in France, he prosecuted them further in London, where he read public lectures on natural philosophy fo… Demonology DEMONOLOGY. The word demon (or dcemon) is the Greek 8aCp.wv, the etymology of which is too doubtful to explain its original signification (see Pott, Etym. Forsch., ii. 1, 947). Setting aside the use of the word in the general sense of deity (as in Iliad, i. 222), we find it employed in classic Greek literature with the more specific meaning under which it becomes an important term in the science o… De Morgan, Augustus DE MORGAN, AUGUSTUS (1800-1874 oue of the most eminent mathematicians and logicians of his time, was born June 1806, at Madura, in the Madras presidency. His father was Colonel John De Morgan, employed in the East India Company's service, and his grandfather and great-grandfather had served under Warren Hastings. On the mother's side he was descended from James Dodson, F.R.S., author of the Anti-l… Demosthenes DEMOSTHENES was born in 384 B.C. His father, who bore the same name, was an Athenian citizen belonging to the dome of Pinania. His mother, Cleobule, was the daughter of Gylon, a citizen who had been active in procuring the protection of the kings of Bosporus for the Athenian colony of Nymphmon in the Crimea, and whose wife was a native of that region. On these grounds the adversaries of Demosthene… Demot1ca DEMOT1CA, a town of European Turkey in the province of Adrianople and sanjak of Gallipoli, situated 25 miles south of the provincial capital, at the foot of a conical hill which rises on the right bank of the Maritza near its junction with the Kizildeki. Dempster, Thomas DEMPSTER, THOMAS (1579-1625), a Scottish scholar, was born at Cliftbog, Aberdeenshire, and was the twenty-fourth of twenty-niue children of the same mother. Front his earliest years he gave promise of the learned attainments which gained him contemporary celebrity and posthumous fame. At a very early age, qualified by the tuition of Thomas Cargill, his classical master in Aberdeen - of whom he spe… Demue DEMUE,B,ER, in English law, is an objection taken to the sufficiency, in point of law, of the pleading or written statement of the other side. Demurrage DEMURRAGE, in the law of merchant shipping, is the sum payable by the freighter to the shipowner for detention of the vessel in port beyond the number of days allowed for the purpose of loading or unloading. The contract between the parties generally specifies the amount per day to be paid as demurrage, and the number of days for which the ship may be detained at that rate. If it should be detaine… Denain DENAIN, a town of France, in the department of Nord, and arrondissement of Valenciennes, 14 miles to the east of Douai, on the Scheldt Canal and the railway between Anzin and Somain. Denbigh DENBIGH, a maritime county of North Wales, is about 40 miles in its extreme length from N.W to S.E., by 36 at its greatest and 8 at its least width, where it is divided into two unequal portions. It embraces a superficial area of 392,005 statute acres, or 612/ square miles. The population in 1871 amounted to 105,102 persons, 52,866 males and 52,236 females ; in 1861 it numbered 100,778, and in 185… Denderah DENDERAH, an Arab village in Upper Egypt, about 23 miles north of Thebes, marking the site and preserving the name of the ancient city of Tentyra, which was the capital of the Tentyrite nome and the seat of a famous temple dedicated to Athor, the Egyptian Venus. The temple, which is remarkable as the first well-preserved and unencumbered building of the kind to be seen on a voyage up the Nile, lie… Dendermonde DENDERMONDE, in French Termonde, a town ot Belgium, in the province of East Flanders, about 18 miles east of Ghent, so called from its situation at the mouth of the Dender, a right-hand affluent of the Scheldt. It is the seat of a court of primary instance, has a hospital, a lunatic asylum, two orphanages, an academy of architecture and design, a public library, and a picture gallery, and carries … Denham, Sir John DENHAM, SIR JOHN (1615-1668), a royalist poet, who has won a place among the foremost British authors more by a, lmppy accident than by any decided genius, was the only son of Sir John Denham, lord chief baron of the Exchequer in Ireland, and was born in Dublin in 1615. In 1617 his father was promoted to the rank of baron of the Exchequer in England, and removed to London with his family. The futu… Den Ina, Carlo Giovanni Maria DEN INA, CARLO GIOVANNI MARIA (1731-1813), an Italian author, was born at Revello, Piedmont, in 1731, and was educated at Saluzzo and Turin. In 1753 he was appointed to the chair of humanity at Pignerol, but he was soon compelled by the influence of the Jesuits to retire from it. In 1756 he graduated as doctor in theology, and began authorship with a theological treatise. Promoted to the professor… Denis, Or Dionysius DENIS, or DIONYSIUS, ST, the patron saint of France, flourished in the middle of the 3d century. What is known of his life rests chiefly on the not altogether trustworthy authority of Gregory of Tours, according to which he was the leader of a band of seven missionaries who came from Rome to Gaul, and founded churches in seven cities. Denis settled in Paris, where he made many converts, and became… Denizen DENIZEN, an alien who obtains by letters patent (ex donatione regis) certain of the privileges of a British subject. Denman, 'Thomas, First Baron DENMAN, 'THOMAS, FIRST BARON (1779-1854), one of the most distinguished of the chief-justices of England, was born at London, the son of a well-known physician, 23d July 1779. He received the rudiments of his education at Palgrave School, near Diss, in Norfolk, at that time conducted by Mrs Barbauld. At ten years of age he was sent to Eton, and he afterwards was entered at St John's , College, Cam… Denmark DENMARK. The kingdom of Denmark, once a con-siderable power in Europe, but now confined within very narrow limits, comprises the peninsula, of Jutland on the European continent and a group of islands in the Baltic. It lies between 51? 31' and 57? 41' 52" N. lat., and between 8? 4' and 12? 31' E. long., with the exception of the Island of Bornholm, which lies between 14? 42' and 15? 10' E. long. It… Dennis, John DENNIS, JOHN (1657-1731), a critic and poet of some celebrity in his own day, was the son of a saddler in London, where he was born in the year 1657. Be received the first branches of education at Harrow and at Caius College, Cambridge, from which after four years' residence he removed to Trinity Hall. In 1683 he graduated M.A. When he quitted the university he made the tour of Europe, in the cour… Denon, Dominique Vivant DENON, DOMINIQUE VIVANT, BARON DE (1747-1825), artist and archaeologist, was born at Chdlou-sur-SaSue on the 4th January 1747. His parents sent him. to Paris to study law, but he showed from the first a decided preference for art and polite literature, and he soon gave up his professional studies. In his twenty-third year he produced a comedy, Le bon pare, which obtained a succes d'estime, its aut… Dentistry DENTISTRY. The province of dentistry embraces the art of treating diseases and lesions of teeth, and supplying artificial substitutes in the place of these organs when lost. Disease of the teeth is not always a mere local affection, but may, and very generally does, arise from constitutional causes. With cases of the latter description the dentist, unless qualified as a surgeon or physician, is no… Denver DENVER, a, city of the United States of America, capital of the State of Colorado, and of Arapahoe county, occupies a commanding position on the south bank of the South Platte river, where it is joined by the Cherry creek. 500 miles west of the Missouri, - its elevation above the level of the sea being 5267 feet. Deodand DEODAND (Deo dandurn), in English law, was a personal chattel (any animal or thing) which, on account of its having caused the death of a human being, was forfeited to the king for pious uses. Blackstone, while tracing in the custom an expiatory design, alludes to analogous Jewish and Greek laws,' which required that that what occasions a man's death should be destroyed. In such usages the notion … Depres, Josquin DEPRES, JOSQUIN (1440-1521), also called Desprez, end, by a Latinized form of his name, Jodocus Pratensis or a Prato, a celebrated musical composer, was born about 1440' Verinand, near St Quentin, in French Flanders. He was a pupil of Ockenheiin, the great contrapuntist, and himself one of the most learned musicians of his time. In spite of his great fame, the accounts of his life are vague and sc… Deptford DEPTFORD. - Deptford dockyard was first established about the year 1513, and continued to be a, building yard, as well as a large depOt for naval stores, until 1869, when it was closed as a building yard iu pursuance of a recom-mendation of a committee of the House of Commons, which reported in 1864. The increasing size of ships of war rendered the yard unsuitable for any but the smaller types of … Deptford DEPTFORD, a town of England situated at the junction of the Ravensbourne with the Thames, 31 miles east of London Bridge. It forms the western portion of the par-liamentary borough of Greenwich, occupying an area of about 1650 acres, situated mostly in the county of Kent, and partly in Surrey. It comprises two parishes - that of St Nicholas, including Lower Deptford on the Thames, and St Paul's, o… De Quincey DE QUINCEY, Tuomes (1785-1859), an eminent English author, was born at Greenhay, near Manchester, on the 15th of August 1785. He was the fifth child in a family of eight (four sons and four daughters), of whom three died young. His father, descended from a Norman family, was an opulent merchant, who lived much abroad, partly to look after his foreign engagements, but mainly from considerations of … Dera DERA.JAT, a division or commissionership of British India, under the jurisdiction of the lieutenant-governor of the Punjab, comprising the frontier districts of Dera Ghazi Khan, Dera Ismail Khan, and Bannu, situated between 28? 27' 0" and 33? 15' 30" N lat and 70? 15" 0" and 72? 3' 20" E. long. The division is bounded on the N. by the district of Kohat, on the E. by the districts of Rawal Pindi, S… Dera Ghazi Khan DERA GHAZI KHAN, a district of British India, in the Derajat division of the lieutenant-governorship of the Punjab, is situated between 28? 27' 0" and 31? l' 0" N. lat. and 69? 36' 30" and 70? 58' 20" E. long. It is bounded on the N. by Dent Khan, on the E. by the Indus, on the S. by Jacobabad in Sind, and on the W. by the Sulaiman range of hills. The district is a, long narrow strip of country, 1… Dera Ismail Khan DERA ISMAIL KHAN, a, district of British India, in the Derajat division of the lieutenant-governorship of the Punjab, is situated between 30? 35' 30" and 32? 33' 0" N. lat., and 70? 15' 0" and 72? 3' 20" E. long. It is bounded on the N. by the district of Bannu, on the E. by Shalipur and Jhang, on the S. by- Muzaffargarh and Dera Khan, and on the W. by the Sulaiman bills, which mark the frontier. … Derbend, Or Derbent DERBEND, or DERBENT, a town of Russia, in the government of Daghestan, on the western shore of the Caspian, about 170 miles B.N.E. of Tiflis, in 42? 4' N. lat. and 47? 53' E. long. It occupies a narrow strip of land lying between the sea and a mountain ridge of moderate elevation, which is crowned by the citadel, or Narin Kale; and on all sides except towards the east, where it projects into the w… Derby DERBY, the county town of Derbyshire, is a corporate and borough town, sending two representatives to Parliament, and consisting of five parishes. It is situated chiefly on the western bank of the river Derwent, upon ground of varying heights, and is surrounded with gentle eminences, from which flow the Markeaton and other brooks. It occupies a position almost in the centre of England, finest in … Derby, Edward-geoffrey Smith Stanley Dereyeh, Or Deraya DEREYEH, or DERAYA, a town of Arabia, in the Nejd, on the caravan-route from the Red Sea to the Persian Gulf, about 15 miles west of Riad. Dervish DERVISH is a Persian word meaning " the sill of the door," or those who beg from door to dour. The Arabic equivalent is fakir, or fuqueer. The dervishes of the Turkish empire may be said to constitute the regular religious orders, and are distinguished from the ulemas, or secular clergy. In Turkey, Egypt, Persia, Hindustan, and Central Asia, however, dervishes, or fakirs, are to be found in great … Desaix DESAIX. DE VOYGOUX, Louis CHARLES ANTOINE (1768-1800), one of the most eminent generals of the French republic, was born at the Chateau d'Ayat, near Riom, in Auvergne, on the 17th August 1768. He studied at the military school founded by the Marshal d'Effiat, and distinguished himself by his eagerness in acquiring a knowledge of his chosen profession. After joining the army he spent some time in g… Desault, Pierre Joseph DESAULT, PIERRE JOSEPH (1744-95), a distinguished French anatomist and surgeon, was born at Magny-Vernais, a village of Franche-Compte, in 1744. He was descended of humble parents, and received the early part of his education in a school of the Jesuits, being destined for the church. His own inclination, however, tended to the study of medicine ; and, after learning something from the barber-surge… Descartes, Rene DESCARTES, RENE, was born at La Haye, in Touraine, on the 31st of March 1596, and died at Stockholm on the llth of February 1650. The small town of La Hays lies on the right bank of the Cruise, about midway between Tours and Poitiers. The house is still shown where he was born, and a nultairie about three miles off still retains the name of Les Cartes. His family on both sides was of Poitevin desc… Deschamps, Eustaciie DESCHAMPS, EUSTACIIE, called l�– foxxr., a distin-guished medimval poet of France, was born at Vertus, Champagne, early in the 14th century-. The date of his birth has been approximately given as 1328, 1340, and 1345, according to the interpretation put upon certain vague state-ments of his own. It is certain that he lived under four kings - Philip VI., John, Charles V., and Charles -VI. He studie… Desfontaines, Rene Louiche DESFONTAINES, RENE LOUICHE (1751-1833), French botanist, was a native of Brittany-, born at Tremblay, in the department of Ile-et-Vilaine, in 1751 or 1752. He was sent to the town school, but made slow progress in learning, and was at length dismissed by the schoolmaster as a dullard and a robber of apple orchards. This treat-ment left a life-long painful impression on his mind. At the college of … Deshoulieres, Antoinette Du Ligier De La Garde DESHOULIERES, ANTOINETTE DU LIGIER DE LA GARDE (1634-1694), a French poetess, born at Paris, was the daughter of the Chevalier de la Garde, maitre d'hotel to the queens Mary de' Medici and Anne of Austria. She received a careful and very complete education, acquiring while still young a knowledge of Latin, Spanish, and Italian, and studying prosody under the direction of the poet Hesnaut. At the a… Desiderio Da Settignano DESIDERIO DA SETTIGNANO, sculptor, was born nearly at the beginning of the 15th century, and died in all probability in 1485. Vasari's statement, that he died at the age of twenty-eight, is altogether a mistake. Settignano is a village on the southern slope of the hill of Fiesole, still surrounded by the quarries of sandstone of which the hill is formed, and still inhabited, as it was 400 years ag… Des Molnes DES MOLNES, forrneliy FORT DES MOINES, a city of the United States, capital of Iowa, at the confluence of the Raccoon with the Des Moines River, which is one of the right hand tributaries of the Mississippi, and is navig-able thus far for steamboats. Its public buildings include the old capitol, erected in 1856, the new capitol, founded in 1870, the post-office, with a number of other United State… Desmoltlins, Lucie Simplice Camille Benoist DESMOLTLINS, LUCIE SIMPLICE CAMILLE BENOIST (1760-1794), was born at Guise, in Picardy, on the 2d of March 1760. His father was lieutenant-general of the bailiwick of Guise, and was desirous that Camille his eldest son, who from his earliest years gave signs of unusual intelligence, should obtain as complete an education as France could then bestow. His wishes were seconded by a friend obtaining a… De Soto, Ferdinand DE SOTO, FERDINAND? (1496 1-1542), a Spanish captain and explorer, who is frequently accredited with the honour of being the discoverer of the Mississippi, and is de Caballeros, in Estremadura, of an impoverished family of good position, and was indebted to the favour of Pedrarias Davila for the means of pursuing his studies at the university. He commenced active life in 1519 by joining his patron… Dessaix, Joseph Marie DESSAIX, JOSEPH MARIE, COUNT (1764-1834), French general, was born at Thonon, in Savoy, September 24, 1764. He studied medicine, took his degree of doctor at Turin, and then went to Paris. When the Revolution broke out he served in the National Guard. Sympathizing with the extreme party, he attempted in 1791 to establish its principles in his native land ; but, being prosecuted by order of the kin… Dessau DESSAU, the chief town of the duchy of Auhalt, in North Germany, is situated in 51? 51' 6" N. lat. and 12? 18' E. long., on the left bank of the 'Ankle, nearly two miles from its confluence with the Elbe, and 67 miles south-west of Berlin, with which it is connected by railway. The town has three suburbs. Of its gates the Zerbster Thor, with the statues of Otto the Rich and Albert the Bear, alone … Desterro, Nossa Senuora Do Desterro DESTERRO, NOSSA SENUORA DO DESTERRO, or SANTA CATHARINA, a city of Brazil, the chief town of the province of Santa Catharina, on the west coast of the island from which the province derives its name, in 27? 30' S. lat. and 48? 30' W long. Detmold DETMOLD, the chief town of the principality of Lippe, in North Germany, is situated on the Werre, at the foot of the Teutoburger-Wald, in 51? 56' N. lat. and 8? 50' E. long. Detroit DETROIT, the most important city of Michigan, in the United States of America, capital of Wayne county, situated on the west bank of the Detroit River (from the French for a strait), opposite the Canadian town of Windsor. It is about 7 miles S.W. of Lake St Clair, 55 miles from Lake Huron, and 18 miles N. of Lake Erie, in 42? 20' N. lat. and 83? 3' W. long. The river, which there separates the Un… Deucalion DEUCALION, in Greek legend, corresponds to the Biblical Noah. Deutsch, Emanuel Oscar Menahem DEUTSCH, EMANUEL OSCAR MENAHEM (1829-1873), an eminent Oriental scholar, was born on the 28th of October 1829, at Neisse, a town in Prussian Silesia. He was of Jewish extraction ; and the family had been settled in his native place for several generations. When six years old, Emanuel began to attend the gymnasium of Neisse, and continued a pupil for two years ; after which, in compliance with the … Deutschkrone DEUTSCHKRONE, A RENSKRONE, or WALcz, a town of Prussia, at the head of a district in the government of Marienwerder, situated between the two lakes of Arens and Haan, about 15 miles north-west of Schneidemiihl, a railway junction 60 miles north of Posen. Deutz DEUTZ (Latin, Tuitium), an old town of Rhenish Prussia, on the right bank of the Rhine, opposite to Cologne, with which it is connected by two bridges. Deux Fonts DEUX FONTS, in German Zweibriicken, and in Latin Bipontium, a town of Bavaria, in the Palatinate, 50 miles west of Spires, on the Erbach, which ultimately finds its way to the Moselle. Besides a court of appeal for the Palatinate, a penitentiary, and various administrative offices, it possesses a public library, a gymnasium, and a synagogue. Its most important buildings are the old ducal palace, g… Devaprayaga DEVAPRAYAGA, a town of British India, in the pre-sidency of Bengal and province of Gurhwal, in 30? 9' N. lat. and 78? 39' E. long. Deventer DEVENTER, or, by corruption, DEMTER, a town of Holland, in the province of Overyssel, about 25 rcdles north of Arnheim, on the right bank of the Yssel, which there receives the waters of the Schipbeek, and is crossed by a bridge of boats. It is a clean, prosperous place, and at the same time preserves a large number of ancient buildings a,s well as its fortifications. Of special interest are the P… De Vigny, Alfred Victor DE VIGNY, ALFRED VICTOR, COUNT (1797-1863), a distinguished French poet and novelist, was born at Loches, in Touraine, March 27, 1797 (or 1799). His father, a man of noble descent, was a cavalry officer, who had served with distinction in the Seven Years' War. His mother was the daughter of a.n admiral. Tales of nailitary achievements and traditions of the ancien regime were familiar to him in his… Devil DEVIL is the name which has been given in the New Testament and in Christian theology to a supreme evil personality supposed to rule over a kingdom of evil spirits, of whom he is the chief, and to be the restless and unfailing adversary of God and man. The Hebrew term denoting " adversary," or Satan, is also applied to this supreme evil spirit, or prince of the kingdom of evil. There can be no que… Devil Fish, Or Sea Devil DEVIL FISH, or SEA DEVIL (Lophius piscatorius), an Acanthopterygian fish belonging to the family Pediculati, so named from its hideous aspect, produced mainly by the enormous size of its head in proportion to the rest of its body. The latter tapers off rapidly towards the tail, and gives the creature the appearance of a gigantic tadpole - a resemblance to which it owes the name of frog-fish, appli… Devizes DEVIZES, a municipal and parliamentary borough and market town of England, in North Wilts, situated on the Kennet and Avon canal, 86 miles west of London by rail. It stands on a plateau in the centre of the county, near the northern limit of Salisbury Plain. The town, which is of considerable antiquity, consists of a market-place with streets diverging therefrom. Some of the houses retain their an… Devonport DEVONPORT, a municipal and parliamentary borough. of England, in the county of Devon, contiguous to the towns of East Stonehouse and Plymouth, the seat of one of the royal dockyards, and an important naval and military station. It is situated iininediately above Ply-mouth Sound, occupying a triangular peuinsula formed by Stonehouse Pool on the east and the Hamoaze on the west. The town proper is i… Devonshire DEVONSHIRE, one of the south-western counties of England, the third in extent in the country, being exceeded only by York and Lincoln. According to the latest survey, it contains 1,594,852 acres - equal to about 2492 square miles. On the N. and N.W. the county is bounded by the Bristol Channel, on the S. by the English Channel ; on the W. it adjoins Cornwall, on the E. Dorset and Somerset. In form… Devonshire, William Cavendisii DEVONSHIRE, WILLIAM CAVENDISII, FOURTH EARL and FIRST DUKE OF (1640-1707), distinguished as a statesman and patriot, born in 1640, was the eldest son of the third earl, After completing his education he made the tour of Europe according to the custom of young men of his rank, being accompanied on his travels by Dr Killigrew. On his return he obtained, in 1661, a seat in Parliament for the county o… Dewberry DEWBERRY, Rubus ccesius, a deciduous trailing pIanC, allied to the bramble, of the natural order .Rosacece. D'ewes, Sir Simonds D'EWES, SIR SIMONDS (1602-1650), antiquarian, chronicler, and collector of historical records, was born at Coxden, in the parish of Chardstock, in Dorsetshire, on the 18th December 1602. His father, one of the six clerks of Chancery, possessed a large official income, and gave him a liberal education at the grammar-school of Bury St Edmunds, and at St John's College, Cambridge. Called to the bar i… De Wette, Wilhelm Martin Leberecht DE WETTE, WILHELM MARTIN LEBERECHT (178?? 1849), a distinguished German theologian, was born on the 12th January 1780, at Ulla, near Weimar, where his father was clergyman. After receiving his preliminary education at a local school he was sent to the gymnasium at Weimar, a town which was then at the height of its literary glory. Here, as he himself testified in glowing terms many years later, he … De Winter, Jan Willem DE WINTER, JAN WILLEM (1750-1812), Dutch admiral, was born at the Texel in 1750. He entered the navy at the age of twelve, but after twenty-five years of honourable service he had attained no higher rank than that of lieutenant. In 1787 he took part with the Revolu-tionists, and on the failure of their efforts fled to France. He then entered the French army, and served under Dumouriez and Pichegru… De Witt, Cornelius DE WITT, CORNELIUS (1623-1672), brother of the more celebrated John De Witt, was born at Dort in 1623. De Witt, John DE WITT, JOHN (1625-1672), an illustrious Dutch statesman, was born at Dort in 1625. He was carefully educated, and early displayed remarkable talents. A work entitled Elementa Linearum Curvarum, published in 1650, is attributed to him. His father was a member of the States General of Holland and West Friesland, and well known as a bitter opponent of the house of Orange, which had gradually acquir… Dewsbury DEWSBURY, a market-town in the West Riding of Yorkshire, situated at the foot of a hill, on the left bank of the Calder, eight miles S. by W. of Leeds, on the Manchester and Leeds railway. The chief industries are the making of blankets, carpets, druggets, and worsted yarn. A mile from the town is Batley, the centre of the shoddy manufacture. Coal is worked in the neighbour-hood of Dewsbury. The p… Dhar DHAR, a small native state of Malwa, in Central India, under the political superintendence of the British Govern-naent. Area, 2500 square miles ; population, 150,000 souls. The state contains much fertile ground, the prin-cipal agricultural products being wheat, opium, gram, sugar-cane, Indian corn, and cotton. The Baja is a Puar or Pramar Rajput, who claims descent from the famous King Vikramadit… Dharwar DHARWAR, a district of British India in the presidency of Bombay, situated between 14? 6' and 15? 53' N. lat., and 74? 50' and 75? 58' E. long. It contains a total area of 4536 square miles, and a population of 988,037 inhabi-tants. The district is about 116 miles long, with an average width of 77 miles. It is bounded on the N. by the Belgaum and Kaladgi districts, on the E. by the Nizam's territo… Dholpur DHOLPUR, a native state of Rajputana, in Upper India, under the political superintendence of the British Government, is situated between 26? 30' and 26? 57' N. lat., and 77? 32' and 78? 20' E. long. The state is bounded on the N. and N.E. by the British district of Agra, on the E. and S. by the Gwalior state, from which it is separated by the Chambal river, and on the W. by the state of Karauli. I… Diabetes DIABETES (from 8u, through, and Paivo), to pass), a disease characterized by a habitually excessive discharge of urine. Two forms of this complaint are described, viz. - Diabetes Mellitus, or Glycosuria, where the urine is not only increased in quantity, but also contains a greater or less amount of sugar, and Diabetes Insipidus, or Polyuria, where the urine is simply increased in quantity, and co… Diagoras DIAGORAS, born at Melos, was a writer of dithyrambic poetry. Religious in his youth, he became an atheist because a great wrong done upon him (the details of which are unknown) was left unpunished by the gods. In conse-quence of his blasphemous speeches, and especially from his publication of the Mysteries, he was condemned to death at Athens, and a price set upon his head. During his flight he pe… Diagrams DIAGRAMS. A diagram is a figure drawn in such a manner that the geometrical relations between the parts of the figure help us to understand relations between other objects. A few have been selected for description in this article on account of their greater geometrical significance. Diagrams may be classed according to the manner in which they are intended to be used, and also according to the kin… Dialling DIALLING, sometimes called gnomonics, is a branch of applied mathematics which treats of the construction of sun-dials, that is, of those instruments, either fixed or portable, which determine the divisions of the day by the motion of the shadow of some object on which the sun's rays fall. It must have been one of the earliest applications of a knowledge of the apparent motion of the sun ; though … Diamante DIAMANTE. The Italian fresco painter, commonly known as Fra Diamante, was born at Prato about 1400. He was a Carmelite friar, a member of the Florentine com-munity of that order, and was the friend and assistant of the more celebrated Filippo Lippi. The Carmelite convent of Prato which he adorned with many works in fresco has been suppressed, and. the bnildings have been altered to a degree involv… Diamantina DIAMANTINA, formerly Tejuco, a town of Brazil, in the province of Minas-Geraes, is situated at an altitude of 5700 feet above sea-level, in a valley watered by affluents of the Jequitinhonha. Diamantino DIAMANTINO, a town of Brazil, in the province of Matto-Grosso, is situated close to the Diamantino river, about six miles from its junction with the Paraguay, at the foot of a high range of country, in 14? 24' 33" S. lat. and 56? 8' 30" 'W. long. Diamond DIAMOND. This gem, the most highly valued and rusto brilliant of precious stones, is also remarkable for its history and its peculiar physical and chemical properties. Though not always accurately distinguished from other similar stones, it seems to have attracted notice at a very early period, especially in India, the chief source of supply in ancient times. The old Jewish doctors regarded the ja… Diana DIANA, who was at a later period reverenced as the Greek Artemis by the side of Apollo, was originally an independent deity of Italy, as, indeed, is shown by the name, which is the feminine form of Janus. She is essentially the moon goddess, and presides over wood, plain, and water, as well as..over the changes of human character, and the special functions of the female sex, also over chase and wa… Diaphoretics DIAPHORETICS (from 8cay6opmo, to carry through), such remedies as promote perspiration. In health there is constantly taking place an exhalation of watery vapour from the skin, by which not only are many of the effete products of nutrition eliminated, but the body is kept cool. Under exertion or in a heated atmosphere this natural function of the skin is increased, sweating more or less profuse fo… Diarbekir DIARBEKIR (or Kara Amid, the Black Amid), a city of Asiatic Turkey, the administrative centre of the pashalic of the same name, is situated 2050 feet above the level f the sea, on a mass of basaltic rock which riseP abruptly to a height of I00 feet from the western bank of the Tigris, about 100 miles north-east of .Aleppo, in 37? 55' 30" N. lat. and 39? 53' 39' E. long. It is about three miles in … Diarriicea DIARRIICEA (from 8e1, through, blw, to flow), looseness of the bowels. Dias, Antonio Congalves DIAS, ANTONIO CONgALVES (1823-1864), a Brazilian poet and historian, was born at the little town of Caxias, in Maranhao, with the charms of which he has made liis readers familiar. From the university of Coimbra, in Portugal, he returned to his native country well-equipped with legal lore, and obtained an official appointment at Maranhao ; but the literary tendency which \vas strong within him led… Dias, Bartoloivimeo DIAS, BARTOLOIVIMEO, a Portuguese navigator, the discoverer of the Cape of Good Hope, flourished towards the close of the 15th century, the date of his birth being unknown. He seems to have interested himself at an early period in geographical research, and to have been intimate with Martin Behem. In August 1486 he was appointed by King John II. to the command of a small expedition intended to car… Diatomace2e DIATOMACE2E. For the knowledge we possess of these beautiful organisms, so minute as to be undiscernible by our unaided vision, we are indebted to the assistance of the microscope. It was not till towards the close of the last century that the first known forms of this group were discovered by 0. F. Muller. And so slow was the progress of discovery in this field of scientific research that in the … Diaz De La Pera DIAZ DE LA PERA, NARCISSE VIRGILE (1809-1876), a French artist, distinguishod chiefly as a landscape painter, was born at Bordeaux in August 1809. His first works were exhibited at the Salon in 1831, and attracted little notice, being poor in colour, the quality for which he afterwards became conspicuous. The same criticism applies to the pictures he exhibited annually until 1840, when his style u… Dibd1n, Thomas DIBD1N, THOMAS (1771-1841), English dramatist aud song writer, was one of the sons of the subject of last notice, aad was born on the 21st of March 1771. Ile was apprenticed to a London upholsterer, but after four yeara' service he broke his engagement and joined a, company of country players. From 1789 to 1795 he performed in every department of the drama, composing during the same period more th… Dibdin, Rev DIBDIN, REV. Titomas FROGNALL (177G-1847), an enthusiastic bibliographer, born at Calcutta in 1776, was the son of Thomas Dibdin, the sailor brother of Charles Dibdin, whom the latter has itnmortalized. in his song "Poor Tom Bowling." His father and mother both died on the voyage home to England in 1780, and he was brought up by a maternal uncle. He was educated at St John's College, Oxford, but l… Dick DICK, Troam,s.s (1775-1857), a popular writer on astronomy and other scientific subjects, was born in 1775. He was educated for the ministry in connection with the Secession (now United Presbyterian) Church of Scotland, and was ordained at Stirling in 1803. About two years afterwards his connection with the church was severed, and he became a teacher, first at Methven, a village in Perthshire, and… Dictator DICTATOR, the highest extraordinary magistrate of the ancient Roman republic. The original name of this office was magister populi, by which appellation he was called in the sacred books down to the latest times of the commonwealth. When the republican form of government was established at Rome, and the supreme executive vested in the two consuls, emergencies sometimes occurred in which it seemed … Dictionary And Definitions DICTIONARY AND DEFINITIONS although dictionaries are so numerous, so well known, and so much used, they vary so greatly in the nature and treatment of their subjects that any definition must be very much modified in order to include some works so entitled and usually so called. In its proper and most usual meaning, a dictionary is a book containing a collection of the words of a language, dialect,… Dictys Cizetensis DICTYS CIZETENSIS, one of the early historians from whom the later Roman grammarians imagined that Homer derived materials for the Iliad and Odyssey. According to an introduction prefixed by an unknown writer to the Latin translation entitled Dictys Cretensis de Bello Trojano, the author follow ed Idumeneus, king of Crete, in the Trojan war ; and the MS. of his work, written in Phmnician char-acte… Diderot, Den DIDEROT, DEN-is (1713-1784), one of the most active and original of the famous group of men of letters in France in the middle of the 18th century. He was born at Langres in 1713 ; he was educated by the Jesuits, like most of those who afterwards became the bitterest enemies of Catholicism ; aud, when his education was at an etti, he vexed his brave and worthy father's heart by turning away from r… Dido, Or Elisa DIDO, or ELISA, the reputed founder of Carthage, was the daughter of Mutgo, Belus, or Agenor, king of Tyre. Didot DIDOT, the name of a family of learned French printers and publishers. Didot Saint DIDOT SAINT - LBGER, second son of Pierre Francois, was the inventor of the paper-making machine known in England as the Didot machine. Didron, Adoli'he DIDRON, ADOLI'HE NAPoLoN (1806-1867), French archologist, was born at Hautvillers, in the department of Marne, March 13, 1806. At first a student of law, he began in 1830, by the advice of Victor Hugo, to apply himself to .the study of the Christian arclreolod of the Middle Ages. After visiting and examining the principal churches, first of Normandy', then of Central and Southern France, he was on… Didymus DIDYMUS of Alexandria, an ecclesiastical writer, born in 309 or 314. Although he became blind at the age of four, before he had learned to read, he succeeded in mastering the whole circle of the sciences then known; and. on entering the service of the church he was placed at the head of the Alexandrian theological school. He died in 394 or 399. Most of his theological works are lost. We possess, h… Diebitsch-sa DIEBITSCH-SA.BALKANSKI, HANS KARL FRIEDRICH ANTON (1785-1831), Count von Diebitsch and Narden, Russian field-marshal, was born in Silesia, May 13, 1785. He entered the Prussian army at the age of twelve ; but four years later, by the desire of his father, a Prussian officer who had passed into the service of Russia, he also did the same. He served in the campaign of 1805, and was wounded at Auster… Diepenbeck, Abraham Van DIEPENBECK, ABRAHAM VAN (1599-1675), was born at Herzogenbusch, and studied painting at Antwerp, where he became one of Rubens's " hundred pupils." Rubens complains in his letters that, being overwhelmed with applications for apprentices' indentures, he refused to accept as disciples even the children of some of his best friends. Diepenbeck was one of those who was fortunate enough to obtain admis… Dieppe DIEPPE, a seaport town of France, at the head of an arrondissement in the department of Seine-Inferieure, 38 miles north of Rouen and 125 north-west of Paris by rail, in 49? 55' 35" N. lat. and 1? 5' 9" E. lung. It lies at the mouth of the River Argues, in a hollow of the coast, - the main part of the town being on the west side of the river, and the suburb of Pullet on the east. Its principal str… Dies, Ciir1stopii Albert DIES, CIIR1STOPII ALBERT (1755-1822), was born at Hanover, and learned the rudiments of art in his native place. For one year he studied in the academy of Dlisseldorf, and then he started at the age of twenty with thirty ducats in his pocket for Rome. There he established his domicile, and lived a frugal life till 1796. Copying pictures, chiefly- by Salvator Rosa, for a livelihood, his taste led h… Die Sinking DIE SINKING. The preparation of dies for stamping coins and medals is a work requiring considerable skill and care. The steel selected should be of moderately fine grain and uniform texture, and, when polished, should show no spots or patches under a magnifying glass. Two short lengths having been cut from bars of this, and forged into rough dies, are next made as soft as possible by careful annea… Diest DIEST, a town and fortress of Belgium, in the province of Brabant, and the arrondissement of Lowell, is situated on the Demer 28 miles E. by N. of Brussels. Diet DIET (German, Reickstuy). The origin of the German Diet is to be sought in the national assembly, which was a common Institution of the Teutonic race. From the earliest recorded times we find all leading questions first discussed by the chiefs and then referred to the assembly of the clan or tribe, in which every freeman had a vaice. The earliest Diets of the German or Holy Roman Empire were assem… Dietetics DIETETICS. The application of science to the regula-tion of the continuous demands of the body for nutriment aims mainly at three objects - Health, Pleasure, and Economy. They are rarely inconsistent with one another, but yet require separate consideration, as under varying circumstances each may claim the most prominent place in our thoughts. Influence of Diet upon Health. The influence of diet u… Dietrich, Christian 'Wilhelm Ernst DIETRICH, CHRISTIAN 'WILHELM ERNST (1712-1774), was born at Weimar, where he was brought up early to the profession of art by his father Johann George, then painter of miniatures to the court of the grand duke. Being sent to Dresden to perfect himself under the care of Alexander Thiele, he had the good fortune to finish in two hours, at the age of eighteen, a picture which attracted the attention … Diez, Friedrich Christian DIEZ, FRIEDRICH CHRISTIAN (1794-1876), the founder of Romance philology, was born at Giessen, in Hesse-Darmstadt, March 15, 1794, and died at Bonn, May 29, 1876. He was educated first at the gymnasium and then at the university of his native town. There he studied classics under Welcker, who had just returned from a two years' residence in Italy to fill the chair of archmology and Greek literature… Diffusion DIFFUSION. Some liquids, such. a,s mercury and w-ater, when placed in contact with each other do not mix at all, but the surface of separation remains distinct, and OK-hibits the phenomena described under CAPILLARY AcTroN. Other pairs of liquids, such as chloroform and water, mix, but only in certain proportions. The, chloroform takes up a, little water, and the water a little chloroform ; but the… Digby, Sir Kenelm DIGBY, SIR KENELM (1603-1665), an eminent English physical philosopher, born at Gothurst, Bucking-hamshire, on the 1 lth July 1603, was descended from an ancient and illustrious family. His great-grandfather had distinguished himself at Bosworth on the side of Henry VII. ; and his fathe,r, Sir Everard Digl-ty, was one of the leading Roman Catholic gentry at the time of the Gun-powder Plot. Having … Digestive Organs DIGESTIVE ORGANS. The organs of digestion, or alimentary apparatus, are for the purpose of receiving the food or aliment ; of converting that portion of the food which is digestible into chyle, so that it may be absorbed and applied to the nourishment of the body ; and of trans-mitting that which is indigestible onwards to be excreted. In the Protozoa there is no special digestive apparatus, but t… Digne DIGNE, the chief town of the department of Basses-Alpes, in France, about 70 miles north-east of Marseilles, in 44? 5' 32," .N. lat. and 6?14' 6" E. long. It is built on a spur of the mountains jutting out into a gorge traversed by the Bleonne, which in winter is a formidable torrent, but in summer is almost dry ; and the neighbourhood is rich in orchards, which have long made the town famous in F… Diiouet D'erlon, Jean Baptiste DIIOUET D'ERLON, JEAN BAPTISTE (1765-1844), count, marshal of France, and governor of Algeria, was born at Rheims, July 29, 1765. He entered the army in 1782, was discharged after five years' service, re-entered it in 1792, and two years later became aide-de-camp to General Lefevre. He served at the sieges of Valenciennes, Quesrmy, and Conde, End under floche at tho blockade of Ehrenbreitstein. As… Dijon DIJON (Divio, Dibio, or Divionense Castrunz), the chief town of the department of Cote-d'Or in France,' and formerly capital of the province of Burgundy, is situated at the foot of Mount Affrique, in a fertile plain, on the Burgundy canal, and at the confluence of the Ouche and &UM), in 47? 19' 19" N. lat., and 5? 2; 5" E. long. The streets are broad and well built of freestone, and there are fift… Dijrazzo DIJRAZZO, the ancient Dyrrachium, or Bpid?ninus, Turkish Dratsh, and in Slavonian Durtz, a seaport town of European Turkey, in Albania, about fifty miles south of Scutari, on the eastern shore of the Adriatic. Dila Pidations DILA PIDATIONS, in English law, is the name given to the waste committed by the incumbent of an ecclesi-astical living. By the general law a tenant for life has no power to cut down timber, destroy buildings, &c. (voluntary waste), or to let buildings fall into disrepair (permissive waste). In the eye of the law an incumbent is a tenant for life of his benefice, and any waste, voluntary or permiss… Diligence DILIGENCE, in law, is the care which a person is bound to exercise in his relations with others. The possible degrees of diligence are of course numerous, and the same degree is not required in all cases. Thus a mere depositary would not be held bound to the same degree of diligence as a person borrowing an article for his own use and benefit. Jurists, following the divisions of the civil law, hav… Dilke, Sir Charles Wentworth DILKE, SIR CHARLES WENTWORTH (1810-1869), Baronet, born in London, February 18, 1810, was the only son of Charles Wentworth Dilke, proprietor and editor of the Athenceum, and was educated at Westminster school and Trinity Hall, Cambridge. He studied law, and in 1834 took his degree of LL.B.; but he did not enter upon the practice of his profession. He assisted his father in his literary work, aild… Dill DILL (Anetkum,), a genus of umbelliferous plants having decompound leaves ; umbels without involucre ; yellow flowers, with calices incomplete above ; and lenticular fruit, compressed from back to front, flattened at the margin, and presenting on each side three ridges. The common species, A. graveolens, is indigenous to the south of Europe, Egypt, and the Cape of Good Hope. It resembles fennel in… Dillen DILLEN [DILLENIITS1 JOHANN JAKOB (1687-1747), a distinguished botanist, was born at Darmstadt. He was educated at the university of Giessen, where lie received his doctor's diploma, but he early turned his attention from medicine to the study- of plants. Whilst at Giessen he wrote several botanical papers for the Ephenzerides Naturce C itriosorum, and in 1719 he printed there his Catalogns Plantar… Dillingen DILLINGEN, a town of Bavaria, in the circle of Schwaben-Neuburg, on the left bank of the Danube, 24 miles north-west of Augsburg. Dimaiichus DIMAIICHUS, a celebrated Peripatetic philosopher, historian, and geographer, was a native of Alessana, in Sicily. He was the contemporary of Theophrastus and Aristotle, and flourished towards the close of the 4th century B.C. The exact dates of his birth and death are unknown ; the time of the latter event is approximately fixed by good authorities as the year 285 n.c. Nothing is known with certai… Dimas, 3iichael DIMAS, 3IICHAEL, a Greek historian who flourished under Constantine XII., about 1450. The dates of his birth and death are unknown. Ile belonged to the illus-trious family of his name that gave several emperors to Constantinople, and he is supposed to have held a high office at the court of Constantine XII. After the fall of Constantinople, he was employed in various diplomatic missions by the pri… Dimensions DIMENSIONS. In geometry a line is said to be of one dimension, a surfaoe of two, and a solid of three dimensions. The use of the word is extended to algebraical terms, which are said to be of n dimensions with respect to any quantity when that quantity enters to the nth power. If the term contains several variables, x, z, &c., and if the sum of the indices of these variables is n, the term is said… Dinajpur DINAJPUR, a district of British India, within the RiljshMai Kuch-Behar division or commissionership, under the lieutenant-governor of Bengal, is situated between 24? 43' 40" and 26? 22' 50" N. lat., and between 88? 4' 0" and 89? 21' 5'' E. long. The district, which occupies an area of 4126 square miles, is a triangular tract of country with the acute angle towards the north, lying between the dis-… Dinan DINAN, a tovin of France, in the department of Cites du Nord, about fifteen miles inland, on the left bank of the Rance. The river is navigable for vessels of 150 tons up to the foot of the great granite viaduct which was com-pleted in 1852 across the ravine between the town and the suburb of Lanvallay. The town has a highly picturesque appearance, not only from the position which it occupies on t… Dinant DINANT, a town of Belgium, at the head of an arrondissement in the province of Namur, about twelve miles south of Namur, oti the railwa,y between that city and Givet. It occupies a narrow site between the River Meuse and a. rocky limestone hill which is crowned by a castle; its streets are consequently short and crowded, aud a considerable number of its houses are built on terraces cut out on the … Dinapur DINAPUR, a town and military station of British India, is situated on the right or south bank of the Ganges, and on the East Indian Railway, in the district of Patna, province of Behar, about ten miles west of Patna. Dinarchus DINARCHUS (Aelvapxos), the orator, son of Sostratus, was born at Corinth about 361 B.C. (01. 104, 4), Thus, like at least one greater member of the decade, Lysias, this last of the ten Attic orators was not an Athenian citizen_ But his career at Athens, as a resident alien, was at least commenced early in life. When not more than twenty-five, he was already active as a writer of speeches for the l… Dingwall DINGWALL, a royal burgh of Scotland, the county town of lloss-shire 15 miles north-west of Inverness, at the junction of the Sutherland and Dingwall and Skye railways. Dinkelsbuhl DINKELSBUHL, a. town of Bavaria, in the depart-ment of Mittelfranken, or Middle Franconia, on the Wi3rnitz, about 40 miles by rail from Donauworth, where the river joins the Danube. Dinocrates DINOCRATES (called by Pliny Dinochares), a Graek architect, who lived in the reign of Alexander the Great. Ile applied to that king's courtiers for an introduction to the Macedonian king, but was put off from tirne to timu with vain promises. Impatient at the delay, he is said to have laid aside his usual dress, besmeared his body with oil in the manner of an athlete, thrown a lion's skin over his… Dinornis DINORNIS (8awk, terrible, and Opvts, bird), a genus of gigantic Struthious birds, believed to be extinct, which in post-Pliocene times must have formed a priucipal feature in the fauna of New Zealand. Their remains are found in greatest abundance the provinces of Otago and Canter-bury, often strewn in great profusion over the surface of the ground, but more usually met with buried in alluvial depo… Dinotherium DINOTHERIUM, an extinct mammal, fossil remains of which occur in the :Miocene beds of France, Germany, Greece, and Northern India. These until lately con-sisted exclusively of teeth and the bones of the head. An entire skull, obtained from the Epplesheim beds of IIesse Darmstadt in 1836, measured 41 feet in length and 3 feet in breadth, and thus indicated an animal exceeding the elephant in size, … Diocese DIOCESE, from the Greek Stotkno-ts - primarily mean-ing administration, then the territorial circumscription in which administration was exercised - was first used to denote the Greek provinces of the Roman empire, or more properly the portion of a province ruled by a proprEetor. Thus Cicero had, besides Cilicia, three " dioceses " in Asia. Bingham (lib. ix. c. 1) says that the division of the emp… Diocletian DIOCLETIAN. VALERIUS DIOCLETIANUS (245-313), Roman emperor, was born of obscure parents near Salona, in Dalmatia, and reigned from 281 to 305 A.D. He entered the army and served with high distinction, held important commands under the emperors Probus and Aurelian, and accompanied Carus to the Persian war. After the death of Numerianus he was chosen emperor by the troops at Chalcedon, and slew with… Diodati, Giovanni DIODATI, GIOVANNI (1576-1649), a, Swiss theologian of the Reformed Church, was born at Geneva on the 6th June 1576 of a noble family ori,,einally belonging to Lucca, which had been expatriated for the profession of Protestantism. In his youth he distinguished himself as a biblical scholar, and at the age of twenty-one he was nominated Professor of Hebrew at Geneva on the recom-mendation of Beza. I… Diodoitus DIODOItUS, named Sicunus, a Greek historian, born at Agyrium in Sicily. Of his life we know nothing except what he himself has narrated, that, in prosecution of his historical researches, he undertook frequent and dangerous journeys, and studied Latin at Rome. His history occupied thirty years in writing, and was at last completed in forty books. From internal evidence it is certain that it was wr… Diogenes DIOGENES, of Apollonia in Crete, a celebrated natural philosopher who flourished at Athens about 460 B. c. Diogenes DIOGENES (about 412-223 Re.), the famous Cynic philosopher, was the son of Icesias, a money-changer of Sinope in Pontus. Having been detected in adulterating coin, his father and he were compelled to leave their native city. According. to another account, however, Icesias died in prison, and Diogenes fled to A thens with a single attendant. On his arrival in that city he dismissed his attendant wi… Diogenes Laertius DIOGENES LAERTIUS, the biographer of the Greek philosophers, is supposed by some to have received his sumame from the town of Laerte in Cilicia,, and by others from the Roman family of the Laertii. Of the circum-stances of his life we know nothing. The date at which he wrote - probably the reign of Septimius Severus (193-211) - is known only from conjecture. His own opinions are equally uncertain.… Diomedes DIOMEDES, son of the impetuous Tydeus, is a hero of the YEtolian and Argo -Theban legends. Dion DION, of Syracuse (408-353 p.c.), was the son of Hipparinus, and. brother-in-law of Dionysius the Elder. In his youth he was an ardent admirer and diligent pupil of Plato, whom Dionysius had invited to Syracuse ; and he used every effort to promote the carrying out of his master's maxims in the administration of the lzingdom. His near relationship to the despot gave him great influence, at court, … Dion Cassius Cocceianus DION CASSIUS COCCEIANUS, the celebrated his-torian of Rome, was born at Nicma in Bithynia, 155 A.D. His father's name was Cassius Apronianus, and by his mother's side he NVDS the grandson of Dion Chrysostom, who also obtained the surname of Coceeianus. When a young man he accornpanied his father to Cilicia, of which he had the administration ; and on his father's death he went to Rome, where in tb… Dion Chrysostom DION CHRYSOSTOM (i.e., golden nzonthed), (e. 5?? 117), was born at Prusa, in Bithynia, about the middle of the lst century. Dionysia, Or Bacchanalia DIONYSIA, or BACCHANALIA, were festivals in honour of DIONYSUS (q.v.) generally, but in particular the term refers to the festivals celebrated in Attica and by the branches of the Attic-Ionic race in the islands and in Asia, Minor. In Attica there were two festivals annually. (1) The lesser Dionysia, or TP. Kar' a-ypovs, were held in the country places where the vine was grown in the month of Dece… Dionysius DIONYSIUS, the Younger, ascended the throne of Syra-cuse at his father's death, in 367 B.C. Dionysius DIONYSIUS, the Elder (e. 430-367 n.c.), tyrant of Syracuse, was born about 430 B.C. He began life as a clerk in a public office, and first took part in political affairs during the dissensions that followed the destruction of the Athenian expedition. He was wounded in the attempt of Hermocrates to seize upon Syracuse ; and, during the disasters inflicted by the Carthaginians who had invaded the is… Dionysius DIONYSIUS, the Areopauite, according to Suidas, was an Athenian by birth, and eminent for his literary attainments. He studied first at Athens, and afterwards at Heliopolis in Egypt, While in the latter city, he beheld that remarkable eclipse of the sun, as he terms it, which took .place at the death of Christ, and exclaimed to his friend Apollophanes, i"; TO OE i'.01/ 71-C(TXEE, racrvivn, o-vp.r&… Dionysius DIONYSIUS, of Halicarnassus, was born about the middle of the first century B.c. His father's name was Alexander. From the introduction to his great work we learn that he went to Italy after the termination of the civil wars, and spent twenty-two years in preparing materials for his history, which is entitled Archceologia. and enabraced the history of Rome from the mythical period to the beginning… Dionysius DIONYSIUS, surnamed Periegetes, from his being the author of a vErnatryrio-cs rfic y;)s, containing a descrip-tion of the whole earth in hexameter verse, and written in a terse and elegant style. Dionysius Exiguus DIONYSIUS EXIGUUS, one of the most learned men of the 6th century, and especially distinuuished as a chronologist, was, according to the statement of his friend Cassiodorus, a Scythian by birth, "Scytha natione." This may mean only that he was a native of the region border-ing on the Black Sea, and does not necessarily imply that he was not of Greek origin. Such origin is indicated by his name and… Dionysus DIONYSUS, in Greek Mythology, is principally the god of the vine ; and in the myths concerning him it is clear that the effects of wine and the spread of vine growing have both been kept in view. No sooner had the gud grown up than he started on distant expeditions to teach men to cultivate the vine, a,nd on these occasions his followers were known for their ecstatic ceremonies. It would seem also… Diphtheria DIPHTHERIA (from SokOlpa, a skin or membrane), the term applied to an acute infectious disease, which is accompanied by a membranous exudation on a, mucous surface, generally on the tonsils and back of the throat or pharynx. Although popularly believed to be a newly dis-covered disease, there is distinct evidence that diphtheria was known to the ancient physicians as a malady of great virulence. U… Diplomacy DIPLOMACY is the art of conducting the intercourse of nations with each other. The word obviously owes its origin to the source subsequently explained. in the article DIPLOMATIC& it is singular that a term of so much practical importance in politics and history should be so recent in its adoption that it is not to be, found in Johnson's dictionary. There has, indeed, ever been a reluctance in the … Diplomatics DIPLOMATICS, the science derived from the study of ancient diplomas, so called from being written on two leaves, or on double tablets. The Romans used the term more specially for the letters of licence to use the public conveyances provided at the different stations, and gene-rally for public grants. Subsequently it attained a more extended signification, and in more modern times has been used as … Dippel, Johann Conrad DIPPEL, JOHANN CONRAD (1673-1734), a German theologian and alchemist, who assumed as an author the name " Christianus Dernocritus," was born at the castle of Frankenstein, near Darmstadt, his father being a Lutheran clergyman. He studied at Giessen, where he took the degree of master in philosophy in 1693. After a short visit to 'Wittenberg he went to Strasburg, where he delivered lectures ou astr… Diptera DIPTERA (Aristotle, from 8t, double, and 7rrepa, wings), an Order of the Inseeta, containing the " flies," properly so called, with which, also, in spite of not possessing its chief characteristic, the sub-order Aphaniptera (fleas), a part of the obsolete Aptera, is now incorporated. The Diptera proper (with the exception of the apterous Nycteribiidce, and a few aberrant species of other families,… Diptych DIPTYCH, a double tablet made with a hinge to open and shut. Diptychs were used in the time of the Ronaan empire for sending letters - " mainly love letters," says Facciolati, quoting the scholiast to Juvenal ix. 36, whose note does not, however, seem to imply as much. The consuls and. quxstors used, on assuming office, to send diptychs containing their names and portraits to their fiiencls. The e… Dirce DIRCE, in Greek legend, the personification of a fountain (and stream) at Thebes, from the water of which Hercules derived part of his strength, and which was usually identified with the fountain of Ares in the legend of Cadmus. Besides, the fountain was the grave of Dirce, at which sacrifices for the dead and other rites were per-formed. According to the legend, Dirce, the wife of Lycus, king of … Dirschau DIRSCHAU, in Polish Szczewo, a town of Prussia, in the government of Dantzie and. district of Stargard, on the left bank of the Vistula, at a railway junction about twenty miles S.S.E. of Dantzic. Besides dealing in wood and cattle, it displays considerable industrial activity in the manufacture of agricultural implements, iron and tin wares, and cement ; but its principal claim to attention is th… Discus DISCUS, a quoit, or circular plate of stone or metal, 10 or 12 inches in diameter, which was used by the ancient Greeks and Romans for throwing to a distance as a gymnastic exercise. Diseases Of The Ear DISEASES OF THE EAR. - Deafness may arise nom obstruction of the external ear occasioned by disease of various kinds ; front ulceration, thickening, or perforation of the membrana tympani ; frona inflammatory affections, both acute and chronic of the middle and internal ear ; front obstruction of the 'L'ustachian tube caused by inflammation of its lining membrane, leading to thickenin,,,, and accu… Disinfectants DISINFECTANTS are agents or substances employed to prevent the spread of contagious or infectious disease. Recent investigations all tend to demonstrate that the efficiency of any disinfectant is due to its power of destroy-ing, or of rendering inert, specific poisons or disease germs which possess in themselves an independent existence ; and which, when introduced into the animal system, under fa… Dislocation DISLOCATION. This term is applied in surgery to the displacement from each other of the cartilaginous or articular surfaces of the bones entering into the formation of a joint. In a normal joint these surfaces are in contact and held together by ligaments and muscles ; in a dislocated joint they are separated more or less completely - in the great majority of cases by external violence ; in some i… Dismal Swamp DISMAL SWAMP, the name given to two extensive stretches of morass on the eastern seaboard of North America. The larger of the two, distinguished as the Great Dismal, lies in the peninsula between the James River on the north and Albemarle Sound on the south, and thus belongs partly to Virginia 'and partly to North Carolina. Its length from north to south is about 40 miles and its breadth about 25.… Dispensation DISPENSATION is a term used. by the canonists to signify an act of jurisdiction by which the rigour of the general law is relaxed in a particular case. Regarded from this point of view a dispensation is considered by the canonists not to be an exception to, but a complement of, the law, and it is granted with discretion in cases where the law would otherwise work injustice. " Fuit dispensatio inve… D'israeli, Isa D'ISRAELI, IsA.Ac (1766-1848), was born at Enfield in May 1766. He belonged to a, Jewish family which, having been driven by the Inquisition from Spain, towards the end of the 15th century, settled as merchants at Venice, and assumed the name which has become famous. In 1748 his father, then only about eighteen years of age, removecl to England, where, before passing the prime of life, he amassed … Distillation DISTILLATION, a generic term for a class of chemical operations which all agree in this, that the substance operated upon is heated in a close vessel (" retort," " still ") and thereby wholly or,partially converted into vapour, which vapour is then condensed, by the application of cold, in another apparatus (the " condenser '') connected with the vessel, and allowed to collect in a third portion o… Distillation Of Spirits DISTILLATION OF SPIRITS. - NOtWithStallding the enormous scale on which this industry is now prosecuted, it is only in modem and comparatively recent times that it has attained to the important position which it now occupies. The art of separating alcoholic spirit front fermented liquors appears, however, to have been known in the far East from the must remote antiquity. It is supposed to have bee… Distillation Of Water DISTILLATION OF WATER. - The continual interchange and circulation cf water, between oceans and other great reservoirs of water on the one hand and dry land. on the other, may be regarded as a process of distillation. Rain is thus a form of distilled water ; and when it falls through a pure atmosphere it is found to possess the softness and freedom from dissolved salts characteristic of water arti… Distress DISTRESS is one of the few cases in which the law still permits an injured person to take his remedy into his own bands. Other instances mentioned in the text-books are self-defence in the ease of a personal assault, the reseizure of property wrongfully taken away, the abatement of nuisances, &c. Distress differs from these as being a remedy for what is really a breach of contract, and it is the o… Distribution Of Life Animal And Vegetable In Space And Time DISTRIBUTION OF LIFE ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE IN SPACE AND TIME the subject specially discussed under this heading is the Distribution of Life, Animal and Vegetable, in Space, and Time. So long as each species of organism was supposed to have had an independent origin, the place it occupied on the earth's surface or the epoch where it first appeared had little significance. It was, indeed, perceived t… Distribution Of Marine DISTRIBUTION OF MARINE A,NIMALS. The zoological regions which serve to represent the main facts of the distribution of land animals are evi-dently i eapplicable to those inhabiting the ocean, except in a few cases where the group is confined to shallow waters or to estuaries. It is true that, as the great continents are separated by the oceans, so the oceans are to some extent separated by the con… Ditdin, Charles DITDIN, CHARLES (1745-1814), a well-known writer of songs and musical composer, was born at Southampton on the 15th March 1745, and was the youngest of a family of eighteen. His parents designing him for the church, he was sent to Winchester ; but his love of music early diverted his thoughts from the clerical profession. After receiving some instruction from Kent, the organist of Winchester Cathe… Dithmarschen, Or Ditmarsii DITHMARSCHEN, or DITMARSII, in the oldest form of the name l'hiatinaresgabo, Dietmar's Gau, a territory between the Eider and the Elbe, forming the western part of the old duchy of Holstein, and now included in the Prussian province of Schleswig-Ilolstein. It was originally colonized mainly from Friesland and Sasony, - the Frisian kindred of the Vogdematis settling on the eoast and giving rise to … Ditton, Humpury DITTON, HUMPURY (1675-1715), an eminent mathe-matician, was born at Salisbury, May 29, 1675. In com-plianee with the wishes of his father rather than by his own inclination he entered on the study of theology, and was for some years a dissenting minister at Tunbridge, where he married. On the death of his father, however, he was induced to relinquish the clerical profession ; and at the persuasion… Diuretics DIURETICS (from Sol, through, and ap6.0, to pass urine) are remedies which, under certain conditions, produce an increased flow of urine. Their mode of action is various. Some, as turpentine and cantharides, are absorbed into the blood, are carried to the secretory organs (the kidneys), and stimulate them directly, causing an increased flow of blood to them ; others aet as stimulants through the n… Divan, The DIVAN, THE, or privy council of the Sublime Porte, is presided over by the sadri-azam, grand vizier (porter), or minister of the interior, who connuunicates its deliberations to the sultan. It also contains the mufti, sheikh-ul-islam, chief of the ulema, also called principal of the court of cassation, and minister of justice and ecclesiastical affairs, whose fetva is nominally- required for the f… Diver DIVER (ColyndadaY), a family of natatorial birds closely allied to the grebes, but differing from them in having the front toes entirely webbed, and in their lunch greater size. 'Their legs are placed at the further extremity of the body, and both wings and tail are short. This family contains only four species, three of which are common to the northern reffions of both hemispheres, while the four… Dividivi DIVIDIVI, the commercial name for the astringent pods of Ccrsalpinia coriaria, a leguminous shrub of the sub-order Ccesalpiniece, which grows in low marshy tracts in the We:3t Indies and the north of South America. Divination DIVINATION. This term is used to mean the obtain-ing knowledge of secret or future things by revelation from oracles or omens. The derivation of the word points to divine influence communicated through the soothsayer, much as the equivalent Greek term mantike refers to the utterancos of the spiritually inspired or possessed seer, mantis. It is well seen from Cicero's treatise De Divina-gone that i… Divorce DIVORCE is the dissolution of the relationship of marriage. Few social questions are surrounded with greater difficulty than this. For what causes divorce should be granted, and whether complete divorce should be granted at all in the sense of authorizing the spouses to contract new marriages, are points on which civilized societies have arrived at very different conclusions. Modern practice and o… Dixmerie, Nicolas De La DIXMERIE, NICOLAS DE LA, See LA DIXIKERTE. DIXON, GEORGE (1755-18003), an English navigator, born in 1755. He served under Captain Cook in his third expedition, during which he had an opportunity of learning the commercial capabilities of the north-west coast of America, and was thus prompted to the expedition in con-nection with which his own name is celebrated. After his return from Cook's exped… Dljtens DLJTENS, Louis (1730-1812), a French writer of some celebrity, was born at 'l'ours, of Protestant parents, January- 15, 1730. In his youth he devoted himself to poetry ; and in 1748 lie composed a tragedy, entitled The Return of Ulysses to Ithaca, which failed in Paris, but was represented with great applause at Orleans. The author, however, soon became sensible of the faults of his work, and aban… Dmitrieff, Ivan Ivanovitch DMITRIEFF, IVAN IVANOVITCH (1760-1837), a Russian statesnaan and poet, was born at his father's estate in the government of Simbirsk. In consequence of the revolt of Pngaeheff, the fatnily had to flee to St Petersburg, and there Ivan was entered at the school of the Semenoff Guards, and afterwards obtained a post in the military service. On the accession of Paul to the imperial throne he quitted t… Dmitroff DMITROFF, a town of Russia, in the government of Moscow, 45 miles due north of the city of that name, in 56? 21' N. lat. and 37? 31' E. long., near the river Yakhroma, a sub-tributary of the Volga. Besides tho Cathedral of the Assumption and Paraskeue, an ancient building originally erected as a nunnery, it possesses seven churches, a monastery, a hospital, an ahnshouse, and factories for the manu… Dmitrovsk DMITROVSK, a town of European Russia, in the government of Orel, near the Nerusa, a sub-tributary of the Dnieper, about 57 miles south-west of the town of Orel; in .52? 30' N. lat. and 35? 4' 9" E long. Dnieper DNIEPER, the Borysthenes of the Greeks, Danapris of the Romans, Uzi of the Turks, Eksi of the Tatars, Elice of Visconti's map GM), Lerene of Contarini (1437), and Luosen of Baptista of Genoa (1514), is one of the most important rivers of Europe, ranking after the Volga and the Danube. It belongs to Russia, and takes its rise in the government of Smolensk, in a swampy district at the foot of the Va… Dniester DNIESTER, the Tyras of the classical authors, and the Tnrla of the Turks, a river of south-eastern Europe belong-ing to the basin of the Black Sea. It takes its rise on the northern slope of the Carpathian Mountains in the Sambor circle of Galicia, and belongs for the first 330 miles of its course to Austrian, for the remaining 600 to Russian terri-tory-. In its excessive meandering it frequently … Doab, Or Duab DOAB, or DUAB, or DOOAB, a name, like the Greek Mesopotamia, applicable, according to its derivation (do, two, and ab, river), to the stretch of country lying between any two rivers, as the Baree Doab between the Sutlej and the Ravee, or the Reechna Doab between the Ilaree and the Chenab, but frequently employed, without any distinctive adjunct, as the proper name for the region between the Ganges and its great tributary the Jumna. Dobell, Sydney DOBELL, SYDNEY (1824-1874), a distinguished English poet, born on the 5th of April 1824 at Cranbrook, Kent, was sprung from an old Sussex family, noted for its staunch loyalty in the struggle between the Cavaliers and Round-heads. His father, John Dobell, who wrote a pamphlet on Gwernment, was a wine merchant at Cheltenham ; his mother was a daughter of Samuel Thompson, a famous political reformer… Dobeln DOBELN, a town of Saxony, in the circle of Leipsic, and 35 miles to the south.east of that town, standing partly on an island formed by the Mulde. Doberan, Or Dobberan DOBERAN, or DOBBERAN, a market tow-n of Northern Germany, in the grand duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, about two miles from the shores of the Baltic, and seven west of Rostock. Dobrentei, Gabor DOBRENTEI, GABOR (i.e., GABRIEL) (1786-1851), an Hungarian philologist and antiquary, was born at Nagyszollos in 1786. He, completed his studies at the universities of Wittenberg and Leipsic, and was afterwards engaged a,s a tutor in Transylvania. At this period he originated and edited the Erdelyi Muthm, which, not-withstanding its important influence on the development of the Magyar language and… Dobrizhoefer, Martin DOBRIZHOEFER, MARTIN (1717-1791), a, Roman Catholic missionary-, whose fame is preserved by the historical interest and the literary character of his narrative. Born at Gratz, in Styria, he joined the Society of Jesus in 1736, and in 1749 proceeded to Paraguay, where for eighteen years, first among the Guaranis, and latterly among the Abipones, he continued with steadfast devotion and easy cheerfu… Dobrowsky, Joseph DOBROWSKY, JOSEPH (1753-1829), one of the earliest and greatest of Slavonic philologers, was born of Bohemian parentage at Gjermet, near Raab, in Hungary. He received his first education in the German school at Bischofteinitz, made his first acquaintance with Bohemian at the Deutschbrod gymnasium, studied for some time under the Jesuits at Klattau, and then proceeded to the university of Prague. I… Dobrudja, Or Dobrudscha DOBRUDJA, or DOBRUDSCHA, in Bulgarian Dobritch, is the district lying between the Black Sea. and the lower reaches of the Danube, by which it is separated. front Routnania. The southern part of its area of 2900 square miles is occupied by an irregular steppe stretching north from the Balkan range ; while the northern belonrs, to the alluvial tract produced by the action of the river. The predomina… Dobschau, Or Dobsina DOBSCHAU, or DOBSINA, a town of Northern Hunga.ry, in the comitat of Minor, on the Dobsina. Dobson DOBSON, Winthat (1610-1646), an English portrait and historical painter, born at London in 1610. His father was master of the Alienation Office, but by his improvi-dence had fallen into reduced circumstances. The son was accordingly bound an apprentice to Peak, a stationer and picture dealer in Holborn Bridge ; and while in his etnployment begau to copy the pictures of Titian and Vandyck, whose ma… Doceive DOCEIVE (frotn Ar�– to appear), a name applied to those heretics in the early Christian church who held that Christ, during his life, had not a real or natural, but only an apparent or phantom body. Other explanations of the 84Kno-ts, or appearance, have, however, been suggested, and in the absence of any statement by those who first used the word of the grounds on which they did so, it is imposs… Dock DOCK, the name apOied to the plants constituting the section Lapathunt of the genus Rumex, and natural order Polygoncteece. The leaves of the docks are pinnate-veined, and are never sagittate or hastate ; the flowers, which are arranged in two to five rows, in alternate fascicles similar to whorls, are generally perfect, and have three free styles, multifid stigmas, six stamens, and the three inne… Dockyard Officers DOCKYARD OFFICERS. - The management of the dock-yards is intrusted to a superintendent, either a rear-adm iral or captain ; a master attendant and his assistant ; a chief constructor and assistant ; a store-keeper ; an accountant, who is also store-receiver ; and a director of police. Dockyards DOCKYARDS. Previously to the reign of Henry VIII., the kings of England had neither naval arsenals nor dockyards, nor any regular establishment of civil or naval officers to provide ships of war, or to man them ; they had . admirals, however, possessing a high jurisdiction and very great power (see the article ADMIRAL). There are strong evidences of the existence of dockyards, or of something answ… Doctor DOCTOR, denoting etymologieally a teacher, is the title conferred by the highest university degree. Originally there were only two steps in graduation, those of bachelor and master, and the title doctor was given to certain masters as an alternative or as a merely honorary appella-tion. It, is in thi.s sense that the word is to be understood in the phrase Doctor Angelicus applied to Aquinas, and i… Doctors' Conimons DOCTORS' CONIMONS was a society of ecclesiastical lawyers in London, forming a distinct profession for the practice of the civil and canon laws. Some members of the profession purchased in 1567 a site near St Paul's, on which at their own expense they erected houses for the residence of the judges and advocates, and proper buildings for holding the ecclesiastical and admiralty courts. "In the year… Doctrinaires DOCTRINAIRES, the name applied by its opponents to a small but very influential political party iu France which made itself prominent after the restoration of the Bourbons in 1815. The doctrine or fundamental principle Olt Whith its action was based was that the sole justification of any form of government was the manner in which it exercised its power. Rejecting the claim of divine right, whether… Dodd, Dr DODD, DR Wirmalr (1729-1777), an unfortunate English divine, eldest son of the Rev. William Dodd, many years vicar of Bourne, in Lincolnshire was born thero in May 1729. He was sent, at the age of sixteen, to the university of Cambridge, where he was admitted a sizar of Clare Hall in 1745. He took the degree of B.A. in 1750, being in the list of wranglers. On leaving the university, he married a y… Dodder Doddridge, Philip DODDRIDGE, PHILIP (1702-1751), a celebrated nonconformist divine, was born in 1702. His father, Daniel Doddridge, was a London merchant, and his mother the orphan daughter of the Rev. John Bauman, a, Bohemian clergyman who had fled to England to escape religious persecution, and had held for some time the mastership of the grammar school at Kingston-upon-Thames. He was the youngest of a family of … Dodo DODO, from the Portuguese 1)(57/Jo (a simpletoni), large bird formerly inhabiting the island of Mauritius, but now extinet - the Millis ineptus of Linmens. Brief mention of this remarkable creature has already been made (see BIRDS, V01. I). 732), but some further particulars may be welcome. The precise year in which the Portuguese discovered the island we now know as Mauritius is undetermined ; va… Dodona DODONA, in Epirus, was the seat of the most ancient and venerable of all Hellenic sanctuaries. In the plain of the Dodonrea, and on the banks of the neighbouring Acheloiis, there dwelt in times long anterior to history- the race of Helli or Hellenes, who thence spread into Thessaly-and Greece. In after times the Greeks of the south looked on the inhabitants of Epirus as barbarians ; nevertheless f… Dodsley, Robert DODSLEY, ROBERT (1703-1764), an eminent book-seller and versatile writer, born in 1703 at Mansfield, Nottinghamshire, where his father is said to have been a schoolmaster. In his youth he was apprenticed to a stocking-weaver, from whom he ran away, taking service as a footman. His first poetical attempts seem to have been made when he was a, servant in the family of the Hon. Mrs Lowther, and were … Dodwell, Edward DODWELL, EDWARD (1767-1832), an English anti-quarian writer and draughtsman of considerable note in the department of classical investigation. He belonged to the same family as Henry Dodwell the theologian, and received his education at Cambridge. Being under no necessity to adopt a profession as a means of livelihood, he devoted himself entirely to his favourite pursuits, travelled for several ye… Dodwell, Henry DODWELL, HENRY (1641-1711), a learned controver-sial writer, was born at Dublin in October 1641. His father had once been possessed of considerable property in Connaught, but having lost it at the rebellion settled at York in 1648. Here Henry received his preliminary edu-cation at the free school. By the death of his parents he was reduced in early life to the greatest poverty. In 1654 he was sent… Doge DOGE, a modified form of the ordinary Italian duce, frorn the Latin dux, a leader or duke, employed to designate the chief magistrate in the republics of Genoa and Venice. In both cities the office underwent from time to time a variety of transformations, for details on which the larger histories of the republics must be consulted. In Venice the doge was originally chosen by universal suffrage, he… Dog-fish DOG-FISH, a name applied to several species of the smaller sharks, and given in common with such names as hound and beagle, owing to the habit these fishes have of pursuing or hunting their prey in packs. The Small-spotted Dog-fish or Rough Hound (Scylliunt canieula) and theLarge-spotted or Nurse Hound (Scyllium catulus) are also known as ground-sharks. They keep near the sea bottom, feeding chief… Dogmatic DOGMATIC (Ger. Dogmatik) is the name usually given by modern writers, especially on the Continent, to that branch of theological study which treats of the doctrines of Christianity, As there are considerable varieties in the conception and treatment of dogmatic by different theologians, churches, and schools, it will be best to give an historical account of the origin and usage of the term. The Gr… Dogwood DOGWOOD (according to Prior, Ang. Sax. dole, a brooch-pin), the name applied to plants of the genus Cornus, of the natural order Cornacew or cornels. The common dogwood, prick-wood, skewer-wood, or so-called dogberry, C. sanguinea, is a shrub reaching a height of 8 or 9 feet, common in hedges, thickets, and plantations in Great Britain. Its branches are dark-red ; the leaves egg-shaped, pointed, a… Dolabella, Publics Cornelius DOLABELLA, PUBLICS CORNELIUS, a Roman general notorious for his profligacy, was born about 70 B.C. His vicious character made itself apparent even in his early years. Before he attaitted his majority he is said to have been more than once guilty of capital crimes, from the punishment of which he was only delivered through the advocacy of Cicero. In the year 50 he forced his wife Fabia to leave him… Dolce, Ludovico, Or Luigi DOLCE, LUDOVICO, or LUIGI (1508-1568 or 1569), one of the most laborious and multifarious writers of Italy in the 16th century, was a, native of Venice, and belonged to a' family of honourable tradition but decadent fortune. Ile received a good education, and early undertook the task of maintaining himself by his pen. His life, even more destitute of outward events than such a life usually is, may… Dolci, Carl DOLCI, CARL?, or CARLINI) (1616-1686), a painter of considerable celebrity, was born at Florence in May I61G. He was the grandson of a. painter on the mother's side, and became a disciple of Jacopo Vignali ; and when only eleven years of age he attempted a whole figure of St Join), and. a head of the infant Christ, which received extraordinary approbation. He afterwards painted a portrait of his m… Dole DOLE, a town of France, at the head of an arrondisse-ment in the department of Jura, 28 miles N. of Lons-le-Saulnier, occupying the declivity of a hill on the right bank of the Doubs, which is there accompanied by the canal between the Rhone and the Rhine. It is the seat of a tri-bunal of primary instance, and has a Jesuit college, an agri-cultural society, a school of design, a theatre, a museum,… Dolet, Etienne DOLET, ETIENNE (1509-1546), a French scholar and printer, whose fame is due as well to the painful romance of his life as to the high importance of his labours. A tradition, of what authority it is hard to say, makes him the illegitimate son of Francis I.; and it is evident that he was at least connected with some family of rank and wealth. From Orleans, where he was born, he was taken to Paris ab… Dolgell DOLGELL V, a market and assize town of Merionethshire, North Wales, situated at the junction of the Aran with the Wnion, and at the northern base of Cader Idris, 19 miles S.W. of Bala and 9 miles E. of Bannouth, with both of which it is connected by railway. Dollond, John DOLLOND, JOHN (1706-1761), the celebrated optician, was the son of a French refugee, a silk-weaver at Spital-fields, where he was born, June 10, 1706. He was early trained to his father's occupation, but made leisure for the acquisition of a knowledge of mathematics, physics, Greek, Latin, the elements of anatomy, arid other subjects. In 1752 he abandoned silk-weaving in order to join his son Pete… Dolomieu DOLOMIEU, DEonAT-GuY-Sarx.AIN-TANcni:DE GRATET DE (1750-1801), a celebrated geologist and mineralogist, was born at Dolomieu, near Tour-du-Pin, in the department of Isere in France, June 24, 1750. He was admitted in his infancy a member of the Order of Malta. When in his 19th year he quarrelled with a knight of the galley on which he was serving, and in the duel that ensued killed him. In consonan… Dolpfiin DOLPfIIN (Delphinus delphis), the common name of a species of whale belonging to the family Delphinidce. it usually measures from 6 to 8 feet in length, and is thickest near the centre, where the dorsal fin rises to a height of 9 or 10 inches, and whence the body tapers towards both extremities. The forehead descends abruptly to the base of the slightly flattened beak, which is about 6 inches long… Domat, Or Daumat DOMAT, or DAUMAT, JEAN (1625-1696), a celebrated French jurisconsult, born at Clermont in Auvergne, on the 30th November 1625 He was closely in sympathy with the Port-Royalists, was intimate with Pascal, and at the death of that celebrated philosopher was intrusted with his private papers. He is principally known from his elaborate legal digest, in four volumes 4to, under the title of _Lois Civile… Dombrowski, Jan Tienryk DOMBROWSKI, JAN TIENRYK (1755-1818), Polish general, was born at Pierszowice in the palatinate of Cracow, August 29, 1755. He was of noble family, and his father was an officer in the Saxon army. Brought up in Saxony, he entered and. for some years served in the army ; but when, in 1791, the Polish Diet recalled all Poles serving abroad, he returned to his native land. Placed then under the orders… Dome DOME is usually understood. to mean a roof which is round or polygonal horizontally, and of which any vertical section is either a round or a pointed arch. There happen to be none of elliptical or any other section than these. But some, especially in the East, have what is called an ogival outline, convex below and concave towards the top, and these are generally called cupolas, though there is no… Domenichino, Or Domenico DOMENICHINO, or DOMENICO, ZAIVIPIERI (1581? 1641), the celebrated painter, boru at Bologna on 21st October 1581, was the son of a shoemaker. The diminutive form of Christian name by which he is known indicates his short stature. He was placed, when young, under the tuition of Denis Calvart ; but having been treated with great severity by that master, he left him, and became a pupil in the academy … Domesday Book DOMESDAY BOOK, or simply DOMESDAY, is, in its commonest use, the name applied to the Liber de Win-tonia, or Exchequer Domesday, a very ancient record containing a survey of all the lands of England, made in the thne of William the Conqueror. It consists of two volumes - a greater and a less. The first is a large folio, written on 382 double pages of vellum, in a small but plain character, each pag… Domicile DOMICILE, in law, may be defined generally as the place of a, man's permanent abode; but a precise definition of the word is a matter of acknowledged difficulty. Its use in jurisprudence is to fix the legal rights of a person in certain cases where it is felt that the application of the law of the country to which he owes allegiance on the one hand, or of the country in which for the moment he hap… Dominica DOMINICA, in French DOMINIQUE, a British WestIndia island, the largest in the Leeward group of the Lesser Antilles, lying between the French islands of Martinique and Guadaloupe, 21 miles north of the former and about the sante distance south of the latter, at the intersection of 15? 30' N. lat. by 61? 30' W. long. It has a length of 29 miles with a maximum breadth of 16, and its area is estimated… Dominicans DOMINICANS, the name by which the disciples of St Dominic became known. The Dominican order was founded, as stated in the article on the founder, in 1216 by a bull of Honorius III. It conformed to the general rule of the Augustinia.ns, but further embra.ced a rule of absolute poverty or mendicancy, in addition to the usual vows of chastity and obedience. Its members were supposed to be exclusively… Dominic, St DOMINIC, ST, founder of the Dominican order of monks, was born at Calahorrs,, a village of Old Castile, in 1170. His family name is said to have been Guzman, an illustrious name connected with many of the most honour-able families in Spain. Little is known of his father and mother, but in the medireval legends his birth is surrounded with portents indicative of his future greatness. His mother dre… Dominis, Marc Antonio De DOMINIS, MARC ANTONIO DE (1566-1621), celebrated as a theologian and natural philosopher, was born in the island of Arbe, in 1566. He was educated in the order of the Jesuits at their colle,,e at Loretto, and afterwards studied at the university oePadua. He was employed for some time by the Jesuits as a teacher of rhetoric and mathematics, but he did not join the order. In 1596 he was appointed to… Domitian DOMITIAN (52-96). Titus Flavius Domitianus, the second son of Titus Flavius Vespasianus and Flavia Domi-tilla, twelfth of the Cmsars, and third of the Flavian dynasty, was born at Rome, 24th October 52 A.D. He enjoys an evil prominence as the only tyrant amonc, the succession of good and just princes from Vespasian dOwn to Commodus. According to Suetonius, he was brought up in squalor and ignoranc… Donaghadee DONAGHADEE, a market town of Ireland, in county Down, situated near the mouth of Belfast Lough on the Irish channel, is the nearest port in Ireland to Great Britain, being 211 miles S.W. of Port Patrick in Wigtown-shire. Donaldson DONALDSON, Joint 'WILLIAM, a philologist and biblical critic, born 1812, died February 10, 1861. IIe was educated at the London university and at Trinity College, Cambridge, of which college he was afterwards elected a fellow. He graduated in the year 1834, being placed in the second class of the mathematical tripes, and second in the classical tripos, when G. J. Kennedy was senior, and W. Forsyth… Donatello DONATELLO (1386-1466), the diminutive of Donato, was the son of Niccolo Bardi, and was born in Florence in 1386. In the struggle between the rival parties of tha Albizzi and the -Medici, the father took part w-ith the former, and was involved in their ruin. He must have been a man of considerable property, judging from the decree by which his houses are confiscated. His son Donatello found protect… Donati, Giovanni Bittista DONATI, GIOVANNI BITTISTA, professor of astronomy at the Royal Institution of Florence, was born at Pisa, December 16, 182G, and died at Florence, September 20, 1873. Donatists DONATISTS, a powerful sect which formed itself in the Christian church of northern Africa in the beginning of the 4th century.' In its doctrine it sprang from the same roots, and in its history it had in many things the same character, as the earlier Novatians. The predisposing causes of the Donatist schism were the belief, early intro-duced into the African church, that the validity of all sacerd… Donatus DONATUS, 'Emus, a grammarian and rhetorician, who taught at Rome in the middle of the 4th century A.D., had the honour of numbering St Jerome among his pupils, and was the author of a number of professional works. We still possess his .Ars grammatica, consisting of three parts, De ltteris, syllabis, pedants et tonis, De octo partibus orationis, and De barbarism?, solecism?, schematibus, et tropis … Donauworth DONAUWoRTH, a town of Bavaria, in the circle of Swabia-Neuburg, 25 miles N. of Augsburg, on the left bank of the Danube, at the confluence of the Wornitz. It is of some importance as a river port, and the centre of a considerable agricultural trade ; but its main interest is historical. Having grown up in the course of the Ilth and 12th centuries under the protection of the castle of Mangoldstein,… Doncaster DONCASTER, the Danum of Antoninus a,nd Dona Ceaster of the Saxons, a muni-cipal borough and market-town of England, in the west rid-ing of Yorkshire, 32 miles S. of York and 156 miles N. of London by railway, in the line of the ancient Roman road of Ermine street or, as some write, Watling street, is situated on the right bank of the Don, over which and an arm of it called the Cheswold it has two… Don Cossack Country DON COSSACK COUNTRY (in Russian, Donskago Voiska Zemlya, the Land of the Don Army), the south-west portion of European Russia, situated in the basin of the Don, and bounded in part by the Sea of Azoff. Its area, according to the military survey, is 59,650 square miles, or 135,761 square versts, but according to Schweizer 62,571 square miles, or 142,401 square versts. The most of the surface consis… Donegal DONEGAL, a maritime county in the extreme north-west of Ireland, in the province of Ulster, bounded on the N. and W. by the Atlantic Ocean, on the E. by Lough Foyle, and the counties of Londonderry and Tyrone, a,nd on the S. by Donegal Bay and the counties of Fermanagh and Leitrim, It covers an area of 187(4 square miles, or 1,197,154 acres, of which 22,880 are under water. Coast. - The county pos… Dongola, Or Donkola DONGOLA, or DONKOLA, a town of Egypt, in the district of the same name in the province of Nubia, situated on the left bank of the Nile about 45 miles above the Third Cataract. Donizetti, Gaetano DONIZETTI, GAETANO (1798-1848). There is a, strange parallelism observable, in the lives of the three most cele-brated Italian composers of the present century. Rossini, Bellini, and Donizetti had no sooner established their reputations on the Italian stage than they left their own country for Paris, at that time the centre of the musical world. All three settled in France, and all three were anxi… Don Juan DON JUAN, a legendary personage whose story, originating in Spain, has found currency in various poetic and dramatic forms throughout most of the countries of Europe. The character has a certain historic basis in so far as it is localized at Seville in the time of Peter the Cruel, or, according to another version, of Charles V. Don Juan, who belonged to the illustrious Tenorio family, lived a life… Donne DONNE, JoriN (1573-1631), poet and divine of the reign of James I., was born in London in 1573 of Catholic parents. His father was a wealthy and influential merchant, a Welshman by descent ; his mother claimed relationship with Sir Thomas More and Heywood the epigrammatist. Brought up under a tutor at home until his tenth year, he proeeeded to Oxford, and. was entered a.t Hart Hall about 1583. At … Donovan, Edward DONOVAN, EDWARD, naturalist, was author of raany popular works on natural history and botany. In 1792 appeared the first volume of his Natural History of British 17z-sects, which extended to sixteen volumes, and was com-pleted in 1816. Although now superseded, this compila-tion did good service in its time. During the same period Donovan published Natural Histories of British Birds, in. 10 vols. 8… Dorchester DORCHESTER (the Durnovaria of the Romans), a, parliamentary and municipal borough and market town of England, capital of the county of Dorset, situated on an eminence on the right bank of the Frorne, 8 miles N. of Weymouth, and 120 miles from London by the old coach road, but some 20 miles farther by railway. It stands within a wide Open tract of land, containing 3400 acres, held under the duchy … Dordogne DORDOGNE, an inland department in the S.E. of France, taking its name from the river which traverses its centre from east to west, and formed from nearly the whole of Perigord, a part of Agenais, and small portions of Limousin and of Angonmeis. It is bounded on the N. by Haute Vienne, W. by Charente and Charente Infarieure, S.W. by Gironde, S. by Lot-et-Garonne, and E. by Lot and Gorreze, and lies… Dorians DORIANS, the name by which one of the two foremost races of the Hellenic or Greek people was commonly known, the other being the Ionic. These two races, if the term may here be rightly used, stand out in marked con-trast, as exhibiting different types tsf character, which have their issue in different modes of thought and forms of government. But when from a consideration of their political and in… Doris DORIS, the name which, in the time of Herodotus and later writers, designated the little territory which lay to the south-west of the Malian Gulf, and between the ranges of CEta and Parnassus, bounded by the lands of the Phocians on the east, of the Etoliaus ou the west, of .the Malians and Epicnemidian Loerians on the north, and of the Ozolian Locrians on the south, the whole being barely thirty … Dorking DORKING, a market town of West Surrey, England, situated on a small brook, a tributary of the Mole, 29 miles S. of London by rail. The town is well built and clean, and occupies a picturesque position in a sheltered vale near the base of Box Hill. The parish church of St Martin's is a handsome edifice rebuilt in 1873 ; and St Paul's district church, erected in 1857, is a. building of some pretensi… Dorleans DORLEANS, Lours, (1542-1629), a minor French poet and political pamphleteer, and a prominent partisan of the Catholic League, was born in 1542, probably at Paris, though one of his biographers states that Orleans was his birthplace. He studied under Jean Daurat, and after taking hi9. degree in law began to practise at the bar with but slight success. He added little to his reputation by writ-ing i… Dormouse DORMOUSE, the common name of a family of small rodents (111yoxidce), generally regarded as intermediate be-tween mice and squirrels. It contains 12 species, distributed over the temperate parts of the great Palaearctic region from Britain to Japan, and throughout the greater portion of Africa. The Common Dormouse (.31-yoxus avellanarius) occurs in most parts of Europe, and is the only species foun… Dornbirn, Or Dornbuhren DORNBIRN, or DORNBUHREN, a straggling but well-built township of Austria, in Tyrol, about six miles S. of Bregenz, situated on the right bank of a stream known as the Dornbirn Ach, which flows into the Lake of Constance. Dorogobush DOROGOBUSH, a town of Russia in Europe, in the government of Smolensk, about 55 miles E. of the city of that name, on. the' banks of the Dnieper, in 54? 55' N. lat. and 33? 17' E. long. It has twelve churches, and still preserves its ancient earthen fortress, with its ramparts and ditch, withiu the precincts of which are situated the cathedral, the courthouse, and two victualling stores. Its manuf… Volume 8 [ELE-FAK] [next] [back] Volume 6 [CLI-DAY]: Albert to Coustou Copyright © 2013 Net Industries and its Licensors – All Rights Reserved – Terms of Use Share this page: Tweet More To Explore	Contact & About Privacy Policy