Dorogoi

DOROGOI, -or DOROHOL a town of Roumania, in the northern part of Moldavia, about 80 miles north-west of Jassy, on the Shiska, a tributary of jhe Pruth.

Dorotheus

DOROTHEUS, a professor of jurisprudence in the law school of Berytus in Syria, and one of the three commis-sioners appointed by the emperor Justinian to draw up a book of Institutes, after the model of the Institutes of Gaius, which should serve as an introduction to the Digest already completed. His colleagues were Tribonian and Theophilus, and their work was accomplished in 533. Dorotheus was su…

Dorp

DORP, a town of Prussia, in the government of Dlisseldorf, 17 miles north-east of Cologne, mlich, like Barmen and many other towns in the valley of the Wupper, has since 1849 rapidly grown into importance as a centre of manufacturing industry.

Dorpat

DORPAT, in German frequently Dorpt, in Russian Derpt or Yurieff, in Esthonian Tartoma, a city of Russia in Europe, in the government of Livonia, situated on both banks of the Embach, 157 miles north-east of Riga, in 58? 23' N. lat. and 26? 23' E. long. The principal part of the town lies to the south of the river, and the more important buildings are clustered round the two eminences known as the …

D'orsay, Alfred Guillaume Gabriel

D'ORSAY, ALFRED GUILLAUME GABRIEL, COUNT (1798-1852), a celebrated leader of society in Paris and London, who added to the attractions of dandyism those of high intellectual and artistic gifts, was born at Paris in 1798. He was the son of General D'Orsay, from whom he inherited the exceptionally handsome person which contributed so much to his social succecs. Through his mother he was grandson by …

Dorset

DORSET, an English county, situated on the south-western coast. In British times, previous to the land-ing of Caesar, it was inhabited by a tribe which Ptolemy calls the Durotriges, and which, upon no good authority, but not without probability, has been identified with the Morini, the occupants of a part of the opposite coast (extremi hominum Jforini, rzEn. viii. 727), the two appellations being …

Dorset, Charles Sackville

DORSET, CHARLES SACKVILLE, SIXTH EARL OF (1637 - 1706), eldest son of Richard Sackville, the fifth earl, and Frances Cranfield, eldest daughter of Lionel, carl of Middle-sex, was born January 24,1637, and succeeded his father in 1677. His youth, spent partly in London and partly in Italy, was filled with all the madcap and libertine excesses of the period; but, owing doubtless to the nobler qualit…

Dorset, Teiomas Sackville

DORSET, TEIOMAS SACKVILLE, LORI) BUCKIIURST, FIRST EARL OF (1536-16'08), was born in at Buckhurst in the parish of Withyliam in Sussex. His father, Sir Richard Sackville, the friend of Roger Ascham, was connected with the Boleyn family-, and thus distantly with Queen Elizabeth ; his mother vas Winifred?, daughter of Sir John Bruges or Bridges, of London. In his fifteenth or sixteenth year he was e…

Dortmund

DORTMUND, a town of Germany, capital of a circle of the same name, in the district of Arnsberg, and Prussian province of Westphalia, is situated on the Einscher, in 51' 31' 25' N. lat. and 7? 27' 9" E. Jong. Among the chief structures may be mentioned the large railway station, the workshop and factories of which give employment to upwards of 1000 hands, the Reinuldikirche, with a choir built in 1…

Dort, Or Dordrecht

DORT, or DORDRECHT, an important commercial city of Holland, at the head of a district in the province of South Holland, 10 miles S.E. of Rotterdam, on the' railway between that city and Breda. The island of the _Meuse or Merwe on which it stands is said to have been separated from the mainland in 1421, by an inundation which swept away 72 villages, and about 100,000 inhabitants. Con-cerning its o…

Dort, Synod Of

DORT, SYNOD OF, an assembly of the Reformed Dutch Church, with deputies from France, Switzerland, the Pala-tinate, Scotland, and England, called to decide the theolo-gical differences existina between the Arminians (or Re-monstrants) and the CaLinists (or Counter Remonstrants), was held at Dort or Dordrecht in the years 1618 aud 1619. During the life of Arminius a bitter controversy had sprung up …

Dory, Or John Dory

DORY, or JOHN DORY (Zeus faber), an Acanthopterygian fish belonging to the family Scombridce, held in such esteem by the ancient Greeks that they called it Zeus after their principal divinity. Its English name is probably a corrup tion of the French jaunc tlor&, and has reference to the prevailing golden-yellow colour of the living fish. The body in the dory is much compressed, and is nearly oval …

Douai

DOUAI, or DouAv, an ancient and once strongly-fortified town of France, at the head of an arrondissement, in the department of Nord, situated on the Scarpe, at a railway junction 18 miles S. of Lille. Its triple line of fortifica-tions, partly the work of Vauban and partly of more modern structure, includes a considerably larger space than is requisite for the area of its buildings ; the streets a…

Douarnenez

DOUARNENEZ, a town and watering-place of France, in the department of Finistere, to the S. of a bay of the same name.

Doubleday, Thomas

DOUBLEDAY, THOMAS, an English author in political and general literature. He early adopted the views of his friend 'William Cobbett, and was active in promoting the agitation which resulted in the passing of the Reform Act of 1832. As secretary of the Northern Political Union of Whigs and Radicals, he took a, prominent part in forwarding the interests of Lord Grey and the reforming party. In 1858-…

Doubs

DOUBS, an eastern frontier department of France, so named from its chief river, is formed of the ancient German principality of Montbeliard (Mompelgard), and of part of the province of Franche-Comte. It is bounded E.S.E. by Switzerland, N. by the territory of 13elfort and by Haute-Saone, and N.W. and S.W. by Haute-Saone and Jura ; and lies between 46? 33' 10" and 47? 33' 15" N. lat., and 5?42' and…

Douce, Francis

DOUCE, FRANCIS (1762-1834), an English antiquarian, born in 1762, was the son of one of the six clerks of Chancery. After completing his education he entered his father's office, but quitted it after a, short time, and devoted himself to the collection and study of antiquities, He became a prominent member of the Society of Antiquaries, and maintained an active correspondence with most of the lead…

Douglas

DOUGLAS, the commercial capital of the Isle of Man, and a favourite watering-place, stands on a fine semicircular bay on the east coast of the island, at the junction of the Dhoo and Glass, in 54? 10' N. lat. and 4? 26' W. long. The older streets, as is usual with seaport towns, are ir-regular and narrow, but the modern ones, on terraces rising beyond the old town, are handsome and spacious. Among…

Douglas, Gawain Or Gavin

DOUGLAS, GAWAIN or GAVIN (C. 1474-1522), bishop of Dunkeld, and the ancient classical poet of Scotland, was the third son of Archibald, earl of Angus, known in Scottish history as " Bell-the-Cat." His mother WilS Elizabeth, daughter of Robert Lord Boyd, high chamberlain of Scot-land. The y-ear when he was born has not been recorded, but it is almost certain that it was 1474, or the beginning of 14…

Douglas, Stephen Arnold

DOUGLAS, STEPHEN ARNOLD (1813-1861), an American statesman, was born at Brandon, in the State of Vermont, on the 23d April 1813. His father, a physician, died when he was still an infant, and in his youth he had. to struggle with poverty. He was apprenticed to a cabinet-maker, but his health failed, and he quitted the employment after a, year and a half. He next studied for three years at the acad…

Dour

DOUR, a town of Belgium, iu the province of Hainanlt, nine miles south-west of Mons, to the right of the rail-way from that city to Valenciennes. It owes its whole importance to its manufacturing industry, which includes iron-smelting, weaving, bleaching, and tannino., and is fostered by the existence in the vicinity of coaiDand iron mines. Population in 1866, 8501. DOUSA, JANUS [JAN VAN DER DOES]…

Douville, Jean Baptiste

DOUVILLE, JEAN BAPTISTE (1794?c. 1837), a French traveller born at Ilanibye, in the department of Manche, whose asserted discoveries in Africa have in large measure been relegated to the region of romance. At an early period his imagination seems to have been fired by narratives of travel and adventure ; and accordingly, when he fell heir to a wealthy relation, he at once proceeded to gratify his …

Douw

DOUW, or Dow, GEREIARD (1613-1680), a celebrated Flemish painter, was born at Leyden on the 7th April 1613. His first instructor in drawing and design was Bartholomew Dolendo, an engraver ; and he afterwards learned the art of glass-painting under Peter Kouwhoorn. At the age of fifteen he became a pupil of Rembrandt, with whom he continued for three years. From the great master of the Flemish scho…

Dove

DOVE (Dutch, Duyve; Danish, Due; Icelandic, Dula ; German, Taube), a name which seems to be most commonly applied to the smaller members of the group of birds by ornithologists usually called Pigeons (Columba?) ; but no sharp distinction can be drawn between Pigeons and Doves, and in general literature the two words are used almost indifferently, while no one species can be pointed out to vdrich t…

Dover

DOVER (the ancient Dubris), principal cinque port of England, is situated close to the South Foreland, 72 miles from Loudon, in a main valley of the chalk hills correspond-ing with the opposite cliffs between Calais and Boulogne. Its dominant object is the castle, on the east heights. Within its walls stands the Roman pharos ; the Romano-Dritish fortress church, remaining not only in situ, but (ex…

Dover

DOVER, a. city of the United States, capital of Strafford county, New Hampshire., situated on the Cocheco, a tributary of the Piscataqua, at a railway junction twelve miles north-west of Portsmouth.

Dover

DOVER, a town of the United States, the capital of Delaware, on Jones Creek, 9 miles inland from Delaware Bay, and 48 miles south of Wiltnington.

Dover, George James Ivelbore Agar Ellis

DOVER, GEORGE JAMES IVELBORE AGAR ELLIS, BARON (1797-1833), born on the 14th January 1797, was the eldest son of the second Viscount Clifden. He was educated at Christ Church, Oxford, and in 1818 he was-. returned to Parliament as member for Heytesbury. He afterwards represented Seaford (1820), Ludgershall (1826), and Oakhampton (1830). In party politics be took little interest ; but he was a zeal…

Dowletabad

DOWLETABAD, a city and fortress of India,, in the north-western corner of the Nizam's Dominions, near one of the right-hand tributaries of the Godavery. Though still the centre of an administrative district, the city has sunk into comparative insignificance since the rise of A.urungabad, about ten miles to the east ; but the fortress remains, from its natural position, one of the most remark-able …

Dow, Lorenzo

DOW, LORENZO (1777-1834), an American preacher, noted for his eccentricities of dress and manner, was born at Coventry, Connecticut, U.S., October 16, 1777. He received but a. limited education, and was much troubled in his youth by religious perplexities ; but he ultimately joined the Methodists, and was appointed a preacher (1799). The same year, however, his official connection with that body c…

Down

DOWN, a maritime county of Ireland, in the province of Ulster, occupying the most easterly part of the island, is bounded N. by the county Antrim and Belfast Lough, E. and S. by the Irish Sea, and W. by the county Armagh, Ets area, including Ballymacarret, a suburb of Belfast (1670 acres), covers 967 square miles, or 612,409 acres. The coast-line is very irregular, and is indented by several lough…

Downpatrick

DOWNPATRICK, a municipal and parliamentary borough. and market-town of Ireland, capital of the county of Down, 18 miles S.E. of Belfast, and 74 N.N.E. Dublin. Downpatrick lies in a, valley formed by hills of some elevation, near the south-west extremity of Strangford Lough, and is divided into the English, Irish, and Scotch quarters. It consists of four main streets meeting near the centre, the pr…

Doxology

DOXOLOGY, a, hymn in praise of the Almighty. The name is often applied to the Trisagion, or " Holy, Holy, Holy," the scriptural basis of which is found in Isaiah vi. 3 ; to the Hallelujah of several of the Psalms and of Rev. xix.; and to the last clause of the Lord's Prayer according, to Saint Matthew, which critics are generally agreed in regarding as an interpolation. It is used, however, more d…

Doyen, Gabriel Francois

DOYEN, GABRIEL FRANCOIS (1726-1806), an eminent French painter, was born at Paris in 1726. His passion for art prevailed over his father's wish, and lie became in his twelfth year a pupil of Vanloo. Making rapid progress, he obtained at twenty the grand prize, and in ? 1748 set out for Rome. He studied the works of Annibale Caracci, Cortona, Giulio Romano, and Michelangelo, then visited Naples, Ve…

Draco

DRACO, a celebrated Athenian legislator who flourished in the 7th century B.C. By a strange irony, of fate his name has passed into a proverb for an inexorable lawgiver, whose laws were written with blood and not with ink. :Modern Greek historians, such as Thirlwall, Grote, and Curtius, have clearly shown that such a character is an utter perversion of fact. Of Dra,co's famous code not a single li…

Dragon

DRAGON (8pcixon, sharp-sighted), the name given by the ancients to a fab'ulous monster represented by them as a huge winged lizard or serpent. They regarded it as the enemy- of mankind, and its overthrow is made to figure among the greatest exploits of the gods and heroes of heathen mythology. A dragon watched the garden of the Hesperides, and its destruction formed one of the seven labours of Her…

Dragon-fly

DRAGON-FLY (German, Wasseiy'ungfer ; Swedish, Trollsliinda ; Danish, Guldsmed ; Dutch, Scherpstekende-vlieg; French, Demoiselle), the popular English name applied to the members of a remarkable group of insects which formed the genus libellula Linnt-eus and the ancient authors. In some parts of the -United States they appear to be known as " Devil's Darnin?0. Needles," and in many parts of England…

Draguignan

DRAGUIGNAN, the chief town of the department of Var, in France, and of an arrondissement of the same name, on the River Pis, a branch of the Nartuby, lies at the foot of the wooded height of Malmont, in 43? 32' 18" N. lat. and 6? 27' 56" E. long.

Drakendoe

DRAKENDOE,CH, ARNOLD (1681-1748), a celebrated scholar and editor, was born at Utrecht on the 1st January 1684. Having studied belles-lettres under Grmvius and Burmann, and law under Cornelius Van Eck, he succeeded Professor Burmann in 1716, and continued to hold his pro-fessorship till his death in 1748, in the sixty-fourth year of his age. His earliest work was a dissertation entitled Disputatio…

Drake, Sir Francis

DRAKE, SIR FRANCIS (c. 1545-1595), a celebrated English admiral, was born near Tavistock, Devonshire, about 1545 according to most authorities, but Barrow, in his life, says the date may- have been as early as 1539. His father, a yeoman and a zealous Protestant, was obliged to take refuge in Kent during the persecutions in the reign of Queen Mary. He obtained a naval chaplaincy frotn Queen Elizabe…

Drama

DRAMA signifies action. The term is applied to compositions which imitate action by re-presenting the personages introduced in them as real and as employed in the action itself. The varieties of the drama differ more or less widely, both as to the objects imitated and as to the means used in the imitation. But they all agree as to the method or manner which is essential to the dramatic art, viz., …

Dramburg

DRAMBURG, a town of Prussia, at the head of a, circle in the government of Koslin, about fifty miles east of Stet-tin.

Drammen

DRAMMEN, a town in the amt of Buskerud, in Norway, is situated at the northern end of the Drammen fiord, a western arm of Christiania fiord, at the mouth of the Dramselv.

Draughts

DRAUGHTS, a game of unknown origin. Soine con-sider it to be a very- old game, but Stratt (Sports and Pastimes) calls it a " modern invention." It is not men-tioned in the older editions of the Acadimie des Jeux, nor in the Compteat Gamester, so, if an old game, it was not formerly an important one. As early as 1668 M. Mallet published a treatise on draughts, at Paris, and the game was played in E…

Drea

DREA.M. Dreams are a variety of a large class of mental phenomena which may be roughly defined. as states of mind which, though not the result of the action of external objects, resume the form of objective perceptions. To this class belong the fleeting images which occasionally present themselves during waking hours, and especially before sleep, the " visions " which occur in certain exalted emot…

Dredge, The Na

DREDGE, THE NA.TURALIST'S, an implement con-structed on the general pIan of the common oyster-dredge, and used by naturalists for obtaining spvimens of the animals living on the bottom of the sea at greater or less depths, for the purpose of determining their structure and zoological relations, and ascertaining their geographical dis-tribution. The instrument usually employed in this and other nor…

Dredging

DREDGING. Dredging is the name given by engineers to the process of excavating materials under water, raising them to the surface, and depositing them in barges. It is a process which has been useful from very early times in works of marine and hydraulic engineering, and it has of late years, by improved appliances, been brought to high perfection. Bag and Spoon Dredge. - The first employment of m…

Drelincourt, Charles

DRELINCOURT, CHARLES (1595-1669), an eminent nuclei. the celebrated Professor Mark Duncan. In June 1618 he undertook the charge of the French Protestant church at Langres, where his ministrations were highly appreciated. The church, however, failed to receive the necessary royal sanction, and early- in 1620 Drelincourt removed. to Paris, where he was ordained minister of the church at Charenton. H…

Dresden

DRESDEN, the capital of the kingdom of Saxony, is situated in a, beautiful and richly cultivated valley on both sides of the Elbe, at au altitude of 402 feet above the level of the Baltic, 72 miles E.S.E. of Leipsic, and 116 miles S.E. of Berlin, in 5V 3' N. lat. and 13? 44' E. long. It is approached on almost every side through avenues of trees, and the distance is bounded by gentle eminences co…

Dreux

DREUX (Durocassis, Drocm), a town of France in the department of Eure-et-Loir, on the Blaise, 21 miles north of Chartres.

Drew, Samuel

DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833), theologian, Ts-as born in the parish of St Austell, in Cornwall, March 3, 1765. His father was a poor farm-labourer, and could not afford to send him to school long enough even to learn to read and write. At the age of seven he lost his mother, a woman of superior mind and religious character ; and he was then sent to n-ork with the tinners. At ten he was apprenticed to a…

Dreyse, Johann Nicholas Yon

DREYSE, JOHANN NICHOLAS YON (1787-1867), in-ventor of the needle-gun, was the son of a locksmith, and was born at S6mmerda the 20th Noveniber 1787. He served his apprenticeship in the shop of his father, and from 1806 to 1809 followed his calling at Altenburg and Dresden. Froin 1809 to 1814 he wa,s in Paris, where he succeeded in finding employment in the gun-factory of the Swiss officer Pauli, pa…

Driffield

DRIFFIELD (or GREAT DRIFFIELD, to distinguish it from the neighbouring hamlet of Little Driffield), a, market-town of England, in. the east riding of Yorkshire, 28 miles to the east of York, and 196 miles from London by road. The town - consisting of one principal street, from which some smaller ones diverge - is agreeably situated at the foot of the Wolds, and is connected with the port of Hull b…

Drohobycz

DROHOBYCZ, a town of Austria, in the Galician circle of Sambor, on the Tysminika, a right-hand affluent of the Dniester, at the junction of a branch line from Boryslaff with the main Galician railway.

Droitwich

DROITWICH, a municipal and a parliamentary borough of England, in Worcestershire, on the Salwarpe, a left-hand tributary of the Severn, about seven miles by rail N.N.E. of Worcester. With the exception of its modern exten-sions, the town is built in a straggling and irregular fashion ; but it numbers a,mong its public edifices a court-chamber and market-house, two churches - St Andrew's and St Pet…

Drome

DROME, a department in the south-east of France, formed of parts of Dauphin4 and Provence, is bounded W. by the Rhone, which. separates it from Ardeche, N. and N.E. by Isere, E. by Hautes-Alpes, S.E. by Basses-Alpes, and S. by- Vaucluse, and lies between 44? 8' and 45? 20' 25" N. lat. and 4? 41' and 5? 55' E. long. To tbe east it is covered by spurs of the maritime Alps, one of tbe largest of whic…

Dropsy

DROPSY (contracted from the old word hydropisy, from the Greek ZSpufr - i3Swp, water, and 4.c,p, the appearance) signifies a collection of simple serous fluid in all or any of the cavities of the body, or in the meshes of its tissues. Dropsy of the subcutaneous connective thsue is termed cedenza when it is localized and limited in extent; when more diffuse it is termed anasarca ; the term cedenzi …

Droste-htlshoff, Annette Elizabeth

DROSTE-HtLSHOFF, ANNETTE ELIZABETH, BARONESS or (1798-1848), a German poetess, was born on the estate of Hillshoff, near Munster, and belonged to the elder branch of the Catholic Westphalian family which about the s,arne time had its reputation increased by the juridical labours of Clemens Augustus von Droste-Hiilshoff. She received an education of a more scientific character than usually fell at …

Drouais, Jean Germain

DROUAIS, JEAN GERMAIN (1763-1788), a Trench historical painter, was born at Paris on the 25th November 1763. His father, Henri Drouais, and his graudfather, Hubert Drouais, were well-known portrait painters ; and it was from his father that he received his first artistic instruc-tion. He was afterwards intrusted to the care of Brenet, au excellent teacher, though his own picture,s did not take hig…

Drouet, Jean Baptiste

DROUET, JEAN BAPTISTE (1763-1824), one of the Terrorists of the first French Revolution, chiefly- noted for the part he played in the arrest of Louis XVI. at Varennes, was born at Sainte-Menehould in 1763. He served for seven years in the army, and afterwards assisted his father, who was post-master of his native town. The carriages conveying the royal family on their flight to the frontier stoppe…

Drowning

DROWNING is one of the various forms of death from suffocation, the asphyxiating agent being water; and, accordingly, all the appearances characteristic of death from asphyxia or apncea are present, - varying in intensity accord-ing to the manner of the death, whether it has or has not been attended with violent struggling. In addition, owing to the medium in which the death occurs, certain other …

Droz, Francois-xavier Joseph

DROZ, FRANcOIS-XAVIER JOSEPH (1773-1850), a French writer on moral and political subjects, was born on October 31, 1773, in the city of Besancon, where his family had furnished. men of considerable mark to the legal profession, His own legal studies led him to Paris in 1792 ; lie arrived on the very day after the dethronement of the king, aud yvas present during the massacres of September ; but on…

Druidism

DRUIDISM, the name usually given to the religious system of the ancient Gauls and Britons. The word Druid, one form or other of which is used in early Celtic records to designate a class of priests corresponding to the Magi or wise meu of the ancient Persians, is of uncertain etymology. The derivation from the Greek Bpi's, a,n oak, though as old as the days of the elder Pliny, is probably fanciful…

Drum

DRUM, a musical instrument of percussion, which is supposed to have been introduced into Europe from tho East by the Moors or after the Crusades. In certain forms, however, it was known in Europe in classical thnes. The Greek and Roman tympanum seems from descriptions and pictorial representations to have included not only tambourines but kettledrums of a small size, or at least in-struments conve…

Drummond

DRUMMOND, TnomAs (1797-1840), was born at Edin-burgh in October 1797, and was educated at the High School there. He was appointed to a cadetship at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, in February 1813 ; and by Christmas of that year be had entered the Second Academy. He early distinguished himself by his aptitude for mathe-matics, and an original demonstration in conic sections, discovered by hi…

Drummond

DRUMMOND, Wim.tAat (1585-1649), of Hawthorn-den, a Scottish poet of the Spenserian school, and descen-dant of an old family of noble blood, was born at Hawthorn-den, near Edinburgh, on the 13th December 1585. His father, John Drunnnond, was the first laird of Hawthorn-den ; and his mother, Susannah Fowler, was well-con-nected, her brother William being private secretary to Queen Anne, and a man of…

Drummond, Henry

DRUMMOND, HENRY (1786-1860), an English banker, politician, and miscellaneous ;Triter, remarkable for the versatility of his gifts and the eccentricity of his character, was born on the 5th December 1786. He was the eldest son of Henry Drummond, a prominent London banker, by a daughter of the first Lord Melville. He was educated at Harrow and at Christ Church, Oxford. His name is permanently conne…

Drunkenness

DRUNKENNESS may be either an act or a habit, the latter consisting in frequent repetitions of the former. As an act it may be an accident, most usually arising front the incautious use of one or other of the commonly employed intoxicating agents ; as a habit it is one of the most degrad-ing forms of vice which ca-n result from the enfeeblement of the moral principle by persistent self-indulgence. …

Druses

DRUSES, a people of Syria remarkable for the pertinacity and success with which they have defended their independ-ence against the encroachments of Turkish supremacy, and for the profession of a form of religious belief, which, in the words of Dean Milman, is " one of the most extra-ordinary aberrations which ever extensively affected the mind of man." The greater body, whom for the sake of conven…

Drusius, Or Van Den Diiiesc11e

DRUSIUS, or VAN DEN DIIIESC11E, JOHANNES (I 55'0, 1616), a learned Protestant divine, distinguished specially as an Orientalist and exegete, was born at Oudenarde, in Flanders, on the 2Sth June 1550. Being designed for the church, he studied Greek and Latin at Ghent, and philosophy at Louvain ; brit his father having been out-lawed for his religion, and deprived of his estate, retired to England, …

Drusus, 31

DRUSUS, 31..kRcus Livius, a patrician of the age of the Gracchi, and a, colleague of Caius Gracchus in the tribune-ship, 122 B.C. He was a creature of the senatorial party, and was employed by them to outbid the measures of the popular tribune. Gracchus had proposed to found three colonies outside Italy-; Drusus provided twelve in Italy. Gracchus had. proposed to distribute allotments to the poore…

Drusus, Marcus Livius

DRUSUS, MARCUS LIVIUS, son of the preceding, and, like his father, during the first part of his career a thorough zzupporter of the optiznates. From his earliest youth he devoted himself to politics, was assiduous as a pleader in the law-courts, and lavished in gifts and shows the large fortune which he had inherited. By such popular acts he rose to be tribune of the people, 91 B.C. In the agitati…

Dryades

DRYADES, Or HAMADRYADES, in Greek Mythology, were nymphs of trees and woods, each particular tree or wood being the habitation of its own special Dryad, just as each river WaS the abode of its own local god.

Dryander, Jonas

DRYANDER, JONAS (1748-1810), a Swedish naturalist of eminence, and a of Linnteus, was born in 1748. By his uncle, Dr Lars Montin, to whom his education was in-trusted, he was sent to the university of Gottenburg, whence he removed to Lund. After taking his degree there in 1776, he studied at Upsala, and then became for a time tutor to a young Swedish nobleman. He next visited England, and, on the …

Dryden, John

DRYDEN, JOHN (1631-1700), the poet, born on the 9th of August 1631, at Aldwinkle, in Northamptonshire, was of Cumberland stock, though his family- had been settled for three generations in Northamptonshire, had acquired estates and a baronetcy-, and intermarried with landed families in that county-. His great-grandfather, who first carried the name south, and acquired by- marriage the estate of Ca…

Dry Rot

DRY ROT, a disease in timber, apparently infectious, which occasions the destruction of its fibres, aud reduces it eventually to a mass of dry dust. It is produced most readily in a warm, moist, stagnant atmosphere, while com-mon or wet rot is the result of the exposure of wood to re-peated changes of elimatic conditions. In both diseases, however, a kind of spontaneous combustion or decomposition…

Dt1awing

DT1AWING. Although the verb to draw has various meanina-s, the substantive dran.ing is confined by usage to that of cdesi,m, and is treated as if it were ft synonym of design. The word comes from the T.,atin trabere, or from a. kindred Gothic word, so that traction. and drawing are nearly related, and preserve still the same meaning when applied to the work of animals or machines, as we say that a…

Dtjdley

DTJDLEY, a parliamentary and municipal borough of England, in a detached portion of the county of Worcester-shire surrounded by the county of Stafford. It lies in the centre of the " Black Country," alout eight miles W.N.W. of Birmingham, at a junction on the Great Western railway. The town is generally well-built, its streets are well-paved, and there is a fair supply of water. The principal buil…

Dubandus, Wiliielmus

DUBANDUS, WILIIELMUS (1237-1296), odierwise DURANT'S Or DURANTI, WILS born at Puimisson, sometimes written Puimoisson, a. small town in the diocese of Beziers, in Languedoc, whence he is sometimes described as a native of Provence. He studied law under Bernardns of Parma, in the university of Bologna, where he was promoted to the degree of doctor. He shortly afterwards migrated to the university o…

Du Barry Gomard De Vaubernier

DU BARRY GOMARD DE VAUBERNIER, MARIE JEANNE, COTJNTESS (1746-1793), mistress of Louis XV., was the daughter of Vaubernier, a, clerk of the customs at Vaucouleurs, and was born there on the 19th August 1746. Slie received little or no education, and, coming to Paris while yet very young, she entered the house of a " mar-chande de mode,s." She soon fell a victim to the tempta-tions which there beset…

Dublin

DUBLIN, a maritime county of Ireland, situated in the province of Leinster, and containing the Irish nietropolis. It is bounded on the N. by the county Meath, E. by the Irish Sea, S. by Wicklow, and W. by Kildare arid Meath. With the exception of Louth and Carlow, Dublin is the smallest county in Ireland. Its greatest length is 32 miles, its greatest breadth 18; and the area is 354 square miles, o…

Dublin

DUBLIN, the metropolis of Ireland, in the county of Dublin and province of Leinster, is a county in itself, and a municipal and parliamentaty borough ; the arca of the former is 380S a3res, It is distant 292 miles -W.N.W. front London, 138 miles W. from Liverpool, and GO miles W. from Holyhead, in 53? 20' 3S" N. lat. and 6? 17' 13" W. long., and is situated in the great central limestone district…

Dubno

DUBNO, a town in European Russia, at the head of a department in the government of Volhynia, 154 miles west of Zhitomir, in 50? 25' N. lat. and 25? 44' E. long. Occupying a peninsula formed by the River Ivka, it is almost surrounded by water and marsh ; and in its eastern corner it is defended by a somewhat dilapidated citadel separated by dry ditches from the rest of the town. It also possesses f…

Dubofka

DUBOFKA, a burgh in European Russia, in the government of Saratoft', about 321 miles to the N.N.W. of Tsaiitzin, on the right bank of. the Volga, near its reception of the river Dubofka, and on the post-road to Astrakhan. With the exception of about 200, all its houses are built of wood ; but among its public buildings it numbers four Greek churches, a prison, a large public school, and a hospital…

Dubois, Guillaume

DUBOIS, GUILLAUME (1656-1723), cardinal, arch-bishop of Cambray, and first minister of France, was born at Brives-la-Gaillarde, in Limousin, September 6, 1656. He was the son of an apothecary, and at twelve years of age was sent to Paris to study in the college of St Michael, where he at the same time served in the household of the principal. He then engaged hitnself as a private tutor, and at len…

Dubossa Ri, Or Novie Dubossari

DUBOSSA RI, or NOVIE DUBOSSARI, a town of European Russia, in the government of Kherson, on the left bank of the Dniester, 101 miles from Odessa, in 47" 16' N. lat. and 29? 9' E. long.

Dubrovna

DUBROVNA, a town of European Russia, in the government of Mogileff, 11 miles east of Orsha, on the highway to Smolensk, in 54? 34' N. lat. and 30? 41' 9" E. long.

Dubuque

DUBUQUE, a city of the United States, capital of a county of the same name in Iowa, situated on the right bank of the Mississippi, 155 miles west of Chicago. The business portion occupies a terrace at no great height above the river, and the rest of the city is picturesquely arranged on the bluffs behind. Several of its fourteen churches, besides a so-called cathedral, are edifices of considerable…

Ducange, Charles Dufresne

DUCANGE, CHARLES DUFRESNE, SEIGNEUR (1610 - 1688), a most learned historical and philological writer, was born at Amiens, December 18, 1610. IIis father, who was royal provost of Beauquesne, sent him at an early age to the Jesuits' College in Amiens, where he soon distinguished himself. Having completed the usual course at this seminary, he applied himself to the study of law at Orleans, and after…

Duciiesne, Andrr

DUCIIESNE, ANDRR (Latin, DUCIIENIUS or QUERCE-TANUS) (1584-1610), a French geographer a-nd historian, generally styled the father of French history, was born at I le-Bouchard, in the province of Touraine, in May 1584. He was educated at I,oudun and afterwards at Paris, where he studied under Julius Csar Boulanger. From his earliest years he devoted himself to historical and geographical re-search,…

Ducis, Jean Francois

DUCIS, JEAN FRANcOIS (August 22, 1733?March 31, 1816), a French dramatic poet, fainous more especially for his adaptations of Shakespeare to the Parisian stage of the 18th century. He was born and brought up at Versailles, where his father, originally from Savoy, held the position of a respectable linen-draper ; and all through life he retained the simple tastes and straightforward independence fo…

Duck

DUCK, a word cognate with the Dutch Dttycker Tauch-ente - and in Bavaria Duck-anti), the general English name for a large nuniber of birds forming the greater part of the Family Anatithe of modern ornithologists. Technically the term Duck is restricted to the female, the male being called Drake, and in one species Mallard (Fr. Malart). The ilnatithe may be at once divided into six inore or less we…

Duckworth, Sir John Thomas

DUCKWORTH, SIR JOHN THOMAS (1748-1817), admiral, was born at Leatherhead, in Surrey, on the 28th February 1748. He entered the navy in 1759, and obtained his commission as lieutenant in June 1770, when he was appointed to the " Princess Royal," the flagship of Admiral Byron, in which he sailed to the West Indies. While serving on board this vessel he took part in the engagement with the French fle…

Duclos, Charles Pineau

DUCLOS, CHARLES PINEAU (1704-1772), a French author, was born at Dinant, in Brittany, in 1704. At an early age he was sent to study at Paris. After some time spent in dissipation he began to cultivate the society of the wits of the tune, and became a member of that club or association of young men who published their joint efforts in light literature under the titles of Recited de ces Messieurs, E…

Dudevant, Armantine Lucile Aurore

DUDEVANT, ARMANTINE LUCILE AURORE (1804? 1876), known to all the world as the second, if not the greatest, of French novelists, by her assumed name of George Saud, was born at Paris 5th July 1804, and died Sth June 1876. Her life is as fantastic and eventful as any of her fictions, and the main secret of her success has been her power to clothe in artistic form her varied experiences of men and pl…

Duel

DUEL, a deadly combat between two persons. The word is used in two distinct senses - (1) the judicial combat, a form of trial which prevailed in the Middle Ages, ordained by law as a proof of guilt or innocence; and (2) the modern duel, a pre-arranged combat with deadly weapons betvveen two private persons to settle some private quarrel. ' Though duelling is in England obsolete, and in other count…

Dufour, Wilhelm Heinrich

DUFOUR, WILHELM HEINRICH (1787-1875), a Swiss general, director of the topographical survey of Switzerland, was born at Constance, of Genevese parents temporarily in exile, on the 15th September 1787. During his early studies at Geneva he showed no special capacity, and he took a low place in the entrance examination to the Ecole Polytechnique at Paris, to which he went in 1807. By- two years' clo…

Dugdale

DUGDALE, Sin WILLIA,m (1605-1686), an eminent English antiquary, the only son of John Dugdale, who belonged to an old Lancashire family-, but had sold his pro-perty in that county and bought the estate of Shustoke, near Coleshill, in Warwickshire, was born on the 12th September 1605. He received the early part of his education from Thomas Sibley, a curate near Shustoke, and attended from his tenth…

Dugong

DUGONG (Halicore), a genus of herbivorous Cetacea, forming, along which the Sea-Cows (.3icouttus), and the now extinct Rhytina, the sub-order Sirenia. In this genus the head is small, and is abruptly- truncated in front, the snout being remarkably obtuse and furnished with bristles. The intermaxillary bones are enormously developed, and front these proceed two large incisor teeth or tusks, which a…

Duguay-trouin, Rew

DUGUAY-TROUIN, REW.: (1673-1736), a famous French admiral, was the son of a sea captain, and was born at St Malo on the 10th June 1673. He was originally intended for the church, and studied with that view at Rennes and Caen ; but on the breaking out of the war with England and Holland in 1689 he obtained leave to enter the marine. Accordingly he embarked in the capacity of a volunteer on board a …

Du Guesclin, Bertrand

DU GUESCLIN, BERTRAND (C. 1314-1380), constable of France, the most famous French warrior of his age, wa,s born of an ancient but undistinguished family, at the castle of La .Motte-Broon, near Rennes, about 1311. The date is doubtful, the authorities varying between 1311 and 1324. The nanie is spelt in various ways in contemporary records, e.g., Claquin, Klesquin, Guescquin, Glayaquin, &c. The fai…

Duhalde, Jean Baptiste

DUHALDE, JEAN BAPTISTE (1674-1743), geographical writer, was born at Paris, February 1, 1674. In 1708 he entered into the Society of Jesus, and some time afterwards he was appointed to succeed Father Legobien, who had been intrusted with the duty of collecting and arranging the letters which they received from their missionaries in different quarters of the globe. He was also for some time secreta…

Duhamel, Jean Baptiste

DUHAMEL, JEAN BAPTISTE (1624-1706), a French astronomer and phy-sician, was the son of an advocate, and was born at Vire, in Normandy, in 1621.

Duisburg

DUISBURG, a town of Prussia, at the head of a circle in the government of Dusseldorf, situated at an important railway junction in the country between the Rhine and the Ruhr, and communicating with both rivers by a canal. It has a fine Gothic church - Salvatorkirche - of the 15th century, a. gymnasium, and an orphan asylum, and is alo the seal of a great Protestant Diakonenanstalt, or Dea.con's In…

Duke

DUKE (Latin, dux), next to the princes and princesses of the blood royal, and the four archbishops of England and Ireland, the highest order and rank of the British peerage. The title of duke was introduced into England when, by a charter dated 17th March 1337, the lordships, castles, lands, &c., constituting the earldom of Cornwall, were erected by King Edward III. into a duchy, and were conferre…

Dukinfield

DUKINFIELD, a township and local board district of England, in East Cheshire, forming part of the parlia-mentary borough of S'PALEYBRIDGE, which see.

Dulcamara

DULCAMARA, so named from its taste, at first bitter and eventually sweet, is a drug consisting of the dried young branches of Solantim Dalcantara, Bitter-sweet or Woody Nightshade - a woody perennial of the natural order Solanacece. It has a slender shrubby and climbing stem ; flowers in lateral or terminal eyrnes, with a hypogynons purple corolla, and yellow anthers converging into a cone ; and f…

Dulcigno

DULCIGNO, a town of Turkey in Europe, in the Albanian sanjak of Scutari, occupyinc, a bold promontory on the Adriatic, eighteen miles W.g:W. of the town of Scutari.

Duliamel Du Monceau

DULIAMEL DU MONCEAU, IIENav Louis (170?? 1782), a celebrated French botanist and agriculturist, was the son of Alexandre Dnhamel, lotd of Denainvilliers, and was born at Paris in 1700. He was placed at the College d'Harcourt, but made little progress in his studies, except that, notwithstanding the imperfect manner in which the natural sciences were there taught, he acquired such a taste for these…

Duluth

DULUTH, a city and lake port of the United States, in the state of Minnesota, advantageously situated at the south-west extremity of Lake Superior, about 150 miles north-east of St Paul.

Dulwich

DULWICH, a villarte of England, in the county of Surrey, five miles from london Bridge, remarkable for its college and picture gallery. The manor, which bad belonued to the Cluniac monks of Bermondsey, was granted by Ifenty VIII., in 1541, to Thomas Calton ; and his grandson, Sir Francis Calton sold it in 1606 to Edward Alleyn, Whose name is indissoiubly associated with the place by- his princely …

Duman

DUMAN (Malay, duri, a thorn), the -fruit of Drtrio zibethinus, a tree of the natural order Stercutiacem, which attains a height of 70 or 80 feet, has oblong, tapering leaves, rounded at the base, and yellowish-green flowers, and bears a g-eneral resemblance to the elm. The durio is cultivated in Sumatra, Java, Celebes, and the Moluccas, and northwards as far as -Mindanao in the Philippines ; also …

Dumangas

DUMANGAS, a town of the Philippines, in the island of Panay, near the mouth of the river Jaluar.

Dumarsais

DUMARSAIS, CEs..an CIIESNEAU (1676-1756), a French philologist, was born at Marseilles, July 7, 1676. His father died while be was yet an infant ; a-ad his mother, by her extravagance, dissipated his patrimony. He was educated in his native town by' the Fathers of the Oratory, into .whose congregation he entered ; but feeling the restraints on his liberty too severe, he left it at the age of twent…

Dumas, Alexandre

DUMAS, ALEXANDRE (1802-1870), one of the most remarkable characters that the 19th century has produced, was the son of General Dumas and of Marie Labouret, an innkeeper's daughter. His father was an officer of remarkable gallantry, who for his dashing exploits had obtained the odd title of the "Horatius Cocles of the Tyrol." He was a creole, the illegitimate son of the Marquis Davy de la Pailleter…

Dumas, Matthieu, Count

DUMAS, MATTHIEU, COUNT (1753-1837), a French general and military historian, was born at Montpellier of a noble family, on the 23d November 1753. He joined the army in 1773, and entered upon active service in 1780, as aide-de-camp to Hochambeau commander-in-chief of the army sent to aid the Americans in their war against England. He had a share in all the principal engagements that occurred during…

Dumbarton

DUMBARTON, a western county of Scotland, anciently called Lennox or Levenaux, bounded by the river Clyde and its estuary on the S., by Stirlingshire and Lanarkshire on the E., by Peithshire on the N., and by Loch Lono. and Argyllshire on the W. It consists of two parts, which are six miles distant from. each other, and are separated by part of Lanarkshire. The western or larger district is about 3…

Dumbarton

DUMBARTON, a royal parliamentary and municipal burgh and seaport-town of Scotland, capital of Dumbartonshire, is situated at the confluence of the rivers Clyde and Leven, 14 miles north-west from Glasgow. It is a very ancient place, and is said to have been once the capital of a kingdom of the Britons in the vale of the Clyde. Alcluyd, " the rock upon the Clyde," was the name of this ancient capit…

Dumdum, Or Damdama

DUMDUM, or DAMDAMA, a town and cantonment in British India, at the head of an administrative subdivision in the district of the Twenty-four Pergunnahs, in the presidency- of 13enonl, with a station on the Eastern I3engal railway, 4,1- miles''N.E. of Calcutta, in 22? 37' 53" N. lat. and 88? 28' 1" E. long. It was the head-quarters of the 13engal artillery from 1783 to 1853, when they were trans-fer…

Dumfries

DUMFRIES, beautifully situated on the left bank of the Nith, about eight miles from the Solway Firth, is the capital of the county just described. The irregular yet decided progresa of the town can bo traced through the Middle Ages, and more recently till our own day, when it wears an attractive and flourishing aspect. A serious check was given to its prosperity by a visitation of cholera, which c…

Dumfries

DUMFRIES, one of the three Scottish border counties, lies in au elliptical form on the north side of the Solway Firth, its other boundaries being Lanark, Peebles, and Selkirk on the N., Roxburgh on the E., Ayr and Kirkcud-bright on the AV., and Cumberland on the S. Its greatest length is fully 50 miles, its breadth 32, its circumference 190, and the area is 1103 square miles or 702,953 acres. The …

Dumont D'urville, Jules Sebastien

DUMONT D'URVILLE, JULES SEBASTIEN Of:BAR (1790-1842), a French navigator, born in the town of Coade-sur-Noireau, in Normandy. The death of his father, who before the revolution had held a judicial post in. Conde, devolved the care of his education on his mother and his maternal uncle, the Abbe De Croisilles. Failing to pos8 the entrance examination for the Ecole Poly-technique, lie went to sea in …

Dumont, Jean

DUMONT, JEAN, a, well-known publicist, was born in France in the 17th century, the precise date being unknown. bookseller, he wrote and published several pamphlets, which freedom having deprived him of all hope of employment emperor appointed him his historiographer, and some time wrote with facility, but his style is deficient in vigour and correctness ; his works, however, contain a great number…

Dumont, Pierre Etienne

DUMONT, PIERRE ETIENNE Louis (1759-1829), a political -writer celebrated chiefly for his literary connection with Mirabeau and Jeremy Bentham, was born on the 18th July 1759 at Geneva, of which his family had been citizens wholly unprovided for. But the widow, though placed in by acting as r'epetiteur, or private tutor to his comrades. Having completed his academical course, he took clerical order…

Dumouriez, Charles Franvis

DUMOURIEZ, CHARLES FRANVIS (1739-1823), gene-ral of the French republican army, was born at Cambray in 1739 of a respectable family of Provence. His father was a commissary of the royal army, and had acquired some celebrity as a poet ; and from him young Dumouriez received his earlie,st instructions. His studies were coniinued at the college of Louis-le-Grande for three years. In 1757, his father …

Dunbar

DUNBAR, a royal and parliamentary burgh and zeaport of Scotland, in the county of Haddington, situated on an eminence near the mouth of the Firth of Forth, 291 miles E.N.E. of Edinburgh by the North British railway. The ruins of the castle, the remains of the Grey Friars' mechanics' institute and subscription library, and the benevolent institutions require no special notice. The irincipal source …

Dunbar, Ivillian

DUNBAR, IVILLIAN, one of the most distinguished of the early poets of Scotland, is supposed to have been born about 1460. Comparatively little is known about his personal history, but, from au allusion in one of his poems, he seems to have been a native of Lothian.' In his fifteenth or sixteenth year he was sent to the university of St Andrewa, where he received the degree of B.A. in 1477, and tha…

Dunblane

DUNBLANE, a market-town in Perthshire, Scotland, formerly the seat of a bishopric, pleasantly- situated on the banks of the Allan. Its cathedral is one of the few specimens of Gothic architecture in Scotland which escaped destruction at the Reformation. It is said to have been founded in 1142, and was nearly rebuilt by Clemens, blshop of Dunblane, about 1240. The whole building is of the Early Poi…

Duncan, Adam, First Viscount

DUNCAN, ADAM, FIRST VISCOUNT (1731-1804), an illustrious naval commander, was born July 1, 1731, at Landie, in Forfarshire, Scotland. After receiving the rudi-ments of his education at Dundee, he was in 1746 placed under Captain Haldane, of the " Shoreham " frigate, and in 1749 he became a midshipman in the " Centurion." In 1755 he was appointed second lieutenant of the " Norwich," a fourth-rate ;…

Duncan, Thomas

DUNCAN, THOMAS (1807-1845), a distinguished Scottish portrait and historical painter, was born at Kinclaven, in Perthshire, May 24, 1807. He was educated at the Perth A.cademy, and afterwards began the study of the law, which, however, he speedily abandoned for the more congenial pursuit of art. Commencing his new career under the instruction of Sir William Allan, he early attained distinction as …

Dundalk

DUNDALK, a parliamentary borough, seaport, and market-town of Ireland, county Louth, on the south bank of the Castletown river, near its mouth in Dundalk Bay, 50 miles north of Dublin. It consists of one long street intersected by several shorter ones. The parish church is an old and spacious edifice with a curious wooden steeple covered with copper ; and the Roman Catholic chapel is a handsome bu…

Dundee

DUNDEE, a royal and parliamentary burgh and se,a-port, is situated on the east coast of Scotland, in the county of Forfar, on the north bank of the Firth of Tay, twelve miles from the confluence of that estuary with the German Ocean. It is the third town in Scotland as regards population, and the second in commercial importance. Its latitude is 56? 27' N., its longitude 2? 58' W. ; it is distant f…

Dundee, John Graham Of Clavertiouse

DUNDEE, JOHN GRAHAM OF CLAVERTIOUSE, VISCOUNT (.1643-1689), born in or about the year 1643, was the elder son of Sir William Graham rid Lady Jean Carnegie. Of his youth little record has been kept ; but in the year 1665 he appeared in St Andrews as a student of St Leonard's College. His education was upon the whole good, as appears from the varied and valuable correspond-ence of his later years. Y…

Dundonald, Thomas Cochrane

DUNDONALD, THOMAS COCHRANE, TENTH EARL OF (1775-1860), known during his brilliant naval career as Lord Cochmne, was born at Annsfield, in Lanarkshire, on the 14th December 1775. His father, the ninth earl, had great scientific attainments, especially in chemistry, and possessed a genius for invention which ruined his fortune without much benefiting any one. He was so poor that the education of Tho…

Dunedin

DUNEDIN, a city in New Zealand, in 45? 52' 12" S. lat. and 170? 32' 37" E. long., at the head of Otago har-bour, an arm of the sea on the east coast of the South Island. It is the capital of the late province and present provincial district of Otago, and was founded as the chief town of the Otago settlement by settlers sent out under the auspices of the Lay Association of the Free Church of Scotla…

Dunfermline

DUNFERMLINE, a city and royal burgh of Scotland, situated in the western district of the county of Fife, about three miles from Limekilns, the nearest point on the Firth of Forth. It is connected with Glasgow by railway via Stirling, and with Edinburgh, from which it is distant 16 miles, both via Thornton and by a direct lineconstructed in 1877 to North Queensferry. The town is situated about 300 …

Dungannon

DUNGANNON, a parliamentary borough and market-town of Ireland, in the comity of Tyrone, standing on an acclivity 8 miles W. of the south-western shore of Lough Neagh, and 94 miles N.W. of Dablin.

Dungarvan

DUNGARVAN, a parliamentary borough, market-town, and seaport of Ireland, in the county Wat,erford, 125 miles S.W. of Dublin.

Dunkeld

DUNKELD, a burgh of barony and market-town of Perthshire, Scotland, situ.ated on the north bank of the Tay, 15 miles N.N.W. from Perth. The river is crossed there by a fine bridge of seven arches, begun in 1805 and completed in 1808, at a cost of .E42,000. With the exception of the town-hall (ere,cted 1877) and some other modern build-ings, the village consists of narrow and ill-built streets. pre…

Dunkers, Or Tunkers

DUNKERS, or TUNKERS, a sect of American Baptists originating in Germany. The name, as its second form in-dicates, is a nickname meaning dippers, from the German tunken, to dip. From the first the members recognized no other name than " Brethren." The founder of the sect was Alexander Mack of Schwartzenau, who, along with one or two companions, was led to adopt anti-pxdobaptist views about the year…

Dunkirk

DUNKIRK, a lake-port town of the United States, in Chautauqua county, New York, situated on a small bay in Lake Erie, 40 miles south-west of Buffalo.

Dunkirk, Or Dunkerque

DUNKIRK, or DUNKERQUE, a strongly fortified seaport town of France, and capital of an arrondissement in the de-partment of Nord, is situated on the Stmits of Dover, 40 miles N.W. from Lille, and 194 N. from Paris, in 51?2'N. lat. and 2? 22' 32" E. long. It is a well-built town, the streets being large, wide, and regular. It is divided into three parts - (1) the town proper, which is the centre of …

Dunmow, Great

DUNMOW, GREAT, a market-town of England, in Essex, situated on a via militaris, some remains of which still exist. It consists of two good streets, built on an acclivity near the right bank of the Chelmer, 40 miles north-east of London by rail. Its public buildings include a town hall and a, literary institute, besides the parish church of St Mary the Virgin, recently restored. Population in 1871,…

Dunning, John, Baron Ashburton

DUNNING, JoHN, BARON ASHBURTON (1731-1783), an eminent English lawyer, the second son of John Dunning of Ashburton, Devonshire, an attorney, was born at Ashburton, October 18,1731, and was educated at the free grammar-school of his native place, where he distinguished himself in classics and mathetnatics. On leaving school he was taken into his father's office, where he remained until the age of n…

Dunois, Jean

DUNOIS, JEAN (1402-1468), Count of Orleans and Longueville, commonly called the " Bastard of Orleans," a celebrated French warrior and grand-chamberlain of France, was the natural son of the duke of Orleans (brother of Charles VI.) and Mariette d' Enghien, Madame de Cany-, and was born at Paris the 23d November 1402. He was brought up in the house of the duke, and in the company of his leoitimate …

Dunoon

DUNOON, a town in Argyllshire,-Scotland, situated on the Firth of Clyde, about nine miles west from Greenock, and. on the opposite shore. Of recent growth (having been about the beginning of this century a mere fishing hamlet), it is now one of the most extensive and prosperous watering)1 ces on the shores of the Clyde, a condition for which it 1 a is much indebted to the late James Ewing of Strat…

Dun's Scotus

DUN'S SCOTUS, Join:, one of the foremost of the schoolmen, was born in the latter half of the 13th century. The year and place of his birth are both uncertain. For the date 1265 and 1275 have been assigned, without any decisive eN,idence in favour of either. The form of the sur-name seems to support the claim of Dunse, in Berwickshire, as the place, though the same ground has been pled, with less …

Dunstable

DUNSTABLE, a market-town and, since 1861, a munici-pal borough of England, in the county of Bedford, 33 miles N.W. of London, and 18 miles S.S.W. of Bedford, with formerly part of the Augustinian priory, was restored about Thornhill's painting of the Last Supper. The five dissenting public buildings. Straw-plaiting and the making of straw hats and bonnets are the principal industries ; and, as a c…

Dunstan, St

DUNSTAN, ST (924 or 925-988), was born at Glastonbury in 924 or 925. His father, Heorstan, was brother of tElfheah the Bold, bishop of Winchester; and the tradition that he was connected with the royal house seems not improbable. As a child he was placed under the care of certain Irish teachers who had settled at Glastonbury ; and he devoted his boyhood to study with a fervour so intense that he a…

Dunton

DUNTON, Jolts (1659-1735) an eccentric bookseller, publisher, and author, was born at Graffham, in Huntingtendencies.

Dupeiesn Charles

DUPEIESN CHARLES RivitatE (1648-1728), a French dramatist, better remembered by the comedy of his own life than by any of the numerous plays which he contributed to the Theatre Italien and the Theatre Francais. The fact that his grandfather was an illegitimate son of Henry IV. procured him the liberal patronage of Louis XIV., who not only gave him the post of valet de ellambre, but affixed his nam…

Duperiion, Jacques Davy

DUPERIION, JACQUES DAVY (1556-1618), a celebrated French cardinal, was born at St LO, in Normandy, November 15,1556. His father was educated for a physician, but on embracing the doctrines of the Reformation became a Protestant minister, and to escape persecution settled at Bern, in Switzerland. Here Jacques Davy received his education, being taught Latin and mathematics by his father, and learnin…

Duperrey

DUPERREY, Louts Istnonz (1786-1865), a French navigator and. scientific investigator, was born at Paris, entered the navy in 1803, took part in the military operaduring that and the following year. From 1817 to 1820 he served under Freyeinet in his great voyage round tin, world, being intrusted with the hydrographic operations on board the " Urania ; " and lie contributed largely to the preservati…

Dupin

DUPIN, Louis EI,LiEs (1657-1719), a celebrated -French ecclesiastical historian, belone-ed to a noble family in Normandy, and was born at FParis on the 17th June i657. He received his early- education from his father, and had scarcely reached his tenth year when he entered the college of Harcourt, where he graduated as M.A. in 1672. Deteimining to adopt the ecclesiastical profession, he became a p…

Dupin, Andre Marie Jean Jacques

DUPIN, ANDRE MARIE JEAN JACQUES (1783-1865), commonly called Dupin the Elder, a celebrated French advocate, president of the Chamber of Deputies and of the Legislative Assembly, was born at Varzy, in Nievre, on the 1st February 1783. He was educated by his father, who was a lawyer of eminence, and at an early age he became principal clerk of an attorney at Paris. On the establish-ment of -the Acad…

Dupleix, Joseph

DUPLEIX, JOSEPH, governor-general of the French establishments in India, was born about the close of the 17th century. The son of a rich farmer-general, he was carefully educated, made several voyages to America and India, and in 1720 was named a member of the superior council at Pondicherry. FIe displayed great business aptitude, and, in addition to his official duties, made large ventures on his…

Dupont De L'eure

DUPONT DE L'EURE,JAcquEsCHARLEs(1767-1855), a French lawyer and statesman, was born at Neubourg, in Normandy, on the 27th February 1767. In 1789 he was an advocate at the Parliament of Normandy. During. the republic and the empire he filled successively judicial offices at Louviers, Rouen, and Evreux. He had adopted the principles ef the Revolution, and in 1798 he commenced his political life as a…

Dupont De Nemours

DUPONT DE NEMOURS, PIERRE SAMUEL (1739 - 1817), a French political economist and statesman, was born at Paris on the 14th December 1739. He studied for the medical profession, but did not enter upon practice, his attention having been early directed to economic questions through his friendship with Quesnay, Turgot, and other leaders of the school known as the Economists. To this school he rendered…

Dupont, Piehre

DUPONT, PIEHRE (1821-1871), a French song-writer of great popularity, the son of a workman of Provins, was born at Lyons, his mother's native city, but brought up from childhood under the care of an elderly cousin who occupied the position of priest of Roehe-Taillee-snr-Saime. From the seminary of Largenti6res, where his education was completed, he passed to the uncongenial drudgery of a lawver's …

Duprenoy, Pierre Armand

DUPRENOY, PIERRE ARMAND, geologist and miner-alogist, was born at Sevran, in the department of Seine-et-Oise, in Franc,e, in 1792, and died March 20, 1857. Aft,er leaving the Imperial Lyceum in 1811, he studied till 1813 at the Polytechnic School, and then, at the age of twenty-one, entered the corps des mines. In conjunction with M. Elie de Beaumont he in 1841 published a great geological map of …

Dupuis, Charles Pranois

DUPUIS, CHARLES PRANOIS (1742-1809), an eminent French scientific writer, was born of poor parents at 'Frye-Chateau, between Gisors and Chaumont, October 26, 174-2. 1Iis father, who was a teacher, instructed him in mathe-matics and land-surveying. While lie was engaged in measuring a tower by the geometric method the Duc de la Rochefoueault met him, and, being struck with his intelligence, gave hi…

Dupuytren

DUPUYTREN, Gurr-LAumE, BAEoN (1777-1835), one of tlie most distinguished of French anatomists and surgeons, was born October 6, 1777, at Pierre Buffiere, a small town of Limousin. He was sprung from poor parents, aud was medicine with great diligence, and was appointed by comHonour, chevalier of St -Michel, baron, member of the Institute, and first surgeon to the king. Dupuytren's energy and indus…

Duquesne, Abraham

DUQUESNE, ABRAHAM, :MARQUIS (1610-1688), one of the most distinguished naval officers in the history of France, was born at Dieppe in 1610. Born in a stirring seaport, the son of a distinguished naval officer, he naturally adopted the profession of a sailor. He spent his y-outh in the merchant service, and obtained his first distinction in naval warfare by the capture of the island of Lerins from …

Dura

DURA.0, JOSE DE SANTA ItITTA, Brazilian poet, was born at Marianna, in the province of Minas Geraes, in 1737, and died at Lisbon in 1784. He studied at Coimbra, in Portugal, graduated as a, doctor of divinity, became a member of the Augustinian order of friars, and obtained a great reputation as a preacher. Having irritated the minister Pombal by his defence of the Jesuits, he retired from Portuga…

Duran, Augustin

DURAN, AUGUSTIN (1789-1862), one of the leaders of the literary movement in Spain during the present century, was born at -Madrid, where his father held the post of court physician. He lost his mother in childhood, and, instead of being educated in the capital, was sent to the seminary at Vergara, rather to gain strength and health than such mathematics and Latin as his clerical te.achers could su…

Durango

DURANGO, sometimes called CIUDAD DE VICTORIA, or GUADIANA, a city of Mexico, the capital of the state of Durango, lies near the foot of the south-eastern slope of the Sierra Madre, at a, height of 6847 feet above the sea, in 24? 25' N. lat. and 105? 55' W. long. ' It is the centre of a Roman Catholic bishopric and possesses a cathedral, ten parish churches, a hospital, Crovernment-buildings, a pen…

Durango

DURANGO, a. town of Spain, in the province of Biscay ants, who number about 2600, are partly engaged in the manufacture of iron and steel, and carry on a trade with Hamburg in chestnuts.

Durante, Francesco

DURANTE, FRANCESCO, a celebrated Italian composer, and one of the founders of the so-called Neapolitan school of music, was born at Frattamaggiore, in the kingdom of Naples, and not, as has been erroneously stated, in the city of that name. The date of his birth is generally given nine years too late. In reality he was born on March 15, 1684. At an ea,rly age he entered the Conservatorio dei pover…

Durban

DURBAN, or more correctly D'URBAN, a town of South Africa, in Natal, in the county of Durban, situated on a sandflat about a mile to the north of the bay of Port Natal, in 29? 52' S. lat. and 31? 2' E. long.

Duren

DUREN, a town of Prussia, at the, head of a circle in the province of the Rhine, on the right bank of the B.oer, at a railway junction eighteen miles east of Aix-la-Chapelle. Besides two Roman Catholic and two Protestant churches, it possesses three nunneries, a, gymnasium, a mining school, and a, blind asylum - the Elizabeth Institution - wflich was founded in 1845 and in 180 was made a provincia…

D'urfey, Thomas

D'URFEY, THOMAS, more generally known by the familiar name of Tom d'Urfey, an English satirist and song writex, was descended from a family of French Huguenot refugees, and was born at Exeter. The year of his birth is unknown. He was originally bred to the law, which he, forsook for the more congenial employment of writing plays and songs. His humour both in writing and in singing the latter procu…

Durham City

DURHAM CITY, a municipal and parliamentary borough of England, and the chief town of the county of Durham, is situated on the River Wear (which is crossed there by four bridges), 14 miles S. of Newcastle and 60 miles after wandering about with it almost all over the noith of England. Soon afterwards a church was built by Bishop Ealdhune, and the removal of the see from Lindisfarne thither, togethe…

Durham, County Palatine Of

DURHAM, COUNTY PALATINE OF, one of the northern shires of England. The county is triangular in form, its eastern limit or base being a coa.st-line exposed to the German Ocean It is separated from Northumberland chiefly by the Tyne and its tributary the Derwent, and from Yorkshire by the. Tees. Towards its western extremity it joins Cumberland and Westmoreland. Its greatest length is 45 miles, and …

Durham, John George Lambton

DURHAM, JOHN GEORGE LAMBTON, FIRST EARL OF (1792-1840), born at Lambton Castle, Durham, on the 12th April 1792, was the eldest son of William Henry Lambton, 1M.P. for the city of Durham. It is note-worthy that the family- to which he belonged had held the Larnbton estate in uninterrupted male succession from the 12th century. Educated at Eton, he held for a short time a, commission in a regiment o…

Durkheim

DURKHEIM, a town in the Palatinate of the Rhine, near the foot of the Hardt A-fountain, and at the entrance of the valley of the Isenach, 15 miles north-west of Spire, on the railway between Monsheim and Neustadt. Besides being the seat of various administrative offices, it possesses , three churches and a synagogue, a town-hall occupying the site of the castle of the princes of Leiningen-Hartenbu…

Durla

DURLA.CH, a town of Bad.en, in the circle of Carlsruhe, 2/, miles by rail front the city of that name, with which it is connected by a canal and an avenue of poplars. It lies on the left bank of the Pfinz, at the foot of the vineyard-covered Thurmberg, which is crowned by- a watch-tower; and it possesses a castle erected in 1565 and now used as barracks, an ancient Rathhaus, a church with an excel…

Durra

DURRA, Or INDIAN MILLET, Sorghum vulgare, iS a species of grass of the tribe Andropogonece. The terms Arra and zurrut are applied to the plant in Arabia; in India it is knDwn as jawari, (Hindustani), jowari (Bengali), cholum (Tamil), and jonna (Telugu), and in the West Indies as Negro or Guinea Corn. It is a strong grass, growing to a height of front 4 to 8 or even 16 feet ; the leaves are sheathi…

Dussek, Johann Ludwig

DUSSEK, JOHANN LUDWIG (1761-1812), pianist and composer, was born at Czaslau, in Bohemia, on the 9th February 1761. His father, Johann Joseph Dussek, a musician of high reputation, was organist and choir-master in the collegiate church of Czaslau, and several other members of the family were distinguished as organists. He had thus the most favourable opportunity for the, development of the musical…

Dusseldorf

DUSSELDORF, a town of Prussia, at the head of a government in the province of the Rhine, on the right into four portions, - the Old Town, the Karlstadt, which dates from 1787 and is called after the electoral prit.ce Charles Theodore, the New Town, which was in process of formation from 1690 to 1716, and the Friedrichsstadt, laid out within recent years. New streets are rapidly stretching out in a…

Dutnaburg

DUTNABURG, a town of European Russia, at the head of a district in the government of Vitebsk, for the most part on the right bank of the Dwina, 12 miles south-east of Riga, in 55? 53' N. lat. and 31? 29' 9" E. long. It consists of four portions - the main-town or fortress, the old suburb, the new suburb, and on the left bank of the river the villaue of Grive. The fortress is of the first class, an…

Dutrochet, Rene Joachim Henri

DUTROCHET, RENE JOACHIM HENRI (1776-1847), a French physiologist and natural philosopher, was born at ChAteau de Neon, Poitou, November 14, 1776, and dicta at Paris, February 4, 1847.

Duva

DUVA.L, JULES (1813-1870), a French economist, was born at Rodez, in the department of Aveyron, received his early education at the college of St Geniez d'Olt, passed as advocate at the age of twenty-three, and for eight yeins held an official position first at St Aff,..ique and afterwards in his native town. On the pacification of Algeria he took an active part in the foundation of the Union Agri…

Duvf

DUVF.RGIER DE HAURANNE, JEAN (1581-1643), abbe of St Cyran, a celebrated French theologian, was born at Bayonne in 1581. He studied theology at the university of Louvain, where he formed an intimate friendship with Jansen, who was his fellow student. After quitting Louvain he went to Paris, where his intimacy with Jansen continued, and with him he pursued with. great ardour the study of the father…

Dwight, Timothy

DWIGHT, TIMOTHY (1752-1817), an eminent American divine, was born at Northampton, Massachusetts, 14th May 1752. His father, though educated at Yale College, was a merchant, and his mother the third daughter of Jonathan Edwards. His mother began to instruct him almost as soon as he was able to speak, and it is said that lie learned the alphabet at a single lesson, and before lie was four years old …

Dwina

DWINA, a name common to two important rivers of European Bussia. (1.) The NORTHERN DWI/CA, or Dvina Sievernaya, be-longs to the basin of the White Sea, and is formed by the junction of the Sukhona aud the Yuk, which, rising the former in the south-east and the latter in the south-w-est af the government of Yologda, meet in the neighbourhood of Veliki Ustyug, at a height of 300 feet above the sea, …

Dyce, Alexander

DYCE, ALEXANDER, (1798-1869), a distinguished dramatic editor and literary historian, was born at Edin-burgh on the 30th June 1798, and, after receiving his early education at the High School of his native city-, became a student at Exeter College, Oxford, where he graduated as B.A. Having adopted the clerical profession, he officiated /LS curate at Lantegloss, in Cornwall, and subse-quently at Na…

Dyce, Willia

DYCE, WILLIA.m (1S06-1864), a distinguished painter, was born in Aberdeen, where his father, a, fellow of the Royal Society, was a physician of some repute. He attended Marischal College, took the degree of M.A. at sixteen years of age, and was destined for one of the learned professions. Showing a turn for design instead, Ile studied in the school of the Royal Scottish Academy- in Edinburgh, then…

Dyeing

DYEING is the art of colouring iu a permanent manner porous or absorbent substances by impregnating them with colouring bodies. Most vegetable and animal bodies are porous or absorbent, and can be. dyed ; some minerals also, such as marble, can absorb liquid colouring matters ; but the term dyeing is usually confined to the colouring of textile fibrous materials by penetration. The superficial app…

Dyer, John

DYER, JOHN, English poet, was born in 1699 or 1700 at Aberglasney, in Carmarthenshire, where his fatlaer, Robert Dyer, successfully practised as a solicitor. He was sent to Westminster school to be educated under Dr Friend, and was destined to succeed to his father's business. He showed, however, an inveterate dislike to the study of the law, and, having a taste for design, he induced his parents …

Dyna Mics

DYNA MICS properly means that science which treats of the action of force. Defining force as that which affects the motion of matter, it appears that the study of dynamics will lead to the consideration of the motion of material systems, and the laws in accordance with which this motion is changed by the mutual actions of the bodies forming such systems. But there is a sense in which we may con-te…

Dynamite

DYNAMITE (StIvaius, strength), the name applied to various explosive preparations containing nitroglycerin. The first practical application of nitroglycerin, discovered by Sobrero in 1847, was made by Alfred Nobel, who in 1863 used gunpowder soaked with it for blasting. In 1864 he found that it could be exploded by the initiative detona-tion of fulminating materials ; and in 1867, owing to the unc…

Dynamoinieter

DYNAMOINIETER (81;vapcs, strength, and luerpoy, a measure), an instrument for measuring force exerted by men, animals, and machines. One of the simplest forms, namely, that devised by the mechanician Graham, and im-proved by Desaguliers, was essentially a steel-yard in which the position of the weight on the longer arm indicated the force exerted on the shorter in order to produce equilibzium. The…

Dysart

DYSART, a seaport town and royal and parliamentary burgh of Scotland, in the county of Fife, nine miles north-east of Burntisland, with a station 011 the North Thitish Railway. It consists mainly of three narrow streets with a square in the centre, and on the whole has rather a dull and deserted appearance. In the High Street there are a number of antique houses with inscriptions and dates ; and t…

Dysentery

DYSENTERY (from the prefix Sys, and ZVTEp0V, the intestine), also called Bloody Flux, an infectious disease with a local lesion in the form of inflammation and ulcera-tion of the lower portion of the bow-els. Although at one tiine a common disease in Great Britain, dysentery is now very rarely met with there, and is for the most part confined to warm countries, where it is the cause of a large amo…

Dyspepsia

DYSPEPSIA (from Svc-, and 7r7rro), to digest), or In-digestion, is one of the most common of all complaints, but, from its intimate connection with various other morbid conditions, the term is somewhat vaguely employed. There are comparatively few diseases of any moment where some of the phenomena of dyspepsia are not present as associated symptoms, and not unfrequently these exist to such a degre…

Dyveke

DYVEKE, in German often Daveke, and in the Latin chronicles Columbella, the "Little Dove," the name by which the mistress of Christian II. of Denmark is invari-ably designated. Her father was a certain Sigbrit Villums, who had been obliged for political reasons to leave his native country of Holland. Settling at Bergen, he opened an inn, which soon became known for something more than the hospital…

Dzungaria, Dsongaria, Or Songaiiia

DZUNGARIA, DSONGARIA, or SONGAIIIA, a former Mongolian kingdom of Central Asia, raised to its highest pitch by Kaldan or Bushtu Khan in the latter half of the 17th century, but completely destroyed by Chinese. invasion about 1757-59. It derived its name from the Dsong,ars, or Songars, who were so called because they formed the left wing (dson, left ; gar, hand) of the Mongolian army. Its widest li…

Eachard, Joitn

EACHARD, JOITN (1636-1697), an English divine, was born in Suffolk in 1636, and was educated at Catherine Hall, Cambridge, of which he became master in 1675 in succession to Lightfoot. He was created a doctor of divinity in 1676 by royal mandate, and was twice (in 1679 and 1695) vice-chancellor of the university. He died on the 7th July 1697. In 1670 he bad published anonymously a humorous satire …

Eadie

EADIE, ..TonN (1810-1876), theologian and biblical critic, was born at Alva, in Stirlingshire, on the 9th May 1810. Having manifested unusual ability at school, lie W sent to the university of Glasgow, where he passed through the usual curriculum in arts. Inimediately afterwards he commenced to study for the ministry at the Divinity Hall of the Secession Church, a. dissenting body which, on its un…

Eadmer, Or Edmer

EADMER, or EDMER (in Latin Eadmerus, and by mistake Edimerus and Edinerus), an English ecclesiastic and historian of the Norman period, probably, as his name suggests, of English as opposed to Norman parentage. At an early age he was sent to the Benedictine monastery at Canterbury ; and there he became acquainted with Ansehn, at the time of the latter's first visit to England as abbot of Bec. The …

Eagle

EAGLE (French Aigle, from the Latin Aquila), the name generally given to the larger Diurnal Birds-of-prey which are not Vultures ; but tne limits of the subfamily Aquilince have been very variously assigned by different writers on systematic ornithology, and, as before observed (Buzz/Liu), vol. iv. p. 603), there are Eagles smaller than certain Buzzards. By some authorities the La-mmergeier of the…

Earl

EARL (Latin, comes ; French, compte), a title and rank of nobility now the third in the order of the British peerage, and, accordingly, intervening between marquis and viscount. Earl, however, was the highest title and rank of the English nobles post conquestuni until the year 1337, when by Edward III. the Black Prince was created duke of Cornwall. The " earl " England was identical with contte or…

Earlom, Richard

EARLOM, RICHARD (1742-1822), English mezzotint engraver, was born in London in 1742. His natural faculty for art appears to have been first called into exercise. by admiration for the lord mayor's state coach, justdecorated by Cipriani. He tried to copy the paintings, and was sent to study under Cipriani. He displayed great skill as a draughtsman, and at the same time acquired without assistance t…

Ear-ring

EAR-RING, an ornament woru pendent from the ear, and generally suspended by means of a ring or book pass-ing through the pendulous lobe of tbe ear. The general usage appears to have been to have ear-rings worn in pairs, the two ornaments in all respects resembling each other ; in ancient times, or sometimes more recently among Oriental races, a single ear-ring has sometimes been worn. The use of t…

Earth, Figure Of Ti1e

EARTH, FIGURE OF Ti1E. The determination of the fig-ure of the earth is a problem of the highest importance in astronomy, inasmuch as the diameter of the earth is the unit to which all celestial distances must be referred. Reasoning, doubtless, from the uniform level appearance of the horizon in any situation in which a spectator can be placed - the variations in altitude of the circumpolar stars …

Earthquake

EARTHQUAKE. Although the terrible effects which are often produced by earthquakes have in all ages forced themselves upon the attention of man, it is nevertheless only within the last thirty years that the phenomena have been subjected to cxact investigation. A new science has been thus established under the name of seismology (Teta inin, an earthquake). This branch of knowledge, how-ever, has hit…

Earwig

EARWIG, a 'Ionia, sanctioned by common error, applied under various modifications in different languages (e.g., Auricularia, Perce-oreille, Ohr-wurm, Oorblazer, Ormask, Oerentvist, Gusano del oido, &c.) to the somewhat oscnlant insects comprised in the old Linneau genus Forficula,-an grror arising in the first instance probably from their invariable habit of secreting themselves in any cavity, of …

Easement

EASEMENT, in English law, is a. species of servitude or linaited right of use over land belonging to another.

Eastbourne

EASTBOURNE, a watering-place on the Sussex coast, 66 miles from London by railway.

Easter

EASTER, the annual festival observed throughout Christendom in commemoration of the Resurrection of our Lord Jesus Christ. The word Easter - Anglo-Saxon, Eastre, Roster ; German, ?stem - like the names of the days of the week, is a survival from the old Teutonic mythology. According to Bede (De Temp. Rat., c. xv.) it is derived froin Eostre, or Ostara, the Anglo-Saxon goddess of spring, to whom th…

Eastlake, Sir Charles Lock

EASTLAKE, SIR CHARLES LOCK (1793-1865), an emi-nent painter who became president of the Royal Academy in London, was born on 17th November 1793 in Plymouth, where his father, a man of uncommon gifts but of indolent temperament, was solicitor to the Admiralty and judge ad-vocate of the Admiralty Court. Charles was educated (like Sir Joshua Reynolds) at the Plympton grammar-school, and in London at …

Easton

EASTON, a borough of the United States, and capital of Northampton county, Pennsylvania, is situated on the right bank of the Delaware immediately above the con-fluence of the Lehigh, 54 tidies north of Philadelphia. The town is very systematically arranged in spite of the irregnlarity of the ground on which it is built ; the water surply from the Lehigh river is abundant, and a, strong pressure i…

East Saginaw

EAST SAGINAW, a city of Saginaw county, Michigan, United States, is situated on the Saginaw river, about 90 miles N.N.W. of Detroit.

Eau De Cologne

EAU DE COLOGNE, a perfume, so named from the city of Cologne, where its manufacture wa.s first established by an Italian, Giovanni Maria Farina, born in 1685, and by other members of his family, some of whom made it according to a method due to one Paul Feminis.

Ebbing

EBBING, a seaport town of Prussia, at the head of a circle in the government of Dantzig, 36 miles E.S.E. of the city of that name, on the Elbing, a small river which flows into the Frische Haff about four miles from the town, and is united with the Nogat or eastern arm of the Vistula by means of the Kraffohl canal. The old town was formerly surrounded by fortifications, but of these only a few fra…

Ebel, Hermann Wiliielm

EBEL, HERMANN WILIIELM (1820-1875), a distin-guished philologist, was born at Berlin, May 10, 1820. He displayed in his early years a remarkable capacity for the study of languages, and at the same time a passionate fond-ness for music and poetry. At the age of sixteen he became a student nt the university of Berlin, applying himself especially to philology, and attending the lectures of Boeckh. M…

Eberhard

EBERHARD, surnamed rm BART. (Barbatus), count and afterwards first duke of Wfirtemberg, was born December 2, 1445. He was the second son of Count Ludwig I., who died in 1450 ; and he succeeded his elder brother, Ludwig II., at the age of twelve (1457). The guardian-ship of the young count was assumed by his uncle, Count Ulrich, and he had for tutor the learned John Nauclerus. Coveting power and ca…

Eberhard, August Gottlob

EBERHARD, AUGUST GOTTLOB (1769-1845), a German poet and miscellaneous writer, was born at Belzig, near Wittenberg, in 1769, and died at Dresden on the 13th "May 1845. He studied theology at Leipsic ; but some stories he contributed to periodicals having proved success-ful, he devoted himself to literature. Among his earlier works were Ida's Plamenkorbchen (1792); List UM List, oder ?vas ein, Kass …

Eberhard, Johann Augustus

EBERHARD, JOHANN AUGUSTUS (1739-1809), an eminent German theologian and philosopher, was born at Halberstadt, in Lower Saxony, August 31, 1739. His father, a man of considerable literary attainments, was the singing-master at the church of St Martin's in that town, and also teacher of the school of the same name. Young Eberhard was educated partly at home and partly in his father's school. In the …

Ebert, Friedrich Adolf

EBERT, FRIEDRICH ADOLF (1791-1834), a very eminent bibliographer, was born at Taucha, near Leipsic, July- 9, fostered and strengthened. He studied theology for a, entitled Iiierarchicv in religionem ac literas commoda. In secretary to the Royal Public Library of Dresden. The with annotations. Anxious to turn to good. account the the A llgemeines bibliographische Lexikon, the first volume of which …

Ebingen

EBINGEN, a town of Wfirtemberg, in the circle of the Schwarzwald, on the Schmieha, a left-hand tributary of the Danube, 22 miles south of Tfibingen and 37 miles west of Ulm.

Ebionites

EBIONITES, a Christian sect which was separated front the general Christian church about the end of the 2d century. The origin of the name, has been much disputed, some deriving it from Ebion as the founder of the sect, and others from the Hebrew word (0';:.5) meaning poor. For the fornier opinion the authority of Tertullian is quoted, who makes references to the existence of such a person as Ebio…

Eboli

EBOLI, or Evom, a town of Italy, in the province of Principato Citeriore and district of Campagna, situated about thirteen miles from Salerno, on an elevated site commanding a fine prospect over land and sea.

Ebony

EBONY (0Evos), the wood of various species of trees of the genus Diospyros and natural order .Ebenacece, found in the tropical parts of Asia and America. The best kinds are very heavy, are of a deep black, and consist of heart-wood only. On account of its colour, durability, hardness, and susceptibility of polish, ebony is much used for cabinet work and inlaying, and for the manufacture of pianofo…

Ebro

EBRO (in Latin lberus), the principal river of Spain, rises in the Cantabrian Mountains, near Reinosa, in the province of Santander, flows in a general south-east direction through Old Castile, Navarre, Aragon, and Catalonia, and falls into the Mediterranean about 80 miles south-west of Barcelona, in 40? 41' N. lat. and 0? 50' E. long., forming by its delta a very considerable excrescence on the o…

Ecarte

ECARTE (French, ecarte, separated, discarded), a game at cards, of modern origin, probably first played in the Paris salons, in the first quarter of the 19th century. It is a development of a very old card game called la triomphe, or French-ruff (Acadenzie des deux, various editions ; Cotton and Seymour, Conzpleat Gamester, various editions ; and Paul Boiteau D'Ambly, Les Cartes a jouer, Paris, Ha…

Ecbatana

ECBATANA (Greek, 'EKN-rava), or, as it is found in /Eschylus, 'Ay/34.-raca, a, name applied by the classical writers to several and possibly to no fewer than seven dis-tinct sites, - the capital of Media Atropatene, the capital of Media l'fiagna, the citadel of Persepolis, a Syrian city on Mount Carmel, the Assyrian castle of Amadiyah, the Arsacidan stronghold of Europus, and the city of Ispahan. …

Eccard, Johannes

ECCARD, JOHANNES (1553-1611), a celebrated com-poser of church music, was born at Mflhlhausen on the Unstrut, Prussia, in 1553. After having received his first musical instruction at home, he went, at the age of eighteen, to Munich, where he became the pupil of Orlando Lasso, one of the greatest masters of the Franco-Belgian school. In his company Eccard is said to have visited Paris, but in 1574 …

Eccelino, Or Ezzelino Da Romano

ECCELINO, or EZZELINO DA ROMANO (1194-1259), fourth of the name, a famous Ghibelline chief, was born April 25,1194. The family traced its origin to Eccelin, a knight who about 1036 followed the emperor Conrad II. into Italy, and received from him among other fiefs that of Romano, in the neighbourhood of Padua. Eccelino IV. was the elder of the two sons of Eccelino III., surnamed the Monk, who divi…

Ecchellensis, Or Echellensis

ECCHELLENSIS, or ECHELLENSIS, ABRAHAM, a learned Maronite, whose surname is derived from Eckel in Syria, where he was bom towards the close of the 16th century. He was educated. at the Maronite college in Rome, and, after taking his doctor's degree in theology and philosophy, became professor of Arabic and Syria,c in the college of the Propagandists. Called to Paris in 1630 to assist Le Jay in the…

Eccles

ECCLES, a populous village of England, in the county of Lancaster, four miles west of Manchester by railway, and practically an outlying suburb of that city.

Ecclesia

ECCLESIA, in Grecian antiquity, the general assembly I of Athenian citizens, who met from time to time to discuss public affairs. Ecclesim were of two kinds, ordinary and extraordinary. The first of these were held, according to the laws of Solon, four times in each prytany, or period of thirty-five days ; while the others were only summoned on some pressing emergency. When any measure of unusual …

Ecclesiastes, Tne Book Of

ECCLESIASTES, TnE BOOK OF, has been banded down by Hebrew tradition as one of the three canonical books of Solomon, son of David, the other two being Proverbs and the Song of Songs, or Canticles. Two different practices have obtained from time immemorial as to the position of this book in the Bible. According to one, which is preserved in the MSS. and edi-tions of the Septuagint, and is followed b…

Ecclesiastical Law

ECCLESIASTICAL LAW generally means the law of the church, in countries where an established religion is lecognized by the state, but in a more general sense it would include the whole body of the law relating to religion,. It is in this sense that the phrase is used by American lawyers, and it is only in this sense that it can be used of Ireland since the disestablishment of the state church in th…

Echenodermata

ECHENODERMATA (from exiros, a hedgehog or sea-urchin, and Sipp,a, skin), a class of marine animals which constitutes with the class Scolecida the sub-kingdoua Aintrdoida of Huxley, or, according to sonae authorities, is a distinct sub-kingdom of the Invertebrata. Familiar ex-amples of the Echinoclermata are the Sea-urchins, Star-fishes, Feather-stars, and Sea-cucumbers of the coasts of Britain. Th…

Echidna, Or Porcupine Ant-eater

ECHIDNA, or PORCUPINE ANT-EATER (Echidna kris( x), one of the four known species of Monotremata, the lowest order of Maminalia. It is a native of Australia, where it chiefly abounds in New South Wales, inhabiting rocky and mountainous districts, where it burrows among the loose sand, or hides itself in crevices of rocks. In size and appearance it bears a considerable resemblance to the hedgehog, i…

Echinasteu1d

ECHINASTEU1D.E.

Echo

ECHO, in Greek mythology, one of the Orcades or mountain nymphs. The word denotes mere sound ; and the stories told of her are so transparent that they can scarcely be said to belong to the class of fully-developed myths. As Selene to the Greek was clearly the moon, so Echo was the beine, who could not spealc until she was s k to and then could only repeat the last words of the To en , speaker. Th…

Ecija

ECIJA, a city of Spain, in the province of Seville, 53 miles E.N.E. of the city of that natne, on the left bank of the Jenil, Xenil, or Genii, the ancient Singulis, a tributary of the Guadalquivir. The river, thus far navigable, is there crossed by a fine old bridge; and the antiquity of the town betrays itself both by the irregularity- of its arrangement, and by its walls and gateways, and its nu…

Eckermann, John Peter

ECKERMANN, JOHN PETER (1792-1854) friend of Goethe, and editor of his works, was born at Vinsen Hanover, in 1792. After serving as a volunteer in the War of Liberation (1813-1814), he obtained an appoint-ment in the war office at Hanover. At the age of twenty-five he became a student at the gymnasium of Hanover and afterwards at the university of Gottingen, returning to Hanover in 1822. His acquai…

Eckersberg, Carl Vilhelm

ECKERSBERG, CARL VILHELM (1783-1853), Danish painter, was born in South Jutland in 1783. He became successively the pupil of Abildgaard and of David. From 1810 to 1813 he lived at Paris under the direction of the latter, and then proceeded, as an independent artist, to Rome, where he worked until 1816 in close fellow:lip with Thorwaldsen. His paintings from this period - The Spartan Boy, Bacchus. …

Eckhart, Johannes

ECKHART, JOHANNES, or, according to the general designation, Meister Eckhart, the first of the great specula-tive mystics, flourished during the latter part of the 13th century and the early part of the 14th. Extremely little is known of his life ; the date and place of his birth are equally uncertain. According to some accounts, he was a native of Strasburg, a town with which ,he was afterwards c…

Eckhel, Joseph Hilarius

ECKHEL, JOSEPH HILARIUS (1737-1798), one of the most distinguished numismatists, was born at Enzersfeld in Lower Austria, January 13, 1737. His father was farm-steward to Count Zinzendorf, and he received his early education at the Jesuit's College, Vienna. Here at the age of fourteen he was admitted into the order, still pursu-ing his studies with earnestness, and especially devoting himself to a…

Eck, Johann Maier

ECK, JOHANN MAIER vox (1486-1543), the most in-defatigable and important opponent of Martin Luther, was born 13th November 1486, at Eck in Swabia. His father was a peasant, who becoming bailift of the village, added Eck to the family name Maier. The son entered in his eleventh year tbe university of Heidelberg, from which he went to Tubingen, where he took his master of arts degree in his fourteen…

Eclectic

ECLECTIC (from L%co, I select), a term of which the most important application is in philosophy, denotes a thinker whose views are borrowed partly from one, partly from another, of his predecessors. It perhaps requires to be .noted that, where the characteristic doctrines of a philosophy are not thus merely adopted, but are the modified products ef a blending of the systems from which it takes its…

Ecstasy

ECSTASY (gKuraats, from. et'cra-)7i.cc, to put out of its place, to alter), a term applied to a morbid mental condition, in which the mind is entirely absorbed in the contemplation of one dominant idea or object, and loses for the time its normal self-control. With this there is commonly associ-ated the prevalence of some strong emotion, which manifests itself in various ways, and with varying deg…

Ecuador

ECUADOR, or, in full, LA REPUBLICA DEL ECUADOR; an independent state of South America, traversed by the equator, from which it takes its name, and bounded on the N. by the United States of Colombia, E. by Brazil, S. by Peru, and W. by the Pacific Ocean (see plate xi. vol. i.). Its area cannot be stated with any close approximation to accuracy, for large districts along the frontiers are equally cl…

Edam

EDAM, a town of the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland and arrondissement of Hoorn, about 11 miles north-east of Amsterdam, and hardly a mile from the present limits of the Zuider Zee, at the junction of two branch canals.

Edda

EDDA, the original signification of which is " great-grandmother," is the title given to two very remarkable collections of old Icelandic literature. Of these only one bears that title from antiquity ; the other is named Edda by a comparatively modern misnomer. The only work known by this name. to the ancients was the imiscellaneous group of writings attributed to Snorri Sturluson (1178 - 1241), a…

Edelinck, Gerard

EDELINCK, GERARD (1649-1707), one of the greatest copper-plate engravers, was born at Antwerp in 1649. The rudiments of the art, which he was to carry to a higher pitch of excellence than it had previously reached, he acquired in his native town under the engraver Cornelisz Crane. But he was not long in reaching the limits of his master's attainments; and then he went to Paris to improve himself u…

Eden

EDEN, Hebrew 07, denoting pleasure or delight), was the first residence of A.dam aud Eve according to the Old Testament Scriptures. The passage in which its geographical position seems to be indicated (Gen. ii. 8-14) has been from the earliest times the subject of a discussion as ingenious and elaborate as it has been fruitless. Its general position is given as " eastward," i.e., to the east of th…

Edentata

EDENTATA, an order of placental mammals charac-terized by the total absence of median incisor teeth.

Eden, Tiie Honourable Emily

EDEN, TIIE HONOURABLE EMILY (1795-1851), novelist and miscellaneous writer, was the seventh daughter of the first Lord Auckland, and WaS born in 1795. Happily gifted by nature, her literary faculties and tastes were fostered by a liberal education. In 1835 she accompanied her brother, Lord Auckland, to India, on his appointment as governor-general, and remained with him during his term of office, …

Edessa

EDESSA, or, as it is now called, Urfa or Orfa, a city of Northern Mesopotamia, on the Daisun, a left-hand tributary of the Euphrates, 75 miles W. of Diarbekir and 59 E. of Biredjik, in 37? 21' N. lat. and 39? 6' E. long. it is sur-rounded with walls and towers, well preserved on the northern side, has narrow but comfortable and cleanly streets, and displays in its bazaar not only the native woolle…

Edessa

EDESSA, the ancient capital of Macedonia, previously known as ./Eg, was situated 46 miles AV. of Thessalonica on the banks of a, beautiful stream in the very centre of the kingdom, and at the head of a, defile commanding tbe approaches from the sea-coast to the interior of the country. It was the original residence of the Macedonian kings ; and even after the seat of government was removed to the …

Edgeworth, Maria

EDGEWORTH, MARIA (1767-1849), the creator of the novel of national manners and moral purpose, was the daughter, by his first wife, of Richard Lovell Edgeworth noticed below. She was born at Hare Hatch, Berkshire, in 1767, and did not see Ireland till she was twelve years old. She was educated by her father, who devoted himself with great enthusiasm to the intellectual ad-vancement of his children.…

Edgeworth, Richard Lovell

EDGEWORTH, RICHARD LOVELL (1744-1817), father of the subject of the foregoing notice, and her associate in many literary undertakings, was born at Bath in 1744. The greater part of his life, however, was spent at Edgeworthtown, or Eclgeworthstown, in the county of Longford, Ireland, where the Edgeworth family had. been settled for upwards of 150 years. He was of gentle blood--his father being the …

Edinburgh

EDINBURGH, the ancient capital of Scotland, is situated in the county of Mid-Lothian or Edinburgh, to the south of the Firth of Forth. The Royal Observatory, which is built on the summit of the Calton Hill, in the north-eastern quarter of the city, is in 55? 57' 23" of N. lat., and 12/" 436 05x of time W. long. of the meridian of Greenwich. The site of Edinburgh is altogether remarkable as that of…

Edinburgh, County Of

EDINBURGH, COUNTY OF, or Min-Lornrk-N-, one of the lowland counties of Scotland, is situated between 55? 39' 30" and. 55? 59' 20" N. lat., and between 2? 52' and 3? 45' 10" W. long. It is bounded on the N. by the Firth of Forth, on the NAV. by Linlithgowshire or West-Lothian, on the S.W. by Lanarkshire, on the S. by Peebles and Selkirk, and on the E. by Roxburgh, 13erwick, and Haddington or East-L…

Edit

EDIT, in Coptish Atbo, from the old Egyptian Tebu, a village of Upper Egypt, in the province of Said, situated about a third of a, naile from the left bank of the Nile, 55 miles below the cataracts of Syene, in 24? 58' 43" N. lat. It is inhabited by about 2000 Arabs and Copts, engaged -for the most part in the manufacture of earthenware, which finds ready- sale all through Egy-pt, and is reinarkab…

Edmund, Or Eadmund

EDMUND, or EADMUND (840-870), the Last of the kings of East Anglia, was born in 840. He was chosen by Offa as his successor when that king resigned and retired as a penitent to Rome. " The just and holy man" - so Simon Durham describes Edmund - began his reign over the East Angles in 855, and ruled peacefully and unevent-fully till his kingdom was invaded by the Danes in 870, when in a battle with…

Edmund, Or Eadmund

EDMUND, or EADMUND I. (ATHELING), (922-946), king of the Mercians and West Saxons, was the son of Edward the Elder, and succeeded his brother Athelstan in 941, being then, it is said, only eighteen years of age, but having already gained the esteem of the people by his courage shown three years before at the battle of Brunanburh. When he succeeded his famous brother, the Northumbrians, judging the…

Edmund, Or Eadmund Il

EDMUND, or EADMUND IL, (989-1016), son of Ethelred, and the last of the line of West Saxon kings, called on account of his boldness and great strength Ironside, was, on the death of Ethelred the Unready, in April 1016, proclaimed king by the citizens of London and such of the Witan as were in the city. At that very time Canute the Dane was preparing an expedition against London, and he was proclai…

Edmund, St

EDMUND, ST (C. 1190-1240). Edmund Rich, arch-bishop of Canterbury, was born about the close of the 12th century, at Abingdon, then the seat of a great Benedictine convent. He was one of six children. His father was a rich trader and man of the world, his mother a pious woman, who carried out remorselessly the ascetic conception of a religious life. She fasted Much and slept little, wore a hair che…

Edrisi

EDRISI, Imam, or ALDEISI, the most eminent of the Arabian geographers, flourished in the 12th century-. The various parts of his life afford subjects of controversy rather than of precise inforrnation. The place and even the country in which he was born is the first subject of dis-pute. A Nubian and an Egyptian origin have both been assigned to him on the basis of a doubtful reading in his work, w…

Education

EDUCATION. This article is mainly concerned with the history of educational theories in the chief crises of' their development. It has not been the object of the writer to give a history of the practical working of these theories, and still less to sketch the outlines of the science of teaching, which may be more conveniently dealt with under another head. The earliest education is that of the fam…

Edward

EDWARD V. (1470-1483), king of England, was the son of Edward IV. and of Elizabeth, and was born in the sanctuary of Westminster Abbey, November 4, 1470. As soon as Edward IV. was dead his brother Richard, duke of Gloucester (see RICHARD III.), acting so far in accordance with the late king's wishes, secured possession of the person of the young king, and was appointed by Parliament protector of t…

Edward

EDWARD I. (1239-1307), king of England, was the son of Henry III. of England, and of Eleanor, daughter of the count of Provence, and was born at Westminster, June 16, 1239. In 1252 he was named governor of Gascony in room of Simon de Montfort, with whom Henry was dis-satisfied ; and in 1254, by- his marriage with Eleanor, daughter of Alphonso X. of Castile, he secured to the English for a time und…

Edwardes

EDWARDES, Sin HERBERT BENJAMIN (1819-1868), major-general in the East Indian army, one of the noblest names on the roll of the soldier-statesmen of the British. Indian empire, was born at Frodesley, in Shropshire, November 12, 1819. The family was of high standing. Sir Herbert's father was Benjamin Edwardes, rector of Frodesley, and his grandfather Sir John Eclwardes, baronet, eighth holder of the…

Edward Ii

EDWARD II. (1284-1327), king of England, fourth son of Edward and of Eleanor, was born at Carnarvon, April 25, 1284, and became heir-apparent in 1285. His first title was earl of Carnarvon, but in 1301 he was created earl of Chester and prince of Wales. His personal character, and the whole tenor and tendency of his reign, may perhaps be best described as the opposite of those of his father. Thoug…

Edward Iii

EDWARD III. (1312-1377), king of England, the eldest son of Edward II. and of Isabella, was born at Windsor, November 13, 1312. He WaS appointed guardian of the kingdom October 2G, 132G, and received the crown February 1, 1327. On the 24th January- 1328 lie was married to Philippa, daughter of the count of Hainault. During his minority the government of the kingdom was intrusted to a body of guard…

Edward Iv

EDWARD IV. (1441-1483), king of England, was the second son of Richard duke of York, and was born at Rouen, April 29, 1441. His father was appointed protector of the kingdom during the incapacity of Henry VI., and having in 1460 laid claim to the throne as a descendant of Edward III., was named by Parliament successor of Henry VI. on condition that he allowed Henry to retain his throne. As an heir…

Edward King Edward Of The Anglo Saxons

EDWARD KING EDWARD OF THE ANGLO SAXONS, or EADWARD I., king of the Anglo-Saxons, was the eldest son of Alfred the Great, and succeeded his father, by the voice of the Witan, 26th October 901. He was then about thirty years of age, and had already in 893 distinguished himself by inflicting a disastrous defeat on the Danes at Farnham. His election to the throne was disputed by his cousin Ethelwold, …

Edward, Or Eadward

EDWARD, or EADWARD king of the Anglo-Saxons, surnamed, on account of his reputation for superior sanctity, the Confessor, was the son of Ethelred H. and Emma, daughter of Richard I. of Normandy, and was born at Islip, Oxfordshire, probably in 1004. On the election of Swend to the throne of England in 1013, Emma with her husband a.nd family took refuge in Normandy ; and Edward, notwithstanding the …

Edward, Or Eadward Il

EDWARD, or EADWARD IL, surnamed the Martyr, an Auglo-Saxon king, succeeded his father Edgar in 975, at the age of about thirteeen years. He was the elder son of Edgar, and is said to have been recommended by him as his successor ; but the party in the state opposed to the monks supported nevertheless the claims of his younger brother Ethelred, son of Elfrida, and only seven years of age. The influ…

Edwards, George

EDWARDS, GEORGE (1693-1773), a celebrated antiquarian and ornithologist, was born at Stratford, in Essex, on the 3d April 1693. He was originally apprenticed to a tradesman in Fenchurch Street, London ; but obtaining by accident access to a, number of books on natural history, painting, astronomy, and antiquities, he lost his inclination for mercantile pursuits, and acquired a, desire for foreign …

Edwards, Jonathan

EDWARDS, JONATHAN (1703-1758), the most distin-guished metaphysician and divine of America, was the son of the Rev. Timothy Edwards, and of Esther, daughter of the llev. Solomon Stoddard, of Northampton, and was born at E'ast Windsor, Connecticut, October 5, 1703. Lfe was the only son in a family- of eleven children, of whom four were older than himself. Even in his very earlyymrs the religious in…

Edwards, Richard

EDWARDS, RICHARD (1523 1-1566 ?), a musician and writer of interludes, was born in Somersetshire, studied at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, took his master of arts degree in 1547, entered at Lincoln's Inn, and was appointed in 1561 a gentleman of the royal chapel and master of the singing boys. He probably died about the end of 1565, as his epitaph was written by Turberville in the following year…

Edward The Black Prince

EDWARD THE BLACK PRINCE (1330-1376), son of Edward III. of England, and of Philippa, was born at Woodstock, June 15, 1330. In 1337 he was created duke of Cornwall. He was appointed guardian of the kingdom during the king's absences in France in 1338, 1340, and 1342, and on his return in 1343 wa-s created prince of Wales. In 1346 he accompanied his father's fourth expedition against France, when th…

Edward Vi

EDWARD VI. (1537-1553), king of England, was the son of Henry VIII and of Jane Seymour, and was born at _Hampton Court, 12th October 1537. " Till he came to six years old," he says in his journal, " he was brought np among the women." He was then transferred to the direction of several masters, who instructed him in Latin, Greek, French, philosophy, and divinity. In his tenth year he was created p…

Edwin, Or Eadivdie

EDWIN, or EADIVDIE, king of Northumbria, was the son of /Ella, king of Deira,, and was born about 586. At the death of Alla, in 588, Ethelfrid, king of Bernicia, fElla's brother-in law, usurped the throne of Deira, and united the two kingdoms Deira and Bernicia, under the name of Northumbria. Edwin ultimately found shelter with Ri-odwald of East Anglia, who, in 617, defeated and slew Ethelfrid nea…

Edwy, Eadwig, Or Edwin

EDWY, EADWIG, or EDWIN, surnamed the Fair, an Anglo-Saxon king, was the son of Edmund I., and suc-ceeded his uncle, Edred, on the throne in 955, beiug then from 16 to 18 years of age. His immediate rule was limited to Wessex, his younger brother Edgar reigning over Mercia with the title of sub-king. On account of the re-lation in which Edwy stood to Dunstan, abbot of Glaston-bury, it is impossible…

Eeckidout, Geri3hand Van Den

EECKIdOUT, GERI3HAND VAN DEN (1621-1674), a, painter, born at Amsterdam on the 19th of August 1621, entered early into the studio of Rembrandt. Though a companion pupil to F. 13?1 and Govaert Flinck, he was inferior to both in skill and in the extent of his practice; yet at an early period he assumed Renibrandt's manner with such success that his pictures were confounded with those of his master ;…

Eecloo

EECLOO, the head town of a district in the province of East Flanders, Belgium, is situated near the Lieve, 11 tniles N. W. of Ghent. It is a neat, ctean, and weil-built town, and possesses a variety of industries, among which are woollen and linen mills, manufactories of tobacco, chocolate, soap, and starch, breweries, aud distilleries. It has also a considerable timber, grain, and cattle trade. P…

Effigies, Monumental

EFFIGIES, MONUMENTAL. - In the course of the twelfth century the idea appears, for the first time, to Lave been carried into effect that the figure of a deceased personage should be represented by efligy upon his monu-mental memorial. These earliest attempts at commemora-tive portraiture were executed in low relief upon coffin-lids of stone or purbeck marble, some portions of the designs for the m…

Egbert, Or Ecgber1it

EGBERT, or ECGBER1IT, king of the West Saxons, was born about 775, and laid claim to the throne in 786, but, Brihtric was elected, and he was compelled to take refuge with Offa, king of 1â– Iercia. Although Offa refused to surrender him when requested by Brihtric, he declined to give him further protection. Egbert thereupon fled to France, and tiook up his residence at the court of Charlemagne ; a…

Egede

EGEDE, HANs (1686-1758), the first missionary of Greenland, was born in the vogtship of Senjen, in Norway, on the 31st January 1686. In his 22d year he became pastor at. VsTaagen, in the bishopric of Drontheim, but the study of the chronicles of the northmen Laving awakened in him the desire to visit the colony of northmen in Green-land, and to convert them to Christianity, he resigned his charge …

Egede

EGEDE, Paul, (1708-1789), son of the preceding, ac-companied his father to Greenland, assisted him in his labours there, and. acted as his successor from 1734 to 1740.

Eger

EGER, the chief town of a circle in the kingdom of Tiohemia, is situated on the river Eger, and lies at the foot of one of the spurs of the Fichtelgebirge. It possesses an upper gymnasium and a real-school. In the townhouse, which at that time was the burgomaster's house, Wallen-stein was murdered, 25th February 1634. His sword and writina. table are exhibited in the town. Among the industries of …

Egg, Augustus Leopold

EGG, AUGUSTUS LEOPOLD (1816-1863), a painter, was born on 2d May 1816, in Piccadilly, London, where his father carried on business as a gun-maker, He had some schooling at Bexley, and was not at first intended for the artistic profession ; but, developing a faculty in this line, he entered in 1834 the dmwing class of Mr Sass, and in 1835 the school of the Royal Academy. His first exhibited picture…

Eginhard

EGINHARD is best known as the biographer of Charlemagne. His name is variously spelled in manu-scripts. Einharclus, Einhartus, Ainhardus, Heinhardus, .c.re the earliest forms. In the 10th century it was altered into Agenardus, and out of this form arose Eginardus and Eginhardus. The French and English languages have adopted this later form ; but it is unquestionably wrong, and the weight of author…

Eglantine

EGLANTINE (E.

Eg Linton, Archibald William Montgomerie

EG LINTON, ARCHIBALD WILLIAM MONTGOMERIE, THIRTEENTH E A RL OF (1812-1861), lord lieutenant of Ireland, was born at Palermo, September 29, 1812. He was the grandson of Hugh, the twelfth earl, and only son of Archibald, Lord Montgomerie, who at the time of his son's birth held a diplomatic post in Sicily. lie was only in his eighth year when he succeeded to the title and estates on the death of his…

Egmont

EGMONT (EomoNo), L AMORAL, COUNT OF, Prince of Gavre (1522-156S), was born in Hainault in 1522. He was the younger of the two sons of John IV., count of Egmont, by his wife Francisca, princess of Gavre, and succeeded to the title and estates on the death of his elder brother Karl, about 1541. In this year be served his apprenticeship as a soldier in the expedition of the emperor Charles V. to Algi…

Egret

EGRET. See 11litto.N. Vi? EGYPT is a country. at the north-eastern extremity of Africa, bounded on the N. by the 'Mediterranean Sea, on the S. by Nubia, on the E. by Palestine, Arabia, and the Red Sea, and on the W. by the Great DeserL The name of Egypt in hieroglyphics is Kem, which becomes Kemi in detnotic, a form preserved in the Coptic KaLILE (Sahidie), Katt/ (Bashmuric), and Xii.111 (Mein-phi…

Ehrenbreitstein

EHRENBREITSTEIN, a small town in Prussia, in the circle of Coblentz, situated on the right bank of the Rhine, and connected with the town of Coblentz by a bridge of boats, is of importance as possessing a magnificent fortress erected upon a precipitous rock 401 feet above the Rhine.

Eibenstock

EIBENSTOCK, a town in Saxony, in the circle of Zwickau, is situated on the borders of Bohemia, 16 miles S.S.E. of Zwickau.

Eic Hend Obit

EIC HEND OBIT, JOSEPH, FREIHERR VON (1788-1857), a German poet and romance-writer, was born at Lnbowitz, near Ratibor, in Prussia. He studied law at Halle and Heidelberg from 1805 to 1808. After a visit to Paris he went to Vienna, where he resided until 1813, when lie joined the Prussian army as a volunteer. When peace was concluded in 1815 he left the army, and in the following year he was appoin…

Eichhoen, Johann Gottfried

EICHHOEN, JOHANN GOTTFRIED (1752-1827), an eminent scholar, historian, and writer on biblical criticism, was born at Dorrenzimmern, in the duchy of HohenloheOehringen, on the 16th October 1752. Here his father was minister, but shortly after the birth of Johann he was appointed superintendent of the state school in Weikersheim. At his father's school and at the gymnasium at Heilbronn young Eichhor…

Eichhorn, Karl Friedrich

EICHHORN, KARL FRIEDRICH (1781-1854), a son of the preceding, and a learned writer on jurisprudence, was born at Jena on the 20th November 1781. He entered the university of Gottingen in 1797. In 1805 he obtained the professorship of law at Frankfurt-on-the-Oder, holding it till 1811, when he accepted the same chair at Berlin. On the call to arms in 1813 he became a captain of horse, and he receiv…

Eichstadt, Or Eicustitt

EICHSTADT, or EICUSTITT, originally Eistet, a town in the Bavarian district of Franconia, is situated in a deep valley on the Altmiihl, about 35 miles south of Nuremberg. It is inclosed by walls, and has a very antique appearance. It is the seat of a bishop, and since 1838 of the appeal court of Middle Franconia. The making of stoneware, iron smelting, brewing, and weaving constitute its chief ind…

Eider

EIDER (Icelandic, ZUur), a large marine Duck, the Somateria mollissima of ornithologists, famous for its down, which, from its extreme lightness and elasticity, is in great request for filling bed-coverlets. This bird generally frequents low rocky islets near the coast, and in Iceland and Norway has long been afforded every encouragement and protection, a fine being inflicted for killing it during…

Eilenburg

EILENBURG, a town of Prussia, in the province of Saxony, government of Merseburg, and circle of Delitzsch, is situated on an island formed by the Mulde, about miles north-east of Leipsic.

Einbeck, Or Eimbeck

EINBECK, or EIMBECK, a town of Prussia, in the landrost of Hildesheim, and province of Hanover, formerly .chief town of the principality of Grubeuhagen, is situated on the Time, 39 miles south of Hanover.

Einsiedeln

EINSIEDELN, a town in the canton of Schwyz, in Switzerland, situated in the valley of the Sihl, eight miles N.N.E. of Schwyz. The Benedictine abbey of Einsiedeln, founded about the middle of the 9th century, was several times partially or wholly destroyed by fire. The present edifice, in the Italian style, was erected in 1704-19, and stands at an elevation of 2985 feet above sea-level. It contains…

Eisenach

EISENACH, the chief town of the Eisenach circle and of the administrative department of Saxe-WeimarEisenach, lies in a romantic district at the north-west end of the Thuringian wood.

Eisenberg

EISENBERG, a town in the west circle of the duchy of Saxe-Altenburg, and 24 miles W.S.W. of Altenburg.

Eisenburg, Or Vas Varmegye

EISENBURG, or VAS VARMEGYE, a county of Western Hungary, on the Styrian frontier, inclosed on the north, east, and south by the counties of Sopron, Veszprim, and Szala, and on the west by the Styrian circle of Gratz.

Eisenstadt

EISENSTADT, or Kis-MAirrox, a royal free town of East Hungary, in the vArmegye or county of Sopron or Oedenburg, in 47? 51' N.

Eisleben

EISLEBEN (Latin, Islebia), the chief town of the Mansfield circle, in the government of Merseburg, province of Saxony, Prussia, is situated on the railway from Halle to Nordhausen and Cassel, 18 miles west from Halle. It consists of an old and a new town, the former being surrounded by walls. In the vicinity are extensive copper and silver mines, and the town itself possesses smelting furnaces, se…

Eisteddfod

EISTEDDFOD, Yu (plural Eisteddfodau), the national bardic congress of Wales, the objects of which are to encourage bardism and music and the general literature of the Welsh, to maintain the Welsh language and customs of the country, and to foster and cultivate a patriotic spirit amongst the people. This institution, so peculiar to Wales, is of very ancient origin.' The term Eisteddfod, however, wh…

Ejectment

EJECTMENT, in English law, was an action for the recovery of the possession of land, together with damages for the wrongful withholding thereof. In the old classification of actions, as real or personal, this was known as a mixed action, because its object was twofold, viz., to recover both the realty and personal damages. The form of the action as it prevailed in the English courts clown to the C…

Ekaterinburg, Or Yekaterinburg

EKATERINBURG, or YEKATERINBURG, a town of :Asiatic Russia, at the head of a department in the province of Perm, on the Siberian highway, about 238 miles to the south-east of Penn, in 56? 49' N. lat. and 60? 35' E. long. It is situated near the eastern skirt of the Ural Mountains, and occupies both banks of the Isset, which is there crossed by a dam and forms a valuable reservoir for industrial pur…

Ekaterinodar

EKATERINODAR, the chief town of the Russian government of Kuban, on the right bank of the Kuban, near the confluence of the Karasuk, in 45? 3' N. lat. and 38? 30" E. long., 1400 miles from St Petersburg and 555 north-west of Tiflis. It is badly built on a swampy site exposed to the inundations of the river ; and its houses, with few exceptions, are slight structures of wood and plaster. Six church…

Ekaterixoslaff

EKATERIXOSLAFF, a town of European Russia, capital of and in the south-east Kazannaya Mandrikovka. Only and several benevolent institutions, make up the list of the public buildings. The house now occupied by the Nobles' Club was formerly occupied by Potemkin. Among the industrial establishments are brickworks, foundries, flour-mills, and numerous tallow-boileries and soap-works. upwards of 2,200,…

Ekhmin, Or Akiimin

EKHMIN, or AKIIMIN, a town of Upper Egypt, a short distance from the right bank of the Nile, between two Coptic churches, maintains a weekly market, and manufactures shawls and checked cotton. Outside of the walls are the ruins of two ancient temples, one of which, identified by an inscription of the 12th year of the emperor Trajan as that of Pan, was regarded by Abulfeda as among the most importa…

Ekron

EKRON, in the Septuagint and Apocrypha Accaron ('Arompui,), a royal city of the Philistines, identified with Philistia from Sharon.

Elam

ELAM. This is the name given in Scripture to the province of Persia called Susiana by the classical geographers, from Susa or Shushan its capital. In one passage, however (Ezra iv. 9), it is confined to Elymais, the north-western part of the province, and its inhabitants distinguished from those of Shushan, which elsewhere (Dan. viii. 2) is placed in Elam. Strabo (xv. 3, 12, tc.) makes Susiana a p…

Eland

ELAND (Boselaphus oreas) is the largest and most valuable member of the antelope family. It is fully equal to the horse in size, standing six feet high at the shoulders, and measuring nine feet from the nose to the root of the taiL In robustness of build it resembles the ox, and forms the type of the bovine subdivision of antelopes. Its neck is thick, and is furnished with a prominent dewlap, frin…

El-araish, L'araish El-araish

EL-ARAISH, L'ARAISH EL-ARAISH, or in French LARACIIE, a town of Morocco en the Atlantic coast, about 45 miles S. of Tangier, is picturesquely situated on a rocky height to the south of the embouclmre of the Wady Loukhus or Lixus. It is the seat of a military governor, and has a number of well-kept though practically useless defences. The impress of Spanish occupation is still evident, and all the …

Elasticity Of Matter

ELASTICITY OF MATTER is that property in virtue of which a body requires force to change its bulk or shape, and requires a continued application of the force to maintain the change, and springs back when the force is removed, and, if left at rest without the force, does not remain at rest except iu its previous bulk and shape. The elasticity is said to be perfect when the body always requires the …

Elba

ELBA, theAl6aXia of the Greeks, and Ilvaof thellomans, is an island in the Mediterranean Sea, forming part of the Italian province of Livorno, and lying about 6 miles from the mainland of Italy, from which it is separated by the channel of Piombino, and about 34 miles E. of Corsica. It has a very irregular coast outline, is 18 miles long and 21 to 10 miles broad, and has a total area of nearly 90 …

Elbe

ELBE, the Albis of the Romans and the Labe of the Bohemians, a large river of Germany, with a total length of 705 miles, and a drainage area of about 55,000 square miles. It rises in Bohemia not far from the frontiers of Silesia, on the southern side of the Riesengebirge or Giants' Mountains, in 50? 46' N. lat. and 15? 32' E. long. Of the numerous small streams (Sei fen or Flessen, as they are nam…

Elberfeld

ELBERFELD, a manufacturing town of Rhenish Prussia most part of modern erection, it has a large number of irregular and narrow ?streets, and altogether presents rather an unprepossessing appearance ; the very river, polluted as it is with the refuse of dye-works and factories, rather increasing the unseemliness. The newer quarters, however, must be excepted front this description, and many of the…

Elbeuf

ELBEUF, a town of France in the department of Seine Infarieure, 13 miles S. of Rotten, on the left bank of the Seine, with a station on the railway between Oissel and Serquigny. It has three parish churches, a Protestant place of worship, a town-house with a natural history museum, a public library, a hospital, an industrial society, an archmological society, and a chamber of arts and sciences. Th…

Elche

ELCHE, a town of Spain, iu the province of Alicante, six miles from the sea, on the river Vinalapo. It has three churches, as many monastic buildings, a hospital, barracks, and an old episcopal palace ; but there is nothing of architectural interest except perhaps the portico of Santa Maria. The costume, and physiognomy of the inhabitants, the narrow streets and flat-roofed white-washed houses, an…

Eldad Ben Malciii

ELDAD BEN MALCIII, also surnamed Ha-Dani, AbuDani, Daud-Ha-Dani, or the Danite, a Jewish traveller of the 9th century of the Christian era, chiefly interesting on account of the light (or darkness) which his writings throw on the question of the Lost Tribes. The date and place of his birth are not accurately known ; but lie was a native either of South Arabia or of Media. About 860 he set out with…

Elder

ELDER (Aug.-Sax. Warn ; Ger. Holunder ; Fr. sureau), the popular designation of the deciduous shrubs and trees constituting the genus Sainhneus of the natural order Caprifoliacece. The Black-berried or Common Elder, S. niura, the bourtree of Scotland, is found in Europe, the north of Africa, Western Asia, the Caucasus, and Southern Siberia ; in sheltered spots it attains a height of over 20 feet. …

Elder

ELDER, the name of an office both in the Jewish and in the Christian church, which is used in modern times only by Presbyterians. As first applied, among the ancient Jews, for example, it had no doubt a literal fitness, indicating the responsibility and authority that naturally acme in any community to those advanced in age. As the office gradually came to be fixed in its character and limited in …

Eldon, John Scott

ELDON, JOHN SCOTT, BARON, and afterwards EARL OF (1751-1838), lord high chancellor of England, was born at Newcastle on the 4th June 1751. His grandfather, William Scott, of Saudgate, a suburb of Newcastle, was clerk to a "fitter " - a sort of water-carrier and broker of coals. His father, whose name also was William, began life as an apprentice to a fitter, in which service he obtained the freedo…

Elxtericm

ELXTERICM, a drug consisting of a sediment deposited by the juice of the fruit of Ecbalium E/aterinni, the squirting cucumber (see vol. vi. p. 688.) To prepare it, the fruit is sliced lengthwise and slightly pressed ; the greenish and slightly turbid juice thus obtained is strained and set aside ; and the deposit of elaterium formed after a few hours is collected on a linen filter, rapidly drained, and dried on porous tiles at a gentle heat.

Englisii-sanskrit

ENGLISII-SANSKRIT.-Williams, London, 1851, 4to. FRF.NCILAmarakoslia, transl. by Loiseleur Deslongehamps, Paris, 1839-45, 8vo, 2 vols. 796 pages : Burnouf and Lenpol, Nancy, 1863-64, 8vo. GERMAN.-Bobtlingk and Roth St Petersburg, 1853, Re., 4to, 7 vols. to 1875. ITALIAN.-Gubernatis, Torino, 1856, Re., 8vo, unfinished, 2 parts. EUSSIAN.-KOSSOViCh, St Petersburg, 1859, 8vo. ROOTS.-Wilkins, London, 18…

Etymology

ETYMOLOGY.-Skinner, Londini, 1671, : Junius, Oxonii, 1743, fol. : Wedgewood, London, 1859-65, Svo, 3 vols. ; ? ib. 1872, 8vo PRONOUNCING.-Walker, London, 1774, 4to ; by Smart, 2d ed. ib. 1846, Svo. PRONOUNCING IN GERMAN.-HallSlIeT, Frankf. 1793, 8vo, 3d ed. 1807: W'inkelmann, Berlin, 1818, Svo : Voigtmann, Coburg, 1835, Svo : Albert, Leipz. 1839, 8vo : Bossier, 11. 1840, 16mo. ANALYTICAL.-Booth, B…

Europe

EUROPE : Greek, Latin, French, Romance, Scandinavian, Teutonic (including English and German), Celtic, Lithu- anic Slavonic, Ugrian, Turkish.

Firmin Didot

FIRMIN DIDOT (1761-1836), second son of Francois Ambroise, sustained the reputation of the family both as printer and type-founder.

Foreign Dockyards

General Observa

GENERAL OBSERVA.TIONS. - The above treatment should be persevered in for some hours, as it is an erroneous opinion that persons are irrecoverable because life does not soon make its appearance, persons having been restored after persevering for many hours. The appearances which generally accompany death are the follow-ing : - breathing and the heart's action cease entirely ; the eyelids are genera…

Group

GROUP I. composed of a single Race, that of the " Pouters," hav-ing the gullet of great size, barely separated from the crop, and often inflated, the body and legs elongated, and a moderate bill.

Group Ii

GROUP II. includes three Races : - (1.) " Carriers," with a long pointed bill, the eyes surronnded by much bare skin, and the Ilea and body much elongated ; (2.) " Runts," with a long, massive bill, and the body of great size ; and (3.) " Barbs," with a short, broad bill, much bare skin round the eyes, and the skin over the nostrils swollen.

Group Iii

GROUP III. iS confessedly artificial, and to it are assigned fire Races : - (1.) " Fan-tails," remarkable for the extraordinary develop-ment of their tails, which inay consist of as many as forty-two rectrices in place of the ordinary twelve ; (2.) " Turbits " and " Owls," with the feathers of the throat diverging, and a short thick bill ; (3.) " Tumblers," possessing the marvellous habit of tumbling backwards dining flight or, in some breeds, even on the ground, and having a short, conical bill ; (4.) " 14'rill-backs," in which the feathers are reversed ; and (5.) "Jacobins," with the feathers of the neck forming a hood, and the wings and tail long.

Group Iv

GROUP IV. greatly resembles the normal form, and comprises two Races : - (1.) Trumpeters," with a tuft of feathers at the base of the neck curling forward, the faee much feathered, and a wry peculiar voice, and (2.) Pigeons scarcely differing in structure frim the wild stock. almost defies computation. The difference between them is in many cases far from being superficial, for Mr Darwin has shown…

Henri Didot

HENRI DIDOT (1765-1852), son of Pierre Francois, is celebrated for bis " microscopic " editions of various standard works, for which he engraved the type when nearly seventy years of age.

Historical

HISTORICAL S ETCH. That dyeing was practised in the most ancient times is abundantly proved by- the frequent mention of dyed colours in the oldest extant writings; that it was not a common art seems apparent from the uses to which coloured gannents were devoted, and the distinction which they conferred upon the wearers. It is probable that such definite and bright colours as the " blue, and purple…

History Of Management Of Dockyards

HISTORY OF MANAGEMENT OF DOCKYARDS. - When Henry VIII. first established a regular king's dockyard at Woolwich, he appointed a. board, consisting of certain commissioners for the management of all naval matters ; and it is curious enough (see the Pepysian Collection qf Manuscripts in the university of Cambridge), that the regulations which he made for the civil government of the navy, and which we…

Human Provortion

HUMAN PROVORTION. - IIierin sind begriffen vicr Bucher von menschlicher Proportion, Nuremberg, 1548. Latin translation : .De Syrfietria partizan in, reetis formis huntanorum corporum libri latinum conversi, de varietate figurarum, libri IL, Nur-emberg, 1532. The private literary remains of Diirer, his diary, letters, &c., were first published, partially in Von Murr's Journal zur Kunst-geschichte, …

Ia, 03

IA, 03, iC, 2 v2, 2v2' 2 2 V 2 ? For the components corresponding to A, B, C are simple longitudinal strains, in which diameters of the sphere along the axes of coordinates become elongated from 2 to 2 + A, 2 + B, 2 + C respectively: D is a distortion in which diameters in the plane YOZ, bisecting the angles YOZ and Y'OZ, become respectively elongated and contracted from 2 to 2 iD, and from 2 to 2…

Iil Spaniels

IIL SPANIELS. - The spaniels are characterized by large pendulous ears, long silky hair often curled and shaggy, and acute scent. In cerebral development, and, con-sequently in intelligence, they are probably superior to all other dogs, while they are unrivalled in docility aud in devotion to man's service. They include the Common Spaniel, the Water Dog, and the Setter, besides numerous fauey vari…

Indian

INDIAN TERms.- 77te Indian Vocabulary, London, 1788, 16mo: Gladwin, Calcutta, 1197, 4to: Roberts, London, 1800, 8vo: Rousseau, ib. 1802, Svo: Roebuck (naval), ib. 1813, 12mo : C. P. Brown, Zillah Diet., Madras, 1852, 8vo: Robinson (Bengal Courts), Calcutta, 1854, 8vo ; 1860: Wilson, London, 1855, Ito: Fallon, Calcutta, 1858, Svo. Sanskrit.-Aroarasimha (lived before A.D. 1000), Amarcr?osha, Calcutt…

Limits Of Elasticity

LIMITS OF ELASTICITY (CONTINUED) - Elasticity of Shape for Distortions not Uniform through the Substance, and for Compound Distortions ; and Elasticity co'responding to Co-existent Distortion and Change of Bulk . - Example 1. - A round wire twisted, or a cylindrical shaft transmitting revolutional motive in machinery, presents, as we shall see (sec. 64), an instance of simple distortion, but to di…

Narrowness Of Limits Of Elasticity

NARROWNESS OF LIMITS OF ELASTICITY - SO/icti. - The limit of elasticity of metals, stones, crystals, woods, are so narrow that the distance between any two neighbouring points of the substance never alters by more than a small proportion of its own amount without the substance either breaking or experiencing a permanent set, and therefore the angle between two lines meeting in any point of the sub…

Old Italian Languages

OLD ITALIAN LANGUAGES. -Fabretti, Torini, 1858, 4t0. Umbrian: Huschke, Lcipz. 1860, 8vo. Oscan. and Sabellian ? ld. Elberfeld, 1856, 8vo. MEDIh:VAL LATIN. -Dufresne du Cange, Paris, 1733-36, fol. 6 vols. ; Carpentier, Suppl., Paris, 1766, fol. 4 vole. ; ed. Adelung. Hake, 1772-84, Svo, 6 vole.; ed. Henschel, Paris, 1840-50, 4to, vols. (vol. vii. contains a glossary of Old French): Brinekmeier, Got…

Otiier Yards

OTIIER YARDS. - In addition to the foregoing, there are several small naval yards - at Haulhowline in the Cove of Cork, at Gibraltar, Malta, Antigua, Halifax, Bermuda, Kingston (Jamaica.), Cape of Good.

Pembroke Dockyard

PEMBROKE DOCKYARD. - This dockyard was established in 1811, and is now used merely as a building-yard.

Perham, William

PERHAM, WILLIAM (1657-1735), an eminent English divine a.nd natural philosopher, was born at Stoughton, near Worcester, in 1657. Ile received his early educa-tion at Blockley, in his native county, and in 1679 graduated with much distinction at Trinity College, Oxford. Three years later he became vicar of Wargrave, in Berkshire; and in 1689 he was preferred to the living of Upminster, in Essex. In…

Physical Geography

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, PRODTICTIONs, AND INHABITANTS. The political advantages of Egypt, in situation, natural strength, and resources, can hardly be overrated. It lies in the very route of the trade between Europe and Asia, and that between Africa and the other two continents. It is the gate of Africa, and the fort which commands the way front Europe to the East Indies. The natural ports on the Red …

Pierre Didot

PIERRE DIDOT (1760-1853), eldest son of Francois.

Pierre Fran

PIERRE FRAN-cols DIDOT (1732-1795), brother of the preceding, devoted much attention to the art of type-founding and to paper-making.

Polysh Draughts

POLYSH DRAUGHTS was formerly played on a board of a hundred squares with forty men ; but it is now more frequently played with an ordinary draught-board and men, the men being placed at starting as at draughts. The men move and take as at draughts, except that in capturing they move either forwards or backwards like a draught king. A. man arriving at a crowning square becomes a queen, and has the …

Portsmouth Dockya Rd

PORTSMOUTH DOCKYA RD. - Portsmouth dockyard, founded by Henry VII., will always be considered as the grand naval arsenal of England, and the headquarters or general rendezvous of the British fleet. It appears at all thnes to have been regarded as a very important naval station, notwithstanding the rivalry of Southampton, which was thca principal port in Plantagenet times. In 1225 an order was issu…

Pterasterid

PTERASTERID.E.

Reserves In Dockyards

RESERVES IN DOCKYARDS. - At each of the ports where there is a dockyard, Pembroke excepted, a certain number of ships when put out of commission, or new ships not commissioned, are laid up in reserve, being classed in one of the four classes, according to the state in which they are when paid off, or the state of forwardness for further service to which they may be ordered by the Admiralty. The re…

Sdeerness Dockyard

SDEERNESS DOCKYARD. - This dockyard is situated on a low point of land on the island uf Sheppey, of which the soil is composed of sand and mud brought from the sea on the one side, and down the Medway on the other, and has so much contracted the mouth of that river as completely to command the entrance of it. The situation, in a military point of view, is a most important one, particularly from it…

Teenth Earl Of

TEENTH EARL OF, Baron Stanley of Bickerstaffe, and a. baronet (1799-1869), born at Knowsley in Lancashire, on the 29th March 1799, was the eldest son of Lord Stanley, who afterwards (1834) became the thirteenth earl of Derby. The title in the direct line of succession to which he was thus born ranks second in precedency among the earldoms in the peerage of England. He was educated at Eton and at C…

The Geographical Distribution Of La

THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF LA.ND ANIMALS. .A.s soon as we begin to examine into the distribu-tion of animals over tbe land surface of the globe, we meet with two very distinct and sometimes con-flicting classes of facts, which may be conveniently grouped as climatal and geographical distribution. The first is the most obvious, and was long considered to be the most essential, since we find t…

The Teeth

THE TEETH. - The teeth are calcified organs developed in connection with the mucous membrane of the mouth. Their primary use is that of biting and grinding the food ; but in man they serve as aids to speech, and in many animals act as instruments of offence and defence. Arrangement and Form of the Teeth. - Teeth are present in the greater number of the Mammalia, in which class they are implanted i…

Thibos, Jean 13aptiste

THIBOS, JEAN 13APTISTE (1670-17,42), an eminent French author, was born at Beauvais in December 1670. After studying for the church he renounced theology for the study of public law and politics. He was employed by M. de Torcy, minister of foreign affairs, and by the regent and Cardinal Dubois in seveml secret missions, in which he acquitted himself with great success. He was rewarded with a pensi…

Topography And

TOPOGRAPHY AND l4t0NITMF,NTS.1 The northern coast of Egypt is low and barren, presenting no features of interest, and affording no indication of the character of the country which it bounds. It is a barrier, generally of sand-hills, but sometimes of rock, for the most part wholly destitute of vegetation, except where grow a few wild and stunted date-palms. Immediately behind are desolate marshy tr…

Wang, Or Teggiano

WANG, or TEGGIANO, a town of Italy in the province of Principato Citeriore, 45 miles south-east of Salerno, on an isolated eminence, above the upper part of the valley of the Negro, or Tanager, to which it gives the name of Val di Diano.

Y'0', Ee

Y'0', EE+ nni+KK,; ,r the function xx,+yy,-1- zz,+ EE+nn,+KK, of the coefficients is an "invariant" or linear transforminions fulfilling the conditions of transformation from one to notlier set. of rectangular axes.