Volume 11 [GOU-HIP]: Aaephibia And Reptilia to Guy Of Warwick


Tweet 9th Edition of Encyclopedia Britannica - free ninth edition online encyclopedia Britannica Volume 11 [GOU-HIP]: Aaephibia And Reptilia to Guy Of Warwick Aaephibia And Reptilia AaEPHIBIA AND REPTILIA. - All the animals belonging to these classes hibernate in cold or temperate climates. Land tortoises bury themselves in holes in the ground, and fresh-water tortoises in the banks or at the bottom of lakes and rivers. Lizards and snakes retire to holes in trees, under stones, or among dead leaves, where many species congregate in large numbers, and pass the winter closely e… Angina Pectoris ANGINA PECTORIS (q.v.) is a painful disease of the heart which has been already described. Palpitation, is an extremely rapid and sometimes forcible action of the heart. Irregular and Intermittent Action, are sufficiently described by their names ; irregular action may be tumultuous or so peculiar as to deserve the name of a veritable delirium cordis; intermission consists in the dropping of a bea… Austria AUSTRIA (vol. iii. p. 124), GERMANY (vol. Ayes And Pisces AYES AND PISCES. - It was formerly supposed that various species of swallows hibernated, and it was even asserted that the sand martin was accustomed to bury itself in the mud at the bottom of the water ; but this has long been regarded as an exploded error. Balassa-gyarm At BALASSA-GYARM AT, capital of the Cis-Danubian county of Nograd, is situated on the Ipoly (Eipel), about 90 miles N.N.E. of Budapest, 48? 6' N. lat., 19? 16' E. long. Beckmondwyke BECKMONDWYKE, a town of England, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, on the Huddersfield and Bradford Railway, 2 miles N.W. of Dewsbury and 10 miles S.W. of Leeds. It occupies a gradually sloping site, and is somewhat irregularly built, although latterly it has assumed a more town-like appearance. It possesses a church dedicated to St James erected in 1831, a market-house erected in 1863, a working m… Celestial CELESTIAL, Fictur,Es. - The Sun was the cognizance of Louis XIV., with the overbearing motto, "Nee pluribus iinpar." In heraldry this was blazoned as " the sun in his splendour. Jean de la Hay bore argent, the sun in his splendour gales. Ralph de la Day, temp. 'Henry 111., ditferenced this coat by bearing only a ray of the sun, " bland, mig rey de soleil de goules." Sir John Aldan), temp. Edward 1… Church, Clergy, Council CHURCH, CLERGY, COUNCIL, DIOCESE, EPISCOPACY, EXARCH, PATRIARCH, POPE, &c. Concluding Remarks CONCLUDING REMARKS. - The seeds of many plants, and the eggs of many of the lower forms of animal life, may remain dormant for years in cold or dry climates, until heat or moisture awakes them to vitality. Many plants die down in winter, the roots remaining in the ground, while many trees then shed their leaves, the sap retiring to the roots. Similar phenomena take place in tropical countries duri… Construction CONSTRUCTION.- Nearlyall the accurate knowledge asyet obtained of the true action of gunpowder has been acquired within the last twenty years. The general idea previously held was that the explosion was instantaneous, and that the more violent the powder the greater would be the velocity of the projectile. The mode of proving the quality of the explosive was to place a small quantity in a short mo… Cornelius De Heesi CORNELIUS DE HEESI, the son of Johannes, was in practice as a flower painter at Utrecht in 1658, and was still active in his profession in 1671 at the Hague. His pictures are not equal to those of his sire, hut they are all well authenticated, and most of them in the galleries of the Hague, Dresden, Cassel, Vienna, and Berlin. In the Staedel at Frankfort is a fruit piece, with pot-herbs and a porc… Coven, Jan Josephszoon Van COVEN, JAN JOSEPHSZOON VAN (1596-1656), was born at Leyden ou the 13th of January 1596, learned painting under several masters at Leyden and Haarlem, married in 1618, and settled at the Hague about 1631. One of tire few Dutch painters who failed to captivate English taste, Iris influence was great on Dutch art ; and he was one of the first to emancipate himself from the traditions of minute imitat… David Gregory DAVID GREGORY (1661-1708), nephew of the preceding and son of the David Gregory above mentioned, was born in Aberdeen in 1661. He was educated partly in his native city and partly in Edinburgh, where at the age of twenty-three he became professor of mathematics. In 1691 he was appointed Savilian professor of astronomy at Oxford, an office which he held till his death in 1708. His principal works a… Destgning DESTGNING.-A gun, like all other machines, must be designed to fulfil certain definite conditions. Its projectile may be required to pierce a given thickness of armour at a given distance ; or weight of piece may be the limit, and it may be wished to throw the most powerful shell or shrapnel to a given distance with a given elevation, consistent with that limit. To work out problems of this nature… Doctrines And Creeds DOCTRINES AND CREEDS. - The Greek Church has no creeds in the modern Western use of the word, no norincttive summaries of what must be believed. It has preserved the older idea that a creed is an adoring confession of the church engaged in worship ; and, when occasion called for more, the belief of the church was expressed more by way of public testimony than in symbolical books. Still the doctrin… Doric DORIC. - The Dorian dialect was divided by Ahrens, following the Greek grammarians, into two main groups - (1) the severer Doric, (2) the milder, the one being more closely connected with /Folic, the other with Ionic. To the former belonged the speech of Laconia, Crete, Cyrene, and the Greek colonies in Italy; to the latter the language of Argolis, Messenia Megara, and northern Greece, and the col… Duncan Farquharson Gregory DUNCAN FARQUHARSON GREGORY (1813-1844), brother of the preceding, was born 13th April 1813. Etiiods ETIIODS, rather than by any THECA:EMS, which e(771, be separately quoted, that I desire and hope to be remembered. Nevertheless it is only human nature, to derive sonic pleasure from being cited, now and then, even about a "Theorem ;' especially where the 'quoter can enrich the subject, by combining it with researches of his own." The discoveries, papers, and treatises we have mentioned might well… Examples EXAMPLES : - Paspahon, Panteum, Setaria, PenniSegum, Anthephora, Th.ouarea, Spinifex. Tristegincce. - Spikelets as in Panicece, but flowering-glume with a twisted and bent awn. Exam PLES Tristaehya, Polypogon(?). Andropogoneee. - Spikelets as in the last, but usually in pairs (rarely three or solitary), one being sessile and fertile, the other stalked and usually male or neuter. Glum es four (rare… Examples EXAMPLES : - Phalaris, Anthorantham, EltrItarta, Ilierochroe Alopecurus, Phleum, Crypts, Lygeum(?), been accepted by Munro (1868) and Bentham (1878) in their most recent revisions of the Cape and Australian genera. The basis of Brown's division of the whole order into Panieece and Poacece is the position of the most perfect flower in the spikclet ; this is the upper 11 (apparently) terminal one in… Examples EXAMPLES : - Fest itat, Bromus, Lamarkia, Briza, Poet, Eraarostis. Examples EXAMPLES : - Cynodon, Ghloris, Eleusine, Leptaehloa, Spartima, Clenium, Nardus. Fiaetig, Georg Ludwig FIAETiG, GEORG LUDWIG (1764-1836), a German writer on forestry, was born at Gladenbach near Marburg? 2,1 September 1764. After obtaining a practical knowledge of forestry from his uncle at Harzburg, he studied from 1781 to 1783 at the university of Giessen. In 1786 he became inspector of forests to the prince of Sohns-Braunfels at Hungen in the Wetterau, where he founded a school for the teaching … Figs FIGS. 1 and 2. - A, sectional elevation of incorporating mill, showing one runner and ploughs (p, p) ; C, curb of bed ; M, machinery in tank, underground ; D, drenching apparatus ; 1, lever-board, or shutter ; t, tank ; f, f, floor line. The incorporating mill (see figs. 2 and 3) consists of a circular iron or stone bed, about 7 feet in diameter, firmly fixed in the floor of the building, whereon … Fisiies FISIIES. - The inhabitants of the water do not play a very important part in heraldry, and are scarcely known among the more ancient coats, although a special and interesting volume has been written by Motile on the heraldry of fishes. When borne horizontally they are "naiant ; " when vertically, " hauriant,? though this is not always expressed ; when bent they are "em-bowed " as the dolphin in th… Flowers And Fruits Of The Eart11 FLOWERS AND FRUITS OF THE EART11. - Of these the palm was an emblem of victory ; the laurel, of triumph; the oak, of strength ; the olive, of peace ; the cypress, of woe ; the vine, of fecundity and joy ; the lily, of purity ; the daisy, of humility ; while the holy "Trefoil, St John's wort, and dill hinder witches of their will." Fleur-de-lys. - At the head of heraldic flowers, if flower indeed i… Fuzes-gyarmat FUZES-GYARMAT, a market-town in the Trans-Tibiscan county of Bdkds, is somewhat unfavourably situated in the extensive marshy tract of country known as the Sarret, 47' 5' N. lat,, 21? 13' E. long. Fvujff, Wilhelm FVUJFF, WILHELM (1802-1827), a popular German novelist, was born at Stuttgart, 29th November 1802. Hiving lost his father, who was a Government official, at the age of seven, he repaired with his mother to Tiibingen, where he frequented the &kola anatol-ica. In 1818 he was sent to the Klos'erschale at Blaubeuren, and two years later he entered the seminary of Tubingen. After having completed, in 1… Gijan GIJAN, a word apparently first introduced into the ornithologist's vocabulary about 1743 by Edwards,' who said that a bird lie figured (Nett. Mist. Uncommon Birds, pl. xiii.) was "so called in the West Indies," and the name has hence been generally applied to all the members of the Subfamily Peaelopina', which are distinguished from the kindred Subfamily dracince or Curassows by the broad postacet… Glibidaspur GLIBIDASPUR, a British district in the lieutenant-governorship of the Punjab, lying between 32? 30' and 31? Kashmir and Chamba, on the B. by Kangrii district and the river Bias, on the S.W. by Amritsar district, and on the W. by Sialkot, the district of Gurdaspur occupies the submontane portion of the Bari Doab or tract between the Bias and the Ravi. An intrusive spur of the British dominions runs… Gouda, Or Ter Gouwe GOUDA, or TER GOUWE, a town of the Netherlands in the province of South Holland, at the confluence of tha Goaw with the Yssel, 12 miles N.E. of Rotterdam, at the junction of the railway from that city with the line between the Hague and Utrecht. The town is for the most part laid out in an open and lightsome manner, and like the other towns of Holland is intersected by numerous canals. Portions of… Goudimel, Claude GOUDIMEL, CLAUDE, composer of the 16th century, must be named amongst the founders of modern music. The French and the Belgians claim him as their countryman, and the place of his birth is not sufficiently established. In all probability, however, he was born at Vaison near Avignon, about the year 1510. As to his early education we know little or nothing, but the excellent Latin in which some of h… Gough, Hugh Gough GOUGH, HUGH GOUGH, VISCOUNT (1779-1869), British field-marshal, was of Irish origin, and was a descendant of Francis Gough, who was made bishop of Limerick in 1626. He was born at Woodstown, Limerick, November 3, 1779. After holding for a short time a commission in his father's regiment of militia, he was transferred to the line as ensign in August 1794, and was very soon after promoted lieutenant… Gough, Richard GOUGH, RICHARD (1735-1809), an English antiquary, was the son of a wealthy East India director, and was born in London, October 1, 1735. He received his early education privately, and his literary talents developed with such precocity that, at the age of twelve aucl a half years, lie had completed the translation of a history of the Bible from the French, which his mother printed for private circu… Go Ujet, Claude Pierre GO UJET, CLAUDE PIERRE (1697-1767), a French abbe and litterateur, was born at Paris, 19th October 1697. He studied at the college of the Jesuits, and at the College Mazarin, but he nevertheless became a strong Jansenist. In 1705 he assumed the ecclesiastical habit, in 1719 entered the order of Oratorians, and soon afterwards was named canon of St Jacques l'Hopital. On account of his extreme Janse… Gould, Augustus Addison GOULD, AUGUSTUS ADDISON (1805-1866), American conchologist, was born at New Ipswich, New Hampshire, April 23, 1805, graduated at Harvard College in 1825, and took his degree of doctor of medicine in 1830. Thrown from boyhood on his own exertions, it was only by industry, perseverance, and self-denial that he obtained the means to pursue his earlier and later studies. Establishing himself in Boston… Gourd GOURD, a name given to various plants of the order Cucurbitacece, but more strictly applied to those belonging to the genus Cucurbita, moncecious trailing herbs of annual duration, with long succulent stemsfurnislied with tendrils, and large, rough, palmately-lobed leaves ; the flowers, reticulated with veins, are generally large and of a bright yellow or orange colour, the barren ones with the s… Gourgaud, Gaspard, Baron GOURGAUD, GASPARD, BARON (1783-1852), a French general of artillery, was born at Versailles, 14th September 1783. After studying at the polytechnic school and at the artillery school of Chalons, he joined the artillery in 1802, and, having acquitted himself with distinction in several campaigns, he received in 1807 the cross of honour and the grade of captain. He served in the subsequent Spanish a… Gout GOUT, a specific constitutional disorder connected with excess of uric acid in the blood, and manifesting itself by inflammation of joints, with deposition therein of urate of soda, and also by morbid changes in various important organs. The term g nit, which was first used about the end of the 13th century, is derived through the French goutte from the Latin gotta, a drop, in allusion to the old … Government GOVERNMENT. Without attempting to discriminate by verbal definitions the various shades of meaning which this word assumes, we shall use it in this article in its widest sense - that of the ruling power in a political society. The conception of society which this use of the word implies may be illustrated by two well-known theories. In John Austin's celebrated analysis of law, the first step is th… Goya GOYA Y LUCIENTES, FRANCISCO (1746-1829), Spanish painter, was born in 1746 at Fuendetodos, a small Aragonese village near Saragossa. At an early age he commenced his artistic career under the direction of Jose Luzan Martinez, who had studied painting at Naples under Mastroleo. It is clear that the accuracy in dra,wing Luzan is said to have acquired by diligent study of the best Italian masters did… Goya GOYA, a town of the Argentine Republic, in the province of Corrientes, near the junction of a small stream with the Parana, about 100 miles S. of Corrientes. Goyanna GOYANNA, a city of Brazil, in the province of Pernambuco, on a river of its own name, about 10 miles from the sea. Goy Az GOY AZ, or, as it was formerly called, Villa Bria, de Goyaz, the chief town of the province of Goyaz in Brazil, in the valley of the auriferous Velmelho, a right-hand tributary of the Araguaia. Gozlan, Leon GOZLAN, LEON, a French novelist and play writer, was born at Marseilles in 1803, and died in 1866. When he was still a boy, his father, who had made a large fortune as a ship-broker, met with adverse circumstances, and Leon, before completing his education, had to go to sea in order to earn a living. He went several trading voyages to Algiers and to Senegal, without, it would seem, much profit. In… Gozzi, Carlo, Count GOZZI, CARLO, COUNT (1722-1806), an Italian dramatist, was descended from an old Venetian family, and was born in March 1722. Compelled by the embarrassed condition of his father's affairs to procure the means of self-support, he, at the age of sixteen, joined the army in Dalmatia ; but three years afterwards he returned to Venice, where he soon made a reputation for himself as the wittiest member… Gozzi, Gaspar GOZZI, GASPAR?, COUNT (1713-1786), eldest brother of Carlo Gozzi, was born 4th December 1713. In 17:39 he married the poetess Luise Bergalli, and site undertook the management of the theatre of San Angelo, Venice, ho supplying the performers with dramas chiefly translated from the French. The speculation proved unfortunate, but meantime he had attained a high reputation for his contributions to th… Gozzoli, Benozzo GOZZOLI, BENOZZO, an eminent painter, was born in Florence in 1424, or perhaps 1420, and in the early part of his career assisted Fra, Angelico, whom he followed to Rome, and worked with at Orvieto. While in Rome, be executed, in the Cappella at Araceli, a fresco of St Anthony and Two Angels. In 1449 he left Angelico, and went to Montefalco, near Foligno in Umbria. In S. Fortunato, near Montefalco… Grabow GRABOW, a town of Pomerania, Prussia, government district of Stettin and circle of Randow, is situated on the Oder below Stettin, and closely adjoining its suburbs. Grabs, Johann Ernst GRABS, JOHANN ERNST (1666-1711), a learned divine of the Anglican Church, was born July 10, 1666, at KOnigsberg, where his father, the author of some treatises now forgotten, was professor of theology and history. In the course of his theological studies Grabe succeeded in persuading himself of the schismatical character of the Reformation of the 16th century, and accordingly presented to the cons… Gracchus GRACCHUS is the name of a family of the Glens Sernpronia. To this family there attaches a remarkably sweet and lovable nature, which, combined with their high character and ability, makes their history the most charming Page in the Roman annals. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus was appointed magister equitum after the battle of Canine, and held the consulship in 215 and 213 B.C. During the great weakn… Graces GRACES is the name generally given to the Greek goddesses Charites. The chief seat of their worship was the ancient Boeotian city Orchomenus. They were three in number, but their names were not known ; and stones fallen from heaven stood in their temple as symbols of the goddesses (Pans., ix. 35). Their worship was instituted by a king Eteocles, whose three daughters fell into a well while dancing… Gracian, Baltazar GRACIAN, BALTAZAR (158I-165S), one of the principal " cultistas " or Spanish prose writers of the school of Gongora, was born at Calatayud, Aragon, in 1584. Little is known of his personal history except that on attaining to manhood he entered the Society of Jesus, and that ultimately he became rector of the Jesuit College at Tarragona, where he died in 1658. His principal works are El lieroe (163… Grackle GRACKLE (Latin, Graccidus or Gracy/f/s), a word which has been much used in ornithology, but generally in a vague sense, though restricted to members of the families Sturnidce belonging to the Old World, and Merida? belonging to the New. Of the former those to which it has been most commonly applied are the species variously known as Mynas, Mainas, and Minors of India and the adjacent countries, a… Grad, Thomas GRAD, THOMAS (1716-1771), the author of the celebrated Elegy written in cc Country Churchyard, was born in Cornhill, London, December 26, 1716. His father, Philip Gray, an exchange broker and scrivener, was a wealthy and nominally respectable citizen ; but he treated his family with brutal severity and neglect, and the poet was altogether indebted for the advantages of a learned education to the a… Graduation GRADUATION is the name given to the art of dividing straight scales, circular arcs, or whole circumferences into any required number of equal parts. It is the most important and difficult part of the work of the mathematical instrument maker, and is required in the construction of most physical, astronomical, nautical, and surveying instruments, such as thermometer scales, linear measuring instrum… Grafe, Heinrich GRAFE, HEINRICH (1802-1868), educationist, was born at ButtstRdt in Weimar, 3d clay 1802, studied mathematics and theology at Jena, and in 1823 obtained a curacy in the stadtkirche of Weimar. Thence he was transferred to Jena as rector of the town school in 1825 ; in 1840 he was also appointed extraordinary professor of the science of education (Padagogik) in that university ; and in 1842 he becam… Grafe, Karl Ferdinand Von GRAFE, KARL FERDINAND VON (1787-1840), German, surgeon, was born at Warsaw, 8th March 1787. He studied medicine at Halle and Leipsic, and after obtaining licence from the latter university, he was in 1807 appointed private physician to Duke Alexius of Anhalt-Bernburg. In 1811 he became professor of surgery at Berlin, and during the war with Napoleon he was superintendent of the military hospitals.… Gragnano GRAGNANO, a town of Italy, in the province of Naples and circle of Castellamare, about 21 miles E. of Castellamare. Grahame GRAHAME, JAmEs (1765-1811), author of The Sabbath and other poems, was born at Glasgow, April 22, 1765. His father was a successful lawyer, and, by a very common error, he conceived that no other profession could be so suitable or so advantageous for his son. James, dutiful, and shrinking from opposition, as he did all through life; obeyed the parental wish, and after completing his literary cours… Graham, Sir James George Robert GRAHAM, SIR JAMES GEORGE ROBERT, Bart. (1792 - 1861), a well-known British statesman, was born at .Naworth, Cumberland, 1st June 1792. From Westminster school he duly passed to Queen's College, Cambridge ; and shortly after quitting the university, while making the "grand tour" abroad, he became private secretary to the British minister in Sicily, in which capacity he not only acquired much useful… Graham's Town GRAHAM'S TOWN, the metropolis of the eastern districts of the Cape Colony, South Africa, is situated in the division of Albany, 80 miles inland from Algoa Bay, 40 miles inland from Port Alfred, and 600 miles from Cape Town. In 1812 the site of the town was first chosen as the headquarters of the British troops engaged in protecting the frontier of the colony from the inroads of the Kaffre tribes, … Graham, Ti103ias GRAHAM, TI103IAS (1804-1869), born at Glasgow on the 21st of December 1804, was the son of a merchant of that city. In 1819 he entered the university of Glasgow, and graduated in 1824. At this time the chair of chemistry was held by Dr Thomas Thomson, whose researches bearing on the atomic theory cannot fail to have had much influence in turning Graham's thoughts to the study of molecular physics … Gra Hisca GRA HISCA, a town of Austria, in the principality of Com and Gradisca, situated about 10 miles S.W. of Gorz, on the right bank of the Isonzo. Grail, Or Grayle GRAIL, or GRAYLE, TIIE HOLY (Saint Graal, Seynt areal, Sangreal, Sank Ryal), the name given to the legendary wonder-working vessel said to have been brought by Joseph of A?irnathea to Britain. The correct spelling is "Graal." In the present article the subject will be considered under the following four heads : - (1) the meaning of the Graal conception ; (2) the authorship of the conception ; (3) … Grains Of Paradise GRAINS OF PARADISE, GUINEA GRAINS, or MELEGIJETA PEPPER (German, Paradieskorner ; French, Graiszes de Paradis, Maniguette), the semina cardamomi nzajoris or piper melegnela of pharmaceutists, are the seeds of A montrora Meleguea, Roscoe, a reed-like plant of the natural order Zingiberacae, which is a native of tropical western Africa, and of Princes and St Thomas's Islands in the Gulf of Guinea, i… Grammar GRAMMAR. By the grammar of a language is meant either the relations borne by the words of a sentence and by sentences themselves one to another, or the systematized exposition of these. The exposition may be, and frequently is, incorrect ; but it always presupposes the existence of certain customary uses of words when in combination. In what follows, therefore, grammar will be generally employed i… Grammont GRAMMONT (Belgian, Geeraeiyl,sbergen), a town of Belgium, province of East Flanders, is situated on both sides of the Dender, 21 miles S.S.E. of Ghent. Gramont, Philibert, Count De GRAMONT, PHILIBERT, COUNT DE (1621-1707). A happy accident has preserved for the instruction of mankind rather than for their edification the portrait and the history of a man who entirely represents one section, fortunately a small section, of the society of his day. Of good family, rich, a gallant soldier, endowed with every kind of cleverness, the Count de Gramont endeavoured to live the life o… Gram, Or Chick-pea GRAM, or CHICK-PEA, called also Egyptian Pea, or Bengal Gram (Hindi, chand ; Bengali, chhold ; Italian, rece ; Spanish, g a rb a aro), an herbaceous, annual, leguminous plant., the Cicer arietinnm of Linnaeus, so named from the resemblance of its seed to a ram's head, is a native of the south of Europe and India. Its leaves are imparipiunate, with ovate, equal, and serrate leaflets ; the flowers a… Grampus GRAMPUS (Orca gladiator, Lacep.), a cetacean belonging to the Delphinidce or dolphin family, and characterized by its rounded head without distinct beak, its high dorsal fin, and its large conical permanent teeth. Its upper part is of a nearly uniform glossy black colour, and the under part white, with a strip of the same colour over each eye. The name " grampus" is derived from the French grand P… Gran GRAN (the ancient istrogranum, whence Hungarian Esztergom, and Latin Strigoniunz), the capital of a county of the same name, seat of the prince primate, and formerly a royal free city, is situated on the right bank of the Danube, nearly opposite the confluence of the Garam (Gran), 25 miles north-west of Buda, 47? 46' N. lat., 18? 44' E. long. It may be generally divided into the town proper, the e… Granada GRANADA, the capital of the above province, is situated at the confluence of the Darro and the Genii, not far from the base of the Sierra Nevada (37? 13' N. lat., 3? 41' W. long.). Different suggestions have been made as to the etymology of the name, which is rather obscure, - the least probable being that it is derived from granada, " a pomegranate," in allusion to the abundance of pomegranate t… Granada GRANADA, Luis DE (1504-1588), a Spanish preacher and ascetic writer, was born of poor parents at Granada in 1504. At five years of age he was left an orphan, but the Conde de Tendilla, alcalde of Alhambra, having accidentally observed his singular intelligence, took him under his protection and had him educated with his own sons. At the age of nineteen be entered the Dominican convent of Santa Cru… Granada GRANADA, a city of Central America, state of Nicaragua, is situated on the N.W. bank of the Lake of Nicaragua, 30 miles N.N.W. of the town of that name. The suburbs are composed of cane huts occupied by the poorer inhabitants, but the city proper is formed of one-storied houses built of adobes or sun-dried bricks, roofed with tiles. They have balconied windows, and are surrounded by courtyards wit… Granada GRANADA, a modern province of Spain, consisting of the central portion of the old kingdom of the same name, is bounded on the N. and N.E. by Jaen, Albacete, and Murcia, on the E. by Almeria, on the S. by the Mediterranean, and on the W. by Malaga and Cordova, having an area of 4937 English square miles and an estimated population (1870) of 485,316. It includes, and indeed chiefly consists of, the … Granadilla GRANADILLA, the name applied to Passillora quadrangularis, Linn., a plant of the natural order Passillorew, a native of tropical America, having smooth, cordate, ovate, or acuminate leaves ; petioles bearing from 4 to 6 glands ; an emetic and narcotic root ; scented flowers ; and a large, oblong fruit, containing numerous seeds, imbedded in a subacid edible pulp. Gran Chaco GRAN CHACO, an extensive region in the heart of South America, which stretches from 20? to 29? of S. lat., and belongs partly to Bolivia and partly to the Argentine Republic, the boundary between the two states coinciding with the parallel 2-2?. The area is estimated at about 425,000 square miles, or more than twice the area of -France, and the greater portion is still unexplored. It all belongs t… Grand Haven GRAND HAVEN, a city of the United States, capital of Ottawa county, Michigan, is situated on Lake Michigan, at the mouth of Grand River, opposite Milwaukee, to which, as well as to the principal other towns on the lake, several steamers ply daily. It is a station of the Grand Haven Railway, and the terminus of the Detroit, Grand Haven, and Milwaukee line. On account of its fine situation and its m… Grand Rapids GRAND RAPIDS, a city of the United States, capital of Kent county, Michigan, is picturesquely situated on both sides of the Grand River near the rapids, 30 miles E. of Lake Michigan. The river is navigable up to this point, and steamers connect the city with Grand Haven and the navigation of Lake Michigan. The city is also the point of intersection of six railways. It possesses two public parks, a… Granet, Fr Ancois GRANET, FR ANcOIS MAraus (1777-1849), was the first painter who felt and attempted to render the aesthetic charm of Middle Age and Renaissance architecture. He was born at Aix in Provence, on the 17th December 1777 ; his father was a small builder, but the boy's own strong desires led his parents to place him - after some preliminary teaching from a passing Italian artist - in a free school of'art… Granite GRANITE, a rock so named from the Latin granum, a grain, in allusion to the granular texture of many of its varieties. The term appears to have been introduced by the early Italian antiquaries, and it is believed that the first recorded use of the word occurs in a description of Rome by Flaininius Vacca, an Italian sculptor of the 16th century. This description was published by Montfaucon in his D… Granmichele, Or Grammichele GRANMICHELE, or GRAMMICHELE, a market-town of Sicily, in the province of Catania, about 8 miles from Caltagirone on the road to Catania. Granson, Grandson, Or Grandsee GRANSON, GRANDSON, or GRANDSEE, a small town in Switzerland, canton of Vaud, is situated near the southwestern extremity of the Lake of NeufchAtel. Grant GRANT, lIns ANNE (1755-1838), a Scottish authoress, generally known as Mrs Grant of Laggan, was born at Glasgow, 21st February 1755. Her father, Duncan MacVicar, who held a commission in the army, went in 1757 with his regiment to America, and his family followed him in 1758. He received an allotment of land on retiring from the army in 1765, but ill health compelled him to return to Scotland in 1… Grantham GRANTHAM, a municipal and parliamentary borough and market-town of England, county of Lincoln, is situated on both sides of the Witham, at the junction of several railways with the Great Northern line, 105 miles N.N.E. of London and 22 miles S.S.W. of Lincoln. The parish church, a spacious Gothic edifice of the 13th century, has been restored by Sir G. G. Scott. It is surmounted by an elegant spir… Grant, Sir Francis GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878), an English portrait painter, and president of the Royal Academy in London, was the fourth son of Francis Grant of Kilgraston, Perthshire, ant was born at Edinburgh in 1803. Ile was educated for the bar, and, according to the testimony of Sir Walter Scott in his diary, it was originally his intention after spending his small patrimony in field sports to make his fort… Grant, Sir James Hope GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808-1875), an English general, brother of the preceding, and fifth and youngest son of Francis Grant of Kilgraston, Perthshire, was born July 22, 1803. He entered the army in 1826 as cornet in the 9th Lancers, and became lieutenant in 1828 and captain in 1835. In 1842 he acted as brigade-major to Lord Saltoun in the Chinese War, and specially distinguished himself at the ca… Granvella, Antoine Perrenot GRANVELLA, ANTOINE PERRENOT, CARDINAL DE (1517-1586), one of the ablest and most influential of the princes of the church during the great political and ecclesiastical movements which immediately followed the appearance of Protestantism in Europe, was born 20th August, 1517, at Ornans, Burgundy, where his father, Nicolas Perrenot de Granvella, who afterwards became chancellor of the empire under C… Granville GRANVILLE, a fortified seaport town of France, department of Manche, is situated at the mouth of the Bosq and at the foot of a steep rocky promontory projecting into the English Channel, 30 miles S.W. of St LS. It is surrounded by strong walls, and is built principally of granite, and its streets are mostly steep and narrow. The parish church dates from the 15th century. Among the other public bui… Granville, John Carteret GRANVILLE, JOHN CARTERET, EARL (1690-1763), English statesman, son of George, Lord Carteret, was born 22d April 1690, and in his fifth year succeeded to his father's title. He was'educatcd at Westminster school and at Christ Church, Oxford, and even early in life had acquired a knowledge of the classics, of philosophy, of general literature, and of modern languages, which rendered him perhaps supe… Graphotype GRAPHOTYPE is a name which has been given to an ingenious process of autographic engraving, by which typographic printing blocks are produced. The general principles of the process are as follows. A block of chalk or some similar material is reduced to a level surface, and on this surface a design is drawn with a glutinous ink, this ink being sufficiently fluid to penetrate some little distance in… Graslitz, Or Grasslitz GRASLITZ, or GRASSLITZ (Bohemian Kraslice), a town in the north-west of Bohemia, near the Saxon frontier, in the circle of Elbogen, 88 miles N.W. of Prague, 50? 21' N. lat., 12? 27' E. long., is advantageously situated in a valley between high hill's, at the confluence of the Silberbach and Zwoda. Grasse GRASSE, a town of France, capital of an arrondissement in the department of Alpes-Maritimes, 20 miles W. of Nice. It occupies a picturesque situation on the southern declivity of a hill facing the Mediterranean, from which it is about 7 miles distant ; and it possesses a climate remarkably mild and salubrious. It is well supplied with water from a rivulet which rises above it. The streets are narr… Grasses GRASSES (Graminece - Gramina)are monocotyledonous flowering-plants, possessing certain characters in common, and constituting the order Graminem No plant is correctly termed a grass which is not a member of this family, but the word is in common language also used, generally in combination, for many plants of widely different affinities which possess some resemblance (often slight) in foliage to t… Grasshopper GRASSHOPPER (French Sauterelle, Italian Grillo, German Grashiipfer, Ileuschrecke, Swedish Grashoppa), a collective term applied to certain orthopterous insects belonging to the families Locustidce and Acrydiidce, according to the now generally received classificatory views. They are especially remarkable for their saltatory powers, due to the great development of the hind legs, which are much long… Grate, Albrecht Von GRATE, ALBRECHT VON (1828-1870), German oculist, son of Karl Ferdinand von Graf?, noticed below, was born at Berlin in May 1828. At an early age he manifested a preference for the study of mathematics, hut this was gradually superseded by an interest in natural science, which led him ultimately to the study of medicine. After obtaining Government licence at Berlin, he prosecuted his studies at Vie… Gratianus, Augustus GRATIANUS, AUGUSTUS (359-383), Roman emperor, son of Valentinianus I,, was born in 359. In the ninth year of his age he received from his father the title of Augustns, but on his father's death in 375 he was compelled to share the 'Western empire with his infant brother, Valentinianus II., of whom lie was appointed guardian, while his uncle Valens ruled over the Eastern empire. In 373 he gained a … Gratianus, Franciscus GRATIANUS, FRANCISCUS, compiler of the Concordia Ascordantium Canonum or Decretum Gratiani, and founder of the science of canon law, was born about the end of the 11th century at Chiusi in Tuscany or, according to another account, at Carraria near Orvieto. In early life he appears to have been received into the Cainaldulian monastery of Classe near Ravenna, whence he afterwards removed to that of … Gratius Faliscus GRATIUS FALISCUS, a Roman poet, contemporary with Virgil and Ovid, and author of a poem on hunting (Cyneyetica), of which somewhat more than 536 lines have been preserved. Of his personal history nothing is known ; but it has been doubtfully conjectured from his cognomen that he was a native of Falerii. The only reference to him to be met with in any writer of antiquity (Ovid, Pont., iv. 16, 33) i… Grattan, Henry GRATTAN, HENRY (1746-1820), Irish statesman and orator, was born 3d July 1746. His father, a Protestant, was for many years recorder of the city of Dublin, and from 1761 to 1766 its representative in the Irish parliament; and his mother was a daughter of Thomas Marlay, chief justice of Ireland. Both at school and at Trinity College, Dublin, which he entered in 1763, young Grattan greatly distingui… Gratz GRATZ, or GRAz,' the capital of the Austrian crownland of Styria, is situated in the broad and fertile valley of the Mur, and the beauty of its position has given rise to the punning French description, Lee ville des Graces star let riviere de l' Antour. From Vienna it is distant about 90 miles as the crow flies, and about 139 miles by rail. Its latitude is 47? 49' N., its longitude 15? 27' E., an… Graudenz GRAUDENZ (Polish Grudziadz), a town of Prussia, chief town of a circle in the province of West Prussia, government district of Marienwerder, is situated on the right bank of the Vistula, which is here crossed by a railway bridge, 18 miles S.S.W. of Marienwerder and 40 miles N.N.E. of Thorn. It has a Protestant and a Catholic church, a garrison church, two synagogues, a royal gymnasium, a Catholic … Graun, Carl Heinrich GRAUN, CARL HEINRICH (1701-1759), a celebrated composer, was born May 7, 1701, at Wahrenbriick in Saxony, the youngest of three brothers, all more or less musical. His father held a small post under Government, but he gave his children a careful education. Gratin's beautiful soprano voice was noticed at the school where he was educated, and soon secured him an appointment in the choir of the city … Grave Lines GRAVE LINES (Flemish Gravelinghe, German Gravel-IA[1m), a fortified seaport town of France, in the department of Nord and arrondissement of Dunkirk, is situated near the mouth of the Aa, 11 miles S.W. of Dunkirk. The principal buildings are a church of the 16th century, the magazine, and the town hall, The harbour is only accessible at flood tide, but there is a considerable shipping trade in fish… Gravesend GRAVESEND, a municipal and parliamentary borough, river-port, and market-town in the county of Kent, England, is situated on the right bank of the Thames opposite Tilbury Fort, 30 miles below London by the river, and 24 miles by rail. It extends about 2 miles along the river bank, occupying a slight acclivity which reaches its summit at Windmill Hill, whence extensive views are obtained of the riv… Gravina GRAVINA, a city of Italy, in the province of Bari, is situated on a hill to the left of the river Gravina, 7 miles from Altamura, and 37 S.W. of Bari. Gray GRAY, the chief town of an arrondissement in the department of Haute-Saone, is situated on the declivity of a hill on the left bank of the SaOne, 37 miles S.W. of Vesoul by rail. Its streets are narrow and steep, but it possesses broad and beautiful quays, and the Alhie des Capucins is a fine promenade. The principal buildings are the old castle of the duke of Burgundy, the church in the style of … Gray GRAY, Davin (1838-1861), Scottish poet, was the son of a hand-loom weaver, and was born at Merkland, a small village on the banks of the Luggie, about 8 miles from Glas ? gow, January 29, 1838. His parents, observing his fondness for study and his exceptional cleverness, resolved to educate him for the church, and through their self-denial and his own exertions as a pupil teacher and private tutor… Gray, John Edward GRAY, JOHN EDWARD (1800-1875), a distinguished English naturalist, born at Walsall, Staffordshire, in 1800, was the eldest of the three sons of Mr S. F. Gray, of that town, druggist and writer on botany, author of the Supplement to the Pharmacopoeia, and grandson of Mr S. Gray, who translated for Lee the Philosophia Botanica of Linnmus, and assisted in the composition of the Introduction to Botany… Grayling GRAYLING (Thymallus) are fishes belonging to the family of Salmonithe, which resemble the vendace and gwyniad (Coregoms) in having scales of considerable size, and a narrow mouth with very small teeth. They are distinguished by their large, winer-like, dorsal fin. Only a few species are known, which inhabit clear streams of the north of Europe, Asia, and North America. The best known are the "Pois… Grazalema GRAZALEMA (the Roman Lacidulermium), a town of Spain, in the province of Cadiz, is situated on the great road from Cadiz to Ronda, 60 miles E.N.E. of Cadiz. It stands in a very strong position on a rocky hill, and to capture it was reckoned one of the chief feats of the esforzado Rodrigo Ponce de Leon. It possesses three hermitages, a parish church, and a convent. The manufactures are chiefly wool… Great Britain And Ireland GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, THE UNITED KINGDOM or, has been since January 1, 1801, the official title of the political unity composed of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Great Britain was employed as a formal designation from the time of the union of the kingdoms of England and Scotland in 1707. Although the name (which apparently had its origin in Britannia Major, the name given to the island to di… Greaves GREAVES, JosiN (1602-1652), a mathematician and antiquary, was the eldest son of John Greaves, rector of Colemore, near Alresford in Hampshire, and was born in 1602. He was educated at Balliol College, Oxford, and in 1630 was chosen professor of geometry in Gresham College, London. After travelling in Europe, he in 1637 visited the East, where he collected a considerable number of Arabic, Persic, … Grebe GREBE (French Grebe), the generally accepted name for all the birds of the Family Podicipedicke,' belonging to the group Pygopodes of Illiger, members of which inhabit almost all parts of the world. Some systematic writers have distributed them into several so-called genera, but, with one exception, these seem to be insufficiently defined, and here it will be enough to allow but two - Latham's Po… Greek Church, The GREEK CHURCH, THE, or more properly the Eastern Church, is both the source and background of the Western. Christianity arose in the East, and Greek was the language of the Scriptures and early services of the church, but when Latin Christianity established itself in Europe and Africa, and when the old Roman empire fell in two, and the eastern half became separate in government, interests, and idea… Greek Fire GREEK FIRE is properly the name applied to the inflammable and destructive compounds used in warfare in the Middle Ages, and particularly by the Byzantine Greeks at the sieges of Constantinople. It was the precursor of gunpowder, and of such modern compositions as dynamite and nitroglycerin, and was frequently accessory to gunpowder for many years after its invention. But combustible mineral subst… Green Bay GREEN BAY, a city of the United States, capital of Brown county, Wisconsin, is situated at the head of Green Bay, an inlet on the west shore of Lake Michigan. The bay is 100 miles long, from 15 to 35 miles wide, and of on the other side, its situation affording it a secure harthe completion of a canal connecting the Fox and Wisconsin rivers at Portage City, Green Bay has become the terminus of the… Greene GREENE, MAtiateu, an English composer, was born in London towards the close of the 17th century (about 1696, it is generally stated). He was the son of a clergyman in the city of London, and soon became a chorister of St Paul's Cathedral, where he studied under Charles King, and subsequently under Richard Brind, organist of the cathedral from 1707 to 1718, whom, on his death in the last-named year… Greene, Nathanael GREENE, NATHANAEL (1742-1786), an American general, son of a Quaker who followed the joint occupation of a farmer and smith, was born at Potowhommet, Warwick county, Rhode Island, May 27, 1742. From his early years he was employed in assisting his father, but be succeeded, notwithstanding this, in acquiring a large amount of general information, and made a special study of mathematics, history, an… Greene, Robert GREENE, ROBERT (1560-1592), dramatist and miscellaneous writer, was born at Norwich about the year 1560. As an eastern counties man (to one of whose plays, Friar Bacon, the Norfolk and Suffolk borderland owes a lasting poetic commemoration) he naturally received his education at Cambridge, where he took his B.A. from St John's College in 157S, proceeding M.A. in 1583 from Clare Hall, where it is p… Greenfinch GREENFINCH (German Granfink) or GREEN LINNET, as it is very often called, a common European bird, the Fringilla chloris of Linnaeus, ranked by many systematists with one section of Hawfinches, Coccothraustes, but apparently more nearly allied to the other section llesperiphona (cf. FINCH, vol. ix. p. 192), and perhaps justifiably deemed the type of a distinct genus, to which the name Chloris or Li… Greenland, Or Gronla Nd GREENLAND, or GRoNLA ND, is the name applied to a large continental island, the greater portion of which lies within the Arctic Circle, and all of which is arctic in character (see vol. i., Plate X.). It is entirely unconnected with any portion of Europe or America, though in the extreme north only separated from the latter by the harrow strait which lies between it and the outlying portion of Ame… Greenleaf, Simon GREENLEAF, SIMON (1783-1853), American jurist, was born at Newburyport, Massachusetts, December 5, 1783. After studying law in Massachusetts and Maine, he began in 1806 to practise at Standish in the latter State, proceeding finally to Portland in 1818. There, after two years, he became reporter of the supreme court of Maine, and during his twelve years of office published nine volumes of Reports.… Greenock GREENOCK, a seaport town of Renfrewshire, Scotland, on the south bank of the Firth of Clyde, 22 miles below Glasgow, in 55? 57' 2" N. lat. and 1? 45' 30" W. long. In front of the town there is a fine and extensive bay, formerly known by the name of the Bay of St Lawrence, from a religious house that anciently stood there. Behind the town the land rises into a picturesque ridge of hills, about 800 … Greeno-ugii GREENO-UGII, Homing (1805-1852), an American sculptor, son of a Boston merchant, was born at Boston, September 6, 1805. At the age of sixteen he entered Harvard College ; but while there he devoted his principal attention to art, and in the autumn of 1825 he went to Rome, where he enjoyed the advantage of instruction from Thorwaldsen. After a short visit in 1826 to Boston, where he executed busts … Greenshank GREENSHANK, one of the largest of the birds commonly known as Sandpipers, the 1'otauus glottis of most ornithological writers. Some exercise of the imagination is however needed to see in the dingy olive-coloured legs of this species a justification of the English name by which it goes, and the application of that name, which seems to be clue to Pennant, was probably by way of distinguishing it fr… Greenwich GREENWICH, a market-town and parliamentary borough in the county of Kent, England, is pleasantly situated on the right bank of the Thames, 6 miles S.E of London Bridge by the river. The streets towards the river are narrow and irregular, but in the higher situations there are many fine terraces and villas. The town has manufactories of various kinds, including the works of the telegraph maintenanc… Gregory GREGORY X., pope from 1271 to 1276, succeeded Clement IV. after the papal chair had been three years vacant ; his election occurred while he was engaged in a pilgrimage to Saint Jean-d'Acre. Gregory GREGORY, Sr, surnamed THE GREAT (C. 540-604), the first pope of that name, and one of the four doctors of the Latin Church (Ambrose, Augustine, and Jerome being the other three), was born at Rome about the year 540. His father GorJianus possessed senatorial rank, and his mother Sylvia is said to have been remarkable for her mental endowments. Educated for the legal profession, Gregory about his th… Gregory GREGORY, the name of a Scottish family, many members of which attained high eminence in various departments of science, sixteen having held professorships. Gregory GREGORY, Sr, OF NYSSA, one of the great Cappadocians, and designated by one of the later ecumenical codncils as " a father of fathers," was a younger brother of St Basil, and was born (probably) at Neocmsarea about 331 A.D. For his education, which was the best that could be got at that time, he appears to have been chiefly indebted to his elder brother. At a comparatively early age he entered the… Gregory Ii GREGORY II., ST, pope from 715 or 716 to 731, succeeded Constantine I., his election being variously dated May 19, 715, and March 21, 716. Gregory Iii GREGORY III., ST, pope from 731 to 741, a Syrian by birth, succeeded Gregory If. in March 731. Gregory Ix GREGORY IX., pope from 1227 to 1241, the successor of Honorius III., fully inherited the traditions of Gregory VII. and of his uncle Innocent III., and zealously gave himself up to the perpetuation of their policy. One of the first acts of his pontificate was to suspend the emperor Frederick H., then lying sick at Otranto, for dilatoriness in carrying out his promised crusade ; the suspension was … Gregory, Olinthits, Ll GREGORY, OLINTHITS, LL.D. (1774-1841), was born 29th January 1774 at Yaxley, in Huntingdonshire. He was only nineteen when be published Lessons Astronomical and Philosophical (1793), and soon after, by a manuscript on the "Use of the Sliding Rule," he was fortunate enough to excite the interest of Dr Hutton, professor of mathematics at the Royal Military Academy of Woolwich. bookseller's shop ; bu… Gregory, St GREGORY, ST, surnamed in later ecclesiastical tradition THAU?ATURGUS (the miracle-worker), was born of noble and wealthy heathen parents at Neociasarea, towards the beginning of the 3d century of the Christian era. His original name was Theodorus. Destined by his parents for the bar, he studied civil law at Athens, Alexandria, and Berytus, it is said; he afterwards (about 231) accompanied his sist… Gregory, St, Of GREGORY, ST, OF Touns (c. 540-594), historian of the Franks, was born at Clermont, Auvergne, not earlier than 539 and not later than 543 A.D. He was the youngest son of Florentius, a provincial senator, and head George, that of Gregory not having been assumed until his consecration at least thirty years afterwards. lie received his education under the superintendence of his uncle Gallus, at that t… Gregory, St, Of Nazianzus GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS, surnamed THEOLOGUS, one of the four great fathers of the Eastern Church, was born about the year 329 A.D., at or near Nazianzus, Cappadocia. His father, also named Gregory, a convert from Hypsistarianism, had lately become bishop of the diocese; his mother Norma, an eminently pious woman, by whom he was dedicated to the service of God from his birth, appears to have exer… Gregory, St, Tiie Illuminator GREGORY, ST, TIIE ILLUMINATOR (in Armenian Gregor Lltsarovitelt, in Greek Gregorios Plioster or Pltotistes), the founder and patron saint of the Armenian Church, was born about 257 A.D. He belonged to the royal race of the Arsacides, being the son of a certain Prince Anak, who assassinated Chosroes of Armenia, and thus brought ruin on himself and his family. His mother's name was Okohe, and the Ar… Gregory Vi GREGORY VI., pope from 1044 to 1046, who as Johannes Gratianus had earned a high reputation for learning and probity, succeeded Benedict IX., having bought off the antipopes Sylvester III. and John XX. Gregory Vii GREGORY VII., ST, one of the greatest of the Roman pontiffs, was born about the year 1015 at Soana or Saona, a small town in Tuscany, where his father, Bonic or Bonizon, is said to have followed the trade of a carpenter. His own name, Hildebrand or Hellebrand, is suggestive of a German extraction ; but of his remoter ancestry nothing is recorded. His youth was passed at Rome in the monastery of St… Gregory Viii GREGORY VIII. (Albert de Mora), who as papal legate had in 1172 attended the council of Avranches, which absolved Henry II. of England from the guilt of the murder of Thomas h Beckett, was consecrated pope in room of Urban III. Gregory Xi GREGORY XI. (Pierre Roger de Beaufort), pope from 1370 to 1378, born in Limousin in 1336, succeeded Urban V. in 1370 as one of the Avignon popes. Gregory Xii GREGORY XII. (Angelo Corario or Corraro), pope from 1406 to 1409, born at Venice about 1326, sue ceeded Innocent VII. on 30th November 1406, having been chosen at Rome by a conclave consisting of only fifteen cardinals, under the express condition that, should Benedict XIII. of Avignon renounce all claim to the papacy, he also would renounce his, so that a fresh election might be made by the no longer divided church. Gregory Xiii GREGORY XIII. (Ugo Buoncompagno), pope from 1572 to 1585, was born February 7, 1502, at Bologna, where he studied law and graduated in 1530, and afterwards taught jurisprudence for some years, Alexander Farnese and Charles Borromeo being among his pupils. At the age of thirty-six he was summoned to Rome by Paul III., under whom he held successive appointments as first judge of the capital, abbrevi… Gregory Xiv GREGORY XIV. (Niccolo Sfondrato), pope from 1590 to 1591, a native of Cremona, succeeded Urban VII., 5th December 1590. Gregory Xv GREGORY XV. (Alessandro Ludovisio), pope from 1621 to 1623, born at Bologna in 1554, succeeded Paul V. on the 9th of February 1621. Gregory Xvi GREGORY XVI. (Bartolommeo Alberto Cappellari), pope from 1831 to 1846, was born at Belluno on September 18, 1765, and at an early age entered the order of the Camaldoli, among whom he rapidly gained distinction for his theological and linguistic acquirements. His first appearance before a wider public was in 1799, when he published against the Italian Jansenists a controversial work entitled Trion… Greifenhagen GREIFENHAGEN, the chief town of a circle in the Prussian province of Pomerania and government of Stettin, is situated on the Reglitz, 12 miles S.S.W. of Stettin. Greifswald, Or Greifswalde GREIFSWALD, or GREIFSWALDE, the chief town of a circle in the Prussian province of Pomerania and government of Stralsund, is situated on the Ryck, 3 miles from its mouth in the Baltic, and 20 miles S. by E. of Stralsund. It has wide and regular streets, and is surrounded by proand a library containing nearly 140,000 volumes. The principal other buildings are the church of St Nicholas (with a tower… Greiz, Or Gre1tz GREIZ, or GRE1TZ (formerly Crewitz or Crewz), a town of Germany, capital of the principality of Reuss-Greiz, is situated in a pleasant valley on the right bank of the White Elster, near the borders of Saxony, and .14 miles W. by S. of Zwickau. It is surrounded by walls, and is tolerably well built. The principal buildings are the prince's palace surrounded by a fine park, the old "residence" castl… Grenada GRENADA, the most southern island of the Antilles, lies between 11? 58' and 12? 30', N. lat. and 61? 20' and 61? 35' W. long. It is 30 leagues S. W. of Barbados, and about 60 miles from the nearest point of South America. Its length from north to south is about 24 miles, and its greatest breadth is 12 miles. The area is 133 square miles. Grenada is rendered highly picturesque by ridges of hills co… Grenoble GRENOBLE, a fortified city of France, formerly the chief town of Dauphin6 and now of the department of the Isere, lies 58 miles E. of Lyons, in 45? 11' 57" N. lat. and 5? 43' 20" E. long. Few of the cities of France have a finer situation. The Isere unites with the Drac a few miles further down, and the broad and fertile valley through which the rivers flow is encompassed by a fine panorama of hil… Grenville, William Wyndiiam Grenville GRENVILLE, WILLIAM WYNDIIAM GRENVILLE, LORD (1759-1834), English statesman, son of the preceding, was born 25th October 1759. He was educated at Eton and Oxford, and for some time studied at the Inns of Court, but never practised at the bar. In February 1782 he was elected a member of parliament for the county of Buckingham, and in the September following he became secretary to his brother the mar… Grenvjlle, George GRENVJLLE, GEORGE (1712-1770), an English statesman, second son of Richard Grenville and Hester Temple, afterwards Countess Temple, was born October 14th,.1712. He was educated at Eton and at Christ Church, Oxford, and in his twenty-fifth year was called to the bar. The habits of industry, the technical knowledge, and the intellectual discipline which he acquired in connexion with his legal traini… Gresham, Sir GRESHAM, SIR TnomAs (1519-1579), a London merchant, the founder of the Royal Exchange and of Gresham College, London, was born in 1519. Descended from an old Norfolk family, he was the only son of Sir Richard Gresham, a leading London merchant, who for some time held the office of lord mayor and for his services as agent of Henry VIII. in negotiating loans with foreign merchants received the honou… Gresset, Jean Baptiste GRESSET, JEAN BAPTISTE (1709-1777). The literary history of Gresset might he dismissed with the simple statement that he wrote Vert Vert. By that one poem he is remembered. His life is, however, interesting from another fact, that he, who almost alone among French poets wrote nothing of which a moralist need be ashamed, spent the last twenty-five years of his life in regretting the frivolity which… Gretry, Andr Ernest Modeste GRETRY, ANDR ERNEST MODESTE (1741-1813), a celebrated composer of French opera, was born at Liege, February 11,1741. He received his first musical education in the maitrise of the college of St Denis, where his father, a poor musician, occasionally acted as violinist. Leclerc and Renekin were his early masters. But of greater importance was the practical tuition he received by attending the perfor… Greuze, Jean Baptiste GREUZE, JEAN BAPTISTE (1725-1805), in the full tide of the 18th century, when professional distinction appeared to be reserved exclusively for those who devoted themselves to the production of historical or allegorical subjects, achieved an immense reputation as a painter of scenes of domestic life. He was born at Tournus in 1725, and is generally said to have formed his own talent ; this is, howe… Greville, Charles Cavendish Fuzee GREVILLE, CHARLES CAVENDISH FUZEE (1794-1865), a great grandson by his father of the fifth earl of Warwick, and son of Lady Charlotte Bentinck, daughter of the duke of Portland, formerly a leader of the Whig party, and first minister of, the crown. Greville was born 2d April 1794. Much of his childhood was spent at his grandfather's house at Bulstrode. He was one of the pages of George III? and wa… Grew, Nehemiah GREW, NEHEMIAH (1628-1711), the earliest vegetable anatomist and physiologist of England, was the son of Obadiah Grew, nonconformist divine of St Michael's, Coventry. At the Restoration, his father being ejected from his living, he went to a foreign university, where he took the degree of doctor of physic. Returning to Coventry, his native town, he commenced a series of observations on the physiol… Grey, Earl GREY, EARL (1764-1845). Charles, second Earl Grey, was the eldest surviving son of General Sir Charles Grey, afterwards first Earl Grey. He was born at his father's residence, Fallodon, near Alnwick, March 13, 1764. General Grey, who was a younger son of the house of Grey of Howick, one of the most considerable territorial families in Northumberland, had already begun a career of active service wh… Grey, Lady Jane GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554), a person remarkable no less for her accomplishments than for her misfortunes, was the great-granddaughter of Henry VII. of England. tier descent from that king was traced through a line of females. His second daughter Mary, after being left a widow by Louis XII. of France, married Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk, who was a favourite with her brother King Henry VIII. O… Greytown GREYTOWN, Sr more correctly San Juan del Norte, a along the seaward side of a narrow peninsula formed by the windings of the San Juan river, and most of its buildings are insignificant erections raised 2 or 3 feet on piles. Though it is still a port of call for mail steamers, and monopolizes the export and import trade of Nicaragua, Greytown is in a decadent condition. Its fine harbour has vanced … Griesbach, Johann Jakob GRIESBACH, JOHANN JAKOB (1745-1812), one of the most distinguished of the band of scholars to whom the which, apart from the advantages of stimulative contact great utility to him in providing him with materials for the March 1812. Griesbach's critical edition of the New Testament first appeared at Halle, in three volumes, in 1774-75. The first volume contained the first three gospels, synopticall… Griffin, Gerald GRIFFIN, GERALD (1803-1840), an Irish novelist and dramatic writer, was descended from a family of good position, and was born at Limerick 12th December 1803. He was the youngest of nine sons. After attending for some time the school of an eccentric preceptor in Limerick, he, on the removal of the family in 1810 to Fairy Lawn, a country place on the banks of the Shannon, was placed under the instr… Griffin, Or Gryphon GRIFFIN, or GRYPHON (gryphus, -ypt'afr), in the natural history of the ancients, the name of an imaginary rapacious creature of the eagle species, represented with four legs, wings, and a beak, - the fore part resembling an eagle, and the hinder a lion. In addition, some writers describe the tail as a serpent. This animal, which was supposed to watch over gold mines and hidden treasures, and to be… Grillparzer, Fjtanz GRILLPARZER, FJtANZ (1791-1872), a distinguished German dramatist, was born in Vienna on the 15th January 1791. His father, a respectable advocate, destined him for his own profession ; but on the conclusion of his legal studies, in 1811, Grillparzer became a tutor in a noble family, and two years afterwards accepted a subordinate post in the civil service. He rose slowly in his profession, but in… Grimaldi, Giovanni Francesco GRIMALDI, GIOVANNI FRANCESCO (1606-1680), an architect and painter, named II Bolognese from the place of his birth, was a relative of the Caracci family, under whom it is presumed he studied first, and afterwards under Albano. He went to Rome, and was appointed architect to Pope Paul V., and patronized by succeeding popes also. Towards 1648 he was invited to France by Cardinal Mazarin, and for abo… Grimm GRIMM, WiLnEi? CARL (17SG-1850). The chief events in the life of Wilhelm Grimm have been narrated in last article. The two brothers were indeed so intimately associated both in their lives and in their works that a separate biography of the younger is almost superfluous. As Jacob himself said in his celebrated address to the Berlin Academy on the death of his brother, the whole of their lives were… Grimma GRIMMA, a town in the circle of Leipsic, Saxony, is situated on the left bank of the Mulde, 19 miles S.E. of Leipsic. In the Middle Ages it was an important commercial town, but agriculture is now its principal industry, although its manufactures have for some time been increasing. Besides large flour-mills there are yarn-bleaching and dyeing works, and outside the town are the Golzermhhle, which … Grimm, Friedrich Melciiior GRIMM, FRIEDRICH MELCIIIOR, BARON VON (1723? 1807), the author of the celebrated Correspondance litteraire, was, though a naturalized Frenchman, both of German descent and a native of Germany, having been born of poor parents at Ratisbon, 26th December 1723. He studied at the university of Leipsic, where he had as professor the celebrated Ernesti, to whom he was doubtless in no small degree indebt… Grimm, Jacob Ludwig Carl GRIMM, JACOB LUDWIG CARL (1785-1863), was born on the 4th of January 1785 at Hamm, in Hesse-Cassel. His father, who was a lawyer, died while he was still a child, and the mother was left with very small means ; but her sister, who was lady of the chamber to the landgravine of Hesse, helped to support and educate her numerous family. Jacob with his younger brother Wilhelm (born on the 24th of Febru… Grimsby, Great GRIMSBY, GREAT, a municipal and parliamentary borough and seaport town of England, county of Lincoln, is situated on the south side of the estuary of the Humber nearly opposite Spurn Head, and 17 miles E.S.E. of Hull. Since the opening in 1852, under the auspices of the Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire Railway Company, of extensive docks occupying a space of 140 acres reclaimed from the sea… Grind Al, Edmund GRIND AL, EDMUND (c. 1519-1583), archbishop of Canterbury, was born at Hensingham in the parish of St Bees, Cumberland, about 1519. He was educated at Cambridge, where he became fellow of Pembroke Hall in 1538, and president in 1549. In the following year he was appointed chaplain to Bishop Ridley, in August 1551 precentor of St Paul's, in November chaplain to Edward VI., and in July 1552 prebenda… Grindstone GRINDSTONE. Sandstones which possess the property of abrading steel and other hard substances are extensively used in arts and manufactures under the name of grindstones. In its simplest form a grindstone consists of a stone disc, more or less circular, mounted on a horizontal iron spindle carried on the tops of two wooden posts fixed in the ground. A. winch handle, or occasionally a rude crank wi… Gringoire, Or Gringo GRINGOIRE, or GRINGO:S., PIERRE (c. 1480-1544), was the last of the mediaeval poets. He lived to see the old methods which he was taught to believe unchangeable entirely superseded. He was born about the time when King Rene, the last of the princely trovveres, died ; lie finished his career when Marot had already introduced a new and natural genre which he could not understand, and when Ronsard an… Griqualand West GRIQUALAND WEST, a province in South Africa, comprising the territory formerly belonging to the western division of the Griqua people, which was annexed to the British empire October 27, 1871. The extent of the province is 17,800 square miles. It is bounded on the S. by the Orange River (which separates it from the Cape Colony), on the N. and N.E. by territory occupied by the 13echuanu, tribes and… Grisons GRISONS (German, Graubunden) is the largest and easternmost of the Swiss cantons. It is 80 miles in length from E.N.E. to W.S.W., and 45 in breadth, and has an area of 2963 square miles. On the N.E. and E. it abuts against the little principality of Liechtenstein, and the Austrian provinces of Tyrol and Vorarlberg, on the S. on the Italian provinces of Val Tellina and Como, and on the W. and N. on… Grivegnee GRIVEGNEE, a town of Belgium in the arrondissement and province of Liege, is situated on the Ourthe about a mile and a half S.W. of Liege. There are coal-mines in the neighbourhood, and the town posesses iron foundries and manufactories of brass-wire, nails, and iron boats. The population is about 6000. he was appointed on Archbishop Warham's recommendation master or warden of All Hallow's College… Grodno GRODNO, capital of the province of the same name, stands on the right bank of the Niemen in 53? 40' N. let., 23? 50' E. long., and is connected by railway with St Petersburg, Moscow, and Warsaw. It is the seat of the provincial government, and contains eight Roman Catholic, a Greek Eastern and two United Greek Catholic churches, a Lutheran chapel, and two Jewish synagogues. The Government office i… Grodno GRODNO, a western province or government of Russia in Europe, lying between 52? and 54? N. lat., 23? and 26? E. long., and bounded N. by Vilna, E. by Minsk, S. by Volhynia, and W. by the former kingdom of Poland ; area 14,961 square miles. The country is a wide plain, in some parts very swampy and covered with large pine forests. Of these that of Bieloviecza in the district of Prushana, comprising… Groen Van Prinsterer GROEN VAN PRINSTERER, WtratELm (1801-1876), Dutch statesman, historian, and publicist, was born at Voorburg, on August 21, 1801, received his grammar school education at the Hague, and studied law, philosophy, and history at the university of Leyden. At the age of twenty-five he published a volume of miscellaneous essays (Verapreide Geschriften, 182G), and in 1827 he was appointed private secretar… Groningen GRONINGEN, a town of the Netherlands, in the province of the same name, is situated on the Hunse at the influx of the Aa, 451 miles in an eastward direction from Harlingen. The central and more ancient part of the town is still surrounded by the old ditch, and communication is maintained with the outer portions by eighteen bridges. In the centre of the old town lies a group of open places, of whic… Gronovius, Or Gronov GRONOVIUS, or GRONOV, JOIIANN FRIEDRICH (1613-1671), scholar and critic, was born at Hamburg, 20th September 1613. Gronovius, Or Gronov GRONOVIUS, or GRONOV, JAKOB (1615-1716), one of the very great scholars of the 17th century, was born 20th October 1645 at Deventer, where his father, J. F. His edition of Polybius, published at Leyden in 1670, in addition to his own and variorum notes, contained those which Casaubon on his deathbed had bequeathed to him. Declining an invitation to a chair at Deventer, he in 1671 visited France, a… Groot, Gerhard GROOT, GERHARD (1340-1384), in Latin Gerardus Magnus, founder of the society of "Brethren of the Common Life," was born in October, 1340, at Deventer, where his father held a good civic position. Other forms of the family name are Groote, Groet, and Groete. At the close of his school education, received partly at Deventer and partly at Aix-la-Chapelle and Cologne, Gerhard (" Gerrit" or " Geert") i… Gros, Antoine Jean GROS, ANTOINE JEAN, BARON (1771-1835), the pupil of David and the forerunner of Gericault, occupies a peculiar position between the classic and romantic schools which divided opinion at the beginning of the present century. He was born at Paris in 1771. His father, who was a miniature painter, began seriously to teach him to draw at the early age of six, and showed himself from the first an exacti… Grosbeak GROSBEAK (French, Grosbec), a name very indefinitely applied to many birds belonging to the families Fringillidce and Ploceidce of modern ornithologists, and perhaps to some members of the Emberizidte and Tanagridce, but always to birds distinguished by the great size of their bill. Taken alone it is commonly a synonym of HAWFINCII (q.v.), but a prefix is most usually added to indicate the species… Grose, Francis GROSE, FRANCIS (c. ] 730-1791), a celebrated English antiquary, son of a wealthy Swiss jeweller settled in England, was born at Greenford in Middlesex, about the year 1730. The bias of his mind towards heraldry and antiquities showed itself early; and his father, indulging it, procured him a position in the Herald's College. In 1763, being then Richmond Herald, he sold his tabard, and shortly afte… Grosseto GROSSETO, a town of Italy, at the head of the province of the same name, is situated in the Marenima district, near the right bank of the Ombrone-Senese, with a station on the railway between Florence and Rome. It is well built and surrounded with solid walls about 2 miles in circuit, and among its public edifices is a spacious cathedral with a marble facade; but the principal interest of the plac… Gross', Tommaso GROSS', TOMMASO (1791-1853), Lombard poet and novelist, was born at Bellano, on the Lake of Como, January 20, 1791. He took his degree in law at Pavia in 1810, and proceeded thence to Milan to exercise his profession ; but the Austrian Government, suspecting the young barrister's loyalty, interfered with his prospects, and thus it happened that Grossi was a simple notary all his life. That the sus… Grosswardein GROSSWARDEIN (Hungarian, Kagy-Vdrac1), a royal free city, and capital of the county of Bihar in the TransTibiscan circle, Hungary, is situated in a beautiful plain on the banks of the river Sebeskoriis, 47? 3' N. lat., 21? 53' E. long. It is the seat of a Roman Catholic and of a Greek (Old-United) bishopric, of a royal court of justice, of the county assizes, and of a board of assessment, and is t… Grotefend, Georg Friedrich GROTEFEND, GEORG FRIEDRICH (1775-1853), to whose patience and ingenuity the decipherment of the cuneiform inscriptions was originally due, was born at Mfinden in Hanover, June 9, 1775. He was educated partly in his native town, partly at Ilfeld, where he remained till 1795, when he entered the university of Gottingen, and there became the friend of Heyne, Tychsen, and Heeren. Heyne's recommendatio… Grote, George GROTE, GEORGE (1794-1871), the historian of Greece, eminent also as a philosopher, a politician, and a labourer in the advancement of university education, was born on the 17th of November 1794, at Clay Hill, near Beckenham in Kent. He drew his lineage from a Dutch, or, more strictly speaking, a Low German family. The name (Groot, equivalent to "great,") is the same as that of Hugo Grotius, with w… Grotius, Hugo GROTIUS, HUGO (1583-1645), in his native country Huig van Groot, but known to the rest of Europe by the Latinized form of the name, was one of the famous men of the 17th century, almost equally eminent for public services and as a writer. He was born at Delft on Easter day, 10th April 1583. The Groots were a branch of a family of distinction, which had been noble in France, but had removed to the … Groton GROTON, a post town of New London county, Connecticut, U.S., is situated on the rivers Mystic and Pequonnock, opposite New London, and on the east side of the river Thames at its junction with Long Island Sound. There are granite quarries in the neighbourhood, and the town possesses manufactures of cotton goods, britannia ware, carriages, and sashes and blinds, and brass and iron foundries. There … Ground Nut GROUND NUT (synonyms, Earth Nut, Pistache de Terre, Monkey Nut, Pea Nut., Manilla Nut), a nut or pod the produce of the Arachis hypoga,a, L. (Nat. Ord. Leguminosce). The plant is an annual of diffuse habit, with hairy stem, with two-paired, abruptly pinnate leaflets. The flowers above ground are sterile, and the pods or legumes are stalked, oblong, cylindrical, about 1 inch in length, the thin ret… Groundsel GROUNDSEL (German, Kreuzkraut ; French, Senecon), Senecio veclgaris, Linn,, is an annual, glabrous or more or less woolly plant of the natural order Compositm, series Tubuliflorece and tribe Senecioniclem, having a branched succulent stem 6 to 15 inches in height ; pinnatifid and irregularly and coarsely-toothed leaves ; flowers in separate corymbs, with involucres of about 20 equal and several ex… Grouse GROUSE, a word of uncertain origin,' now used generally by ornithologists to include all the " rough-footed " Gallinaceous birds, but in common speech applied almost exclusively, when used alone, to the Tetrao scoticus of Linn:ens, the Lagopus scoticus of modern systematists - more particularly called in English the Red Grouse, but not a century ago almost invariably spoken of as the Moor-fowl or … Grove GROVE. The almost universal occurrence, at one stage or another in the religious and social development of the races of mankind, of the practice of worshipping by preference under or among trees to which a peculiarly sacred and inviolable character is attached, is a fact too well known to require particular illustration here. Its explanation is to be sought partly in obvious considerations of phys… Gruber GRUBER.' JatIANN GOTTFRIED (1774-1851), a learned German author, was born at Naumburg on the Saale, 29th November 1774. He received his education at the town school of Naumburg and the university of Leipsic, after which he resided successively at Gottingen, Leipsic, Jena, and Weimar, occupying himself partly in teaching and partly in various literary enterprises, and enjoying in Weimar the friends… Grunewald, Mathias GRUNEWALD, MATHIAS. The accounts which are given of this painter, a native of Aschaffenburg, are curiously contradictory. Between 1518 and 1530, according to statements adopted by Waagen and Passavant, he was commissioned by Albert of Brandenburg, elector and archbishop of Mainz, to produce an altarpiece for the collegiate church of St Maurice and Mary Magdalen at Halle on the Saale ; and he acqui… Grun, Hans Baldung GRUN, HANS BALDUNG (c. 1470-1545), commonly called Grin, a painter of the age of Diirer, was born about 1470 at Gmiind in Swabia, and spent the greater part of his life at Strasburg and Freiburg in Breisgau. The earliest pictures assigned to him are altarpieces with the monogram H. B. interlaced, and the date of 1496, in the monastery chapel of Lichtentlial near Baden. Another early work is a port… Gruter, Or Gruytkre GRUTER, or GRUYTkRE, JAN (1560-1627), a critic and scholar of Dutch parentage by his father's side and English by his mother's, was arn at Antwerp, December 3, 1560. To avoid religious persecution his parents while lie was still young came to England ; and for some years he prosecuted his studies at Cambridge, after which he went to Leyden, where he graduated M.A. In 1586 he was appointed professo… Gruyere, Or Gruyiires GRUYERE, or GRUYiIRES (German, Greyerz), is a small pastoral district in the Swiss canton of Freiburg, ubted for its cheese (see CHEESE and FREIBURG), which was at one time a separate countship. It forms part of the basin of the Saane. The old town of Gruyere, where the counts had their castle, had only 1097 inhabit- ants according to the census of 1870, while the neighbouring town of Bulle had 22… Grynieus, Or Gryner GRYNiEUS, or GRYNER, JOHANN JAKOB (1540-1617), it learned theologian of the period immediately succeeding the Reformation, was born, October 1, 1540, at Bern, Cvhere his father Thomas, nephew of Simon Grynmus, was at that time a teacher of theology, was educated at Basel, and in 1559 received an appointment as curate to his father who had become pastor of Roteln in Baden. In 1563 he proceeded to T… Grynieus, Simon GRYNiEUS, SIMON (1193-1541), a learned theologian of the Reformation, was born in 1493 at Vehringen, in his fourteenth year was sent to school at Pforzheim, and subsequently studied at the university of Vienna, where he graduated as master of arts, and for some time acted as tutor. He next became rector of a school at Ofen (Buda), but as an avowed sympathizer with Reuchlin and Erasmus lie was not … Gryphius, Andreas GRYPHIUS, ANDREAS (1616-1664), German poet, was born at Grossglogau, Silesia, on the 11th of October, 1616. His youth fell in the period of the Thirty Years' War, which began in 1618, when he was two years old. After spending five years at school in various towns, lie returned to his native place in 1636, and became tutor in the family of Palsgrave George von Schdnborn, who crowned him laureate an… Guaco GUACO, Hueco, or GUAO, also Vejuco and Bejuco, terms applied to various Central and South American and West Indian plants, in repute for alexipharmic and curative virtues. The Indians and negroes of New Granada believe the plants known to them as guaco to have been so named after a species of kite, thus designated in imitation of its cry, which they say attracts to it the snakes that serve it prin… Guadalajara GUADALAJARA, or in the older spelling Gas..iDar.AXAr.-\, a city of Mexico, the capital of the state of Jalisco, is situated in the Atemarac valley not far from the Rio Grande de Santiago, about 280 miles W.N.W. of the city of Mexico, in 20? 41' 10"N. lat. and 103? 21' 15" W. long. Owing to its considerable elevation above the sea-level (according to the Boletin del illinisterio de Fomentos, 1876, … Guadalajara GUADALAJARA, a city of Spain, capital of the province of the sante name, is situated on an elevation not fathom the eastern bank of the river Henares, which is here spanned by a stone bridge built on Roman foundations in 1758. It is a station on the Madrid and Saragossa Railway, 38 miles N.E. from Madrid, and 2395 feet above the level of the sea. It has ton churches, several convents, including th… Guadalajara GUADALAJARA, a province of Spain, in New Castile, bounded on the N. by the provinces of Segovia, Soria, and Saragossa, on the E. by Saragossa and Teruel, on the S. by Cuenca, and on the W. by Madrid. In the north are some of the loftiest summits of the Guadarrama range, having their culminating point in the Paa de la Bodera; the rest of the province, forming the upper basin of the Tagus, and water… Guadeloupe GUADELOUPE, an island of the Antilles in the West Indies, belonging to France, is situated 62 miles from Martinique, between 15? 59' 30" and 16? 20' 18" N. lat. and between 61? 31' 23" and 61? 50' 32" W. long. The sailing distance from Brest is 3750 nautical miles. A narrow channel, called La Riviere Salee, or Salt Stream, with a width of from 100 to 400 feet, separates the island into two portion… Guadix GUADIX, a city of Spain, in the province of Granada, situated on an elevated plateau on the northern slope of the Sierra Nevada, and above the left bank of the river Guadix. Guaduas GUADUAS, a town of Colombia, South America, state of Cundinamarca, is situated in the beautiful valley of the Magdalena, on the road between Bogota and Honda, 45 miles N.W. of the former town, and more than 8000 feet above sea-level. Guaido Tadino GUAIDO TADINO, a town of Italy, in the province of Perugia and circondario of Foligno, with a station on the line from Ancona to Rome about 53 miles from the former city. It is picturesquely situated in the lap of the Apennines on the post-road that leads to the Furlo Pass. The cathedral and several of the other churches possess paintings by Nicol() and Matteo da Foligno of the 15th century. In 18… Gualeguay GUALEGUAY, a town of the Argentine republic, department of Entre-Rios, is situated on the Gualeguay river, which falls into the Parana, and is navigable up to this point, 120 miles N.N.W. of Buenos Ayres. Guanaco GUANACO (Aucheniaguanaens), one of the four species of ruminant animals which represent in South America the camels of the East, and which resemble them in the possession of canine teeth in both lower and upper jaws. Time Guanaco is the largest species, standing nearly 4 feet high at the shoulders. It is an elegant creature, with gracefully curved neck and long slender legs ; its body is covered w… Guanajijato GUANAJIJATO, Or SANTA FE DE GUANAJUATO, a city of Mexico, capital of the state of Guanajuato, is situated in 21? 0' 50" N. lat. and 100? 54' 27" W. long., at a height of 7200 feet above the sea. Built as it is at the meeting-place of three mountain gorges, and obliged by lack of space to climb the underfalls of the surrounding heights, Guanajuato has a highly picturesque appearance. The houses of … Guarana GUARANA, so called from the Guaranis, an aboriginal American tribe, the plant Paullinia sorbilis, Mart., of the natural order Sapinclacece and tribe Sapindece, indigenous to the north and west of Brazil. It has a smooth erect stem; large pinnate alternate leaves, composed of 5 oblong-oval leaflets ; inflorescence in narrow panicles of short-stalked flowers, having 4 or 5 sepals and 4 petals, 8 sta… Guarantee, Or Guaranty GUARANTEE, or GUARANTY, in English law, is a promise to be answerable for the debt of another should he fail to make payment, or generally to be answerable for the performance of any duty by another person. The debt or duty must be owing by another, who is primarily hound, and the guarantor is only liable in the event of his failure of performance. Guarantees are required to be in writing by the S… Guaratingueta GUARATINGUETA, a town of Brazil, in the province of Sao Paulo, situated near the right bank of the Paraiba, about 40 miles N.E. of the city of Silo Paulo. Guard', Francesco GUARD', FRANCESCO (1712-1793), a Venetian painter, was a pupil of Canaletto, and followed his style so closely that his pictures are very frequently attributed to his more celebrated master. Guariento GUARIENTO, sometimes incorrectly named Guerriero, was the first Paduan painter who distinguished himself. The only date distinctly known in his career is 1365, when, having already acquired high renown in his native city, he was invited by the Venetian authorities to paint a Paradise, and some incidents of the war of Spoleto, in the great council-hall of Venice. These works were greatly admired at… Guarini, Giovanni Battista GUARINI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA (1537-1612), the author of the Pastor Fido, was born at Ferrara on the 10th of December 1537, just seven years before the birth of Tasso. He was descended from Guarino of Verona (see next article). The young Battista studied both at Pisa and Padua, whence he was called, when not yet twenty, to profess moral philosophy in the schools of his native city. He inherited consi… Guarino GUARINO, also known as VARINus, and surnamed from his birthplace FAVORINUS, PHAVORINUS, or CAMERS (c. 1450-1537), lexicographer and scholar, was born at Favora near Camerino about 1450, studied Greek and Latin at Florence under Politian, and afterwards became for a time the pupil of Lascaris. Having entered the Benedictine order, he now gave himself with great zeal to Greek lexicography ; and in 1… Guarino, Or Gltarinus GUARINO, or GLTARINUS (1370-1460), of Verona, one of the Italian restorers of classical learning, was born in 1370 at Verona, and studied Greek at Constantinople, where for five years he was the pupil of Manuel Chrysoloras. When he set out on his return to Italy he was the happy possessor of two cases of precious Greek MSS. which he had been at great pains to collect ; it is said that the loss of … Guastalla GUASTALLA, a town of Italy, in the province of Reggio, at the influx of the Crostolo into the Po, about 24 miles N.E. of Parma. It is the seat of - a bishop, and possesses a cathedral, San Pietro, an extensive but ruined castle of the 16th century, eight churches, a civil hospital, a gymnasium, a public library (La Biblioteca Muldotti) with 18,000 vols., a school of music, and a theatre. A statue … Guatacum GUATACUM, a genus of trees of the natural order Zoophyllea,. The guaiacum or lignum vitt,e tree (Germ., Guajakbaum, Franzosenbaum, Pockenholzba-um; Fr., Gayac, Gaiac), G. officinale, L., is a native of the West Indies and the north coast of South America, where it attains a height of 20 to 30 feet. Its branches are numerous, flexuous, and knotted ; the leaves opposite and pinnate, with caducous st… Guatemala GUATEMALA, or more rarely GUATEMALA, was for-1 merly a captain-generalcy of Spanish America, which included the fifteen provinces of Chiapas, Suchitepeques, Escuintla, Sonsonate, San Salvador, Vera Paz and Peten, Chiquimula, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Totonicapan, Quesaltenango, Solola, Chimaltenango, and Sacatepeques, - or, in other words, the whole of Central America and part of the presen… Guatemala GUATEMALA, properly SANTIAGO DE GUATEMALA, or GUATEMALA LE NUEVA, or the New, is the capital of the above republic. It is situated at a height of 5270 feet above the sea in a fertile meseta or plateau, which is crossed by the valley of the Rio de las Vacas or Cow River, so called from the first specimens of the bovine race introduced by the Spaniards. On almost all sides it is surrounded by barran… Guava GUAVA (from the Mexican guayaba) is the name applied to the fruits of species of Psidium, a genus belonging to the natural order Myrtacem. The species which produces the bulk of the guava fruits of commerce is Psidium Guayava, Radd., a small tree from 15 to 20 feet high, a native of the tropical parts of America and the West Indies. It bears short-stalked egg-shaped or oblong leaves, with strongly… Guayaquil, Or Santiago De Guayaquil GUAYAQUIL, or SANTIAGO DE GUAYAQUIL, the principal seaport of the republic of Ecuador, South America, is situated on the western bank of the Guayaquil river, about 20 miles from its mouth, in 2? 12' 24" S. ]at. and 79? 51' 24" W. long. The site forms part of a low and level tract of ground bounded on the north by the hills of Santa Ana ; and the streets are for the most part laid out with great re… Guayra, La, Or La Guaira GUAYRA, LA, or LA GUAIRA, a town of Venezuela, in the province of Caracas, about 8 miles from the city of Caracas, in 10? 36' N. lat. and 71? 46' W. long. Gubbio GUBBIO, a city of Italy, in the province of Umbria, about 20 miles N. of Perugio. Built along the western ledges of Monte Calvo, it shares alike in the grandeur of the mountains and the beauty of the plain, and its churches and palaces are brought into relief by the varying elevation of the site. Its ancient walls are still retained, and a certain medi2val impress lingers about the place. Besides … Guben GUBEN, a town of Brandenburg, Prussia, capital of a circle in the government district of Frankfort, is situated at the confluence of the Lubist with the Neisse and at the junction of three different railways, 28 miles S.S.E. of Frankfort. It is the seat of a circle court and of a district office, and possesses three evangelical churches, an Old Lutheran church, a Catholic church, a synagogue, a gy… Gudgeon GUDGEON (Gobio), a small fish of the family Cypriniche (see ICHTHYOLOGY), with narrow, cylindrical body, and with a small barbel at each corner of the mouth. These fishes are generally distributed over Europe, the most common being Gobio fluviatilis, called "goujon" in France, " griissling " or " griindling " in Germany, and " gobione" in Italy. They thrive in streams as well as lakes, always keep… Guelderland GUELDERLAND, the modern province of the Netherlands, has an area of 1932 square miles, and its population in 1821, 1835, 1840, 1860, and 1873 was respectively 269,926, 323,167, 345,762, 401,864, and 437,778. Guelder Rose GUELDER ROSE, so called from Guelderland, its sup. posed source, termed also Marsh Elder, Rose Elder, Water Elder (Germ., Wasserholder, Schneeball ; Fr., Viorne-Obier, l'Obier d'Europe), the Viburnum Opidus of Linnalus, is a shrub or small tree of the natural order Capriliacea, and a native of Britain and other parts of Europe, and of Russian Asia. It is common in Ireland, but rare in Scotland. In… Guelders, Or Geldern GUELDERS, or GELDERN, a town of Rhenish Prussia, in the government district of Diisseldurf, chief and only town of the circle of Geldern, is situated on the Niers, 28 miles N.W. of Diisseldorf. Guelfs And Ghibellines GUELFS AND GHIBELLINES. The names Guelfo and Ghibellino, as applied to parties in Italy, are Italianized forms of names which at an earlier period designated parties in Germany. Guelfo is the Italian form of Welf, and Ghibellino the Italian form of Waiblingen, a castle of the emperor Conrad. In Germany these names, which are said to have been first used as battle-cries at the battle of Weinsberg i… Guelph GUELPH, the chief town of Wellington county, Ontario, Canada, is situated in a fine agricultural district on an elevation on the river Speed, a branch of the Grand River, and on the Grand Trunk Railway and the Wellington, Grey, and Bruce division of the Great Western Railway, 45 miles west by south of Toronto. Gueret GUERET, a town of France, chief town of the department of Creuse, is situated on a mountain declivity near the Creuse, about 250 miles smith from Paris. Guericke, Otto Von GUERICKE, OTTO VON (1602-1686), an experimental philosopher, distinguished by his original discoveries of the properties of air, was born at Magdeburg, in Prussian Saxony-, November 20, 1602. Having studied law at Leipsic, Helmstadt, and Jena, and mathematics, especially geometry and mechanics, at Leyden, he visited France and England, and, returning to Saxony, took up the profession of engineer-i… Guerin, Georges Maurice De GUERIN, GEORGES MAURICE DE (1810-1839), a French poet, whose few compositions in prose and verse, published posthumously, show him to have possessed a true and rare genius, was descended from a noble but poor family, and was born at the ch?teau of Le Cayla in Languedoc, 4th August 1810. He was educated with a view to the church at a religious seminary at Toulouse, and then at the College Stanislas… Guerin, Jean Baptiste Paulin GUERIN, JEAN BAPTISTE PAULIN (1783-1855), French painter, belongs to the group who specially represent the Restoration. Born at Toulon, on the 25th March 1783, of poor parents, he learnt, as a lad, his father's trade of a locksmith, whilst, at the same time, he followed the classes of the free school of art. Having sold some copies to a local amateur, Guerin started for Paris, where he came under … Guerin, Pierre Narcisse GUERIN, PIERRE NARCISSE (1774-1833), French painter, was born at Paris, May 13, 1774. The artistic ideal of the first empire found complete expression in his work, the most famous examples of which show a peculiar combination of the dry pseudo-classic style, then popular, with stage pathos of a highly exaggerated character ; yet from his atelier went forth, as if in necessary protest against the d… Guernsey GUERNSEY, the second in size of the Channel Islands, is situated between 49? 25' and 49? 31' N. lat, and between t;"' 30' and 2? 41' W. long., 30 miles W. of Normandy, and 81 miles S. of Portsmouth. The total area at low water is estimated at 15,560 acres, or rather more than 24 square miles, and of this about 10,000 acres are under cultivation. Gradually rising from the north to the south, the is… Guerrazzi, France-sc GUERRAZZI, FRANCE-SC? DOMENICO (1804-1873), Italian writer and politician, was born at Leghorn, August 12, 1804. He studied law at Pisa, and happened to become acquainted there with Byron, who produced a very strong impression on his lively imagination. Having taken his degree in law, he went back to Leghorn to practise his profession, but engaged at the same time in literary pursuits. In 1827 he … Guerrero GUERRERO, formerly TIXTLA, the chief town of the state of Guerrero, Mexico, is situated at an elevation of about 5000 feet in a narrow and unhealthy valley in the Sierra Madre, 28 miles from the coast and 150 miles S.W. of Mexico. Guevara, Antonio De GUEVARA, ANTONIO DE (c. 1490-1545), Spanish chronicler and moralist, was a native of the province of Alava, and passed some of his earlier years at the court of Queen Isabella. In 1528 he entered the Franciscan order, and he afterwards accompanied Charles V. during his journeys and residencies in Italy and in other parts of Europe. After having held successively the offices of court preacher, cour… Guglielmi GUGLIELMI. There are several Italian musicians of this name, the most celebrated of them being Pietro, born at Massa Carrara in May 1727. He received his first, musical education from his father, and afterwards studied under Durante at the Conservatorio di San Loretto, Naples. His first operatic work was produced at Turin in 1755, and the success was such as falls to the lot of few primary efforts… Guiana, Guyana, Or Guayana GUIANA, GUYANA, or GUAYANA, an extensive territory in the north-eastern part of South America, comprehending in its widest acceptation all the extent of country lying between the rivers Amazon and Orinoco from 3? 30' S. to 8? 40' N. lat., and from 50? 22' to 6S? 10' W. long. It is bounded on the N. by the Orinoco and the Atlantic, E. by the Atlantic, S. by the rivers Negro and Amazon, and W. by th… Guibert GUIBERT (1053-1124), of Nogent, a theological and historical writer, who flourished at the close of the 11th and the beginning of the 12th century, was born of rich and noble parents at Clermont-en-Beauvoisis on Easter Eve 1053. Dedicated from infancy to the service of God and the Virgin, he received his early education at the Benedictine abbey of Flay (Flaviacum) or St Germer, in the diocese of B… Guibert, Or Wibert GUIBERT, or WIBERT (c. 1030-1100), of Ravenna, better known as the antipope Clement III., was born of noble parents in the 1 1 th century at Parma, where, on attaining the canonical age, he entered the priesthood. During the minority of Henry, Guibert was appointed by the empress Agnes to the chancellorship of the kingdom of Italy ; and in this capacity he steadfastly resisted, in the interests of… Guicciardini, Francesco GUICCIARDINI, FRANCESCO (1483-1540), the celebrated Italian historian and statesman, was born at Florence in the year 1483, when Marsilio Ficino held him at the font of baptism. His family was illustrious and noble ; and his ancestors for many generations had held the highest posts of honour in the state, as may be seen in his own genealogical Ricordi (Op. Ined., vol. x.). After the usual educatio… Guidi, Carlo Alessandro GUIDI, CARLO ALESSANDRO (1650-1712), Italian lyric poet, was born at Pavia in 1650. As chief founder of the well-known Roman academy called "L'Arcadia," he had a considerable share in the reform of Italian poetry, corrupted at that time by the extravagance and bad taste of the poets Marini and Achillini and their school. The poet Guidi and the critic and jurisconsult Gravina checked this evil by t… Guidiccioni, Giovanni GUIDICCIONI, GIOVANNI, one of the best Italian poets of the first half of the 1.6th century, was born at Lucca in 1480, and died at Macerata in 1541. Guido Beni GUIDO BENI. See BENI. GUIDO OF SIENA. The name of this painter is of considerable interest in the history of art, on the ground that, if certain assumptions regarding him could be accepted as true, he would be entitled to share with Cimabue, or rather indeed to supersede him in, the honour of having given the first onward impulse to the art of painting. The case stands thus. In the church of S. Do… Guido Of Arezzo GUIDO OF AREZZO, an Italian monk of the 11th century, has by many been called the father of modern music, and a portrait of him in the refectory of the monastery of Avellana bears the inscription " Peatus Guido, inventor musicm." Although these statements are manifestly exaggerated, it is none the less true that Guide's reforms mark an enormous progress in the notation as well as in the teaching o… Guienne GUIENNE, an old French province, whose name until the 10th century was Aquitania, and whose history until it came into the possession of England in 1152 is given under the heading AQU1TANIA. It was bounded by the Pyrenees, Languedoc, Auvergne, Angoumois, Saintonge, and the sea of Gascony ; and out of it are now formed the departments of Gironde, Dordogne, Lot, Aveyron, Lot-et-Garonne, Tarn, Landes… Guignes, Joseph De GUIGNES, JOSEPH DE (1721-1800), a French Orientalist, born at Pontoise October 19, 1721, became in his fifteenth year a student of Oriental languages, and especially of Chinese, at the College Royal under the celebrated Fourmont, whom in 1745 he succeeded at the Royal Library as secretary interpreter of the Eastern languages. A Memoire Historique sur l'Origine des H-uns et des Tures, published by … Guild GUILD. The spirit of association has in all ages induced men to join together for the pleasures of mutual enjoyment or for the attainment of some common purpose for which the support of numbers was necessary. The idea has taken shape in various ways, influenced by the temperament of race, the policy of Governments, the social condition of classes, or the need for a special object. Independently of… Guildford GUILDFORD, a municipal and parliamentary borough and market-town of England, capital of the county of Surrey, is beautifully situated on a gentle acclivity of the northern chalk downs and on the river Wye, crossed there by a bridge of five arches, 30 miles S.S.W. of London. It consists chiefly of one long, wide, and well-built street, and contains a number of old pietnresque gabled houses, with qu… Guillemot GUILLEMOT (French, Guillemot"), the name accepted by nearly all modern authors for a Sea-bird, the Colymbus troile of Linnaeus and the Uria troile of Latham, which _nowadays it seems seldom if ever to bear among those who, from their vocation, are most conversant with it, thonelL according to Willughby and Ray his translator, it was in their time so called "by those of Northumberland and Durham." … Guillotine GUILLOTINE, the instrument for inflicting capital punishment by decapitation, introduced into France at the period of the Revolution. It consists of two upright posts surmounted by a cross beam, and grooved so as to guide an oblique-edged knife, the back of which is heavily weighted to make it fall swiftly and with force when the cord by which it is held aloft is let go. Some ascribe the invention… Guimaraes GUIMARAES, a fortified city of Portugal, province of Minho, government district of Drags, is beautifully situated on the Ave, 12 miles south-east of b'raga. Guinea GUINEA, the general name applied by Europeans to part of the western coast region of intertropical Africa. Like many other geographical designations the use of which is controlled neither by natural nor political boundaries, it has been very differently employed by different writers and at different periods. In the widest acceptation of the term, the Guinea coast may be said to extend from 11? N. … Guinea Fowl GUINEA FOWL, a well-known domestic ga]linaceous bird, so called from the country whence in modern times it was brought to Europe, the Meleagris and Avis or Gallina Numidica of ancient authors.' Little is positively known of the wild stock to which we owe our tame birds, nor can the period of its reintroduction (for there is apparently no evidence of its domestication being continuous from the time… Guingamp GUINGAMP, a town of France, capital of an arrondissement in the department of Cotes-du-Nord, is situated in a large and rich valley on the right bank of the Trieux, 20 miles W.N.W. of St Brieuc. It was formerly surrounded by walls, portions of which still exist. It has a library, a museum, a prison, and a hospital dating from the 17th century, enlarged in 1830, and having within its grounds an old… Guipuzcoa GUIPUZCOA, the smallest and most densely peopled of the three Bisque provinces of Spain, is bounded on the N. by the B ay of Biscay, on the W. by the province of Biscay, on the S. and S. E. by Alava and Navarre, and on the N.E. by the Bidasoa, which separates it from France. Its area is nearly 728 square miles, and in 1870 its estimated population was 180,743. Situated on the northern slope of the… Guisborougii, Or Gisborouc Ii GUISBOROUGII, or GISBOROUC II, a market-town of England, North Riding of Yorkshire, is situated in a narrow but fertile valley at the foot of the Cleveland Hills, 4 miles from the mouth of the Tees and 10 miles E.S.E. of Middlesborough. It consists chiefly of one wide and handsome street, having many good houses. The principal buildings are the parish church, which though partly rebuilt it] 1791 a… Guise GUISE, a fortified town of France, department of the Aisne, arrondissement of Vcrvins, is situated on the left bank of the Oise, 13 miles N.W. of Vervins. Guise, House Of GUISE, HOUSE OF. The House of Guise, which in the 16th century suddenly rose to an eminence unrivalled in Europe, takes title from the place noticed above. The countship of Guise, a fief under the French crown, was carried in 1333 by its holder, Marie of Blois, as her dower to Rodolf, duke of Lorraine. In 1508 Rene IL, the conqueror of Charles the Bold, divided his territories between his sons Ant… Guitar GUITAR, a stringed instrument of Eastern origin. The name no doubt is derived from the Greek xc9dpa, but the instrument itself we owe to the Arabs, who introduced it into Spain. In the 16th century it became known in Italy and France, and about 1790 a German instrument-maker of the name of Cetto greatly increased its power by adding a sixth string to the five formerly in use. The genuine Spanish g… Guizot, Francois Pierre GUIZOT, FRANCOIS PIERRE G UILLATJME (1787-1874), historian, orator, and statesman, was born at Nimes on the 4th October 1787, of an honourable Protestant family belonging to the bourgeoisie of that city. It is characteristic of the cruel disabilities which still weighed upon the Protestants of France before the Revolution, that his parents, at the time of their union, could not be publicly or lega… Gujranwala GUJRANWALA, a British district in the Punjab, lying between 31? 32' and 32? 33' N. lat., and between 73? 11' 30" and 74' 28' 15" E. long., with an area (1877) of 2563 square miles, and population (1868) of 550,576. It is bounded on the N.W. by the river Chenab, on the S. and S.E. by the districts of Jhang and Lahore, and on the E. by the district of Sialkot. This district forms the central portion… Gujrat, Or Goojrat GUJRAT, or GOOJRAT, a British district in the Punjab, lying between 32? 10' 30" and 33? N. lat., and between 73? 20' and 74? 31' E. long. ; area (1877), 2029 square miles ; population (1868), 616,347 souls. It is bounded on the N.E. by the native state of Kashmir, on the N.W. by the river Jhilam, on the W. by Shalipur district., and on the S.E. by the rivers Taxi and Chenab. The district of Gujrat… Gull GULL (Welsh, Gwylan; French, Goaand), the name commonly adopted, to the almost entire exclusion of the old English MEW (Icelandic, -afar; Danish, 'Waage; Swedish, ifcise ; German, Meve ; Dutch, Memo ; French, Houette), for a group of Sea-birds widely and commonly known, all belonging to the genus LanIS of Linnmus, which subsequent systematists have broken up in a very arbitrary and often absurd f… Gumbinnen GUMBINNEN, the chief town of a government district of the same name in the Prussian province of East Prussia, is situated on the Pissa, an affluent of the Pregel, and on the Eastern Railway, 22 miles south-west of Eydtkuhnen on the Russian boundaries. The surrounding country is pleasant and fruitful, and the town is well built, with spacious and regular streets shaded by linden trees. It has three… Gumbo, Or Okra GUMBO, or OKRA, termed also O/ro, Ochro, Ketvzia, Gubbo, and Syrian Mallow (Sanskrit, Tindisa ; Bengali, liheras ; Persian, Bcinsiyah - the Bammia of Prosper Alpinus ; French, Gonzbaut, or better Combo, and lietmie comestible), hibiscus esculentus, L. (ff. tongs:fat:us, oxb. ; Abelmoschus esezdentus, Guilt. and Perr.), an herbaceous hairy annual plant of the natural order Malvacem, a native of the… Gumili GUMIlI, or as it is now more frequently called ALEX-AN DROPOL , in honour of the empress Alexandra, a town of Russian Armenia in the province of Erivan, on the old frontier of the Turkish territory which was formed by the river Arpachai. It is situated at a height of 5268 (according to Abich, 4819) feet above the sea, on an eminence which commands the environs but is somewhat defective in a milita… Gun-cotton GUN-COTTON (Pyroxian, Coton poudre, Fadmi coton, Schiessbaumwolle). In 1838 Pelouze observed that when cotton fabrics or paper were immersed in cold concentrated nitric acid for a short time, the free acid being subsequently removed by washing, these materials became, without important alteration of structure, converted into substances possessed of explosive properties. These were at the time acce… Gunny GUNNY. This name is applied to cloth or bags made of jute, and is supposed to be derived from ganya or gania of Rumphius, or from yonia, a vernacular name of the Crotolaria juucea - a plant common in Madras. One of the first notices of the term itself is to be found in Knox's Ceylon, in which he says : " The filaments at the bottom of the stem [cuir from the cocoa-nut husk (Cocos nucifera)] may be… Guns GUNS (Hungarian, E.68 .1.e,9), the second town in importance of the Hungarian rnegye or county of Vas (Eisenburg), near the Styrian frontier, is favourably situated on the GyongyOs, 47? 23' N. hit., 16? 31' E. long. It is the see of a bishop, and from 1618 until the recent administrative changes of 1876 was a royal free town. Among the more noteworthy buildings are the cathedral, episcopal palace,… Gunter, Edmund GUNTER, EDMUND (1581-1626), was of Welsh extraction, hut was born in Hertfordshire in 1581. He was educated on the royal foundation at Westminster school, and in 1599 was elected a student of Christ Church, Oxford. After graduating bachelor and master of arts at the regular times, he took orders, became a preacher in 1614, and in November 1615 proceeded to the degree of bachelor in divinity. Mathe… Gurgaon, Or Goorgaon GURGAON, or GOORGAON, a British district in the lieutenant-governorship of the Punjab, between 27? 39' and 2S? 30' 45" N. lat., and 76? 20' 45" and 77? 35' E. long. Bounded on the N. by Rohtak, On the W. and S.W. by portions of the Ulwar, Nabha, and Jind native states, on the S. by the Muttra district of the North-Western Provinces, on the E. by the river Jumna, and on the N.E. by Delhi, the distr… Gurnall, William GURNALL, WILLIAM (1616-1679), author of the Christian in Complete Armour, was born in 1616 at Lynn, Norfolkshire. He was educated at the free grammar school of his native town, and in 1631 was nominated to the Lynn scholarship in Emmanuel College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1635 and M.A. in 1639. Nothing is known of his history from the time that he left the university till 1644, when h… Gurnard GURNARD (Triyla). The gurnards form a group of the family of " mailed cheeks" (Triglida,), and are easily recognized by three detached finger-like appendages in front of the pectoral fins, and by their large, angular, bony head, the sides of which are protected by strong, hard, and rough bones. The pectoral appendages are provided with strong nerves, and serve not only as organs of locomotion when… Gustavus GUSTAVUS I. (c. 1496-1560), king of Sweden, commonly known as GUSTAVUS VASA, the surname being derived from the family arms, which were a bundle or sheaf, is justly celebrated as the founder of modern Sweden ; he delivered it from the yoke of Denmark, introduced the Reformation, established law and order, and laid the foundation of its industrial prosperity. His family name was Ericson ; lie was b… Gustavus Ii GUSTAVUS II., or GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS (1594-1632), the hero of Protestantism in the Thirty Years' War, and the first king of Sweden who played a great role in European history, was the grandson of Gustavus Vasa, and the son of Charles IX. He was born at Stockholm in 1594, and received an excellent education. As we learn from his friend and chancellor Oxenstierna, be gained in his youth "a complete an… Gustavus Iii GUSTAVUS III. (1746-1792), king of Sweden, succeeded his father Adolphus Frederick at the age of twenty-five. He was in Paris when his father died, and was an enthusiastic admirer of everything French. His manners were popular ; he was brave, resolute, and eloquent. At the beginning of his reign he found the royal power completely overshadowed by the nobles, who in the council virtually dictated t… Gustavus Iv GUSTAVUS IV. (1778-1837), king of Sweden, was son of the preceding. He was only fourteen years of age when his father was cut off, and his uncle Duke Charles acted as her religion. He spent his whole reign under the mastery of a fixed idea, that Napoleon was the Great Beast spoken of in the Apocalypse ; and he joined the great coalition of 1805 against the conqueror. In this war Swedish Pomerania … Gustrow GUSTROW, the chief town of the Wendian circle of the grand duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Northern Germany, is situated on tire Nebel and on the railway from Liibeck to Stettin, 20 miles south of Rostock. The principal buildings are the castle, erected in the middle of the 16th century, now used as a workhouse ; tire cathedral, dating from the 13th century, and lately renovated, containing many fi… Gutenberg GUTENBERG, Joxx, was born about 1410 at Mainz of noble parents, his father being Frielo zum GRmsfleisch, and his mother, whose name Ire adopted, Else mi. Gudenberg. In 1420 tire citizens of Mainz drove the patricians out of the city, and as Gutenberg's name appears about ten years later at Strasburg the family probably took refuge there. When the expelled families were recalled to Mainz, Gutenberg… Guthrie, Thomas GUTHRIE, THOMAS (1803-1873), Scottish clergyman and philanthropist, was born at Brechin, Forfarshire, on July 12, 1803. He entered tire university of Edinburgh at the early age of twelve (November 1815), and continued to attend classes there for more than ten years. During that period he seems to have read widely in general literature, although he did not distinguish himself as a student in the st… Guts Mutes, Johann Christoph Friedrich GUTS MUTES, JOHANN CHRISTOPH FRIEDRICH (1759 - 1839), a German teacher and the principal founder of the German school system of gymnastics, was born at Quedlinburg 9th August 1759. He was educated at the gymnasium of his native town and at Halle university ; and in 1785 he went to Schnepfenthal, where he taught geography and gymnastics in Salzmann's academy. His method of teaching gymnastics was e… Gutta Percha GUTTA PERCHA. (GUTTA TABAN, itc.). This names is applied to the concreted or inspissated juice of various plants belonging to the natural order Sapotacea,, growing in the Malay Peninsula. To what particular tree the name " gutta percha" properly belongs, there is no evidence to show ; but it has been generally given to Dichopsis Gutta (Bentley and Trimen) or Isonand? Gutta (Hooker), the vernacular… Gutzkow, Karl GUTZKOW, KARL (1811-1878), one of the most distinguished of modern German novelists and dramatists, was Menzel, who invited him to Stuttgart to assist him in the editorship of the Literaturblatt. At the same time he continued his university studies, first at Jena, then at Heidelberg, and latterly at Munich. In 1832 he published anonymously at Hamburg Briefe eines .Marren an eine Journ. Soc. Arts, … Gutzlaff, Karl Friedrich August GUTZLAFF, KARL FRIEDRICH AUGUST (1803-1851), a missionary to China, was born at Pyritz in Pomerania, 8th July 1S03. At an early age he cherished a strong desire to become a foreign missionary, but the poverty of his parents made it impossible for them to aid him in attaining his wishes, and he became apprentice to a saddler in Stettin. In 1821, however, he made known his inclination to the king of… Guy Of Warwick GUY OF WARWICK, an old English metrical romance which is known to have existed in French as early as the end of the 13th century. Its authorship has been assigned to Walter of Exeter, a Franciscan monk of the 13th century, and, although this supposition has been generally disputed, Tanner regards it as probable. The romance has been retouched by some French or Anglo-Norman minstrel, but is evident… Volume 12 [HIR-IND] [next] [back] Volume 10 [G-GOT]: Bailyta Class to Geta Copyright © 2013 Net Industries and its Licensors – All Rights Reserved – Terms of Use Share this page: Tweet More To Explore	Contact & About Privacy Policy