Ashkar

ASHKAR, also called CHITRAL, from the residence of the prince, a high-lying Mohammedan state among the spurs of Hindu Kush, has been already spoken of under lItNnar Kest' (vol. xi. p. 838). Since that was published, a work (Tribes of the Ifindo() Koosh, Calcutta, 1880) has come from the pen of Major Biddulph, the only Eurupeao known to have visited the state, and we here enter a very few correctio…

Clubs

CLUBS. - See CLUB, VOL vi. p. 41. . ECCLEdASTICAL BUILDINGS. - Fitzstephen states that in his time there were in London and its suburbs thirteen larger conventual churches besides one hundred and twenty-six lesser parochial ones. Stow gives a list of churches existing when he wrote, mentioning those which he knew to be suppressed or united to others. He gives the names of 125 churches, including S…

Commentaries

COMMENTARIES. -(1) On the Greater Part of Genesis ,5 Pressburg, 1842, 8vo. (2) On the Prophets and the Psalms, in the first Rabbinic Bible, Venice, 1517, folio. (3) On the Prophets and the Chronicles, in the third and all subsequent Rabbinic Bibles, Venice, 1548, 1568, 1617-19; Basel, 1618-19; Amsterdam, 1724; Warsaw, 1860-68 ; 1866-76. (4) On the Former Prophets, Jereneiale and Ezekiel, in the se…

Commerce And Industry

COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY. - London, which was a port of some consequence in the time of the Romans, is spoken of by Bede as the "mart of many nations resorting to it ; frequent London in large numbers, and, after obtaining Probably by the time of Fitzstephen London had become notwithstanding occasional interference with their privibecome of some importance in the 15th century, soon largely extended, …

Crime

CRIME. - The London police district, or " Greater London," is divided into two police jurisdictions, that of the metropolitan police, with an area of 440,919 acres, and that of the City police, with an area of 668 acres. The Metropolitan police force, which superseded the night watch in 1830, owes its existence to a bill introduced by Sir Robert l'eel, providing for the establishment of a Metropol…

Criticism Of Locical Schools

CRITICISM OF LOCICAL SCHOOLS, it will probably be now apparent that determination of the nature, province, and method of logic is, and has always been, dependent on the conception formed as to the nature of knowledge. Discussions regarding the precise definition of logic are not mere analytical disputes regarding the best mode of expressing in terms the nature of a subject sufficiently agreed upon…

Division Of The Subject

DIVISION OF THE SUBJECT. - Optics, or the science of Light, is usually divided into two parts. A simple illusfro lion of the nature of this division will be found in the different conditions of fluid equilibrium according as we do not or do introduce the idea of action between r the fluid and the containing vessel (CAPILLARY ACTION, a q.v.). In the first or hypothetical case it is known that the f…

Double Refraction

DOUBLE REFRACTION. - WO now come to phenomena which cannot be even roughly explained by processes based on the vague analogies of sound and water waves which have hitherto sufficed for our elementary treatment of the subject. These phenomena were first observed in Iceland spar. They were described in a general way by Bartholinus, who showed that one of the two rays into which a single incident ray…

Drama

DRAMA. - According to Fitzstephen, London, "instead of showes upon theatres and comical pastimes," possessed in his time " holy plays and representations of miracles " ; and Stow mentions that in 1391 a play by the parish clerks continued three days together, and that another in the year 1409 lasted eight days, and was "of matter from the creation of the world." In the 15th century the secular beg…

Early History Of The Scbject

EARLY HISTORY OF THE ScBJECT. - It is to sight that we are mainly indebted for our knowledge of external things. All our other senses together, except under very special conditions, do not furnish us with a tithe of the information we gain by a single glance. And sight is also that one of our senses which we are able most effectively and extensively to aid by the help of proper apparatus - not mer…

Eighteenth Century

EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. - With the accession of George I. a considerable change in the habits of all classes was introduced. At no previous time probably was public taste so low or manners more depraved. These two evils naturally were felt over the whole kingdom, but nowhere was their baneful influence more apparent than in the capital. Public buildings of the most tasteless character were raised, and…

Fire Extinction

FIRE EXTINCTION. - Until 1866 the duty of extinguishing fires 1 was in the hands of the fire insurance companies, which in 1832 1 united in support of one brigade for the whole of London, but only kept a comparatively small establishment, in the central districts of the metropolis. The other districts were protected by small hand-engines kept up by the parochial authorities according to the 14 Geo…

Friediuch Adolf Krummacher

FRIEDIUCH ADOLF KRUMMACHER was born July 13, 1768, at Tecklenburg, Westphalia, studied theology at Lingen and Halle, and became successively rector of the grammar school at Mors, professor of theology at Duisburg, preacher at Crefeld and afterwards at Kettwich, consisto rialrath and superintendent in Bernburg, and pastor of the Ausgariuskirche in Bremen (1824), where he died on 14th April 1845.

Gottfried Daniel Krummacher

GOTTFRIED DANIEL KRUMMACHER, born at Tecklenburg, April 1, 1774, was pastor successively in Bari, Wulfrath, and Elberfeld.

Government And Administration

GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION. - At first the municipal constitution of London was loose and disjointed in its form, resembling that of the shire rather than the town, but even from the time of Henry I. the independence of its jurisdiction was complete, and the citizens, besides the right of inheritance and tenure not then possessed by the rest of England, enjoyed exemption from the Danegehi and f…

Group

GROUP I. St James, West Syrian, Jerusalem. - The principal liturgies to be enumerated under this group are the Clementine, so called from being found in the eighth book of the Apostolic Constitutions, which have been erroneously referred to St Clement, first bishop of Rome (lib. viii. 10-15); the Greek and Syriac liturgies of St James ; the Greek liturgies of St Basil and St Chrysostom ; the Armen…

Growth And Population

GROWTH AND POPULATION.-For some centuries after the Conquest there are almost no data for an estimate of the extent and population of London, but a great impulse was given to its increase by the settlement of Normans and the opening up of intercourse with the Continent. The statement of Fitzstephen that it furnished, in the reign of Stephen, 60,000 men-at-arms and 20,000 knights cannot be accepted…

Kaijlbach

KAIJLBACH, WILIIELIal VON (1805-74), an acknowledged leader in modern art, was born in Westphalia 15th October 1805. His parentage was humble, and his father, who was poor, combined painting with the goldsmith's trade, but means were found to place Wilhelm, a ) ?nth of seventeen, in the art academy of Ditsseldorf, then reorganized, and becoming renowned under the directorship of Peter von Corneliu…

Kantian Logic

KANTIAN LOGIC, the critical method, which has so influenced general philosophy that all later speculation refers more or less directly to it, has at the same time profoundly modified all later conceptions of the sphere and method of logic. From the Kantiau philosophy there spring directly the three most important modern doctrines of logical theory, - that which, with many variations in detail, reg…

Kaolin

KAOLIN, a name applied to the pure white clay which forms an important ingredient in the manufacture of porcelain, and which is, therefore, known also as china clay. Large quantities are raised in Cornwall, whence it is frequently termed Cornish clay. The name kaolin is slid to be derived from a HI near King-tilt-chin, in China, named Kao-ling or ''lofty ridge." The clay from this locality was fir…

Kaplczag

KAPLCZAG, or KArroszAG, a corporate town of Hungary, and formerly the capital of the district of Great Cumania (now included in the county of Jasz-Nagy-Kun-Szolnuk), lies about 88 miles east-sonth-east of Budapest, with which city it is connected by railway, in 17? 19' N. lat., 20? 56' E. long.

Kaplikal

KAPLIKAL, a French town and settlement in India, situated on the south-east coast, within the limits of Tanjore district, 1.0' 55' IO" N. lat., 79? 52' E. long., with an area of 52 square wiles, and a population of 92,516.

Kaplnal

KAPLNAL, a district in the lieutenant-governorship of the Punjab, India, lying between 29? 9' and 30? II' N. lat., and between 76? 13' and 77?15' 30" E. long., bounded on the N. by Umballa (Ambala) and the Patiala state, W. by Patidla and Jind states and by PLohtak district, S. by Delhi district, and E. by the Jumna river. The area is 2351 square miles. Kamal forms a portion of the low dividing ri…

Kapurthala, Or Kopurthella

KAPURTHALA, or KOPURTHELLA, a native state in the Punjab, India, lying between 31? 9' and 31? 39' 30" N. lat., and between 73? 3' 15" and 75? 38' 30" E. long. Area, 800 square miles ; estimated population, 250,000. The Kapurthala family at one time held possessions on both sides of the Sutlej, and also in the Bari Doab. The cis-Sutlej estates and scattered possessions in the Bari Doab were escheat…

Kara

KARA.TEG IN, a country of Central Asia, now subject to Bokhara, consisting of a highland district between the Hisser and the Darwaz chains. It is bounded on the N. by the Russian province of Ferghana (Khokand), on the E. by Kashgar, on the S. by independent Darwaz, and on the W. by Hisser and other Bokharian provinces. The plateau is traversed by the Surkhab or Kyzyl Su, a right-hand tributary of …

Kara-hissar

KARA-HISSAR is the name of several towns in Asiatic Turkey. (1) AFIUM KARA HISSAR has been already noticed, vol. i. p. 244. (2) ESKI KARA HissAn, lies 10 miles to the north of Afium. It is identified with the ancient Synnada, which in the time of Pliny was the chief town of a considerable district. The quarries of Docimia, which furnished the famous Synnadic or Dociinitic marble, are about 215- mi…

Karaites, Or Caraites

KARAITES, or CARAITES, a Jewish sect of the Middle Ages, claiming to be distinguished by adherence to Scripture as contrasted with oral tradition, whence the name (from trp, as if "readers," scripturarii; sometimes also t'4171? They have frequently been identified with the Sadducees or with the Samaritans, with neither of whom have they any historical connexion or much spiritual affinity. The schi…

Karakorum, Or Karakoram

KARAKORUM, or KARAKORAM, a name applied to a city, a mountain range, and a mountain pass in Central Asia.

Karamzin

KARAMZIN, NucoLAI MIKHAILOVICII (1765-1826), Russian historian, critic, novelist, and poet., was born at the village of Mikhailovka, in the government of Orenburg, and not at Simbirsk?as many of his English and German biographers incorrectly state, on the 1st of December (old style) 1765. His father, an officer in the Russian army, of Tartar extraction, was anxious that his son should follow his o…

Karasu-bazar

KARASU-BAZAR, a town of Russia, in the government of Taurida, near the rivers Tunas and Karam, in 45? 3' N. lat. and 34? 2G' E. long., 27 miles from Simpheropol on the road to Theodosia. The site is low, but it is surrounded by hills, one of which, the Ak-Kaya or White Rock, not only affords protection from the north wind, but so reflects the sunshine upon the town that it enjoys a much milder cli…

Karatcheff

KARATCHEFF, a town of Russia, in the government of Orel, near the river Snezheti, 59 miles north-west from Orel on the railway to Smolensk.

Karauli, Or Kerowly

KARAULI, or KEROWLY, a native state in Rajputana, India, lying between 26? 3' and 26? 49' N. lat., and between 76? 35' and 77? 26' E. long. It is entirely surrounded by neighbouring states, and has an area of about 1260 miles, and an estimated population of 140,000. Almost the entire territory is composed of hills and broken ground, but there are no lofty peaks, the highest having an elevation of …

Karault

KARAULT, or KEnownv, the capital of the above state, is situated in 26? 30' N. lat. and 77? 4' E. long.

Karnal

KARNAL, a municipal town, the headquarters of the above district, 29? 42' 17" N. lat., 77? 1' 45" E. long., with a population in 1868 of 27,022.

Karnul

KARNUL, a district in Madras, India, bounded on the N. by the Tungabhadra and Kistna rivers and by Kistna district, S. by Coddapah and Bellary, E. by Neilore and Kistna, and W. by Bellary, lies between 14? 54' and 16' 14' N. lat., and between 77? 46' and 79? 15' E. long., with an area of 7151 square miles. Two long mountain ranges, the Nallainalais and the Yellamalais, extend in parallel lines, no…

Kars

KARS, a fortified town of Armenia, formerly at the head of a sandjak in the Turkish vilayet of Erzeroum, but since 1878 the centre of a territory attached to the Russian governor-generalship of the Caucasus. It is situated in 40? 36' 52" N. lat. and 43? 5' 76" E. long., 30 miles south-west of Alexaudropol (Gumri) and 130 miles north-east of Erzeroum, on the eastern end of a spur of the Soghanli Da…

Karshe

KARSHE an important town of Central Asia, the centre of a begship dependent on Bokhara. It is situated about 85 miles south-south-west of Samarkand, in a vast plain at the junction of two of the main confluents of the Kashkadarya, a river which, though fed by numerous mountain streams, soon loses itself in the sands. It is a large and straggling place, with a circuit of 5 miles, and the population…

Karwar

KARWAR, or CAftwAlt, the chief town and headquarters station of North Kfinara district, Bombay, 50 miles southeast of Goa, 14= 50' N. lat., 74? 14' E. long.

Kasanlik, Or Kezanlyk

KASANLIK, or KEZANLYK, a town of Roumelia, in the vilayet of Adrianople, is situated at the foot of the Balkans, about 5 miles south of the Shipka Pass, in a highly fertile plain watered by the Tundja and its numerous tributaries.

Kaschal

KASCHAL (Hung., Kassa ; Lat., Cassovial, an ancient royal free town, and capital of the cis-Tisian county of Abauj, Hungary, is pleasantly situated on the right bank of the HermS,d, in a valley surrounded by sloping vineyards, about 130 miles north-east from Budapest, with which city, as also with Cracow, Lemberg, and other centres, it is connected by railway, 48? 42' N. let., 21? 17' E. long. Kas…

Kashgar, Or Kasiighar

KASHGAR, or KASIIGHAR, an important city of eastern Turkestan, in 39? 24' 26" N. lat., 76? 6' 47' E. long., 4043 English feet above the sea-level. It consists of two towns, Kuhna Shahr or "old city," and Yangi Shahr or "new city," about 5 miles apart, and separated from one another by the Kizil Su, a tributary of the Tarim river, which receives and deposits in the distant lake Lob Nor the drainage…

Kashi

KASHI, the name given to the glazed and coloured ornamentation of Mohammedan buildings in parts of Persia and India, and to the art of making it. The work is of two kinds - on clay (bricks or tiles), and on cakes of lime mortar. For surfaces of one colour, domes, &c., both kinds are used, differing only in the shape of the tiles or tnortar-c-akes. Figured patterns are differently treated with the …

Kashin

KASHIN, a district town of Russia, in the government of Tver, 125 miles north-east of the government town, near the Kashinka, a subtributary of the Volga.

Kasimbazar, Or Cossimbazar

KASIMBAZAR, or COSSIMBAZAR, a decayed town in Murshiddbhd district, Bengal, 24? 7' 40" N. lat., 88? 19' E. long.

Kasimoff

KASIMOFF, a town of Russia, in the Ryazan government, situated in 54? 56' N. lat. and 41? 3' E. long., 90 miles east-north-east of the government town, on the left bank of the Oka, a tributary of the Volga. It possesses a cathedral, and a mosque supposed to have been built by Kasim. Near the mosque stands a mausoleum built by Shah Ali in 1555. Lying on the direct road from Astrakhan to Moscow and …

Kastamuni

KASTAMUNI, sometimes COSTAMBONE, the chief town of a Turkish vilayet of the same name in Asia Minor, is situated on the CNA Irmak, about 250 miles east of Constantinople.

Kastorta

KASTORTA, a town of European Turkey, in the vilayet of Monastir and sandjak of Prisrend, about 33 miles south of Monastir (Bitolia), on the western banks of a lake (6 miles long and 4 broad) which drains into the Indjeh, Karasu, or Bistritza.

Kater, Henry

KATER, HENRY (1777-1835), a distinguished physicist of remarkable experimental skill, was born at Bristol, April 16, 1777. At first he purposed studying law ; but this he abandoned on his father's death in 1794, and entered the army, obtaining a commission in the 12th regiment of foot, then stationed in India, where he rendered valuable assistance in the great trigonometrical survey. Failing healt…

Kathlawar, Or Kattywar

KATHLAWAR, or KATTYWAR, also SURkSIITRA, a peninsula forming a collection of native states in Guzerat, western India, lying between 20? 41' and 23? 8' N. lat., and 68? 56' and 72? 20' E. long. It is hounded on the N. by the Runn or Gulf of Cutch, on the E. by Ahmedabad district and the Gulf of Cambay, and on the S. and W. by the Arabian Sea ; the extreme length is 220 miles, the greatest breadth a…

Katif, Or El Katif

KATIF, or EL KATIF, a town of Arabia, in the maritime region which skirts the northern part of the Persian Gulf on the low muddy shore of the northmost of the secondary bays that break the outline of the Bay of Bahrein, in 96? 29' N. lat. and 50? E. long. Town and district are sometimes considered as part of El Hasa, sometimes as an independent province. The town lies embosomed amid luxuriant palm…

Katsena, Kassina, Or Kashna

KATSENA, KASSINA, or KASHNA, a town of Central Africa, situated about 170 miles to the east of Sokoto, the capital of the state to which it now pays tribute.

Kattowitz

KATTOWITZ, chief town of a circle in the government district of Oppeln and province of Silesia, Prussia, is situated on the Rawa, in a busy mining and manufacturing region near the Polish border.

Katwa, Or Cutwa

KATWA, or CUTWA, a town in Bardwan district, Bengal, India, situated at the confluence of the Bhagirathi and Ajai rivers, 23? 38' 55" N. lat., 88? 10' 40" E. long.

Kaufreurey

KAUFREUREY, an ancient town in the government district of Swabia and Neuburg, Bavaria, is situated on the Wertach, about 55 miles south-west of Munich by rail. The chief industry is cotton spinning and weaving, and there is a tolerably active trade in cotton-stuffs and cheese. The population in 1875 was 5553. Kaufbenren is said to have been built in 842, and to have become a free imperial city by …

Kaunitz, Wenzel

KAUNITZ, WENZEL At TON (1711-1794), count of Rietberg, Austrian statesman, was born at Vienna, February 2, 1711. As the fifth and youngest son of an Austrian count, he was destined at first for the church, but on the death of his brothers he turned his attention to statesmanship. He was sent by Maria Theresa on embassies to Rome and Florence, and was engaged at Turin in strengthening the alliance …

Kavala, Or Cavallo

KAVALA, or CAVALLO, a walled town of European Turkey in the vilayet of Saloniki, situated on a promontory stretching southwards into the bay of Kavala, opposite the island of Thaso.

Kavanagh, Jitlia

KAVANAGH, JITLIA. (1824-1877), novelist, was born at Thurlcs in Tipperary, Ireland, in 1824. She was the daughter of Morgan Kavanagh, author of various philological works, and she spent several years of her early life with her parents in Normandy, laying there the foundation of a perfect mastery of the French language and practical insight into French modes of thought, which was perfected by her l…

Kaveri, Or Cauvery

KAVERI, or CAUVERY, a great river of southern India, famous for its traditional sanctity, its picturesque scenery, and its utility for irrigation. Rising in Coorg, high up amid the Western Ghats, in 12? 25' N. lat. and 75? 34' E. long. it flows with a generally south-eastern direction across the plateau of Mysore, and finally pours itself into the Bay of Bengal through two principal mouths in Tanj…

Kaye

KAYE, Sin JOHN WILLIAM (1814-1876), historian, was born in 1814, the son of a solicitor. Educated at Eton and Addiscombe Royal Military College, he served as an officer in the Bengal artillery till 1841, when he exchanged his sword for the pen. In 1856 he entered the service of the East India Company in England ; and, when next year the crown assumed the government of India, Kaye succeeded John St…

Kay, John

KAY, JOHN (1742-1826), Scottish caricaturist, was born in April 1742, near Dalkeith, where his father was a mason. At thirteen he was apprenticed to a barber, whom he served for six years. He then went to Edinburgh, where in 1771 be obtained the freedom of the city by joining the corporation of barber-surgeons. For some years he practised his craft with success ; but in 1785, induced by the favour…

Kazala, Or Kazalinsic

KAZALA, or KAZALINSIC, a fort and town, at the point where the Kazala falls into the Jaxartes, about 47 miles from its mouth.

Kazan

KAZAN, a government of European Russia, belonging to the basin of the Volga, and conterminous with the governments of Nizhni Novgorod, Vyatka, Orenburg, Samara, and Simbirsk. The area, according to the government survey, is 23,998 square miles. By the Volga and its tributary the Kama the surface of the government is divided into three regions of differing aspect : the first, to the right of the ma…

Kazan

KAZAN, chief town of the above government, is situated in 55? 48' N. lat. and 49? 26' E. long., 528 miles east of Moscow and 970 miles from St Petersburg. The summer course of the Volga lies several miles to the south-west, and is gradually increasing its distance ; but when the river is at its height in spring the intervening space is laid under water, and the steamers, which at other times stop …

Kazinc'zv, Ferencz Or Francis

KAZINC'ZV, FERENCZ or FRANCIS (1759-1831), an Hungarian author, known as the most indefatigable agent in the regeneration of the Magyar language and literature at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th century, was born 27th October 1759, at Er-Semlyon, in the county of Bihar, Hungary. After passing through the gymnasium Kazinczy, as a non-Catholic, was obliged to resign his post ut Kassa, …

Kean, Charles John

KEAN, CHARLES JOHN (1811-1868), tragedian, son of Edmund Kean noticed below, was born at Waterford, Ireland, 18th January 1811. In his fourteenth year he was sent to Eton College, where he remained three years. The name of Kean secured him an engagement at Drury Lane Theatre, where he made his debut 1st October 1827, in the character of Norval, but failed to create a very favourable impression, hi…

Kean, Edmund

KEAN, EDMUND (1787-1833), an English actor, chiefly celebrated as the impersonator of Shakespearean characters, was born at Chancery Lane, London, November 4, 1787. His reputed father was Aaron Kean, stage carpenter, and his mother was a strolling actress, Ann Carey, granddaughter of Henry Carey, the author of the _National Anthem, and the natural son of George Savile, marquis of Halifax. When onl…

Keats, John

KEATS, JOHN', born October 29, 1795, published his first volume of verse in 1817, his second in the following year, his third in 1820, and died of consumption at Rome, February 23, 1821, in the fourth month of his twenty-sixth year. In his first book there was little foretaste of anything greatly or even genuinely good; but between the marshy and sandy flats of sterile or futile verse there were u…

Keble, John

KEBLE, JOHN (1792-1866), the poet of the Christian Year, was born on St Mark's Day (April 25), 1792, at Fairford, Gloucestershire. He was the second child and eldest son of the Rev. John Keble and Sarah Maule ; three sisters and one brother completed the family circle. Descended from a family which had attained some legal eminence in the time of the Commonwealth, John Keble, the father of the poet…

Kebtch

KEBTCH, the ancient Pantieapzeon, a seaport town of Russia in the government of Taurida, situated at the eastern extremity of the Crimea, on the Cimmerian Bosphorus (Strait of Yenikale or Strait. of Kerteb). It is 133 miles north-east of Simpheropol and 50 miles from Theodosia, in 45? 21' N. lab and 36? 30' E. long. Like most towns built by ancient Greek colonists, it occupies a beautiful situatio…

Kecskemet

KECSKEMET (Lat. E gopolis), a royal free town in the county of Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kis-Kun, Hungary, is situated in an extensive plain, on the railway between Szeged (Szegedin) and Budapest, 52 miles south-east of the latter, in 46? 54' N. lat., 19? 41' E. long. Kecskemdt is a poorly built and straggling town. It contains Roman Catholic, Lutheran, and Calvinist churches, as also a synagogue. Among the…

Keeling Islands

KEELING ISLANDS, or Cocos ISLANDS, also called by Horsburgh the Borneo Coral Islands, a group in the Indian Ocean, about 600 miles south of the coast of Sumatra, in 12? 5' S. lat. and 90? 55' E. long., well known as having furnished Mr Darwin with the typical example passages between many of the islands of such trifling depth that it is possible to "walk at low tide with some slight wading all the…

Keighley

KEIGHLEY, locally Keithley, anciently Keigheley, a market and manufacturing town in the northern division of the West Riding of Yorkshire, is beautifully situated in a deep valley near the junction of the Worth with the Aire. By the Midland Railway it is 95 miles south-east of Carlisle and 222 north of London. A canal between Liverpool and Hull affords it water communication with both west and eas…

Kei Islands

KEI ISLANDS, a group in the East Indian archipelago, consisting of one large and several smaller islands, situated about 5? 30' S. lat. and 133? E. long., some 90 miles to the south of the western end of New Guinea, and between the southern Moluccas and the Aru islands. The name, which appears in a great variety of spellings - Kee, Ke, Key, Ki, &c. - has been in use among Europeans from the days o…

Keim, Theodor

KEIM, THEODOR (1825-1878), a prominent German theologian of the "mediation " school, was born December 17, 1825, at Stuttgart, where he attended the gymnasium, proceeding in 1843 to Tubingen, at which university he continued to study until 1848, F. C. Baur being the teacher who exercised the greatest influence over his thinking. For some time he held a private tutorial appointment, and in 1850 he …

Keith

KEITH, an old Scotch family which takes its name from the barony of Keith in East Lothian, bestowed, it is said, by Malcolm II. on a member of the house along with the office of hereditary grand marischal in reward of bravery shown in a battle against the Danes. The importance of the family was increased by a grant in 1320 of part of the forfeited estates of the earl of Buchan to Sir Robert Keith …

Keith, Francis Edward James

KEITH, FRANCIS EDWARD JAMES (1696-1758), generally known as Marshal Keith, son of William the ninth earl marischal (see last article), was the most notable member of the house of Keith. Through his careful education under Bishop Keith, and his subsequent university curriculum at Edinburgh in preparation for the legal profession, he acquired that taste for literature which afterwards secured hint t…

Kellermann, Fran

KELLERMANN, FRAN cOIS CHETSTOPHE (1735-1820), duke of Valmy and marshal of France, was born near Rothenburg, in Bavaria, in May 1735. He entered the French army as a volunteer, and served in the Seven Years' War and in Louis XV.'s Polish expedition of 1771. By 1785 he had attained the rank of marOchal de-camp. In 1789 Kellermann enthusiastically embraced the cause of the Revolution, and in 1791 he…

Kellgren, Johan Henrik

KELLGREN, JOHAN HENRIK (1751-95), Swedish poet and critic, was born at Floby in West Gothland, December 1, 1751. He studied at the university of Abo, and had already some reputation as a poet when in 1774 he there became a " docent " in resthetics. Three years after this he removed to Stockholm, where in conjunction with Lenngren he began in 1778 the publication of the journal Stockholmsposten, wh…

Kells

KELLS, a market and municipal town of Meath county, Ireland, is situated on the Blackwater and on the Dublin and Meath Railway, 39 miles north-west of Dublin. The prosperity of the town depends chiefly upon its interesting antiquarian remains. The most notable is St Columba's house, originally an oratory, but afterwards converted into a church, the chancel of which was in existence in 1752. The pr…

Kelp

KELP (Fr., vareck) is produced by the incineration of various kinds of sea-weed (Alga) obtainable in great abundance on the west coasts of Ireland and Scotland, and the coast of Brittany in France. It is prepared from the deep-sea tangle (Laminaria digitata), sugar wrack (L. sctccharina), knobbed wrack (Focus nodosus), black wrack (F. serrates), and bladder wrack (F. vesiculosus). The Laminarias y…

Kelso

KELSO, a burgh of barony and market-town of Roxburghshire, Scotland, is situated on the north side of the Tweed near its junction with the Teviot, 45 miles south-east of Edinburgh and 23 south-west of Berwick by rail. The town is embosomed among woods in a pleasantly undulating and fine agricultural country. The principal streets branch out in four directions from the spacious square, where are th…

Kemble, Charles

KEMBLE, CHARLES (1775-1854), a younger brother of John Philip Kemble noticed below, was born at Brecknock, South Wales, 25th November 1775. Like his brother he was educated at Douai. After returning to England in 1792, he obtained a situation in the post-office, but this he soon resigned for the stage, making his debut at Sheffield as Orlando in As You Like It. During the early period of his caree…

Kemble, John Mitchell

KEMBLE, JOHN MITCHELL (1807-1857), Anglo-Saxon scholar and historian, eldest son of Charles Kemble noticed above, was born in 1807. He received his education partly from Dr Richardson, author of the Dict.ional^y of the English Language, and partly at the grammar school of Bury St Edmunds, where he obtained in 1826 an exhibition to Trinity College, Cambridge. At school he was distinguished for his …

Kemble, John Philip

KEMBLE, JOHN PHILIP (1757-1823), tragedian, was the second child of Roger Kemble, a strolling player, and his wife Sarah Ward, the eldest child being Sarah, known as Mrs Siddons. He was born at Prescot, Lancashire, February 1, 1757. In his eleventh year he became an inmate of Sedgely Park Catholic seminary, near Wolverhampton, and after remaining there four years entered the college of Douai with …

Kempis, Thomas

KEMPIS, THOMAS A (c. 1380-1471), is the name by which Thomas Hammerken (Hammerchen, Malleolus) is commonly known. He was born in 1379 or 1380 in the town of Kempen, lying about 15 miles north-west of Dusseldorf, in one of the many patches of territory between the Meuse and the Rhine belonging to the archiepiscopal principality of Cologne. " Ego Thomas Kempis," he says in his chronicle of the monas…

Kempten

KEMPTEN, a town in the government district of Swabia and Neuburg, Bavaria, is situated on the Iller, about 65 miles south-west of Munich. It is the seat of numerous local and special tribunals, and contains a castle, a gymnasium and a grammar school, two hospitals, and other educational and benevolent institutions. There is a handsome town-house, and the aqueduct is noteworthy. The industries incl…

Kennicott, Benjamin

KENNICOTT, BENJAMIN (1718-1783), an eminent Hebraist, was born at Totnes, Devonshire, on April 4, 1718. His father was parish clerk and master of a charity Oxford. Entering himself of Wadham College in 1744, he September 18, 1783. The great work with which his name continues to be associated in the annals of Biblical scholarship is the Vetus Testamentum. Ilebraieum eum variis Leetionibus, 2 vols. …

Kenosha

KENOSHA, chief city of Kenosha county, Wisconsin, U.S., is situated in a fertile district on Lake Michigan, about 30 miles south of Milwaukee, with which it is connected by rail.

Kensington

KENSINGTON, a western suburb of London in the parish of Kensington, parliamentary borough of Chelsea, and county of Middlesex, a mile and a half west of Hyde Park Corner. The parish includes the suburbs of Brompton, Earl's Court, part of Little Chelsea, the Gravel Pits, Notting Hill, and part of Kensal Green. Kensington palace and Kensington gardens, however, lie in the parish of St Margaret's, We…

Kent

KENT, a maritime county in the south-eastern corner Plate. of England, lies between 50? 54' and 51? 31' N. lat., and between 0? 3' W. long. and 1? 27' E. long. It is bounded on the N. by the estuary and mouth of the Thames, E. and S.E. by the English Channel, S.W. by Sussex, and W. by Surrey. Its greatest breadth north and south from Sheerness to Dungeness is 35 miles, its length north-west to sou…

Ken, Thomas

KEN, THOMAS (1637-1711), the most eminent of the non-juring bishops, and one of the fathers of modern English hymnology, was born at Little Berkhampstead, Herts, in 1637. He was the son of Thomas Ken of Furnivars Inn, who belonged to an ancient stock, - that of the Kens of Ken Place, in Somersetshire ; his mother was a daughter of the now forgotten poet, John Chalkhill, who is called by Walton an …

Kent, James

KENT, JAMES (1763-1847), American jurist, was born at Philippi in New York State, July 31, 1763. He graduated at Yale College in 1781, and began to practise law at Poughkeepsie, in 1785 as an attorney, and in 1787 at the bar. In 1790 and 1792 Kent was chosen to represent Dutchess county in the State legislature. In 1793 he removed to New York, where Governor Jay, to whom the youno. lawyer's Federa…

Kent, William

KENT, WILLIAM (1685-1748), "painter, architect, and the father of modern gardening," as Horace Walpole in his Anecdotes of Painting describes him, was born in Yorkshire in 1685. Apprenticed to a coach-painter, his ambition soon led bins to London, where be began life as a portrait and historical painter. He was fortunate enough to fall in with kind patrons, who sent him in 1710 to study in Italy ;…

Kenyon, Lloyd Kenyon

KENYON, LLOYD KENYON, LORD (1732-1802), an English lawyer and lord chief-justice of England, was descended by his father's side from an old Lancashire family, and his mother was the daughter of a small proprietor in Wales. He was born at Gredington, Flintshire, 5th October 1732. After studying five years at Ruthin grammar school, he was in his fifteenth year articled to an attorney at Nantwich, Ch…

Keokuk

KEOKUK, chief city of Lee county, Iowa, U.S., occupies a lofty site on the west bank of the Mississippi, 2 miles above the mouth of the Des Moines tributary, and about 200 miles above St Louis.

Kepi

KEPI', more correctly El-Keff (El Kaf), a town of the regency of Tunis, about 95 miles south-west from the hills," 5 or 6 miles to the east of the course of the Wady of Hercules), and a considerable number of ancient Latin inscriptions tend to confirm the identification.

Kepler, John

KEPLER, JOHN (1571-1630), one of the founders of modern astronomy, was born, December 27, 1571, at Weil, in the duchy of Wiirtemberg, of which town his grandfather was burgomaster. He was the eldest child of an ill-assorted and ill-starred union. His father, Henry Kepler, was a reckless soldier of fortune ; his mother, Catherine Guldenmann, the daughter of a small proprietor of Leonberg, had a vio…

Kerak

KERAK, a town of Syria, situated about 10 miles east of the southern end of the Dead Sea, on the summit of a rocky hill sonic 3000 feet above, sea-level. ft stands upon a platform forming an irregular triangle with sides of 800 to 1000 yards in length, and separated by deep ravines from the higher encircling ranges on all sides except one, where a narrow neck connects it with a neighbouring hill. …

Kerbela

KERBELA, or MEsnuED-HosErN, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in the vilayet of Baghdad, is situated in a fertile and well-cultivated district about 60 miles south-south-west of Baghdad, and about 20 miles west of the Euphrates, from which a very ancient canal extends to it. It is surrounded by a dilapidated brick wall 24 feet high, and contains a fine market-place, with one broad street leading to the go…

Kerguelen's Land, Kerguelen Island

KERGUELEN'S LAND, KERGUELEN ISLAND, or DESOLATION ISLAND, an island in the Southern Ocean, to the south-east of the Cape of Good Hope and south-west of Australia, and nearly half-way between them. To the south is Heard Island, and west-north-west the Crozets and the Marion Group. Kerguelen lies between 48? 39' and 49? 44' S. lat., and 68? 42' and 70? 35' E. long. Its extreme length is about 85 mil…

Kerkuk

KERKUK, or KERKooK, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in the vilayet of Baghdad, is situated on the right bank of the Khasa Till li, about 140 miles north of the city of Baghdad. A suburb, Nfahalle, on the left bank of the stream, which is spanned by a bridge, contains the residence of the pasha. The citadel stands east of the river upon an artificial mound, 130 feet high, which in Niebuhr's time was stil…

Kermes

KERMES (Arabic, -i.r7izis), a. crimson dye, now superseded by cochineal, obtained from Coccus iticis, L. (Coccus rernzilio, 0. Planchon), au liemipterous insect found in Spain, Italy, the south of France, and other parts of the Mediterranean region, feeding on Quercus coccifera, a small shrub from 2 to 5 feet high. The discovery of the animal nature of kermes is due to Emaric, Garidel, and Cestoni…

Kerner, Justine's Andreas

KERNER, JUSTINE'S ANDREAS (1786-1862), a German poet and medical writer, was born in Ludwigsburg, b sburg, Wiirtemberr, on the 18th of September 1786. ''He received his early education in the Latin school of Ludwigsburg and in the cloister school of Maulbronn. After the death of his father, who was an upper bailiff and government councillor in Ludwigsburg, Kerner was obliged to accept a position i…

Kerry

KERRY, a maritime county of Ireland, in the province of Munster, between 51? 41' and 52? 23' N. lat., and between 9? 7' and 10? 30' W. long., bounded on the W. by the Atlantic Ocean, N. by the estuary of the Shannon, which separates it from Clare, E. by Limerick and Cork, and S.E. by Cork. Its greatest length from north to south is 60 miles, and its greatest breadth from east to west 58 miles. The…

Kesmark, Or Kasmark

KESMARK, or KASMARK, an ancient town in the cisTisian county of Szepes (Zips), Hungary, is situated on the Popriul, 11 miles north-west of Liicse (Leutschau), in 49' 8' N. lat., 20' 28' E. long. The trade is chiefly in linen, wine, and cereals. Owing to the vicinity of the Carpathians the rainfall is high, and the climate frequently tempestuous and inclement. At the end of 1880 the population amou…

Kestrel

KESTREL (French C?esserelle or Creferelle, Old French Quercerelle and Quercelle, in Burgundy Cristel) the English name] for one of the smaller Falcons, originat: ing probably from its peevish and languid cry. This bird, though in the form of its bill and length of its wings one of the true Falcons, and by many ornithologists placed among them under its Linnrean name of Falco thin uncalus, is by ot…

Keswick

KESWICK, a market-town of Cumberland, is situated on the left bank of the Greta, close to Derwentwater or Keswick Lake, about 30 miles south of Carlisle, and 300 miles from London by rail.

Keszthely

KESZTHELY, a market-town in the trans-Danubian county of Zola, Hungary, is picturesquely situated near the western extremity of Lake Balaton, about 97 miles south of Pozsony (Pressburg), in 46? 47' N. let., 17? 15' E. long.

Ketchup

KETCHUP, a sauce or relish prepared principally from the juice of mushrooms and of many other species of edible fungi, salted for preservation and variously spiced. The term ketchup, written also catsup and ketchup, is said to be of Japanese origin. The following may be taken as a typical example of the ingredients and method of preparation of ordinary ketchup. Freshly gathered mushrooms are place…

Keti

KETI, a town and port in Kurrachee district, Sind, India, situated on the Hajararo branch of the Indus, in 24? 8' 30? N. lat., 67? 28' 30" E. long.

Kettering

KETTERING, a market-town of Northamptonshire, is built on a slope near the Ise, a tributary of the Neu, 14 miles north-east of Northampton, and 75 miles north-west of London.

Keunjhar, Or Keun

KEUNJHAR, or KEUN.M11, a petty state in Orissa, India, lying between 21? 1' and 22? 9' 30" N. lat., and 85? 14' and 86? 24' 35" E. long, with an area of 3096 square miles, and a population in 1872 of 181,871.

Keunthal

KEUNTHAL, a petty hill state in the Punjab, India, between 30? 55' 30" and 31? 6' N. let., and 77? 10' and 77? 26' E. long., with an area of 116 square miles, and an estimated population of 50,000. The chief, a Bajput, received the title of raja in 1857. After the Gurkha war, a portion of Keunthal, which had been occupied by the Gurkhas, was sold to the maharaja of Patiala, the remainder being res…

Kew-keang Foo

KEW-KEANG FOO, a prefecture and prefectural city in the province of Keang-se, China. The city, which is situated on the south bank of the Yang-tsze Keang, 15 miles above the point where the Kan Keang flows into that river from the Po-yang lake, stands in 29? 42' N. lat. and 116' 8' E. long. The north face of the city is separated from the river by only the width of a roadway, and two large lakes l…

Key West

KEY WEST (Spanish, Cayo llueso, Bone Beef), a coral island, 7 miles long, from 1 to 2 miles broad, and 11 feet above sea-level, lies 60 miles south of Cape Sable, the most southerly point of the mainland of Florida.

Key West

KEY WEST, chief city of Monroe county, covers nearly one-half of Key West island. It has broad streets, arranged on the rectangular plan ; and the houses, almost all wooden, are picturesquely surrounded by tropical shrubs and plants, The chief buildings are the Government naval and judicial edifices, the masonic hall, and the opera house. There is also a convent, and several churches and schools. …

Kfiushab, Or Kosiiaub

KFIUSHAB, or KOSIIAUB, a townin Shalipur district, the Derajat.

Khabaiiovka

KHABAIIOVKA, the chief town of the Maritime Province, in eastern Siberia, is situated on high crags, on the right bank of the Amoor, amidst wide forests and marshes, at the confluence of the Ussuri.

Khairabad, Or Khyrabad

KHAIRABAD, or KHYRABAD, the chief town of Sitapur district, Oudh, India, situated 5 miles south of Sitapur civil station and cantonment, 27? 31' 30" N. lat., 80? 47' 35" E. long.

Khairpuii, Or Khyrpoor

KHAIRPUII, or KHYRPOOR, a native state in Sind, India, lying between 26? 10' and 27' 46' N. lat., and 68? 14' and 70? 13' E. long., bounded on the N. by Shikarpur district, S. by Jaisalmir state, E. by Hyderabad district, and W. by the Indus river, with an area of 6109 square miles. Like other parts of Sind, Kliairpur consists of a great alluvial plain, very rich and fertile in the neighbourhaod o…

Khamgaon

KHAMGAON, a town ill Akola district, Berar, India, in 20? 42' 30" N. let., 76? 37' 30" E long., with a population in 1867 of 9432.

Khandesh, Or Candeish

KHANDESH, or CANDEISH, a district of Bombay Presidency, India, lying between 20' 15' and 22? N. lat., and 73? 37' and 76" 21' E. long., bounded on the N. by the Satpura hills, E. by Berar, S. by the Satmala or 1ljanta hills, S.W. by Nasik district, and W. by Baroda territory, with an area of 10,162 square miles, The chief town is Dhulia. The principal natural feature is the Tapti river, which ente…

Khandpara

KHANDPARA, a petty state in Orissa, India, lying between 20? 11' and 20' 25' N. lat., and 85? 1' and 85? 25' E. long., with an area of 244 square miles, and a population in 1872 of 60,877, mostly Hindus.

Khandwa, Or Cundwaii

KHANDWA, or CUNDWAII, the chief town and headquarters station of Nimar district, Central Provinces, India, 21? 50' N. lat., 76? 23' E. long. Population (1877), 14,119. Khandwa is perhaps the most rising, town in the Central Provinces. It is the station on the Great Indian Peninsula Railway, where the whole traffic of Central India towards Bombay meets the line. It has entirely superseded Burhanpur…

Kharput

KHARPUT (officially Mi'munAT-EC.Aziz), a town of Armenia, the seat of a mutasarrif, is situated about 60 miles north of Diarbekir on the highway to Siwas, and occupies a peculiarly picturesque position on a rocky eminence rising above the great plain through which the waters of the eastern Euphrates describe a devious passage. Besides the imposing ruins of the castle on the height, it possesses an…

Kharttjm Or Khartoum

KHARTtJM or KHARTOUM (erroneously Kartum), the chief town of the Egyptian Sudan, situated in 15? 37' N. let., and 22? 54' E. long., on the peninsula formed by the junction of the White and the Blue Nile. The level of the stream just below the town is 1240 feet. The principal landing-place and the dockyards are on the Blue river. The surrounding country is flat and open, the forest described by the…

Khasi And Jaintia Hills

KHASI AND JAINTIA HILLS, a district in Assam, India, lying between 25? 1' and 26? 14' N. let., and 90? 47' and 92' 52' E. long., and bounded on the N. by Ichnirtip and Nowgong districts, E. by Cachar and the Naga Hills, S. by Sylhet, and W. by the Ghro Hills. Its approximate area is 6157 square miles. The district consists of a succession of steep ridges running east and west, with elevated table-…

Khatmindu

KHATMiNDU, the capital of the kingdom of Nepal, I, India, situated on the bank of the Vishnumati river at its junction with the Bagluati, 27? 36' N. lat., 85? 24' E. long.

Khazar

KHAZAR.S. This vanished people, who appear also as Chozars, as 'Aiolipoi or Xgapoi in Byzantine writers, as Khazirs in Armenian and Khwalisses in Russian chronicles, Ugri Bielii in Nestor, and Kosa (?) in Chinese, occupied a prominent place amongst the secondary powers of the Byzantine state-system. In the epic of Firdousi " Khazar " is the representative name for all the northern foes of Persia, …

Khelat

KHELAT, the capital of Baluchistan, and the residence of the reigning khan, is situated, at an elevation of 6800 feet above the sea, in 29? N. lat., and 66? 40' E. long., in a narrow valley, which is bounded to the east by the mountain ranges extending to the province of Cntch Gundava ; to the west is the Sha Mirdan, on the northern slope of which hill the town is built ; to the south the valley i…

Kheri

KHERI, a district of Oudh, India, lying between 27' 41' and 28? 42' N. let., and 80? 4' 30" and 81? 23' E. long., bounded on the N. by the river Mohan, separating it from Nepal, E. by the Kauridla river, separating it from Bharaich district, S. by Sitdpur district, and W. by Shalijzileinpur district in the North-Western Provinces, with an area of 2963 square miles. Kheri district consists of a ser…

Kherson

KHERSON, a government of European Russia, on the borders of the Black Sea, and conterminous with Bessarabia, Podolia, Kieft', Eheaterinoslaff, and Taurida. The area is estimated at 27,455 square miles. Especially in the south the general aspect of the country is that of an open steppe, and almost the whole government is destitute of forest. The Dniester marks the western and the territory. Along t…

Khiva

KHIVA, an independent Uzbeg khanate of Turkestan, which occupies the fertile oasis stretching in a band of varying width atoll?.b the left bank of the lower Oxus between Pitniak and the Sea of Aral. The inhabited district, which lies between 41? and 43? N. lat., and 59? and 61? 30' E. long., and practically forms the limits of the khanate, is about 200 miles in length and has an average breadth of…

Khoi

KHOI, a town and district in the province of Azerbijan, Persia, towards the extreme north-west frontier, between Lake .1.Trumiyab and the river Aras. The town lies in 38? 37' N. lat., 45? 15' E. long., 77 miles north-west of Tabriz on the great trade route between the Euxiue and Persia, and on the Kotura, a tributary of the Aras, crossed here by a seven-arched bridge. The fortifications, which are…

Khojend, Or Hodjent

KHOJEND, or HoDJENT, chief town of the Khojend and Jizak district in the province of Sir Dania, in Russian Turkestan, is situated on the left bank of the Sir Dania or Jaxartes, 96 miles south-east from Tashkend, and on the direct road from Bokhara to Khokand. The Russian quarter lies between the river and the native town. Near the river is the old citadel, built on the top of an artificial square …

Khokand

KHOKAND, a city of Turkestan, was, previous to the Russian conquest, the capital of an independent khan, but, owing mainly to the fact. that those who reside in it are subject to goitre, it has not been made the administrative centre of the Russian province (FERGHANA, q.v.). The town is situated on the skirts of the Kashgar De van ridge, which separates Kashgar from Ferghana, and it is traversed b…

Khonsar

KHONSAR, a town in the province of Irak-Adjemi, Persia, 92 miles north-west of Ispahan on the Hamadan route, in a gorge of the hills, which here approach so close that all the intervening space is occupied by the houses and their garden plots.

Khora

KHORA.MABAD, a town and fortress of Persia, capital of the province of Luristan, in 33? 32' N. lat., 47? 13' E. long., 138 miles west-north-west of Ispahan, 117 south-east of Kirmanshahan.

Khorasan

KHORASAN, s e., "land of the sun," a geographical term originally applied to the eastern quarter of the four, named from the cardinal points, into which the ancient monarchy of the Sassanians was divided.1 After the Arabic conquests the name was retained both as the designation of a definite province and in a looser sense. Under the new Persian empire the expression has gradually become restricted…

Khotan

KHOTAN, a city and district of eastern Turkestan, lying between the northern slopes of the Kuenlun mountains and the eastern portion of the Gobi (Takla 3Iakan) desert. The district is well watered by a number of rivers, the most important of which, the Karakash and the Khotan Dania, meet to the north of the city. Both soil and climate are excellent, and the vegetation is characterized at once by v…

Khotin, Or Khoteen

KHOTIN, or KHOTEEN (this is the Russian form of the name, which appears in a great variety of disguises - partly dialectal - such as Khotchim, Chotchim, Choczim, and Chocim), a fortified town of 21,000 inhabitants, in the government of Bessarabia, Russia, situated in 48? 30' N. lat. and 26? 30' E. long., on the right bank of the Dniester, near the Austrian (Galician) frontier, and opposite Podolia…

Khulna, Or Culna

KHULNA, or CULNA, a town in Jester district, Bengal, India, situated at the point where the Bhairab river debouches on the Sundarbau delta, in 22' 49' N. lat., 89? 57' E. long., may be described as the capital of the Sundarbans, and for the last hundred years at least has been a place of considerable importance.

Khurja

KHURJA, an important trading town and station on the East Indian Railway in Bulandshahr district, North-Western Provinces, India, 28? 15' N. lat., 77? 54' E. long.

Khuzistan

KHUZISTAN, a province of West Persia, bounded N.

Kiachta, Or Kiakhta

KIACHTA, or KIAKHTA, a mercantile town of Siberia, and one of the chief centres of trade between Russia and China, is situated upon the Kiachta, an affluent of the Selenga, and on an elevated and barren expanse of country surrounded by mountains, in the Russian government of Transbaikal, about 280 miles southwest of the capital Tchita, and close to the Chinese frontier, in 50? 20' N. lat., 106? 40…

Kidderminster

KIDDERMINSTER, a market-town and municipal and parliamentary borough of Worcestershire, England, is situated in the north-west corner of the county, on the Stour, near its junction with the Severn, on the Staffordshire and Worcestershire canal, and on the West Midland branch of the Great Western Railway, 14 miles north from Worcester and 18 miles south-west from Birmingham. The streets are rather …

Kidnapping

KIDNAPPING is defined by Blackstone as the forcible abduction or stealing away of a man, woman, or child from their own country and sending them into another. The term is, however, more commonly applied to the offence of taking away children from the possession of their parents. 13y 24 and 25 Viet. c. 100, " whosoever shall unlawfully, by force or fraud, lead or take away or decoy or entice away o…

Kieekegaard

KIEEKEGAARD, SottEN (1813-1855), the greatest philosophical writer that Scandinavia has produced, was born at Copenhagen, May 5, 1813, and was the seventh child of a respectable Jutland hosier. He was a very serious and precocious boy, weak in health, morbid in character. Of his mother, singularly enough, he has s rid no word in his copious autobiographical remains, although he Was in his twenty-s…

Kieff

KIEFF, capital of the above province, the "mother city" and Canterbury of Russia, is situated on the right or western bank of the Dnieper, in 50? 2G' N. lat. and 30? 37' E. long., 800 miles from St Petersburg, and 566 miles from Moscow on the highway between Moscow and Odessa. By railway it is connected on the one hand with Kursk and on the other hand with Odessa. The site of the greater part of t…

Kieff, Kiyeff, Or Kiev

KIEFF, KIYEFF, or KIEV, a south-western government of European Russia, conterminous with those of Minsk, Poltava, Tchernigoff, Podolia, Kherson, and Volhynia. The area is estimated at 31,664 square miles. In the north we find a low-lying district characterized by marsh and woodland ; in the east a series of hills keeps company with the Dnieper ; and in the west are several outliers from the Carpat…

Kiel

KIEL, the chief town of the province of Schleswig-Holstein in Prussia, is picturesquely situated at the southern end of the Kieler Fiihrde, about 66 miles north-east of Hamburg by rail. It consists of a somewhat cramped old town and a better built and more spacious newer part, increased since 1869 by the inclusion of Brunswiek and Diisternbrook. In the old town stands the palace, ? built in the 13…

Kielce

KIELCE, the chief town of a government in Russian Poland, is situated about 50 miles north-east of Cracow, in the mountainous district of the Lysa Gora.

Kiiarkoff

KIIARKOFF, a government of European Russia, surrounded by those of Kursk, Poltava, Ekaterinoslaff, and Voronezh, and belonging partly to the basin of the Don and partly to that of the Dnieper. The area is estimated at 21,035 square miles. In general terms the government may be described as a table-land with an elevation of from 300 to 460 feet traversed by deep-cut river valleys. The soil is for t…

Kildare

KILDARE, an inland county of Ireland, in the province of Leinster, is situated between 52? 51' and 53? 26' N. lat., and between 6? 28' and 7? 11' W. long., and is bounded on the W. by Queen's county and King's county, N. by Meath, E. by Dublin and Wicklow, and S. by Carlow. The area is 418,497 acres, or 654 square miles. Geology. - The greater part of Kildare belongs to the carboniferous plain whi…

Kilia

KILIA, a seaport town of Roumania, formerly in the province of Moldavia, situated on the northern bank of the northern arm of the lower Danube, 20 miles from its mouth.

Kilian, St

KILIAN, ST, the apostle of Franconia, was, according to Hrabanus Maurus, a native of Ireland, whence along with Ids companions he went to eastern Franconia.

Kilimanjaro

KILIMANJARO, a great snow-topped mountain in eastern Africa, in 3? 5' S. lat. and 37? 22' E. long., has a height of 18,715 feet, and is believed to be the loftiest eminence of the whole continent. It stands completely apart from all the neighbouring heights, but is only "one of many summits that crown the eastern edge of the great plateau of equatorial Africa." At a distance of 100 miles to the no…

Kilkenny

KILKENNY, the chief town of the above county, a Englishtown or Kilkenny proper and Irishtown, separated from ea2h other by a small rivulet, but although Irishtown still retains its name it is now included in the corporation of Kilkenny. The city is irregularly built, but possesses several unusually interesting and picturesque appearance. The Nore is crossed by two handsome bridges erected towards …

Kilkenny

KILKENNY, an inland county of Ireland, in the province of Leinster, is situated between 52? 14' and 52? 52' N. lat., and between 6? 56' and 7? 38' W. long. It is bounded on the N. by Queen's county, E. by Carlow and Wexford, S. by Waterford, and W. by Waterford and Tipperary. Its greatest length from north to south is about 45 miles, and its greatest breadth from east to west about 25 miles. The a…

Killarney

KILLARNEY, a market-town of Ireland, county of Kerry, is situated on a branch line of the Dublin and Cork Railway, 180 miles south-west from Dublin and 47 miles north from Cork. On account of the beautiful scenery in the neighbourhood, the town is uni2lr frequented by tourists. Within late years it has been greatly improved in appearance, and the streets are now spacious and well-paved, while many…

Killarney

KILLARNEY.) The other principal lakes in the county are Mountain an accumulation of water in a deep hollow forms atMagherybeg in Corkaguiney, which bursts out of clear white sand a little below high water mark. Climate, and Agricultztre. - Owing to the vicinity of the sea and the height of the mountains, the climate is very moist and unsuitable for the growth of cereals, but it is so mild even in …

Killdeer

KILLDEER, a common and well-known American Plover, so called in imitation of its whistling cry, the Charadrius vocifems of Linnaeus, and the 4Egialitis vocifera of modern ornithologists. About the size of a Snipe, it is mostly sooty-brown above, but showing a bright buff on the tail coverts, and in flight a white bar on tire wings ; beneath it is pure white except two pectoral bands of deep black.…

Killiz, Or Kiln

KILLIZ, or KILN, a town of Syria, in the Turkish vilayet of Aleppo, in 37? 2' N. lat. and 37? 2' E. lung., 60 miles north of the city of Aleppo.

Kilmarnock

KILMARNOCK, a market-town, and parliamentary and municipal burgh, in the district of Cunningham, Ayrshire, Scotland, is situated on both sides of the Kilmarnock water, near its junction with the Irvine, 21 miles south-west of Glasgow by rail. The town is long and narrow, but its principal streets are well-built and spacious. Among the chief buildings are the town-house, the court-house, the corn e…

Kilsyth

KILSYTH, a burgh of barony in Stirlingshire, Scotland, is situated about 12 miles north-east of Glasgow.

Kilwinning

KILWINNING, a market-town in Cunningham district, Ayrshire, Scotland, is situated on the right bank of the Garnock, 26 miles south-west of Glasgow by rail. The houses are neat, but somewhat straggling. The chief buildings are the parish church (with a handsome detached Gothic tower erected in 1815 in place of an older one, 103 feet high, which fell in 1814), the Free church, and the board school. …

Kimberley

KIMBERLEY, formerly called New Rush, one of the mining towns of the diamond district of South Africa, situated in Griqualand West, to the east of the Orange river, 520 miles north-east of Cape Town. Though it dates only from 1872, and has much of the temporary character to be expected from the conditions that gave it existence, it bids fair to be a permanent settlement, having a number of building…

Kimpulung

KIMPULUNG, a town of Roumania, in that part of the country formerly known as Great Wallachia, is situated at the foot of the Transylvanian Alps on the banks of one of the left hand tributaries of the Danube, about 80 miles north-west of Bucharest.

Kincardine, Or The Mear

KINCARDINE, or THE MEAR,NS, a maritime county in the east of Scotland, is situated between 56? 46' and 57? 9' N. lat., and between 2? 3' and 2? 47' W. long. It is bounded on the E. by the German Ocean, on the N.W. by Aberdeenshire, and on the S. W. by Forfarshire. Its length along the coast from the mouth of the North Esk to that of the Dee is 31 miles, and its breadth east to west from Dunnottar …

Kindergarten

KINDERGARTEN, a German word meaning "garden of children," is the name. given by Friedrich Froebel (see FROEBEL) to a kind of "play-school" invented by him for furthering the physical, moral, and intellectual growth of children between the ages of three and seven. Froebel's observation of the development of organisms and his fondness for analogies drawn from trees and plants made him attach especia…

King

KING, WiLmAm (165'0-1729), a political and religions writer, and successively bishop of Derry and archbishop of Dublin, was born at Antrim in 1650.

King

KING, an astringent drug introduced into European medicine in 1757 by Fothergill, an eminent physician and patron of economic botany. When described by him it was believed to have been brought from the river Gambia in West Africa. According to Moore (1733), a factor to the Royal African Company, the tree yielding the drug is known in the Mandingo language as " keno." When first imported, however, …

King-bird

KING-BIRD, the Lanius tyrannus of Linnmus, and the Tyrannus carolinensis or T. pipiri of most later writers, a common and characteristic inhabitant of North America, ranging as high as 57? N. lat. or further, and westward to the Rocky Mountains, beyond which it goes to Oregon, Washington Territory, and British Columbia, though apparently not occurring in California. In Canada and the northern Stat…

Kinglet

KINGLET, a name applied in many books to the bird called by Linnaeus Motacilla regulus, and by most modern ornithologists Regulus cristatus, the Golden-crested or Golden-crowned Wren of ordinary persons. This species is the type of a small group which has been generally placed among the Sylviidw or true Warblers, but by certain systematists it is referred to the Titmouse-Family, Parida3. That the …

King's County

KING'S COUNTY, an inland county in the province of Leinster, Ireland, is situated between 52? 50' and 53? 25' N. lat., and between 6? 59' and 8? 1' W. long., and is bounded on the N. by Meath and Westmeath, on the W. by Roscommon, Galway, and Tipperary, on the S. by Tipperary and Queen's county, and on the E. by Kildare. It is oblong in shape, but of very irregular outline. Its greatest breadth fr…

Kingsley, Charles

KINGSLEY, CHARLES (1819-1875), an English clergyman, poet, and novelist, was born on the 12th June 1819, at Holne vicarage, Dartmoor, Devon. His early years were spent at his father's living in the Fen country, and afterwards in North Devon. The scenery of both made a great impression on his mind, and was afterwards described with singular vividness in his writings. He was educated at private scho…

Kings, The First And Second Books Of

KINGS, THE FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF, which form the last part of the series of Old Testament histories known as the Earlier Prophets, were originally reckoned as a single book (Josephus ; Orig. ap. Eus., H. E., vi. 25 ; Peshito ; Talmud), though modern Hebrew Bibles follow the bipartition which we have derived from the Septuagint. In that version they are called the third and fourth books of king…

Kingston

KINGSTON, the chief city of Ulster county, New York, United States, is situated on the west bank of the Hudson, about 90 miles north of New York. Its harbour is formed by the navigable portion of Rondout Creek. Among the chief buildings are the city hall, the music-hall, the almshouses, and the county buildings. Kingston is a very busy shipping centre, with 4 miles of wharfage, and steam and other…

Kingston

KINGSTON, the chief city of Frontenac county, Ontario. Canada, is situated at the north-eastern extremity of Lake Ontario, at the point where the St Lawrence issues from it, and at the mouth of the Cataraqui Creek, about IGO miles east of Toronto by the Grand Trunk Railway. Of the many fine buildings the chief are the city-ball, the market, the custom-house, the court-house and jail, the post-offi…

Kingston-on-thames

KINGSTON-ON-THAMES, a municipal borough and market-town of England, county of Surrey, extends for about a mile and a half along the right bank of the Thames, and is distant from London about 20 miles by the river and 12 miles by rail and road. The ancient wooden bridge over the river, which was in existence as early as 1224, was superseded by a structure of stone in 1827. The town is irregularly b…

Kingston, William Henry Giles

KINGSTON, WILLIAM HENRY GILES (1814-1880), boys' novelist, was born in London, February 28, 1814. Much of his youth was spent at Oporto, where his father was a merchant, but when he joined his father in business, and afterwards when he carried on business for himself, he lived chiefly in London. In 1844 his first book, The Circassian Chief, appeared, and its success led to the publication in 1845 …

Kingstown

KINGSTOWN, a seaport town of Ireland, in the county of Dublin, is situated at the south-eastern extremity of Dublin Bay, 6 miles south-east from Dublin by railway. It is a large seaport and favourite watering-place, and possesses several fine streets and terraces commanding picturesque sea views. The original name of Kingstown was Dunleary, which was exchanged for the present designation after the…

King-tih Chin

KING-TIH CHIN, a town near Foo-leang Heen in the province of Keang-se, China, and the principal seat of the porcelain manufacture in that empire. Being situated on the south bank of the river Chang, it was in ancient times known as Chang-nan Chin, or " town on the south of the river Chang." It is unwalled, and stretches along the bank of the river in a somewhat straggling way. The streets are narr…

Kinross

KINROSS, a small inland county of Scotland, is situin outline somewhat resembles a toothed wheel, lying miles, and its length from north to south about 10 miles ; the area is 49,812 acres, or about 78 square miles. Next to Clackmannan it is the smallest county in Scotland. The surface consists principally of an oval and level plain, which is bounded on the N.W. by the Ochils, on the E. by Bishop H…

Kinsale

KINSALE, a parliamentary borough and seaport town of Ireland, in the county of Cork, is situated on the estuary of the Bandon, 24 miles south from Cork by rail. The town occupies chiefly the acclivity of Compass Hill, and, while possessing a striking and picturesque appearance, is built in a very irregular manner, the streets being narrow and so precipitous that in many instances conveyances have …

Kioto, Kiyot0, Miako

KIOTO, KIYOT0, MIAKO, or SAIKIO, the ancient sacred capital of Japan, is situated on the main island of the Japanese archipelago. It occupies the level bottom of a valley between the ridges Hujei-zan and Higushiyama on the east, and of Tenno-san on the west, and is so girt by the streams Kamogawa and Kalunagawa as to have an almost insular position. With Tait), to the north-east, it is connected b…

Kippis, Andrew

KIPPIS, ANDREW (1725-1795), a learned and laborious compiler, was born at Nottingham, March 28, 1725. From school at Sleaford in Lincolnshire he passed at the age of sixteen to spend a five years' course in the Dissenting academy at Northampton, of which Dr Doddridge was then president. In 1746 Kippis became minister of a church at Boston ; in 1750 he removed to Dorking in Surrey; and in 1753 he b…

Kirby

KIRBY, Winnram (1759-1850), entomologist, was born at Witnesham in Suffolk, September 19, 1759. From the village school of Witnesham he passed to Ipswich grammar school, and thence to Caius College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1781, not becoming M.A. till 1815. Taking orders in 1782, he spent his entire life in the peaceful seclusion of an English country parsonage, till 1796 as curate, …

Kircher, Atuanasiits

KIRCHER, ATUANASIITS (1602-1680), a learned scholar and accomplished mathematician, was born May 2, 1602, at Geisa near Fulda, was educated at the Jesuit college of Fulda, and entered upon his noviciate in that order at Mainz in 1618. After continuing his studies at Paderborn, Minster, Cologne, Coblenz, and Mainz, he became professor of philosophy, mathematics, and Oriental languages at Wiirzburg,…

Kirghiz

KIRGHIZ, a large and wide-spread division of the Mongolo-Tatar family, of which there are two main branches, the Kara-Kirghiz of the uplands and the Kirghiz-Kazaks of the steppe. To the same group belong the Kipchaks, forming a connecting link between the nomad and settled Turki peoples of Ferghana and Bokhara, and the Kara-Kalpaks on the south-east side of the Aral Sea, who are intermediate betwe…

Kirin, Girin

KIRIN, GIRIN, or in Chinese GIIWEN-ClIANG, the chief town of the province of Central Manchuria or Kirin, is situated at the foot of the Lau-Ye-Ling mountains, at the edge of a wide and well-wooded plain, and on the left bank of the Girin-ula or Sungari, there 300 yards in breadth. The situation is one of exceptional beauty ; but the streets are narrow and irregular. Tobacco is the principal articl…

Kirkcaldy

KIRKCALDY, a royal and parliamentary burgh and seaport on the south-east coast of Fifeshire, Scotland, 12 miles north from Edinburgh. The chief topographical feature of the town is its length, which is nearly 4 miles within the municipal boundary, as extended by Act of Parliament in 1876. Formerly there was little besides one main street with lanes and shorter streets branching from it, but during…

Kirkcudbright

KIRKCUDBRIGHT, a maritime county of Scotland, comprises 610,313 acres, or about 054 square miles. The larger half of the county in the north-west direction consists of a rugged and mountainous table-land, with lofty summits of every variety of aspect, intersected often by deep glens. The scenery of this region is for the most part wild and bleak, its solitary desolation being heightened by the pre…

Kirk-kilissia, Or Kirk-kilisseh

KIRK-KILISSIA, or KIRK-KILISSEH, a town in the the Strandja mountains, through which passes the shortest road from Shumla to Constantinople.

Kirkwall

KIRKWALL, a royal and parliamentary burgh of steamer, 58 north of Wick, and 54 north of Thurso. It that carts and similar vehicles in many places cannot pass the suburbs there are several good villas surrounded by by Bishop Stewart in 1511, and the western extremity of Bishop Maxwell, the predecessor of Bishop Reid, but the larger or tenor bell was recast in 1862. The cathedral contains a number o…

Kirman

KIRMAN, the ancient Karmania, a province of south Persia, bounded on the E. by Sistan and BalUchistan, on the W. by Farsistan, N. by Khorasan, on the S. by Laristan, Makran, and the Strait of Ormuz. It is of very irregular shape, expanding in the north towards Khorasan, and gradually contracting in the south to the narrow coast district of Mogistan ; the extreme length between Sistan and Fars east…

Kirriemuir

KIRRIEMUIR, a burgh of barony and market-town of Forfarshire, Scotland, is beautifully situated on an eminence, above the glen through which. the Gairie flows.

Kirsanoff

KIRSANOFF, a town of Russia, in the government of Tamboff, 61 miles east of the government town, near the junction of the Pursavka with the Vorona, with a station on the railway between Saratoff and Kozloff.

Kisfaludy

KISFALUDY, S.NDOR or ALEXANDER (1772-1844), elder brother of liar?ly Kisfaludy, whom he excels as a lyric poet though not as a dramatist, was born on the 27th of September 1772 at Siimeg in the county of Zala, Hungary. Choosing the career of a soldier, lie entered the army in 1793, and was soon appointed to a lieutenancy in the Hungarian life guards at Vienna. There lie employed his spare time in …

Kisfaludy, Karoly Or Charles

KISFALUDY, KAROLY or CHARLES (1788-1830), one of the most genial, prolific, and gifted poets of Hungary, and especially celebrated as the regenerator of the national drama, was born on the 6th of February 1788, at Tat, in the county of Gyor. His birth cost his mother her life, which unfortunate circumstance preyed upon the father's mind and caused him to view the child with feelings akin to aversi…

Kishangarh, Or Krisfinagarii

KISHANGARH, or KRISFINAGARII, a native state in Rajputium, India, lying between 26' 17' and 26? 59' N. lat., 74? 43' and 75? 13' E. long., with an area of about 724 square miles, and an estimated population of 105,000.

Kishineff

KISHINEFF, the Kishitinow of the Moldavians, a town of Russia, capital of the province of Bessarabia, on the right bank of the Byk, a tributary of the Dniester, situated on the railway between Odessa and Jassy in Roumania, 118 miles north-west from the former. At the beginning of this century it was but a poor village, and in 1812, when it was acquired by Russia from 'Moldavia, it had but 7000 inh…

Kishm, Or Tawilah

KISHM, or TAWILAH (i.e., Long Island), an island at the mouth of the Persian Gulf, separated from the coast of the Persian province of Kirmdn by Clarence Strait, which at its narrowest point has a breadth of less than 2 miles. The island has a length of about 55 miles, its main axis running north-east and south-west ; and the area is estimated at 640 square miles. A range of hills from 300 to GOO …

Kish, Or Kris

KISH, or KRIS (the first form is Persian and the second Arabic), an island in the Persian Gulf, which rose to importance in the 12th and 13th centuries, and flourished on the fall of &nil as a chief station of the Indian trade with the West. Edrist in the 12th century describes it as the capital of a pirate chief who had acquired great wealth and power, and ravaged the coasts far and wide. He also…

Kissingen

KISSINGEN, the chief town of a department in the government district of Lower Franconia and Aschaffenburg, Bavaria, is situated on the Franconian Saale, G56 feet above sea-level, and about 62 miles east of Frankfort-onthe-Main. Its streets are regular, and its houses attractive. A stone bridge spans the Saale at the town. It has a local court, a commercial school, a theatre, and various benevolent…

Kistna, Or Krishna

KISTNA, or KRISHNA, a district in the Madras Presidency, India, lying between 15? 35' and 17? 10' N. let., and between 79? 14' and 81? 34' E. long., and bounded on the N. by Godavari, on the E. by the Bay of Bengal, on the S. by Nellore, and on the W. by the Nizdm's Dominions and Karmil. Kistna is, speaking generally, a flat country, but the interior is broken by a few low hills, the highest being…

Kistna, Or Krishna

KISTNA, or KRISHNA, a large river of southern India, stretching almost across the entire peninsula from west to east. It rises near the Bombay sanatarium of 3.1ahabaleshwar iu the Western Ghats, only about 40 miles from the Arabian Sea. Its source is held sacred, and is frequented by pilgrims in large numbers. From Mahabaleshwar the Kistna runs southwards in a rapid course into the Nizam's Dominio…

Kit-cat-club

KIT-CAT-CLUB, a convivial association of Whig wits, painters, politicians, and men of letters, founded in the reign of James IL The name, according to Defoe, was derived from the keeper of the house in which the club met, Christopher Catt, a pastry cook in Shire Lane, which now no longer exists, but formerly ran parallel with Chancery Lane near Temple Bar. The pies of Christopher were the principa…

Kite

KITE,' Anglo-Saxon Cyta, the Falco milvus of Linnaeus and Jfilvus ictinus of modern ornithologists, once perhaps the most familiar bird-of-prey in Great Britain, and now one of the rarest. Three or four hundred years ago foreigners were struck with its abundance in the streets of London, and the evidence of two of them, one being the eminent naturalist Belon, has been already given (BI.ans, vol. i…

Kitto, Joiin

KITTO, JOIIN (1804-1854), the author of various works connected with Biblical literature, was the son of a mason at Plymouth, where he was born December 4th, 1804. In childhood lie was weak and sickly, and he received only a very meagre school education ; but his untoward and miserable circumstances did not prevent the growth of a passionate love of books and an eager thirst for learning. By a fal…

Kitzingen

KITZINGEN, a town in the government district of Lower Franconia, and Aschaffenburg, Bavaria, is situated on the Main, 95 miles south east of Frankfort by rail.

Kiwi

KIWI, or Kiwi-Kiwi, the Maori name - first apparently introduced to zoological literature by Lesson in 1828 (Man. d'Ornithologie, ii. p. 210, or Voy. de la " Coquille," Zoologie, p. 418), and now very generally adopted in English - of one of the most characteristic forms of New Zealand birds, the Apteryx of scientific writers. This remarkable bird was unknown till Shaw, as almost his latest labour…

Kizliar, Kizlyar, Or Kizlar

KIZLIAR, KIZLYAR, or KIZLAR, a town of Russia, in the government of Stavropol, 325 miles east of the government town, in the low-lying delta of the river Terek, about 35 miles from the shores of the Caspian. It lies to the left of the main stream between two of the larger secondary branches, and the whole is subject to flooding. The town proper, which spreads out round the citadel, has its Tartar,…

Kladno

KLADNO, a mining town in the district of Smichov, Bohemia, lies about 15 miles west-north-west of Prague, with which it is connected by the Buschtierad line of railway.

Klagenfurt

KLAGENFURT, capital of the duchy of Carinthia, Austria, and seat of the provincial administration, financial direction, and court of appeal, is situated upon a plain at an elevation of 1450 feet above the sea-level, and about 40 miles north-north-west of Laibach, with which, as with Vienna, Gratz, Innsbruck, and other centres, it is connected by railway, in 46? 37' N. lat., 14? 19' E. long. Klagen…

Klaproth, Heinrich Julius Von

KLAPROTH, HEINRICH JULIUS VON (1783-1835), one of the founders of Oriental scholarship in Europe, was frown away what he deemed a foolish attachment to a satisfying his natural instinct, and by the time that in ignorance of the usual subjects, that at least he knew Chinese. He was still in his teens when lie published his Asiatisches liragazia (Weimar, 1802); and immediately after he was called to…

Klattau

KLATTAU (Latin, Clatovia ; Bohemian, Kiatovy), chief town of a district of the same name in Bohemia, lies about hospitals, a large steam brewery, and an old-fashioned town-hall dating from the 16th century, and containing in its tower a bell weighing over 5 tons.

Klausenburg, Or Clausenburo

KLAUSENBURG, or CLAUSENBURO (Hungarian, Kolozsvcir ; Latin, Claudiopolis), a royal free town of Hungary, the capital of the county of Kolozs, and also of the whole Transylvanian circle, is situated in a picturesque valley on the banks of the Little Szamos, and on the Hungarian eastern railway, 72 miles north-north-west of Hermannstadt, in 46? 44' 8" N. lat., 23? 34' 51" E. long. Klausenburg is the…

Klausthal, Or Clausthal

KLAUSTHAL, or CLAUSTHAL, in the circle of Zellerfeld and the district of Hildesheim, Prussia, is the chief town and mining centre of the Upper Harz. It is situated on a bleak plateau, 1860 feet above sea-level, and unites to form one town with Zellerfeld on the opposite bank of the Zellbach. The streets are broad, opportunity for improvement having been given by fires in 1844 and 1854; the houses …

Klebeii, Jean Baptiste

KLEBEII, JEAN BAPTISTE (1753-1800), was born at Strasburg in 1753 or 1754, where his father was a builder. He was meant to be an architect, but his opportune assistance to two German nobles in a tavern brawl obtained for him a nomination to the military school of Munich. He soon obtained a commission, but resigned it in 1783 on finding his humble birth in the way of his promotion. On returning to …

Klein, Julius Leopold

KLEIN, JULIUS LEOPOLD (1804-1876), a German writer of Jewish origin, was born at Miscolcz, in Hungary, in 1804. He was educated at the gymnasium in Pest, and studied medicine in Vienna and Berlin. After travelling in Italy and Greece, he settled as a man of letters in Berlin, where he remained until his death in 1876. He was the author of many dramatic works, among others the historical tragedies …

Kliarkoff

KlIARKOFF, the chief town of the above government, is situated in 56? 37' N. lat. and 25? 5' E. long., in the valley of the Donets, 462 miles from Moscow and 137 miles from Kursk. It has railway communication northward by Kursk and southward to Mariupol on the Sea of Azoff and to Odessa by Poltava and Balta. The four annual fairs are among the busiest in Russia, more especially the Krestchenskaya …

Klintzy

KLINTZY, a town in Russia, situated in the government of Tchernigoff, 203 miles north-east of the capital of the province.

Klopstock, Friedrich Gottlieb

KLOPSTOCK, FRIEDRICH GOTTLIEB (1724-1803), German poet, was horn at Quedlinburg on the 2d of July 1724. He was educated partly at the gymnasium of his native town, partly at Schulpforta. After studying theology for a short time at Jena, lie went in 1746 to the university of Leipsic, where he made the acquaintance of Cramer, Schlegel, Rabener, and other young men of letters, who were conducting the…

Klosterneuburg

KLOSTERNEUBURG, a town in the official district of Hernals, Austria, is situated on the right bank of the Danube, 5i miles north-west of Vienna. It is divided by a small stream into an upper and a lower town, in the former of which are the ruins of a mediaeval fortress. The town has a local court, a hospital, an asylum for the insane, and a convent of Mekhitarists ; among the schools is an academy…

Knaresborough

KNARESBOROUGH, a market-town and parliamentary borough in the West Riding of Yorkshire, is finely situated on a rocky elevation on the left bank of the Nidd, 17 miles west by north of York and 207 north of London. It is a station on the North-Eastern Railway, which crosses the valley near the town by a lofty viaduct. The town is built chiefly of stone, and contains several good streets and a spaci…

Knitting

KNITTING is the art of forming looped fabrics or textures with the use of needles or wires and a single continuous thread. Crochet is an analogous art, differing from knitting in the fact that the separate loops are thrown of and finished successively, whereas in knitting the whole series of loofa which go to form one length or round of the fabric are retained on one or more needles while a new se…

Knolles, Richard

KNOLLES, RICHARD (c. 1545-1610), author of the History of the Turks, was a native of Northamptonshire, and was born about 1545. In 1560 he entered Lincoln's master of the free school at Sandwich in Kent, where he died in 1610. In 160:3 Knolles published A General History of the Turks, a seeon? edition or which appeared in 1610. The work was continued up to data in several editions subsequently pub…

Knot

KNOT. In the scientific sense, a knot is an endless physical line which cannot be deformed into a circle. A physical line is flexible and inextensible, and cannot be cut, - so that no lap of it can be drawn through another. The founder of the theory of knots is undoubtedly Listing. In his " Vorstudien zur Topologic " (Gottinyer ,S'tad ten, 1847), a work in many respects of startling originality, a…

Knot

KNOT, a Limicoline bird very abundant at certain seasons on the shores of Britain and many countries of the northern hemisphere. Camden iu the edition of his Britannia published in 1607 (p. 408) inserted a passage not found in the earlier issues of that work, connecting the name with that of King Canute, and this account of its origin has been usually received. But no other evidence in its favour …

Knowles, James Sheridan

KNOWLES, JAMES SHERIDAN (1784-1862), dramatic author, was born at Cork, 21st May 1784. his father was the lexicographer James Knowles, cousin-german of Richard Brinsley Sheridan. Not long after the removal of the family to London in 1793, young Knowles began his dramatic career by composing a play which was performed by himself and his juvenile companions. At the age of fourteen he published a bal…

Knoxville

KNOXVILLE, chief city of Knox county and of East Tennessee, United States, is situated on the right bank of the Tennessee river, which is navigable up to this point, four miles below the confluence of the Holston and French Broad rivers, and about 165 miles east of Nashville. By recent statistics it is shown to be one of the six healthiest cities in the United States ; the elevation is 1000 feet, …

Kobelyaki

KOBELYAKI, a town of Russia, in the government of Poltava, 40 miles south-west of the government town, with a station on the railway between Kharkoff and Keenientchug.

Kobrin

KOBRIN, a town of Russia, in the government of Grodno, 12 miles east of Brest-Litovsk and 4 miles from the Tevli station of the railway between Minsk and Brest-Litovsk.

Kock

KOCK, CliARLES PAUL DE (1794-1871), novelist, was born at Passy on the 21st of May 1794, and died at Paris on the 29th of August 1871. He was a posthumous child, his father, who was a banker of Dutch extraction, having been one of the numerous victims of the Terror, and dying on the scaffold with Hebert and Clootz, not as an extreme republican, but as "suspect" of foreign relations. The family was…

Kodungalur, Or Cranganore

KODUNGALUR, or CRANGANORE, a town in Cochin state, Southern India, 10? 13' 50" N. let., 76? 14' 50" E. long., with a population (1876) of 9475. Though now a place of little importance, its historical interest is considerable. Tradition assigns to it the double honour of having been the first field of St Thomas's labours (52 .A.D.) in India and the scat of Cheruman Perumil's government (341). The v…

Kohat

KOHAT, a district in the lientenant-governorship of the Punjab, India, is situated between 32? 47' and 33? 53' N. let., and between 70' 34' and 72? 17' E. long., and is bounded on the N. by Peshawar, on the E. by the Indus river, on the S. by Bannu district, and on the W. by the Kuram river and the Wazirf hills. It consists chiefly of a bare and intricate mountain region, deeply scored with river …

Kohl, Johann Georg

KOHL, JOHANN GEORG (1808-1878), traveller and author, was born at Bremen, April 28, 1808. He studied law at Gottingen, Heidelberg, and kunich, and for six years was a private tutor in Courland. In 1838, after travelling through parts of Russia, he settled at Dresden. The success of four books, which he published in 1841, describing Ids Russian experiences, decided his choice of literature as a pro…

Kolaba

KOLABA, a district of the Bombay Presidency, India, lying between 17? 52' and 18? 50' N. lat., and between 73? 7' and 73? 42' E. long. It is bounded on the N. by Bombay harbour and Thana district, on the E. by Poona and Shthra, on the S. by Ratnhgiri and Janjira state, and on the W. by the Arabian Sea. Lying between the S diyadri range and the sea, Kolaba district abounds in hills, some being spur…

Kolar, Or Colar

KOLAR, or COLAR, a district of Mysore state, Southern India, lying between 12? 46' and 13? 36' N. lat., and 78? 5' and 78? 35' E. long. It occupies that portion of the Mysore table-land immediately bordering the Eastern Ghats. The principal watershed lies in the north-west, around the hill of Nandidrng (4810 feet), from which rivers radiate in all directions; and the whole country- is broken by nu…

Kolhapub

KOLHAPUB, a native state in the Bombay Presidency, India, lying between 15? 58' and 17? 11' N. lat., and between 73? 45' and 74? 24' E. long. ; it is bounded on the N. by Satara district, on the E. and S. by the states of Miraj, and Kurunchwad, and on the W. and S.W. by Sawantwari state and 1.1a,tnagiri district. The area is 3184 square miles. Kolhapur state stretches from the heart of the Sahytid…

Kolilipur

KOLILiPUR, the capital of the above state, is situated in 16? 42' N. lat. and 74? 16' E. long., 128 miles south by east of Poona.

Kolin

KOLIN (Bub., Novi/ fiohin, i.e., New Kolin), a town in the circle of Kaurzitn, Bohemia, is situated on the Elbe, about 35 miles east of Prague, with which city as also with Briinn it is connected by the Austrian State Railway, here intersected by the north-western line, in 50? 4' N. lat., 15? 14' E. long.

Kolomea, Or Koloiniyia

KOLOMEA, or KOLOINIYIA, a town and district in the Austrian province of Galicia, lies on the right bank of the Pruth and on the railway from Czernowitz to Lemberg, about 105 miles south-south-east of the latter, in 48? 31' N, lat., 25? 1' E. long.

Kolomna

KOLOMNA, a district town of Russia, in the government of Ryazan, situated on the railway between Moscow and Ryazan, 67 miles south-east of Moscow, at the confluence of the Moskva river with the Kolomenka.

Komorn, Or Comorn

KOMORN, or COMORN (Hungarian, IMv-Konuiroin), royal free town of -Hungary, and capital of the trans-Danubian county of Komarom, lies at the eastern extremity of the island of CsallOkoz or Schiitt, and at the confluence of the Waag with the Danube, 48 miles west-north-west front Budapest, with which city as also with Vienna it is directly connected by railway, in 47' 46' N. lat., IS? 7' E. long. Ko…

Komotau

Kongsberg

KONGSBERG, a mining town in the district of Buskernd, Norway, is situated on the Laagen, 500 feet above the sea, and about 60 miles south-west of Christiania by rail. With the exception of the church and the townhouse, the buildings are mostly of wood. The origin and whole industry of the town are connected with the Government silver-mines in the neighbourhood. Their first discovery was made by a …

Konigcratz

KONIGCRATZ (Bohemian, iiecifore Hradec), a fortified town and episcopal seat in Bohemia, at the confluence of the Adler with the upper Elbe, and at the junction of the Reichenberg-Pardubitz and North-Western lines of railway, in 50? 10' N. lat., 15" 40' E. long.

Koniginhof

KONIGINHOF (in Czech, Doer Kralori), chief town of a department in the north-east of Bohemia, is situated on the left bank of the Elbe, about SO miles north-east of Prague.

Konigsbeiig

KONIGSBEIIG (in Polish Krulereiee), chief town of a government district in the province of East Prussia, and since 1843 a fortress of the first rank, is situated on the Pre-rel, 44- miles from its mouth in the Frische Haft', 25 miles from the sea-coast, and 397 miles north-east of Berlin, in 43' N. lat. and 20? 30' E. long. It consists of three formerly independent parts - the Altstadt (old town) …

Konigstiutte

KoNIGSTIUTTE, a town in the circle of Beuthen in the government district of Oppeln, Prussia, is situated in the middle of the Upper Silesian coal and iron district, about 55 miles south-west of Oppeln.

Konitz

KONITZ, or KONITz, a town of the German empire, in the Marienwerder district of the province of West Prussia., situated near the railway, about 68 miles south-west of Dantzic.

Konotop

KONOTOP, a district town of Russia, in the government of Tchernigoff, 137 miles north-east of Kieff, on the railway from this town to Kursk.

Kopenick

KOPENICK, or CorNicK, a town in the circle of Teltow in the government district of Potsdam, Prussia, is situated on an island at the influx of the Dalime into the Spree, the mainland.

Kopreinitz

KOPREINITZ, an ancient royal free town of Hungary, in the province of Croatia and Slavonia and county of KorUs, is situated about 16 miles north-east of the county town KOriis (Kreutz), and on the Zakany-Zagrab line of the Hungarian state railway, in 46? 13' N. lat., 16? 50' E, long.

Koprili, Kiuprili, Or Kj

KOPRILI, KIUPRILI, or KJ(rittLii, a town in the vilayet of Prisrend, Macedonia, Turkey, is situated on both sides of the Vardar, the ancient Axius.

Korat

KORAT, a small territory, tributary to Siam, is situated t) the north-east of Bangkok, on the borders of Siam and Cambodia. The approach to it from Bangkok is through an extensive in ilarious forest, called by the natives, on account of its fatal character, Doug Phya Phai, the forest of the king of fire. The chief mountain is named Khasjai, and from it flows the river Mahot. The productions and ex…

Kordofan

KORDOFAN, a province of the Egyptian Sudan, which, though marked off from the surrounding territory by no very definite confines, may be said to lie between 12? and 16? N. lat. and between 29? 30' and 32? 30' E. long. On the east it does not reach the Nile, and on the west it is usually held to be separated from Darfur by a neutral strip of country. It consists for the most part of a rolling stepp…

Korea

KOREA, a petty native state in Chutid Nagpur, Bengal, India., situated between 22? 55' 50" and 23? 49' 15" N. let., and between 81? 58' 15' and 82? 48' 15" E. long., and having an area of 1631 square miles. The state consists of an elevated table-land of coarse sandstone, varying from 2477 to 3370 feet above sea-level. Large forest tracts of soil timber exist. Iron is found throughout the state, a…

Korner

KORNER, KAnr, THEODOR (1791 - 1813), German patriot and poet, was born at Dresden, September 23, 1791. His father, a prosperous lawyer, made his house in Dresden a centre of literary, musical, and artistic society, and was an intimate friend of Schiller ; and his mother, a daughter of the copper-plate engraver Stock of Leipsic, enjoyed Goethe's friendship through life, and in her later years claim…

Korotcha

KOROTCHA, a district town, in the government of Kursk, Russia, 100 macs south of Kursk, on the Korotcha river.

Korotoyak

KOROTOYAK, a town of Russia, in the government of Voronezh, on the right bank of the Don, 6 miles from the Davydovka railway station, and 47 miles south of Voronezh.

Kosciusko, Or Koscziusko

KOSCIUSKO, or KOSCZIUSKO, THADDEUS (1746-1817), Polish patriot, was descended from an old family of small proprietors in the province of Lithuania, and was horn in 1746. From his father he inherited a taste for music, and in the other branches of education he showed such marked aptitude at the cadet school of Warsaw that along with some other youths he was sent at the expense of the state to compl…

Koslin

KOSLIN, or CosLIN, chief town of a circle and government district in the province of Pomerania, Prussia, is situated at the foot of the Gollenberg, 5 miles from the Baltic coast, and about 86 miles north-east of Stettin (105 by rail).

Kosloff

KOSLOFF, or Kozr.ov, a town in the government of Tamboff, Russia, on the railway between Ryajsk and Sara-toff, 45 miles west of Tamboff, on the Lesnoy Voronezh river. It had its origin in a small monastery, which was founded in the forest in 1627 ; nine years later, an earthwork was raised close by, for the protection of the Russian frontier against the Tartars. Situated in a very fertile country,…

Kostendil, Giustendil, Or Djustendil

KOSTENDIL, GIUSTENDIL, or DJUSTENDIL, a town in the extreme south of the principality of Bulgaria, Turkey, is situated on the Strouma, the ancient Strymon.

Koster, Or Coster

KOSTER, or COSTER, LAURENS (1370 7-1440), the first Dutch printer, whose claims to be considered at least one of the inventors of the art (see PRINTING) have been recognized by many investigators.

Kostro1via

KOSTRO1VIA, a town of Russia, capital of the government of the same name, 230 miles north-east of Moscow and 55 miles from Yaroslay. It is situated on the left bank of the Volga, at the mouth of the navigable Kostroma river, with suburbs on the opposite side of the Volga. It is one of the oldest towns of Russia, having been founded by Youri Dolgorouky in 1152. Its fort was often the refuge of the …

Kostroma

KOSTROMA, a central government of Russia in Europe, surrounded by those of Vologda, Vyatka, Nijni-Novgorod, Vladimir, and Yaroslav, lies mostly on the left bank of the upper Volga, and has an estimated area of 32,700 square miles. Its surface is generally undulating, with hilly tracts on the right bank of the Volga, and extensive fiat and marshy districts in its eastern parts. The rocks belong chi…

Kotaii

KOTAII, a native state in Rajputana, India, situated between 24? 30' and 25? 51' N. lat., and 74? 40' and 76? 59' E. long. It is entirely surrounded by native territory, being bounded on the N. by Bundi, on the E. by Gwalior and Tonk, on the S. by Jhalftwar, and on the W. by Uclaipur. The area is 3797 square miles, with an estimated population of 310,000. Kotah slopes gently northwards from the hi…

Kothen, Or Cotiien

KOTHEN, or COTIIEN, chief town of a circle in the duchy of Anhalt, Germany, is situated on the Ziethe, at the junction of several railway lines, about 42 miles northwest of Leipsic by rail. It consists of an old and a new town with four suburbs. It has two palaces, one of which in the old town contains various scientific collections and a library of 20,000 volumes. The industries include ironfound…

Kotiii

KOTIII, a town in Karachi (Kurrachee) district, Sind, India, situated on the right bank of the Indus, in 25? 22' N. lat. and 68? 22' E. long. The population in 1872, including the neighbouring hamlets of Khanpur and Miane MUltani, was 7949 - namely, 5166 Mohammedans, 2155 Hindus, 304 Christians, and 24 Parsis. Kotri is the northern terminus of the Sind Railway, which communicates with' the seaport…

Kottbtjs, Or Cottbus

KOTTBTJS, or COTTBUS, chief town of a circle in the government district of Frankfort, Prussia, is situated on the Spree, about 72 miles south-east of Berlin by rail, and at the intersection of several important railwaz lines.

Kotzebue, August Friedrich Ferdinand Von

KOTZEBUE, AUGUST FRIEDRICH FERDINAND VON (1761-1819), German dramatist, was born on the 3d of May 1761, at Weimar, where his father was a councillor of legation. Having attended the gymnasium of Weimar, he went in his sixteenth year to the university of Jena, and afterwards studied about a year in Duisburg. In 1780 he completed his legal studies, and was admitted an advocate. Through the influence…

Kotzebue, Otto Von

KOTZEBUE, OTTO VON (1787-1846), Russian navigator, son of the subject of last notice, was born at Revel on December 19, 1787. After being educated at the St Petersburg school of cadets, he accompanied Krusenstern on his voyage of 1803-6. After his promotion to lieutenant, Kotzebue was placed in command of an expedition fitted out at the expense of the imperial chancellor, Count Ptumantsoff, in the…

Kousso

KOUSSO, Kosso, or Cuss?, a drug recently introduced into English medicine as a remedy for tapeworm. It consists of the flowers of Hagenia abyssinica, Willd. (Brayera anthelminthica, Knuth.), a handsome rosaceous tree 60 feet high, growing throughout the table-land of Abyssinia, at an elevation of 3000 to 8000 feet above the sea-level. The drug as imported is in the form of cylindrical rolls, about…

Kovno

KOVNO, a north-western province of European Russia, is bounded on the N.E. and S.E. by the provinces of Courland and Vilna, and on the S. and S.W. by Russian Poland and by Prussia, a narrow strip touching the Baltic near Memel. It has an estimated area of 23,680 square miles. The level uniformity of its surface is broken only by two low ridges which nowhere rise above 800 feet. The geological char…

Kovroff

KOVROFF, a town in Russia, situated in the government of Vladimir, on the railway between Moscow and Nijni Novgorod, 40 miles east-north-east of the capital of the province, on the right bank of the Klazma river.

Kozelsk

KOZELSK, a district town of the government of Kaluga in European Russia, situated 43 miles south-west of Kaluga, on the left bank of the river Zhizdra.

Krafft, Or Kraft

KRAFFT, or KRAFT, ADAM (c. 1155-1507), sculptor of the Nuremberg school, was born, probably at Nuremberg, about the middle of the 15th century, and died, seine say in the hospital, at Schwabach, about 1507. Of his life few particulars are known beyond the dates of several of his works. He seems to have emerged as sculptor about 1490, the date of the seven reliefs of scenes from the life of Christ,…

Krajova, Or Crajova

KRAJOVA, or CRAJOVA, a town in the circle of Dolschi, Roumania, is situated near the Schyl, a tributary of the Danube, about 110 miles west of Bucharest.

Krantz, Or Ciiantz

KRANTZ, or CIIANTZ, ALBERT (C. 1450-1517), German historian, was a native of Hamburg. He studied law, theology, and history at Rostock and Cologne, and after travelling through western and southern Europe was appointed professor, first of philosophy and subsequently of theology, in the university of Rostock, of which he was rector in 1482. In 1192 he returned to Hamburg as theological lecturer, ca…

Krasnoyarsk

KRASNOYARSK, a town of eastern Siberia, capital of the extensive province of Yeniseisk, which stretches as a long strip from the Chinese frontier formed by the Sayan mountains to the shores of the Arctic Ocean.

Kremenetz

KREMENETZ, a district town of Russia, in the government of Volhynia, in the high valley of the lkva, one of the tributaries of the basin of the Pripat, situated 30 miles east from Radziviloff, the great custom-house on the railway between Kieff and Lvoff. It is a poor place, the 11,800 inhabitants of which follow agriculture, raise tobacco, and excavate flint. But the Jews, who are numerous in the…

Kremnitz

KREMNITZ (Hungarian, Kormoczbanya), a mining town in the cis-Danubian county of Bars, Hungary, lies in a deep valley, and on the Hungarian state railway, 82 miles north of Budapest, in 48? 42' N. lat., 18? 46' E. long. It is the seat of a board of mining control, and of the management of the mint, and has an office of woods and forests. As noteworthy buildings may be mentioned the castle, several …

Kremsier

KREMSIER (in Czech, Kromeriz), chief town of a district in Moravia, Austria, is situated in the fertile region of Hanna on the March, about 25 miles south-west of Olmiitz.

Kreutzer, Conitadin

KREUTZER, CONItADIN (1782-1849), German musical composer, owes his permanent fame almost exclusively to one opera, Des .Vachtlager some Granada, which has kept the stage for nearly half a century in spite of the changes of taste. It is written in the style of Weber, and is remarkable especially for its flow of genuine melody-and depth of feeling. The same qualities are found in Kreutzer's part son…

Kreuznacii, Or Creuznach

KREUZNACII, or CREUZNACH, chief town of a circle in the government district of Coblentz, Prussia, is situated on the Nahe, a tributary of the Rhine, about 40 miles south-east of Coblentz. It consists of the old town on the right bank of the river, the new town on the left, and the island Badeworth, all of which are connected by a fine stone bridge. There is an iron bridge between the island and th…

Kriloff, Kruiloff, Or Kryloff

KRILOFF, KRUILOFF, or KRYLOFF, IVAN ANDREEVITCH (1768-1844), the great national fabulist of Russia, was born February 14, 1768, at Moscow, but his early years were spent at Orenburg and Tver. His father, a distinguished military officer, died in 1779 ; and young Kriloff was left with no richer patrimony than a chest of old books, to be brought up by the exertions of an heroic mother. In the course…

Krishnagar

KRISHNAGAR, town and headquarters of Nadiyd district, Bengal, India, situated on the left bank of the Jalangi river, 23? 23' N. lat., 88? 32' E. long.

Krolevetz

KROLEVETZ, a district town of Russia, in the government of Tchernigoff, 108 miles east of the government town.

Krotoschin

KROTOSCHIN (in Polish, Kratoszyn), chief town of a circle in the government district of Posen, Prussia, is situated about 32 miles south-west of Posen.

Krudener, Barbara Juliana Von Avietinghoff

KRUDENER, BARBARA JULIANA VON AVIETINGHOFF, BARONESS VON (1766-1824), authoress of the romance of Yu/624e, but better known by the religious fervour and pious mysticism of her later years, was born of noble and wealthy parents at Riga, November 21, 1766. Her education, which was an elaborate one, was received partly in her father's house and partly in Paris. While still very young she was married …

Krumen, Croomen, Krus

KRUMEN, CROOMEN, KRUS, or CROON, a negro people on the west coast of Africa. The name is properly Kra or Krao, though the corrupt form Crew-men has sometimes been put forward as the original. Ethnographically it ought to be confined to the tribes settled in the neighbourhood of the Sinoe in the republic of Liberia, where their chief towns are known as Settra Kru, Little Kru, and Nana Kru ; but, as…

Krusenstern, Adak John

KRUSENSTERN, ADAK JOHN (1770-1816), :Russian navigator, hydrographer, and admiral, was born in Esthonia on November 8, 1770. In 1785 he entered the corps of naval cadets, after leaving which, in 1788, with the grade of midshipman, he served in the war against Sweden. Having been appointed to serve in the English fleet for several years (1793-99), he visited America, India, and China. Having publis…

Kuban

KUBAN, a Russian district and government at the north-west extremity of the Caucasus, comprising the entire basin of the river of that name. It is bounded on the N. by the lands of the Don Cossacks and the steppes of Stavropol, E. by the watershed of the river basins of the Caspian and sea of Azoff, S. and S.W. by the Caucasian Alps, and W. by the Black Sea and Straits of Kertch. Its area comprise…

Kuba, Or Kudial-kala

KUBA, or KUDIAL-KALA, a town of the Caucasus, in the government of Baku, Russia, 120 miles north-west from Baku, and 25 miles west of the Caspian. Its situation at the foot of the highlands of Caucasus, on a plain watered by the numberless branches into which the Kubinka river and other smaller streams divide at their issue from the mountain valleys, makes the neighbourhood very suitable for garde…

Kublai Khan

KUBLAI KHAN (or KAAN, as the supreme ruler descended from Jenghiz was usually distinctively termed in the 13th century) (1216-1294) was the most eminent of Tuli, youngest of the four sons of Jenghiz by his favourite wife. Jenghiz was succeeded in the khanship by his third son Okkodai, or Ogdai (1229), he by his son Kuyuk (1246), and Kuyuk by Mangku, eldest son of Tuli (1252), Kublai was horn in 12…

Kuchan

KUCHAN (a contracted form of Kabushan), a walled town and also a district of Persia, province Khorasan, enclosed north and south by the Hazar-Mazjid and AlaDag11 mountains. The town lies at the north foot of the Shah Jahan Kuh (11,000 feet), 3300 feet above the sea, in 37? 10' N. lat., 58? 25' E. long., about 80 miles northwest of Meshhed on the route to Shirvan. It is an important place, seat of …

Kuch Behar

KUCH BEHAR, or Coosri BEHAR, a native state in Bengal, India, lying between 25? 57' and 26? 32' N. let., and 88? 48' and 89? 55'E. long. It is entirely surrounded by British territory, being bounded on the N. by Jalpaiguri, on the E. by Goa1para, on the S. by Rangpur, and on the W. by Ptirniali districts. The state forms a level plain of triangular shape, intersected by numerous rivers. The greate…

Kuen-lun, Or Kouen-lun

KUEN-LUN, or KOUEN-LUN, the name given to the mountains between western Tibet and the plains of eastern Turkestan ; it is derived from the Chinese geographers, and is probably a corruption of some Turkish or Tibetan word ; it appears to be unknown locally. The name having been adopted, chiefly on the initiative of Humboldt, before any correct geographical knowledge had been obtained of the region …

Kuka, Or Kukawa

KUKA, or KUKAWA, the capital of the kingdom of Bornu in Central Africa, is situated in 12? 55' N. lat. and 13? 2a' E. long., 4,1" miles from the western shores of Lake Tsad or Chad," in the midst of an extensive and for the most part uncultivated plain. The soil of the whole district consists of a layer of sand resting on clay, beneath which are found sand and lime. At a depth of 40 or 50 feet wat…

Kuku Khoto

KUKU KHOTO, in Chinese RWEI-11WA-TCHENG or GUI-IIIJA-TCHENG, a city of the Chinese province of Shan-se, situated to the north of time Great Wall, in 40? 50' N. lat. and 111? 45' E. long., about 160 miles west of Kalgan.

Kullu

KULLU, a valley and subdivision of Kangra district, Punjab, India, situated between 31? 20' and 32? 26' N. lat., and 76? 58' and 77? 50' E. long. It is bounded on the N. by the central Himalayan range, on the S. by the Sutlej river, on the S.W. by the Dhaoladar or Outer Himalaya, Bias river, and the states of Suket and Mandl, and on the W. by Bara Bangabal hills. The Sainj, which joins the Bias at…

Kulm

KULM (in Polish, Chelmo), chief town of a circle in the government district of Marien werder, Prussia, is situated on the high banks of the Vistula, about 24 miles northwest of Thorn.

Kulmbach, Or Culmbacii

KULMBACH, or CULMBACII, a town in the administrative district of Upper Franconia, Bavaria, is picturesquely situated on the White Main, and on the Bamberg-Hof line of the Bavarian State Railway, about 11 miles north-west from Baireuth, in 50? 6' N. lat., 11? 28' E. long. The town has several linen manufactories and a large cotton spinnery, but is chiefly famed for its many extensive breweries, the…

Kumaun

KUMAUN, a district in the North-Western Provinces of India, lying between 28' 55' and 30? 50' N. lat., and 76? 52' and 80? 56' E. long. It consists of two distinct tracts - the sub-Himalayan ranges, and the blablear or waterless forest, averaging from 10 to 15 miles in breadth, which stretches between the forests and the Tarsi. See HIMALAYA, VOL X1.? p. 821. Of the entire area of the highlands, on…

Kum-lichee, Or Kara

KUM-LICHEE, or KARA,CHI, the chief town of Sind, India, and a large seaport, situated at the extreme northern end of the Indus delta, in 24? 51' N. let. and 67? 4' E. long. duction of settled institutions ; and the architecture of the town is essentially modern and Anglo-Indian. Before 1725 no town whatever appears to have existed on its site ; but about that time some little trade began to centre…

Kumpta, Or Coomptaii

KUMPTA, or COOMPTAII, a town and port in North Kanara district, Bombay, India, 14? 26' N. lat., 74? 27' E. long., with a population in 1872 of 10,932.

Kurgan

KURGAN, a district town of western Siberia, in the government of Tobolsk, 352 miles south-south-west of the capital of the province, on the left bank of the Tobol river.

Kurile Islands

KURILE ISLANDS, a chain of islands to the northeast of Asia, extending for about 795 miles from the southern extremity of the peninsula of Kamchatka to the northern extremity of Yezo, and forming the boundary between the Sea of Okhotsk and the outer ocean. Till 1875 the Little or Northern Knriles belonged to Russia, and the Great or Southern Kuriles to Japan, but by the treaty of that date they we…

Kurrachee, Or Katuciii

KURRACHEE, or KATUCIII, a district in Sind, India, lying between 23? 34' and 26' 57' N. let., and between 66' 41' 30" and 68? 49' E. long., bounded on the N. by Shikarpur, on the E. by the Indus river and Hyderabad district, on the S. by the sea, and on the W. by Baluchistan. The area is 14,091 square miles ; and the population in 1872 was 426,722. The district consists of an immense tract of land…

Kursk

KURSK, a government of European Russia conterminous with those of Tehernigoff, Orel, Voronezh, Poltava, and prevail, and chalk, iron-stone, mill-stones, potter's clay, and tripoli are among the economic minerals. The rich black earth of the governmeut makes it one of the best agricultural districts of the country. No fewer than four hundred streams are counted within its borders, but none of them …

Kustendje, Or Kt

KUSTENDJE, or Kt'sTENDJIE, a seaport of Roumania on the coast of the Black Sea, 140 miles east of Bucharest, the terminus of the railway from Tchernavocla on the Danube, and the principal outlet for the produce of the Dobrudja. The harbour is well defended from the north winds, but those from the south, south-east, and southwest prove sometimes highly dangerous. Of the exports (valued at .E217,828…

Kustrin, Or Custrin

KUSTRIN, or CUSTRIN, a town and fortress of the first rank in the circle of Kiinigsberg-in-der-Neumark, in the government district of Frankfort, Prussia, is situated at the confluence of the Oder and Warthe, about 51 miles northeast of Berlin by rail.

Kutaia

KUTAIA.H, KUTAYA, or KIUTAHIA, the chief town of a sandjak in the vilayet of Khudavendikiar, Asia Minor, is situated on the Pursak, an affluent of the Sakaria, the ancient Sangarius.

Kuta Is

KUTA IS, a town of the Caucasus, Russia, capital of the province of same name, 60 miles east from Poti, and 4 miles from the Rion station of the railway between Poti and Tiflis. It is one of the oldest towns of the Caucasus ; Procopius mentions it under the name of Kotatision. Persians, Mongolians, Turks, and Russians have again and again destroyed the town and its fortress. In 1810 it became Russ…

Kuttenberg

KUTTENBERG (in Czech, Eutaui Ilora), chief town of an official district in central Bohemia, Austria, is situated on a small stream in a fertile region, about 180 miles north-west of Vienna by rail.

Kuty

KUTY, a municipal town in the Austrian province of Galicia, lies 20 miles south-east of Kolomea, and on the left bank of the Czeremosz, which here forms the boundary between Galicia and Bukowina, in 48? 16' N. lat., 25? 10' E. long.

Kuznetsk

KUZNETSK, a district town of Russia, in the government of Samara, situated on the railway between Samara and Penza, 158 miles west of the former.

Kyouk-hpyu

KYOUK-HPYU, a district in British Burmah, lying between 18? 55' and 19? 22' N. lat., and 93? 25' and 94? E. long. It consists of, first, a strip of mainland along the Bay of Bengal, extending from the An Pass, across the main range, to the Ma-i river, and, secondly, the large islands of Ramri and Man-oung, with many others to the south, lying off the coast of Sandoway. The mainland in the north an…

La 1iochefoucauld

LA 1IOCHEFOUCAULD, FRANcois DE (1613-16S0), the greatest maxim writer of France, one of her best memoir writers, and perhaps the most complete and accomplished representative of her ancient nobility, was born at Paris in the Rue des Petits Champs on the 15th of September 1613. His family was one of the most ancient and noble in France, counting twenty-one descents in the direct male line from I'ou…

La Badie, Labadists

LA BADIE, LABADISTS. Jean de la Badie, a noted Pietist leader in the 17th century, was the son of Jean Charles de la Badie, governor of Gnyenne ; he was born in the town of Bourg not far from Bordeaux, on the 13th of February 1010, and died in Altona, on the 13th of February 1674. He was sent along with two brothers to the Jesuit school at Bordeaux, where his talents attracted the attention of his…

Labarum

LABARUM, the sacred military standard of the early Christian Roman emperors, was first adopted by Constantine the Great after his miraculous vision in 312, although, according to Gibbon, he did not exhibit it to the army till 323. The name seems to have been known before, and the banner itself was simply a Christianized form of the Roman cavalry standard. Eusebius (Life of Coast., i. 31) describes…

Labeo, Marcus Antistius

LABEO, MARCUS ANTISTIUS (cir. 50 B.C.-18 A.D.), was the son of Pacuvius Antistius Labeo, a jurist of minor note, who caused himself to be slain after the defeat of his party at Philippi. A member of the plebeian nobility, and in easy circumstances, the younger Labeo entered early upon public life, and soon rose to the prietorship ; but his undisguised antipathy to the new regime, and the somewhat …

Laberius, Decimus

LABERIUS, DECIMUS (105-43 p.c.), a Roman knight and a prolific writer of mimi, or farces, was born about 105 B.C. Of his life we know little ; but from the scattered notices of him in the old writers we can gather that he was a man of caustic wit, who wrote his pieces for his own pleasure, and enjoyed some consideration among his contemporaries. In 45 B.C. Julius Caesar, promising him 500,000 sest…

Labienus, Titus

LABIENUS, TITUS, Julius Catsar's proprootor in Gaul, first attracted his leader's favour in a civil capacity. In G3 B.C. he appeared at Ciesar's instigation as the prosecutor of Rabirius for perduellio ; and in the same year, being tribune of the plebs, he carried a plebiscitum that indirectly secured for Caesar the dignity of pontifex maximus. The military talent of Labienns was respectable, thou…

Labour And Labour Laws

LABOUR AND LABOUR LAWS. With some exceptions in the case of labour imposed as a punishment for crime or as a test or condition of aid to the poor under the poor laws, the labour here to be spoken of is labour by freemem - that is to say, labour by persons having the primary right to choose whether they will labour or not, and to choose the terms on which they will consent to labour, if labour be t…

Labrador

LABRADOR., in the widest acceptation of the word, is the peninsular portion of North America bounded on three sides by the Gulf of St Lawrence, the North Atlantic, Hudson's Straits, and Hudson's Bay, and vaguely defined towards the south-west by Rupert's river, the Mistassini river, and the Bersiamits river. It extends from about 49? to 63? N. lat., and from the 55th to the 79th meridian. Its grea…

La Bruyere, Jean De

LA BRUYERE, JEAN DE (1645-1696), essayist and moralist, was born at Paris in August 1645, and not, as has more commonly been asserted, at Dourdan (Seine-etOise) in 1639. His family was of the middle class, and his reference to a certain Geoffroy de la Bruyere, crusader, is only a satirical illustration of a method of self-ennoblement common in France as in some other countries. Indeed he himself a…

Labuan, Or Labutian

LABUAN, or LABUTIAN, an island of the East Indian Archipelago, which has been a British possession since 1846. It lies about 6 miles off the north-west coast of Borneo, opposite the northern end of the great bay of Brunei. Rudely triangular in shape, it measures about 7 miles across the base, and has a length of 11 miles from north to south. The general flatness of the surface is broken by a numbe…

Laburnum

LABURNUM is the specific name of a familiar tree of the genus Cytisus, Dec., of the pea family or Leguminosx. It is a native of the mountains of France, Switzerland, southern Germany, northern Italy, &c., has long been cultivated as an ornamental tree throughout Europe, and was introduced into north-east America by the European colonists. Gerard records it as growing in his garden in 1596 under th…

Labyrinth

LABYRINTH. I. The legendary labyrinth is one of the clearest examples of the close relation between mythology and the early stages of the industrial arts. The word Ao./31.1pLvOos is derived from the hatIpac or passages of a mine ; the digamma before the p has become in the latter a vowel, while in the former it retains its consonantal value. The mines of Greece, like those of Thrace and the .tEgea…

Lacaille, Nicolas

LACAILLE, NICOLAS Louis DE (1713-1762), a zealous and successful astronomer, was born at Rumigny, near Rheims, March 15, 1713. Left destitute by the death of his father, who held a post in the household of the duchess of Vendome, his theological studies at the Coll6ge de Lisieux in Paris were prosecuted at the expense of the duke of Bourbon. After he had taken deacon's orders, however, he devoted …

La Calle, Or La Cala

LA CALLE, or LA CALA, a seaport town of Algeria, in the province of Constantine, the centre of the Algerian small and inconvenient, but it is proposed to construct a military port and harbour of refuge a little to the west. La Calle proper, or the old fortified town, is built on a ridge of rocks about 400 yards long, connected with the mainland by a bank of sand ; but a new town has grown up along…

Laccadives

LACCADIVES, a group of coral reefs and islands in the Indian Ocean, lying between 10? and 12? 20' N. lat. and 71? 40' and 71? E. long. The name Laccadives (laksfta duipa, the "hundred thousand isles ") is that given by the people of the continent, and was probably meant to include the myriad Maldives ; they arc called by the natives simply Divi, "islands," or Amendivi, from the chief island. There…

Lace

LACE I is the name applied to an ornamental open work of threads of flax, cotton, silk, gold, or silver, and occasionally of mohair or aloe fibre. Such threads may be either looped or plaited or twisted together in one of three ways : - (1) with a needle, when the work is distinctively known as "needlepoint lace "; (2) with bobbins, pins, and a pillow or cushion, when the work is known as " pillow…

Lace Pe De

LACE PE DE, BERNARD GERMAIN ETIENNE DE LA VILLE, COMTE DE (1756-1825), French naturalist, was born at Agen in Guyenne, December 2G, 1756. His education was carefully conducted by his father, and the early perusal of Buffon's .LNatural History awakened an interest in that branch of study, which for the remainder of his life absorbed his chief attention. His leisure he devoted to music, in which, be…

La Chalotais

LA CHALOTAIS, Loris RENE DE CARADECTC DE (1701-1785), representative of the French provincial parliaments in their struggles with Louis XV., was born at Rennes in Brittany, March 6,1701. He entered with keen vigour into the question of the suppression of the Jesuits, which began to be most openly mooted after the affair of Martinique ; and as procureur goneral of the parliament of Brittany he subm…

Lachish

LACHISH (,::;'?1.2,), a town in the low country of Judah (Josh. xv. 39), and one of the strong fortresses that offered an obstinate resistance to Nebuchadnezzar (Ter. xxxiv. 7). it was to Lachish that Amaziah fled from the conspiracy raised against him at Jerusalem, and there he was killed (2 Kings xiv. 19). From an obscure allusion in Micah i. 13 it would appear that the place was a chariot city.…

Lachmann, Karl Konrad Friedrich Wilhelm

LACHMANN, KARL KONRAD FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1793-1851), a highly distinguished philologist and critic, was born March 4, 1793, at Brunswick, where his father held an appointment as preacher in the Andreas Kirche. In his eighth year he entered the Katharineum of his native town, where the strong bent of his vigorous mind towards philology and literature soon made itself unmistakably evident. In 1809 h…

La Condamine, Charles

LA CONDAMINE, CHARLES \LtRIE DE (1701-1774), French geographer and mathematician, born at Paris, 'January 28, 1701, was trained for the military profession, but turned his attention to science and geographical exploration.

Laconia

LACONIA, the Greek Awewmnes, is the name generally applied in modern times to the country which occupied the The history of the district has already been given (see GREECE), and it only remains to give a slight sketch of its physical features. These are very peculiar, and had great influence in producing the marked and distinctive character of the section of the Dorian race which occupied Laconia …

Lacordaire, Je

LACORDAIRE, JE,xx BAPTISTE HENut (1802-1861), French orator, was born at ltecey--sur Ource, eke d'Or, 12th March 1802. He was the second of a family of four, the eldest of whom travelled a great deal in his youth, and subsequently occupied the chair of comparative anatomy at Liege, from which he contributed some valuable treatises on entomology. For several years Lacordaire studied at Dijon, shinn…

Lacquer, Or Lacker

LACQUER, or LACKER, in general terms may be said to be coloured and frequently opaque varnishes applied to certain metallic objects and to wood. The term is derived from the resin lac, which substance is the basis of lacquers properly so called. Technically, among Western nations, lacquering is restricted to the coating of polished metals or metallic surfaces, such as brass, pewter, and tin, with …

Lacretelle, Charles De

LACRETELLE, CHARLES DE (1766-1855), historian and journalist, was born at Metz. Shortly before the Revolution he was introduced to some of the constitutionalist leaders, and -:oon joined the taff of the ..lioniteur and the Debuts ; then ho became secretary to the Due de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt. He returned to journalism and joined Chaier and Roucher on the Journct/ de Paris. The triumph of the …

La Crosse

LA CROSSE, chief city of La Crosse county, Wisconsin, United States, is situated on the east bank of the Mississippi, at the confluence of the Black and La Crosse rivers, 196 miles by rail west-north-west of Milwaukee.

Lacrosse

LACROSSE is the national ball game of Canada, as cricket is of England and base ball of the United States of America. The aborigines had the game before the discovery of the New World, and different Indian tribes played it in different manners, generally with much roughness and violence. The present name was given it by French Canadians, owing to the resemblance of the curved netted stick, the chi…

Lacrymatory

LACRYMATORY, a modern word employed to describe a class of small vessels of terra-cotta, or, more frequently, of glass, found in Roman and late Greek tombs, and fancifully supposed to have been bottles into which mourners dropped their tears.

Lactantius Firmianus

LACTANTIUS FIRMIANUS, also called Lucius Ctccilius or Lucius Crelius Lactantius Firmianus, was a Christian writer who from the beauty of his style has been called the " Christian Cicero." His history is very obscure. His very name is doubtful ; his birthplace, whether in Italy or in Africa, is uncertain ; it is impossible to say with any accuracy when his writings were published ; and the date of …

Lactic Acid

LACTIC ACID, a chemical term, which, though originally invented to designate the particular acid contained in sour milk, has now, through the discovery of other acids isomeric with and very similar to that acid, acquired a generic, in addition to its original specific, meaning. twenty-four years later Bouillon Lagrange, and, independently of him, also Fourcroy and Vauquelin maintained that Scheele…

La Dixmerie, Nicolas Bricaire De

LA DIXMERIE, NICOLAS BRICAIRE DE (1730-1791), French man of letters, was a native of Champagne, and was born about 1730.

Ladoga

LADOGA., formerly NEW), a lake of northern Russia, situated between 39' 56' and 61? 46' N. lat., and 29? 53' and 32' 50' E. long., surrounded by the governments of St Petersburg, Olonetz, and Wiborg. It has the form of a quadrilateral, elongated from north-west to south-east. Its eastern and southern shores are flat and marshy, whilst the north-western margin is craggy and fringed by numerous smal…

Ladrone

LADRONE on MARIANA ISLANDS, a chain of fifteen islands in the North Pacific Ocean, situated to the north of the Carolines, and between 13? and 21*N. lat., and 144? and 146' E. long. The name Islas de los Ladrones, or "Islands of the Thieves," was given them by the ship's crew of Magellan on account of the thieving propensity of the inhabitants. Magellan himself styled them Islas de has Velas Latin…

Lae14, Or Laa112 Pieter Van

LAE14, or LAA112 PIETER VAN (1 61 3-1 675), painter, was born at Laaren in Holland in 1613.

Laennec, Rene Tiif10d0re Hyacinthe

LAENNEC, RENE TIIf10D0RE HYACINTHE (1781-182(1), inventor of the stethoscope, was born at Quimper in Britanny, February 17, 1781. Early- trained to medicine tinder his uncle at Nantes, he completed Ids medical studies at Paris, where he received the degree of doctor in 1804. He specially distinguished himself by his researches in pathological anatomy, and was regarded as one of the first practitio…

La Farina, Giuseppe

LA FARINA, GIUSEPPE (1815-1863), Italian author and politician, was born at Messina in 1815. On account of the part taken by him in the insurrection of 1837 he found it necessary to quit Sicily, hut returning in 1839 he conducted various newspapers of liberal tendencies, until his efforts were completely interdicted, when he removed to Florence. In 1840 he had published Messina ed i suoi Monnmenti…

La Fayette

LA FAYETTE, the capital of Tippecanoe county, Indiana, U.S., is situated at the head of navigation on the Wabash river, and near the battle-ground of Tippecanoe, where, in 1811, General Harrison, afterwards president, defeated a large force of Indians. The city - which is much the largest of the twenty-four towns in the United States named in honour of General La Fayette - is beautifully situated …

La Fleche

LA FLECHE, chief town of an arrondissement in the department of Sarthe, France, is situated on the right bank of the Loir, about 21 miles south-west of Le Mans.

La Fontaine, Jean

LA FONTAINE, JEAN mr. (1621-1695), one of the most popular and original of French poets, was horn at Chateau Thierry in Champagne, probably on the 8th of July 1621., and died at Paris on the 13th of April 1695. His father was Charles de La Fontaine, " maitre des eaux et for&s" - a kind of deputy-ranger - of the duchy of Chateau Thierry ; his mother was Francoise Puleux. On both sides his family wa…

La Fosse, Charles De

LA FOSSE, CHARLES DE, (1640-171G), French painter, was one of the most noted and least servile pupils of Lebrun, under whose direction he shared in the chief of the great decorative works undertaken in the reign of Louis XIV. He was born at Paris in 1640, and left France for Italy in 1662. He then spent two years in Rome and three in Venice, and the influence of his prolonged studies of Veronese i…

Lagos

LAGOS, a town in the district of Faro, which is coextensive with the province of Algarve, in Portugal, is situated on the south coast of the kingdom, on a bay which forms its harbour.

Lagos

LAGOS, a British settlement on the west coast of Africa, united since 1876 with the Gold Coast colony, and by the terms of the. charter comprising all British possessions between the second and fifth degrees of east longitude. The actual settlement is situated on a low island within the mouth of the so-called Lagos river, which is really a lagoon of considerable extent, into which the Ogun and sev…

Lagrenee

LAGRENEE, Louis JEAN FRANCOIS (1724-1805), French painter, was a pupil of Carle Vanloo.

Lahire, Laurent De

LAHIRE, LAURENT DE (1606-1656), French painter, was born at Paris on 27th February 1606. He became a pupil of Lallemand, studied the works of Primaticcio at Fontainebleau, but never visited Italy, and belongs wholly to that transition period which preceded the school of Simon Vouet. His picture of Nicolas V. opening the crypt in which he discovers the corpse of St Francis of Assisi standing (Louvr…

Lahore

LAHORE, or LAllon, capital of the Punjab, India, gives its name to a civil division of the British territory in that province, and to the headquarters district of the division. LmionE Divismx. - This division, the most central of the ten into which British Panjab is divided, is fourth in order of size, 8961 square miles, and fifth in respect of population, 1,889,495 (by the census of 1868), averag…

Lahore City

LAHORE CITY lies in 31? 34'1\-1. lat. and 74? 21'E, long., on the left bank of the river Ritvi, about 900 feet above the sea-level. It is a walled town, about 1k miles in length from we.tt to east, and about I mile in breadth from north to south. The intramural population is 98,924; with the suburbs Anarkali, INIuzang, and Ichra, the number is 128,441. The city walls, rebuilt in the time of Akbar,…

Lahore District

LAHORE DISTRICT has an area of 3648 square miles, with a population of 789,666 (438,335 males and 351,331 females ; - Sikhs, 119,268; Hindus, 116,287 ; Mohammedans, 470,216; others, 83,895). Of this number about 3000 are Europeans and Eurasians, residing chiefly at Lahore and its cantonment of 3lian Mir. The district contains 1455 villages, with an agricultural population of 354,012. The gross rev…

Lahr

LAHR, chief town of an official district in the circle of Offenburg, Baden, is situated on the Schutter, about 9 miles south of Offenburg.

Laibach, Or Laybac11

LAIBACH, or LAYBAC11 (Slovenian, Ljubljana), capital of the duchy of Carniola, Austria, is situated on the Laibach near its influx into the Save, and on the Crown Prince Rudolph and Austrian Southern Railways, 45 miles north-east of Trieste, in 46? 3' N. lat., 14? 31' E. long. It consists of the town proper and eight suburbs, and possesses a cathedral in the Italian style, ten churches, the palace…

Laing

LAING, MALcouw (1762-1818), a Scottish historian, was born at his paternal estate on the Mainland of Orkney in 1762. flaying studied at the grammar school of Kirkwall and the university of Edinburgh, lie was called to the bar in 1785, but never obtained an extensive practice as advocate. In 1793 he completed the last volume of Henry's _History of Great Britain, the portion which lie wrote being, i…

Laing, Alexander Gordon

LAING, ALEXANDER GORDON (1793-1826), an African explorer, was born at Edinburgh 27th December 1793. At first it seemed that he would follow his father's profession, that of a teacher of the classics ; but, his fancy being fired with the military ardour of the time, he set out for Barbados, where his maternal uncle Colonel Gordon was then stationed. Here he met with Sir George Beckwith, who procure…

Laing, David

LAING, DAVID (1793-1878), a distinguished Scottish antiquary, especially eminent for his bibliographical knowledge, was the son of William Laing, a bookseller in Edinburgh, and was born in that city in 1793. lie was brought up to his father's business, and continued for many years in partnership with him. Shortly after the death of the latter, however, a vacancy having occurred in the librarianshi…

Lai-yang

LAI-YANG, a city in the Chinese province of Shan-tung, situated in 37? N. lat. and 120? 55' E. long., about the middle of the eastern peninsula, on the highway running south from Che-foo to Kin-Kea or Teng-tsi harbour.

Lake

LAKE. When a stream in its courts:; meets with a depression in the land it flows into it and tends to fill it up to the lip of its lowest exit. Whether it succeeds in doing this or not depends on the climate. In the British Islands, and in most temperate and equatorial regions. the stream would fill the depression and run over, and the surplus water would flow on towards the sea. Such a depression…

Lake Dwellings

LAKE DWELLINGS, as their name implies, are habitations constructed, not on the dry land, but within the margins of lakes or creeks at some distance from the shore. The villages of the Guajiros in the Gulf of Maracaibo are described by Goering as composed of houses with low sloping roofs perched on lofty piles and connected with each other by bridges of planks. Each house consisted of two apartment…

Lalitpuii, Or Lullitpoor

LALITPUII, or LULLITPOOR, a British district in the lieutenant-governorship of the North-Western Provinces, miles. It is bounded N. and W. by the river Betwa, S.W. by the Narayan, S. by the Vindhyachal Ghats and the Sagar (Saugor) district of the Central Provinces, S.E. and E. by Orchha state and the Masan. The district is an undulating plain about 1500 feet on an average above the sea-level, in t…

Lally, Thomas Arthur

LALLY, THOMAS ARTHUR, BARON DE TOLLENDAL, COUNT DE (1702 -1766), French general, descended from an old Irish family who emigrated to France along with the Stuarts, was born in Dauphine in January 1702. His father, colonel in an Irish-French regiment, familiarized him with active service from his boyhood, and he rose step by step in a career distinguished for bravery and conduct till in 1744 he was…

Lama-miau

LAMA-MIAU, or DoLANon, one of the chief cities of Inner Mongolia, is situated 150 miles north of Peking, in a barren sandy plain watered by the Urtingol, a tributary of the Shandugol. The town proper, almost exclusively occupied by Chinese, is about a mile in length by half a mile in breadth, has narrow and dirty streets, and contains a large population for its extent. Unlike the ordinary Chinese …

Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine De Monet

LAMARCK, JEAN BAPTISTE PIERRE ANTOINE DE MONET, CHEVALIER DE (1744-1829), a celebrated French naturalist, was born 1st August 1744, at Bazantin, a village of Picardy. He was an eleventh child ; and his father, lord of the manor and of old family, but of limited means, having already placed three sons in the army, destined this one for the church, and sent him to the Jesuits at Amiens, where he con…

Lamartine, Alphonse Marie Louis De Peat De

LAMARTINE, ALPHONSE MARIE LOUIS DE PEAT DE (1790-1869), poet, historian, and statesman, was born at Milton on the 21st of October 1790, mid died at Passy on the 1st of March 1869. The family of Lamartine was good, and the title of Prat was taken from an estate in Franche Comte. His father was imprisoned during the Terror, and only released ow ing to the events of the 9th Thermidor. Subsequently th…

Lamballe, Marie

LAMBALLE, MARIE TnTuFSE LOUISE DE SAVOIEC1P,IGNAN, RRINCESSE DE (1749-1792), daughter of Louis Victor of Carignan, was born at Turin, 8th September 1749.

Lambert, John

LAMBERT, JOHN (1619-1690, was born in 1619 at Calton Hall in the parish of Kirkby 'Malham, in the West Riding of Yorkshire. His family was of ancient lineage, and long settled in the county. He studied at the Inns of Court, but without snaking the law his profession. In 1640 he married Frances, daughter of Sir William Lister. He was present at the great meeting of the Yorkshire gentry on Heyworth …

Lambert, Joitann

LAMBERT, JOITANN lImimex (1728-1777), physicist and mathematician, was born at Mulhausen, Alsace, August 29, 1728. He was the son of a tailor ; and the later recommended him as private tutor to the family of tunities for improving himself in his literary and scientific Utrecht, Paris, Marseilles, and Turin, he resigned his vals his home. Finally in 1761 he removed to Berlin, and ultimately (1774) …

Lambese, Or Lambessa

LAMBESE, or LAMBESSA, the ancient Lanabaesa and the Tama or Tezzulet of the natives, is situated in the French province of Constantine in Algeria, about 6 miles east of Batna. The modern village is well known for its great convict establishment (founded about 1850) ; and the remains of the Roman town, and more especially of the Roman camp, in spite of the wanton vandalism to which they have been m…

Lamech, I'm

LAMECH, I'M, is a name which appears in each of the antediluvian genealogies, Gen. iv. 16-24 and Gen. v. In the first be is a descendant of Cain, and through his three sons father of the several avocations of early civilization ; in the latter he is father of Noah. In each case, though in different senses, he marks the close of the first epoch of the world's history. Since the publication of Buttm…

Lamego

LAMEGO, a town in the district of Vizeu in the province of Beira, Portugal, is situated 6 miles south of the Douro, and about 50 miles east of Oporto. As the seat of a bishop, it contains a Gothic cathedral, a part of which is referred to the 14th century. One of the churches was formerly a Moorish mosque, and, though intrinsically commonplace, enjoyed for a long time an undeserved fame as the mee…

Lamennais

LAMENNAIS, HuGulls FalCITli ROBERT DE (1782- 1854), French theologian, philosopher, and political writer, was born at St Malo in Britanny. His father, Pierre Louis Robert, merchant and shipowner, had been ennobled by Louis XVI. because of aid to royal naval armaments and for importing and selling corn at easy prices in a time of public distress. His property of La Mennais, with the feudal prefix D…

Lames

LAMES were Roman deities, whose character and worship share in the obscurity that envelops all antique Roman religion. They belonged to the coitus of the dead, from which so much of Roman and Greek religion was derived ; they were the deified ancestors still living in their graves in the house, and worshipped by the family as their guardians and protectors. But the dead were powerful also to do ha…

Lamia

LAMIA was a female demon, whose name was used by Greek mothers to frighten their children ; from the Greek she passed into Roman demonology. She was also known as a sort of fiend, the prototype of the modern vampire, who in the form of a beautiful woman enticed young men to her embraces, in order that she might feed on their life and heart's blood. In this form the tale has been used by Goethe as …

Lamont, Johann Von

LAMONT, JOHANN VON (1805-1879), was born at Braemar, Aberdeenshire, on December 13, 1805. He was sent at the age of twelve to be educated at the Scottish monastery in Ratisbon, and apparently never afterwards returned to his native country, - so that he became to all intents and purposes a German. After passing through the gymnasium and lyceum, he devoted himself to theology ; but his strong bent …

Lamp

LAMP. Technically a lamp is an apparatus in which to burn fluid combustible substances. Lamps are mostly intended for yielding light ; but there are also special forms the purpose of which is to afford highly concentrated heat in a convenient and portable form. The substances used in lamps for lighting are of two classes - (1) fixed oils, and (2) fluid hydrocarbons obtained from the distillation o…

Lamp

LAMP,, CHARLES (1775-1834), an original and delightful English essayist and critic, was born in Crown Office Row, Inner Temple, London, February 10, 1775. His father, John Lamb, a Lincolnshire man, who filled the situation of clerk and servant companion to Mr Salt, one of the benchers of the inner Temple, was successful in obtaining for Charles, the youngest of three children, a presentation to Ch…

Lamp-black

LAMP-BLACK is a deep black pigment consisting of carbon in a very fine state of division, obtained by the imperfect combustion of highly carbonaceous substances, which, producing a smoky flame, forms a deposit of soot or lamp-black. It is manufactured from scraps of resin and pitch refuse and inferior oils and fats, and other similar combustible bodies rich in carbon. For making lamp-black from re…

Lampedusa

LAMPEDUSA, a small island in the Mediterranean, about 90 miles east of Mahadia in Tunis, and 100 miles west of Malta, in 35? 28' N. lat. and 12? 25' E. long. Situated on the edge of the submarine platform which extends along the eastern coast of Tunis, it must be considered as attaching itself physically to the African continent, but politically it belongs to the kingdom of Italy, and forms part o…

Lamprey

LAMPREY, a fish belonging to the family Petromyzonticlx (from 71-i-rpos and paZat ; literally, stone-suckers), which with the hag-fishes or illyxinida, forms a distinct subclass of fishes, the Cyclostomata, distinguished by the low organization of their skeleton, which is cartilaginous, without vertebral segmentation, without ribs or real jaws, and without limbs. The lampreys are readily recognize…

Lampsacus

LAMPSACUS, an ancient Greek colony in Mysia, Asia Minor, known as Pityusa or Pityussa before its colonization by Ionian Greeks front Phocmua and Miletns, was situated on the Hellespont, opposite Callipolis in Thrace. It possessed a good harbour ; and the neighbourhood was famous for its wine, so that, having fallen into the hands of the Persians daring the Ionian revolt, it was assigned by their k…

Lanark

LANARK, a royal and parliamentary burgh, the chief town of the above county, is situated on a slight eminence near the Clyde, 32 miles sbuth-west of Edinburgh, and 25 south-east of Glasgow.

Lanark

LANARK, an inland county of Scotland, lies between 55? 15' and 55? 57' N. lat., and between 3? 20' and 4? 23' W. long., and is bounded N. by Dumbarton and Stirling, E. by Stirling, Linlithgow, Midlothian, and Peebles, S. by Dumfries, and W. by Ayr, Renfrew, and Dumbarton. Its greatest length north-west to south-east is over 50 miles, and its greatest breadth from east to west over 30 miles. The to…

Lancashire, Or County Of Lancaster

LANCASHIRE, or COUNTY OF LANCASTER, a maritime county in the north-west of England, lies between 54? 40' and 55? 33' N. let., and between 3? 15' and 1? 58' W. long. A detached portion in the north, known as Furness, is situated between Cumberland and Westmoreland. The remainder of the county, separated from Furness by Morecambe Bay, is bounded N. by Westmorelind, E. by Yorkshire, S. by Cheshire, a…

Lancaster

LANCASTER, Sin JAMES, an eminent English seaman of the Elizabethan period.

Lancaster

LANCASTER, the chief city in Fairfield county, Ohio, United States, is situated on the Flocking river, about 30 miles south-east of Columbus.

Lancaster

LANCASTER, a municipal borough and seaport town, the capital of Lancashire, England, is situated on the left bank of the river Lune, about 7 miles from its mouth, and on the London and North-Western Railway, 52 miles north-west of Manchester. It is built on the slope of an eminence crowned by the old castle and church, and commanding fine views of the river and surrounding country. The older porti…

Lancaster

LANCASTER, the shire city of Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, U.S., is situated on the Conestoga river, 68 miles west of Philadelphia by rail. It was founded in 1730 and incorporated as a borough in 1742, was the State capital from 1799 to 1812, and in 1812 became a city. It is laid out on the rectangular plan, and is unusually well built. The city is the seat of numerous charitable and educational…

Lancaster, House Of

LANCASTER, HOUSE OF. The name House of Lancaster is commonly used to designate the line of kings immediately descended from John of Gaunt, fourth son of Edward III. But the history of the family and of the title goes back a whole century further to the reign of Henry who created his second son, Edmund, earl of Lancaster, in 1267. This Edmund received in his own day the surname of Crouchback, not, …

Lancaster, Joseph

LANCASTER, JOSEPH (1778-1838), was born in Southwark in 1778, and was the son of a Chelsea pensioner. He had few opportunities of regular instruction, but he very early showed unusual seriousness and desire for learning. At sixteen he looked forward to the dissenting ministry ; but soon after his religious views altered, and he attached himself to the Society of Friends, with twenty he began to ga…

Lancelet

LANCELET (Branchiostonza [or Amphionts] laneeolatum). This creature, the lowest in the scale of fishes, It is of small size (about 3 inches long), compressed, semi porno ; C, vent. transparent, pointed at both ends, without limbs, but with a low fold of the skin, representing the median fin of fishes. The mouth, surrounded by tentacles, is situated below the anterior end of the body, the vent at a…

Lancewood

LANCEWOOD is a straight-grained, tough, light, elastic wood obtained from the West Indies and Guiana. It is brought into commerce in the form of taper poles of about 20 feet in length and from 6 to 8 inches in diameter at the thickest end. Lancewood is principally used by carriage-builders for shafts ; but since, the practice of employing curved shafts has come largely into use it is not in so gre…

Lan-chow-f00

LAN-CHOW-F00, the chief town of the Chinese province of Kan-suh, and one of the most important cities of the interior part of the empire, stands on the right bank of the Yellow River.

Lanciano

LANCIANO, the chief town of a circle in the province of Chieti, Italy, is situated on three hills, about 5 miles from the Adriatic coast. It is one of the most beautiful cities in the Abruzzi Citeriore, and has broad regular streets, and several flue buildings. The cathedral, an imposing structure with a fine clock-tower, is built upon bridges that span the gorge of the Feltrino, and is dedicated …

Lancret, Nicolas

LANCRET, NICOLAS (1660-1743), was born in Paris on 22d January 1660, and became a brilliant painter of light comedy, but of light comedy which reflected the tastes and mariners of French society under the regent Orleans. His first master was Pierre d'Ulin, but his acquaintance with and admiration for Watteau induced him to leave D'Ulin for Gillot, whose pupil Watteau had been. Two pictures painted…

Land

LAND, in the sense in which it will be used in this article, which treats especially of its possession and tenure, includes that portion of the earth of which industry has storehouse from which nearly all human. wealth is drawn, since it nourishes the animals and plants which supply mankind with food and clothing, and yields the stone, the coal, and the metals which make existence possible and ten…

Landau

LANDAU, the chief town of an official district in the Palatinate of the Rhine, Bavaria, is situated on the Queich, about 18 miles north-west of Carlsruhe.

Landen, John

LANDEN, JOHN, a distinguished mathematician of the 18th century, was born at l'eakirk near Peterborough in Northamptonshire in 1719, and died 15th January 1790 at Milton in the same county. Most of his time was spent in the pursuits of active life, but he early showed a strong talent for mathematical study, which he eagerly cultivated in his leisure hours. In 1762 he was appointed agent to the Ear…

Landes

LANDES, a department in the south-west of France, formed of portions of the ancient provinces of Guyenne, Bearn, and Gascony, lies between 43? 30' and 44? 32' N. let., and 0? 8' E. and 1? 30' W. long., and is bounded on the N. by Gironde ; on the E. by Lot-et-Garonne and Gers ; on the S. by the Basses Pyrenees ; and on the W. (for 68 miles) by the Bay of Biscay. Its greatest length, from the mouth…

Landlord And Tenant

LANDLORD AND TENANT. It has been explained in the article LAND that in the United Kingdom no such thing as the absolute private ownership of land is recognized. The absolute and ultimate owner of all lands is the crown, and the highest interest that a subject can hold therein is a tenancy. The largest estate known to the law, that in fee simple, is after all only a holding in which the owner of th…

Landon, Charles

LANDON, CHARLES Pau" (1760-1826), French painter and art-author, was born at Nonaut in 1760, entered the studio of Regnault, and carried off the first prize of the Academy in 1792. After his return from Italy, disturbed by the Revolution, he seems to have abandoned painting for letters, but he began to exhibit in 1795, and continued to do so at various intervals up to 1814. His Leda obtained an aw…

Landon, Letitia Elizabeth

LANDON, LETITIA ELIZABETH (1802-1838), a writer of poetry and fiction, better known by her initials L. E. L. than as Miss Landon or Mrs Maclean, was descended from an old Herefordshire family, and was born at Chelsea, 14th August 1802. Her father, an army agent, succeeded in amassing a large property, which he lost by speculation shortly before his death. By this time the daughter by her contribut…

Landor, Walter Savage

LANDOR, WALTER SAVAGE (1775-1864), born at Warwick, January 30, 1775, died at Florence, September 17, 1864. In the course of this long life he had won for himself such a double crown of glory in verse and in prose as has been won by no other Englishman but Milton. And with that special object of his lifelong veneration he had likewise in common other claims upon our reverence to which no third com…

Landseer, Sir Edwin Henry

LANDSEER, SIR EDWIN HENRY (1802-1873), third son of John Landseer, A.R.A., a well-known engraver and able writer on art, was born in London, March 7, 1802. His mother was Miss Potts, who sat to Reynolds as the gleaner, with a sheaf of corn on her head, in Macklin's Family Picture, or the Cottagers.1 Edwin Henry Landseer began his artistic education under his father so successfully that in his fift…