Guyon, Or GuionGUYON, or GUION, JEANNE MARIE. BOUVIhRES DE LA MOTHE (1648-1717), a leading exponent of the quietistic mysticism of the 17th century, was born of wealthy and aristocratic parents at Montargis (dep. Loiret), on the 13th of April 1648. From infancy a sickly and excitable child, she was at the age of two years and a half placed for a short time under the charge of the Ursuline nuns of Montargis, and … Guy, ThomasGUY, THOMAS (1644-1724), founder of Guy's Hospital, London, was -the son of a lighterman and coal-dealer at Southwark. After serving an apprenticeship of eight years with a bookseller, he in 1668 began business on his own account. Ile dealt largely in Bibles, which had for many years been poorly and incorrectly printed in England. these he at first imported from Holland, but subsequently obtained … Guyton De MorveauGUYTON DE MORVEAU, LOUIS BERNARD, BARON (1737-1816), a distinguished French chemist, was born January 4, 1737, at Dijon, in the university of which town his father was professor of civil law. As a boy he evinced a remarkable aptitude for practical mechanics. On leaving college at the age of sixteen he became a law student in the university of Dijon, and after three years he was sent to Paris to ac… Guzerat Or GujaratGUZERAT or GUJARAT, the name given to the northern seaboard of the Bombay Presidency, extending from 20? to 24? 45' N. lat., and from 69? to 74? 20' E. long. It is to the northern part of the presidency what the Konkan is to the south, and is bounded on the N. by Rajputana, on the E. by the spurs of the Vindhya and Satpura ranges, on the S. by the Konkan, and on the W. by the sea. On the mainland … Guzmics, IzidorGUZMICS, IZIDoR (1786-1839), Hungarian theologian and scholar, was born 7th April 1786 at Vamos-Csalacl, in the county of Sopron. His early education was conducted at Koszeg (Giins), Szombathely (Stein-am-Anger), and Sopron (Oedenbuig) ; in the last-mentioned town he was instructed in the art of poetry by Paul Horvath. On the 28th October 1805 he entered the Benedictine order, but left it on the 3… GwaliorGWALIOR, a native state in political relationship with the Central India Agency and the Government of India. The state consists of several detached districts, the principal of which is bounded on the N.E. by the Chambal river, dividing it from the British districts of Agra and Etitwah ; on the E. by Bundelkhand and &gar (Sanger) districts ; on the S. by the states of Bhopal and Dhar ; on the W. by… GwaliorGWALIOR, the capital of Gwalior state, and fortress residence of the Maharaja, Sindhia, is situated in 26? 13' N. lat. and 78? 12' E. long., 65 miles S. from Agra, and 277 N.W. of Allahabad. Gwalior city has a threefold interest : - first, as a very ancient seat of Jain worship ; capital of one of the greatest- native chiefs of India. J.zin Remains. - There are several remarkable Hindu temples in … Gwilt, JosephGWILT, JOSEPH (1784-1863), author of the Encyclopcedia of Architecture, was the younger son of George Gwilt, architect surveyor to the county of Surrey, and was born father's office was in 1801 admitted a student of the Royal Academy, where in the same year he gained the silver medal for his drawing of the tower and steeple of St Dunstan-in-the-East. In 1811 he published a Treatise on the Equilibr… GwyniadGWYNIAD is the name given to a fish of the genus Coregonus (C. clupeoides), inhabiting the large lakes of North Wales and the north of England. GyarmathaGYARMATHA, a market-town in the county of Tenses, Hungary, situated in a level but productive agricultural district to the north-east of Temesvar, 45? 50' N. lat., 21' 17' E. long. For some distance round the town the cultivation of wheat, barley, oats, maize, and the vine is largely carried on. Horse-breeding is another source of employment to many of the inhabitants. Gyarmatha has few buildings … GygesGYGES, founder of the third dynasty, called Mermnad, of Lydian kings, reigned about 687-654 B.c. (v. Gelzer in Rhein. Mils., xxx.). The kindred name Gygma, applied by Homer (II., ii. 681) to the Maconian lake, mother of the Maconian leaders, supports the statement of ancient historians that he belonged to an old Lydian family. In the reign of Candaules, Gyges, perhaps after banishment, attempted d… GymnasiumGYMNASIUM was the name applied by the Greeks to a building designed for the practice of physical exercises. From the earliest times vie hear of athletic sports in honour of heroes and gods. Sometimes they are celebrated among the funeral rites of a deceased chief, sometimes they form part of a periodic festival. At first competitors exercised stript of their outer garments (yvikvoi) ; hence arose … GymnasticsGYMNASTICS, in the general acceptation of the term, denotes every exercise which tends to develop and invigorate the bodily powers, such as walking, running, riding, fencing, rowing, skating, dancing, and many others. In another sense gymnastics includes those manly and healthful games which have been encouraged by all high-minded nations as calculated to improve the physical strength and keep ali… GyomaGYOMA, an old market-town in the Trans-Tibiscau county of Bekes, Hungary, is situated on the banks of the Mikis main stream, 46? 57' N. lat., 20? 50' E. long. GyongyosGYONGYOS, the second town in importance of Heves line with the Budapest-Miskolcz royal state railway, 47? 47' churches, a large monastic establishment belonging to the Franciscans, a gymnasium, manufactories of leather, hats, and woollen cloth, and distilleries. GyongyosiGYONGYOSI, IsTvAN or STEPHEN (1620-1704), one of the most talented Hungarian poets of the 17th century, was born of poor but noble parents in 1620. The county of his birth is variously given as Goraor or Bons, the date as August 5 or November 3. His abilities early attracted the notice of Count Ferencz Wesselenyi, who in 1640 appointed him to a post of confidence in Fiilek castle. Here he remained… GypsumGYPSUM, the hydrated sulphate of lime, CaSO4.2H20, is a mineral substance occurring in various rock formations, especially in Tertiary deposits, in very considerable abundance and under varying conditions. In its transparent crystalline state it is known as selenite ; when it presents a finely fibrous opalescent appearance, it is termed satin spar ; and the name alabaster is reserved for the pure … Gyroscope, GyrostatGYROSCOPE, GYROSTAT, are names given to instruments which are used to demonstrate certain properties of rigid bodies, when made to rotate rapidly about the axis round which they are kinetically symmetrical. In some of its forms the gyroscope has been known for a very long time, and is, in all probability, of French or German invention. Almost the first instrument of the kind that we hear of, and o… GyrostatGYROSTAT. - This is a modification of the gyroscope, devised bySirWilliam Thomson, which has been used byhim as well as by Professor Tait for a number of years to illustrate the dynamics of rotating rigid bodies. It consists essentially of a fly-wheel, with a massive rim, fixed on the middle of an axis which can rotate on fine steel pivots inside a rigid case. The rigid case exactly resembles a si… GythiumGYTHIUM was an ancient Achan town on the Laconian Gulf, south-west of the mouth of the Enrotas, near the site of the modern port Marathonisi. it lay opposite the island Crame, at the foot of the fertile valley of the Gythius. On its coins the common types are Apollo and Heracles, the founders of the city. Heracles, the Phoenician god Melkart, points to an early connexion with Tyre. The Phoenicians… GyulaGYULA, chief town of the Trans-Tibiscan county of Bdkds, Hungary, is favourably situated on the Feller (White) Koros, and has a well-built station on the Nagy-Yftract (Grosswardein) and Eszdk line of the Alfold-Fiume Railway, in 46? 38' N. lat., 21? 17' E. long. The outer ditch of the old ruined fortress, the tower of which serves as a prison, divides Gyula into two parts, named respectively, Magy… H1rrison, William HenryH1RRISON, WILLIAM HENRY (1773-1841), ninth president of the United States, third son of Governor Benjamin Harrison, was born at Berkeley, Charles City co., Virginia, February 9, 1773. In 1792 lie joined the army with the commission of ensign, and in the following year he became lieutenant and acted as aide-de-camp to Wayne in his expedition against the Western Indians. He was promoted to a captain… H1sbeya, Or HasbeiyaH1SBEYA, or HASBEIYA, a town of the Druses, about 36 miles west of Damascus, is situated at the foot of Mount Hermon in Syria, overlooking a deep amphitheatre, from which a brook flows to the Hasbani. Both sides of the valley are plantel in terraces with olives, vines, and other fruit trees. The grapes are either dried, or made into a kind of syrup. About four-fifths of the inhabitants are Christi… HaarlemHAARLEM, a city of the Netherlands, the chief town of the province of North Holland. By rail it is 11 miles W. of Amsterdam, 19 S. of Alkmaar, and 20 N. of Leyden. Distant about 5 miles from the German Ocean, it communicates with the Znyder-Zee by the Spaarne and the 1j. The railway to Amsterdam was opened in 1839, and that to Alkmaar in 1867. Haarlem is a typical Dutch town. The branches of the S… Habeas CorpusHABEAS CORPUS, in English law, is a writ issuing out of one of the superior courts, commanding the body of a prisoner to be brought before the court. There are various forms of this writ, according to the purposes for which it is intended. Thus habeas corpus ad respondendunt is to bring up a prisoner confined by the process of an . inferior court in order to charge him with a fresh action in the c… Habington, WilliamHABINGTON, WILLIAM (1605-1654), one of the most pleasing of English minor poets, was born at Hendlip in Worcestershire, on the 4th of November 1605. His father, Thomas Habington, was a prominent Catholic ; to his mother, Lady Mary Habington, was attributed the revelation of the Gunpowder Plot. The poet was educated first at St Omer, and refusing to become a Jesuit was removed to Paris. On his retu… Hachette, Jean Nicolas PierreHACHETTE, JEAN NICOLAS PIERRE (1769-1834), an eminent French mathematician, was born at Mezieres, where his father was a bookseller, on the 6th May 1769. For his early education he proceeded first to the college of Charleville, and afterwards to that of Rheims. In 1788 he returned to Mezieres, where he was attached to the school of engineering as draughtsman to the professors of physics and chemis… HackberryHACKBERRY, a name given to the fruit of tire Celtis occidentalis, L., belonging to the natural order Ulmacea>. It is also known under the name of "sugar berry," " beaver-wood," and "nettle tree." The hackberry tree is of middle size, attaining from 60 to 80 feet in height, and with the aspect of an elm. The leaves are ovate, cordate-ovate, and ovate-lanceolate,-with a very long taper point, - most… HadadHADAD, the name of a Syrian deity, is met with in Scripture as the name of several human persons ; it also occurs in the compounds Benhadad, Hadadrimmon, and Hadadezer. The etymology of the word, of which Hadar, Ader, and Arad appear to be incorrect variations, is obscure; the divinity primarily denoted by it, however, according to Philo of Byblos (Miiller, Fr. Ms/. Gr., iii. 569 ; of Macrola, Sat… HaddingtonHADDINGTON, a royal and parliamentary burgh, and the chief town of the above county, is situated on the banks of the Tyne, about 17 miles east of Edinburgh. It occupies almost the centre of the shire to which it has given the name. It consists of two main streets, which are wide and well built, - High Street to the south and Market Street to the north ; both run towards the Tyne, here crossed by t… HaddockHADDOCK (Gad-us ceglefinus, the Schell-fisch of the Germans, Harlot of the French), a kind of cod-fish, distinguished by a black lateral line and a blackish spot above the pectoral fin. Ha DerslebenHA DERSLEBEN(Danish, lladerslev), a town of Prussia, capital of a circle in the province of Schleswig-Holstein, is situated 48 miles north of the town of that name, in a pleasant valley on the Hadersleben fiord, which is about 9 miles in length and communicates with the Little Belt. The principal buildings are the beautiful church of St Mary dating from the 13th century, the theological seminary e… HadrianHADRIAN, Roman emperor (117-138 A.D.), distinguished for the peace and beneficent energy of his government, was born at Rome 76 A.D. His full name was Publius Milts Hadrianus ; his ancestors, originally from Picenum, had been settled at Italica in Spain since the time of the Scipios. He lost his father at the age of ten, and was placed under the guardianship of Trajan, a cousin of his father and a… Hadrian, Wall OfHADRIAN, WALL OF. It is under this heading that it seems most convenient to give a short account of the stone wall and other works erected by the Romans in the north of England between the Solway and the Tyne, and commonly known as the Roman Wall. As will be afterwards seen, those who have written on the subject are by no means agreed that the name of Hadrian ought to be exclusively associated wit… Hadrumetum, Or AdrumetumHADRUMETUM, or ADRUMETUM (the name appears in the Greek writers in a great variety of forms=A8pi5m, '21.44.viros, 'ASpozipittro, 'ASinitairos), a city on the African coast of the Mediterranean on the Sinus Neapolitanus or Gulf of Hamamet. A Phoenician colony of earlier date than Carthage, in course of time it became subservient to the imperial city, and fell along with it under the power of the Ro… Ha FizHA FIZ. Mohammed Shamsuddin, better known by his talchallus or " nom de plume " of Hafiz, was one of the most celebrated writers of Persian lyrical poetry. He was born at Shiraz, the capital of Fars, in the early part of the 8th century of the Mahometan era, that is to say, in the 14th of our own, The exact date of his birth is uncertain, but he is known to have attained a ripe old age and to have… Hagedorn, Friedpacti VonHAGEDORN, FRIEDPaCTI VON (170S-1755), one of the most distinguished German poets in the earlier half of last century, was born April 23, 170S, at Hamburg, where his father was Danish minister at the court of Lower Saxony. The father, a man of scientific and literary tastes, possessed a valuable library of French literature, and dabbled also in the science of alchemy. Having by this and other means… HagenHAGEN, a town of Prussia, at the head of a circle in the Arnsberg government of Westphalia, is situated at the confluence of the Empe with the Volme, and at the junction of several railways, 26 miles W.S. HagenauHAGENAU, the chief town of a circle and canton in Alsace-Lorraine, Germany, district of Lower Alsace, is situated in the middle of the Hagenau Forest, on the Moder, and on the railway from Strasburg to Weissenburg, 10 miles N.N.E. of the former town. It has two ancient Catholic churches, one dating from the 12th the other from theatre. The principal industries are wool and cotton in hops, vegetabl… Hagenbach, Karl RudolfHAGENBACH, KARL RUDOLF (1801-1874), distinguished as a church historian and as an expounder of the so-called " Vermittelungstheologie," or mediation theology of Germany, was born March 4, 1801, at Basel, where his father, a man of considerable talent and scientific repute, was a practising physician. His preliminary education was received at a Pestalozzian school, and afterwards at the gymnasium, … Hagen, Friedricii Heinrich Von DerHAGEN, FRIEDRICII HEINRICH VON DER (1780-1856), distinguished for his researches in Old German literature, was born at Schmiedeberg in Brandenburg, 19th February 17S0. After studying law at the university of Halle, lie obtained a legal appointment in the state service at Berlin, but in 1806 he resigned this office in order to devote himself exclusively to the study of his choice. In 1810 he was ap… HagerstowHAGERSTOW.N, a city and township of Maryland, United States, capital of Washington county, is situated near the west bank of Antietam creek, 20 miles from its confluence with the Potomac river, and at the junction point of three railways, 86 miles W.N.W. by rail from Baltimore. Hag-fish, Glutinous HagHAG-FISH, GLUTINOUS HAG, or BOREZ (MyXine), a marine fish which forms with the lampreys one of the lowest orders of vertebrates (Cyclostoniata). HaggaiHAGGAI, the tenth in order of the minor prophets. The name Haggai Greek 'Ayyaios, whence Aggeus in the English version of the Apocrypha) is usually held to be an adjective meaning festive. But Wellhausen1 is probably right in taking the word as a contraction for Hagariah (Jehovah hath girded), just as Zeccai (Zacchus) is known to be a contraction of Zechariah (cf. Derenbourg, IIistoire de la Pales… Hague, TheHAGUE, THE (in Dutch, 's Gravenhage or dear, Haag ; in French, La Ha ye ; and in Modern Latin, Haga Comitis), a town of the Netherlands, in the province of South Holland, 13 miles N.W. of Rotterdam, 10 miles S.W. of Leyden, and 2 miles inland from the German Ocean. It is connetted with both Rotterdam and Leyden by the " Holland Railway," and with Utrecht by the railway of the Rhine. Besides being … HahnHAHN, AuflusT (1792-1863), German Protestant theologian, was born March 27, 1792, at Grossosterhausen near Eisleben, and after attending the Eisleben gymnasium, entered the university of Leipsic as a student of theology in 1810. After holding an educational appointment in Wittenberg for sonic time, he in 1819 was nominated professor extraordinarius of theology at Konigsberg, and in the following y… Hahnemann, Samuel Christian FriedrichHAHNEMANN, SAMUEL CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH (1755- 1843), the founder of the homoeopathic system of medicine, was born at Meissen in Saxony, 10th April 1755. He studied first at the "elector's school" of Meissen, and thereafter as a student of medicine at Leipsic and Vienna. He took the degree of M.D. at Erlangen in 1779, and after acting as physician at various places he returned in 1789 to Leipsic, wh… Hahn, Johann Georg VonHAHN, JOHANN GEORG VON (1810-1869), au Austrian traveller, to whom we are indebted for most of our knowledge about the Albanians, was born at Jena in 1810. Haidinge11, Wilhelm VonHAIDINGE11, WILHELM VON (1795-1871), a mineralogist, geologist, and physicist of considerable note, was born at -Vienna, February 5, 1795. His father, Karl Haidinger, contributed largely to the development of mineralogical science in the latter half of the last century. Having studied at the normal school of St Anne, and attended classes at the university, Wilhelm, at the age of seventeen, joined … HaiimoniaHAIIMONIA, wife of Cadmus. The Theban legends (see CADMUS) have been so modified and systematized by poets and logographers that we must look to Samothrace with its old religious rites for an explanation of the myth. There Harmonic is said to have been the daughter of Zeus and Electra, while her brother Iasion was the founder of the mystic rites which were celebrated annually on the island. When C… HailHAIL. See METEOROLOGY. IIA.ILE8, SIR DAVID DALRYMPLE, BART., LORD (17261792), an eminent Scottish lawyer and historian, was born at Edinburgh, October 28, 1726. His father, Sir James Dalrymple of Hailes, in the county of Haddington, Bart., auditor-general of the exchequer in Scotland, was a grandson of James, first Viscount Stair ; and his mother, Lady Christian Hamilton, was a daughter of Thomas,… HainanHAINAN, or, as it is usually called in Chinese, Kittniychow-foo, an island belonging to the Chinese province of Kwang-tung, and situated between the Chinese Sea and the Gulf of Tong-king from 20? 8' to 17* 52' N. lat., and from 108' 32' to 1 1 1? 15' E. long. It measures 160 miles from N.E. to S.W., and the average breadth is about 90 miles. The area is estimated at from 1200 to 1400 square miles,… HainauHAINAU (officially HAYNAU), a town in the Prussian province of Silesia, circle of Goldberg-Hainau and government district of Liegnitz, is situated on the Rapid Deichsel and on the railway from Breslau to Dresden, 12 miles N.W. of Liegnitz. HainaultHAINAULT, one of the nine provinces of the kingdom of Belgium, bounded E. and N. by Namur, Brabant, and Flanders, which are also Belgian provinces, and to the S. and W. by the French department du'Nord. The names is doubtless derived from the little river Haine, which runs nearly due east and west past the town of Mons, and falls into the Scheldt not far from Conde. Hainault is well-wooded and hil… Hainburg, Or HaimbudgHAINBURG, or HAIMBUDG, a town of Austria, in the circle of Bruck, situated on the Danube 27 miles E.S.E. of Vienna, is the seat of a district court of justice and of a tax-office. It occupies part of the site of the old Celtic town Carnuntum, deitroyed 251 A.D. Since the fire of 1827 Hainburg has been much improved, and is now a handsomely built town. It is still surrounded by ancient walls, and h… HainichenHAINICHEN, a town of Saxony, in the circle of Leipsic and the prefecture of Dilbeln, is situated on the Little Striegis, 15 miles N.E. of Chemnitz by railway. It is the seat of a royal court of justice, and has cigar and leather manufactories and a school of weaving. Its most important industry is the manufacture of flannels, baize, and similar fabrics ; indeed it may be called the centre of this … HairHAIR is a substance which, from its various properties, and differences in stoutness, length, and strength, enters into a considerable variety of manufactures. Bristles are the stout elastic hairs obtained from the backs of certain breeds of pigs. The finest qualities, and the greatest quantities as well, are obtained from Russia, where a variety of pig is reared principally on account of its bris… Hair-tailHAIR-TAIL (Trichiurus lepturus), a marine fish, with a long band-like body terminating in a thread-like tail, and with strong prominent teeth in both jaws. HaitiHAITI, the Chinese name of a town in Central Asia, otherwise called KAMIL, KOMUL, or KAMUL, situated on the southern slopes of the Tian-Shan mountains, and on the northern verge of the Great Gobi desert, in 42? 48' lat. and 93' 28' E. long., at a height above sea-level of HAMILCAll, BARCA, the most illustrious of all the Carthaginian generals and statesmen, next to his son, the great Hannibal. The… Hajd1i-haditaHAJD1i-HADITA.Z is a corporate town lying about 10 miles N of Debreczin. HajdcjkHAJDCJK, sometimes corrupted into HEYDUKE, is the plural form of the Magyar word Hajclo, and was formerly used as the collective name of the undermentioned towns (along with Vamos-Percs, population 3000) of the old privileged Hajdfik district of Hungary, now included in the county of Hajda. Hajdi-szoboszloHAJDI-SZOBOSZLO is a corporate town, 1.2 miles to the S.W. of Debreczin, with which it is connected by railway. HajduHAJDU BOszOnmi:Nv, the second town in importance of? Hajda county, lies about 11 miles to the N.W. of Debreczin, 47? 41' N. lat., 21? 31' E. long. HajipurHAJIPUR, a municipal town in Muzaffarpur district, Bengal, situated on the east bank of the Gandak, a short distance above its confluence with the Ganges opposite Patna, 25? 40' 50" N. lat., 85? 14' 24" E. long. It is said to have been founded about 500 years ago by one Hajf Ilyas, the supposed ramparts of whose fort, enclosing an area of 360 big/uls, are still visible. Hajipur figures conspicuous… Hajji KhalfaHAJJI KHALFA. Mustafa 'bn Abdallah, Katib Clielepf (c. 1600-1658), commonly known as Haji (or Hadji) K halfa (more properly Hajji Khalifah), was the author of an encyclopmdia in Arabic of Oriental biography and bibliography. He was born at Constantinople about the beginning of the 17th century of the Christian era, and after passing the earlier part of his life in military service, studied under C… HakeHAKE (lierluccius vulgaris), a fish belonging to the family of cod-fishes (Gadid.ce), differing from the common cod in having only two dorsal and one anal fin. HakimHAKIM, or, as the full title runs, EL HJKIM BI-AMRIDL.kti ABOO 'ALES MANSOOR (985-1020), the sixth of the Fatimite caliphs, and the third of that dynasty ruling in Egypt, founder of the sect of the Druses, was born in 985 A.D., was designated heir apparent in 993, succeeded in 996, and died in 1020. Hakluyt, RichardHAKLUYT, RICHARD (c. 1553-1616), geographer, was born of good family' in or near London about 1553. He was elected " one of her Majesties scholars at Westminster," and it was while there that the bent of his future studies was determined by a visit to his cousin and namesake, Richard Hakluyt of the Middle Temple. His cousin's discourse, illustrated by " certain bookes of cosmographie, an universal… Hakodadt, Or HakodateHAKODADT, or HAKODATE, a seaport town of Japan, in the old province of Hoknkaido, on the southern coast of the island of Vezo or Yesso, in 41? 49' N. lat. and 140? 47' E. long. Its general position, as has been frequently remarked, is not unlike that of Gibraltar, as the town is built along the north-western base of a rocky promontory (1100 feet in height) which forms the eastern boundary of a spa… Hala, Or HallaHALA, or HALLA (formerly known as Murtizabad), town in Hyderabad district, Sind, India, situated on the Aliganj canal and immediately connected with the Trunk Road at two points, 25? 48' 30" N. lat., 68? 27' 30" E. long. It was long famous for its glazed pottery and tiles, made from a fine clay obtained from the Indus, mixed with flints. The sitsis, or trouser-cloths, for which the town is also ce… HalasHALAS, a corporate town of Hungary, in the megye or county of Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kis-Kun, is situated about 76 miles S.S.E. from Budapest, in 46? 24' N. lat. and 19? 31' E. long. Halbert, HalbardHALBERT, HALBARD (French, Halebarde), a weapon consisting of an axe-blade balanced by a pick and having an elongated pike-bead at the end of the staff, which was usually about 5 or 6 feet in length. Various derivations have been suggested for the term, but M. Demmin seems to have hit the right one in the German Halb-barthe, "half battle-axe;" The earliest halberts represented in the miniatures of … Haldane, James AlexanderHALDANE, JAMES ALEXANDER (1768-1851), whose disinterested labours in the cause of religion have secured for his name an honourable place in the ecclesiastical history of Scotland, was the younger son of Captain James Haldane of Gleneagles, Perthshire, and was born at Dundee on July 14, 1768. Educated first at Dundee and afterwards at the High School and university of Edinburgh, he shortly after th… Haldane, RobertHALDANE, ROBERT (1764-1842), elder brother of the preceding, and intimately associated with him in many of his labours, was born in London on February 28, 1764. After attending classes in the Dundee grammar school and in the High School and university of Edinburgh he in 1780 joined H.M.S. " Monarch, " of which his uncle Lord Duncan was at that time in command, and in the following year was transfe… Hale, Sir MatthewHALE, SIR MATTHEW (1609-1676), lord chief justice of England, was born on November 1, 1609, at Alderley in Gloucestershire, where his father, a retired barrister, had a small estate. His paternal grandfather was a rich clothier of Wotton-under-Edge ; on his mother's side he was connected with the noble family of the Poyntzes of Acton. Both his parents having died before ho was five years old, the … Hales, StephenHALES, STEPHEN (1677-1761), physiologist and inventor, was born at Beckesbourn in Kent, on the 7th September 1677. He was the sixth son of Thomas Hales, whose father, Sir Robert Hales, was created baronet by Charles II. in 1670. Of his early education little is known, but in June 1696 he was entered as a pensioner of Bene't (now Corpus Christi) College, Cambridge, with the view of taking holy orde… Halevy, Jacques Francois FromentalHALEVY, JACQUES FRANcOIS FROMENTAL (1799-1862), a celebrated French musician, was born May 27,1799, at Paris. He studied at the Paris Conservatoire under Berton and Cherubini, and in 1819 gained the grand prix de Rome with a cantata called Hernzinie. In accordance with the conditions of his scholarship he started for Rome, where be devoted himself to the study of Italian music, and wrote an opera … HaliburtonHALIBURTON, THORAs CHANDLER (1796-1865), long a judge of Nova Scotia, and a popular literary satirist, was born at Windsor, Nova Scotia, in 1796, and received his education there, at King's College. He was called to the bar in 1820, and took part in the legislature of his native province as a member of the House of Assembly. He distinguished himself as a barrister, and in 1828 was promoted to the … HalicarnassusHALICARNASSUS, an ancient Greek city on the southwestern coast of Asia Minor, built on a picturesque and advantageous site at the northern end of the Ceramic Gulf or Gulf of Cos. It originally occupied only the small island of Zephyria, close to the shore, but in course of time this island was united to the mainland and the city extended so as to incorporate Salmacis, an older town of the Leleges … HalifaxHALIFAX, a municipal and parliamentary borough and market-town of England, in the northern division of the West Riding of Yorkshire, is situated on a gentle acclivity almost surrounded by hills, on the small river Hebble near its junction with the Calder, 7 miles south-west of Bradford. Originally its streets were narrow and irregular, but many of the older houses have been pulled down and new str… HalifaxHALIFAX, a city and seaport of British North America, capital of Nova Scotia, is situated on the south-east coast of the province on the declivity of a hill about 250 feet in height, rising gradually from the south-west side of Chebucto Bay or Halifax harbour, a deep inlet of the sea. The hill is commanded by a citadel about a mile in circumference and of great strength, and the harbour is defende… Halifax, Charles MontagueHALIFAX, CHARLES MONTAGUE, EARL OF (1661-1715), English statesman and poet, fourth son of the Honourable George Montague, who was fifth son of the first earl of Manchester, was born at Horton, Northamptonshire, on the 16th April 1661. In his fourteenth year he was sent to Westminster school, where he was chosen king's scholar in 1677, and distinguished himself in the composition of extempore epigr… HallHALL (generally known as Swabian Hall), a town of Wiirtemberg, circle of Jagst, is situated in a deep valley on both sides of the Kocher, and on the railway from Heilbronn to Krailsheim, 35 miles N.E. of Stuttgart. It is surrounded by strong walls, and possesses seven churches, one of them dating from the 15th century and having fine mediaeval carving ; a town-house, a lyceum, a real-school of the… HallHALL, a town in northern Tyrol, Austria, government district of Innsbruck, is picturesquely situated between two mountains on the left bank of the Inn, which is navigable there, and on the railway from Rosenheim to Innsbruck, 5 miles east of the latter. It is the seat of a district court, of a board of salt-works, and of a provincial board of mines. The beautiful Gothic parish church, dating from … Hallam, HenryHALLAM, HENRY, the celebrated English historian, was born at Windsor in the year 1777, - some authorities make the date one year later, - and he died at Pickhurst, Kent, on the 21st of January 18,59. Notwithstanding his great fame and recent death very little seems to be known of the personal history of Hallam, He was the son of a dean of Bristol, and was educated at Eton, and afterwards went to C… Hall, BasilHALL, BASIL (1788-1844), British traveller and miscellaneous writer, was born at Edinburgh, December 31, 1788. His father, Sir James Hall of Dunglass, was author of an essay on Gothic Architecture, and contributed to the Royal Society of Edinburgh, of which he for a time was president, several ingenious papers on geology, in support of Hutton's theory as against that of Werner. His mother was Hele… Hall, Charles FrancisHALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871), an Arctic explorer, was born at Rochester, New Hampshire, United States, in 1821. After following the trade of blacksmith he became a journalist in Cincinnati, but his enthusiasm for Arctic exploration led him in 1859 to volunteer to the American Geographical Society to "go in search of the bones of Franklin." With the proceeds of a subscription he was equipped f… HalleHALLE (formerly called, to distinguish it from other towns of the same name, Halle in Sachsen, but now generally known as Halle an der Saale), a city of Prussian Saxony, government district of Merseburg, is situated on the right bank of the Saale and at the junction of six railways, 20 miles N.W. of Leipsic. It consists of the old town, or Halle proper, with five suburbs, and the two small towns o… Halleck, FitzgreeneHALLECK, FITZGREENE (1790-1867), an American poet, was born at Guildford, Connecticut, July 8, 1790. By his mother he was descended from John Eliot, the " Apostle of the Indians." At an early age he became clerk in a store at Guild ford, and at eighteen he entered a banking-house in New York. Having made the acquaintance of Joseph Rodman Drake in 1819, he assisted him under the signature of " Croa… Halleck, Henry WagerHALLECK, HENRY WAGER (1815-1872), an American general, was _born at Waterville, Oneida county, New York, January 15, 1815. After studying a short time at Union College, he in 1835 entered the West Point military academy, whence he was in 1839 promoted to the army as second lieutenant in the corps of engineers, being at the same time appointed assistant professor of engineering at the academy. In t… Haller, Albrecht VonHALLER, ALBRECHT VON (1708-1777), one of the greatest of the anatomists and physiologists of the 18th century, was born of an old Swiss family at Bern, October 16, 1708. Prevented by long-continued ill-health from taking part in boyish sports, he had the more opportunity for the development of his precocious mind. At the age of four, it is said, he used to read and expound the Bible to his father'… Halley, EdmundHALLEY, EDMUND (1656-1742), an eminent astronomer, was born at Haggerston, near London, October 29, 1656. His father, a wealthy soapboiler, desiring to giie his only son an education suitable to his promising genius, placed him at St Paul's School, where he was equally distinguished for classical as for mathematical ability.. Before leaving it for Queen's College, Oxford, which he entered as commo… Hall, JamesHALL, JAMES (1793-1868), an American judge and the author of a number of books chiefly relating to the Western States, was born at Philadelphia, August 19, 1793. After for some time prosecuting the study of law, he in 1812 joined the army, and in the war with Great Britain distinguished himself in engagements at Lundy's Lane, Niagara, and Fort Erie. On the conclusion of the war he accompanied an e… Hall, JosephHALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656), bishop of Norwich, one of the wittiest as well as wisest writers of his century, was born at Bristow Park, parish of Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Leicestershire, July 1, 1574. Designed from infancy for the church, lie received his early education at the school of his native place, whence in his fifteenth year he passed to Emmanuel College, Cambridge. After being chosen for two year… Hall, MarshallHALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857), the discoverer of the " diastaltic nervous system," was born at Basford, Notts, February 18, 1790. His father, Robert Hall, a cotton manufacturer at that place, is well known as the introducer of the modern processes of bleaching on a large scale. Having attended Blanchard's academy at Nottingham, where Kirke White was educated, Marshall Hall commenced in 1809 his studi… Hall, Or HalleHALL, or HALLE, EDWARD (ob. 1547), an English lawyer who takes high rank among the earlier narrators of his country's history, was born in London about the close of the 15th century and died in 1547, the year of the death of King Henry VIII. Though his name has all the appearance of a purely English word, it is none the less of foreign origin, John Hall of Northall, in Shropshire, our author's fat… Halloweven Or Hallowe'enHALLOWEVEN or HALLOWE'EN, the vigil of Hallowmas or All Saints' Day. For some account of the singular observances by which it used to be, and to some extent still is, distinguished in Scotland and elsewhere, reference may be made to such works as Brand's Popular Antiquities, Chambers's Book of Days, or better still to the well-known poem of Burns. Though sometimes neglected in modern practice, the… Hall, RobertHALL, ROBERT (1764-1831), one of the greatest of English pulpit orators, was born May 2, 1764, at Arnsby near Leicester, where his father, a man whose cast of mind in some respects resembled closely that of the son, was pastor of a Baptist congregation. Robert was the youngest of a family of fourteen. In infancy his physical powers were so feeble that until two years of age he was unable to walk, … HalluinHALLUIN, a town of F?anee, in the department of Nord and arrondissement of Lille, and 11 miles N.N.E. of Lille, is situated near the right bank of the Lys. HalmstadHALMSTAD, the chief town of the Swedish Ian Halland or Halmstad, is situated on the east shore of the Cattegat, about 76 miles S.S.E. of Gothenburg, and at the mouth of the river Nissa. The castle is the residence of the governor of the province. Mention of the church of Halmstad occurs as early as 1462, and the fortifications are mentioned first in 1225. The latter were demolished in 1736. The Do… HaloHALO (Latin, halo ; Greek, aws), a luminous circle of light surrounding one of the heavenly bodies. A better definition perhaps would be " a ring of coloured light formed by refraction, on the passage of light from one of the heavenly bodies through the aqueous vapour surrounding the earth." This would include coronet and rainbows, and similar phenomena. Halos may be divided into the following cla… HaloHALO V., surnamed the Old, king of Norway, son of Hero IV., was on the death of his father in 1204 excluded from the throne on the ground of supposed illegitimacy, and only become king in 1223, after his mother, to establish his rights, had undergone the ordeal of fire. He greatly increased the prosperity of Norway, and he also added to his kingdom Iceland and Greenland. As he had a dispute with A… Halo, Or HakonHALO, or HAKON (c. 920-960), surnamed the Good, king of Norway, was the son of Harold Fairhair by a female slave, and was presented by Harold to King Athelstan of England, to mark Iris contempt for an insult he had received. The child was placed by a Norse warrior on Athelstan's knee, who was time made to observe the symbol of adopting a child that was base born. Athelstan did not, however, take v… Hals, FransHALS, FRANS, was born at Antwerp according to most authorities in 1584, and died at Haarlem iu 1666. As a portrait painter second only to Rembrandt, he displayed extraordinary talent and quickness in the exercise of his art coupled with improvidence in the use of the means which that art secured to him. At a time when the Dutch nation fought for independence and won it, Hals appears in the ranks o… HalsteadHALSTEAD, a market-town of England, county of Essex, is situated on the Colne Valley Railway and on a steep acclivity rising from the river Colne, 48 miles N.E. of London. Though irregularly built it has a neat appearance, and most of the streets are wide and clean. The principal buildings are the parish church, a fine Gothic edifice in the Perpendicular style, containing a monument supposed to be… HamadanHAMADAN, a town of Persia, in the province of IrakAdj em i, 162 miles W.S.W. of Teheran, in the district of the Djebal at the foot of the Elvend or Arwand Mountain, the Orontes of the ancients. It is a busy place of about 50,000 inhabitants, and has large and well-stocked bazaars. Its principal industry is the manufacture of copper wares. Gold is collected in the streams traversing the town, and t… HamahHAMAH, the Hamath of the Bible, one of the oldest cities of Syria (Gen. x. 18), situated in the valley of the Orontes,110 English miles N. (byE.) of Damascus. It finds a place among the northern boundaries of the Holy Land (Num. xxxiv. 8), and is frequently mentioned in Old Testament history(Num. xiii. 21, 2 Sam. viii. 9, 1 Kings viii. 65, 2 Kings xviii. 34, 2 Chron. viii. 3, Isa. x. 9, Amos vi. 2… Hamann, JohannHAMANN, JOHANN ?norm (1730-1788), a distinguished writer on philosophical and theological subjects, was born at Konigsberg in Prussia in 1730. His parents were of humble rank and small means. The education he received was comprehensive but unsystematic, and the want of definiteness in this early training doubtless tended to aggravate the peculiar instability of character which troubled Hamann's af… HamasaiiHAMASAII (more correctly Ha.m1sEn), the name of a famous Arabian anthology compiled by Habib ibn Aus etTM, surnamed Abli Tenamam (corruptly Ant-TEMAN, The collection is so-called from the title of its first book, containing poems descriptive of constancy and valour in battle, patient endurance of calamity, steadfastness in seeking vengeance, manfulness under reproach and temptation, all which qual… HamburgHAMBURG, one of the most remarkable cities of Germany and indeed of Europe, ranking as it does as the first of all the seats of commerce on the Continent, is situated on the right bank of the northern arm of the Elbe. about 93 miles from the mouth of that river, just where it is joined by the Alster and the 13ille. The latitude of the observatory in the western part of the city is 53? 33' 55" N. a… HamburgHAMBURG, a state of the German empire, which consists of the city of Hamburg with its incorporated suburbs of St George's and St Paul's, the surrounding district with the sixteen suburban hamlets (Vororte), several islands in the Elbe, the five enclaves of Volksdorf, Hansdorf, &c., in Holstein, the communes of Moorburg in Luneburg and Cuxhaven-Ritzebiittel in the north-west of the duchy of Bremen … HamelnHAMELN, the chief town of a circle in the province of Hanover, Prussia, is situated at the confluence of the Weser and Hamel, and at the junction of four railways, 25 miles S.W. of Hanover. It is surrounded by old walls, and possesses a number of 61d-fashioned houses with quaint richly-adorned gables. The only public buildings of interest are the minster church, restored in 1872, and the townhouse… HamiltonHAMILTON, the principal town in the western district of Victoria, Australia, is situated on the Grange Burne Creek, in 37? 45' S. let. and 112? 1' E. long. HamiltonHAMILTON, a township and post village of Madison county, New York, U.S., is situated on the Chenango canal, and on the Utica branch of the New York and Oswego Midland Railway, 30 miles S.W. of Utica. HamiltonHAMILTON, a city of Canada, the chief town in the county of Wentworth, province of Ontario, is advantageously situated on the south side of Burlington Bay, a large and beautiful basin of water connected with Lake Ontario by a short canal, which forms one of the safest and most commodious harbours on the lake. It is also connected with the town of Dundas by the Desjardins Canal, about 4 miles in le… HamiltonHAMILTON, Sire WILLIAM ROWAN (1805-1865), one of the really great mathematicians of the present century, was born in Dublin, August 4, 1805. His father, who was a solicitor, and his uncle (curate of Trim), migrated from Scotland in youth. A branch of the Scottish family to which they belonged had settled in the north of Ireland in His genius displayed itself, even in his infancy, at first in the f… HamiltonHAMILTON, a city of the United States, capital of Butler county, Ohio, is situated on both sides of the Great Miami river, on the Miami and Erie canal, and at the junction of several railways, 23 miles N. of Cincinnati. The water-power for manufacturing purposes is obtained by an hydraulic canal which secures a fall of 30 feet ; and the situation of the city in the heart of the Miami valley, a ric… HamiltonHAMILTON, a municipal and parliamentary borough and market-town of Scotland, county of Lanark, is situated about a mile from the junction of the Avon with the Clyde and 10 miles SE. of Glasgow. It occupies a rising ground commanding fine views of a rich and highly picturesque country, and consists of several streets of well-built houses somewhat irregularly dispersed, and surrounded by a number of… Hamilton', Anthony Or AntoineHAMILTON', ANTHONY or ANTOINE (1646-1720), a French classical author, who is especially noteworthy from the fact that, though by birth lie was a foreigner, his literary characteristics are more decidedly French than those of many of the most indubitable Frenchmen. 'His was born in 1646, but the place of his birth has not been ascertained. According to some authorities it was Drogheda, bat accordin… Hamilton, ElizabethHAMILTON, ELIZABETH (I 758-1816), novelist and miscellaneous writer, was born at Belfast, of Scotch extraction, 25t11 July 1758. Her father's deaths in 1759 left Iris wife so embarrassed that Elizabeth was adopted in 1762 by her paternal aunt, Mrs Marshall, who lived in Scotland, near Stirling. There Elizabeth spent her youth and received a good education, - at first at school, afterwards in priva… Hamilton, JamesHAMILTON, JAMES (1769-1831), the author of the Hamiltoni in system of teaching languages, was born in 1769 and died October 31, 1831. The first part of his life was spent in mercantile pursuits. Having settled in Hamburg and become free of the city, he was anxious to become acquainted with German and accepted the tuition of a French emigre, General D'Angelis. In twelve lessons he faun:1 himself ab… Hamilton, PatrickHAMILTON, PATRICK (1504-1528), son of Sir Patrick Hamilton, well known in Scottish chivalry, and of Catherine Stewart, daughter of Alexander duke of Albany, second son of James II. of Scotland, was born in the diocese of Glasgow, probably at his father's estate of Stonehuuse in Lanarkshire. Of his early boyhood and education nothing is known. In 1517 lie was appointed titular abbot of Feriae, Ross… Hamilton, RobertHAMILTON, ROBERT (1743-1829), an able writer on political economy and finance, was born at Pilrig, Edinburgh, on the 11th June 1743. He was of good family, his grandfather, William Hamilton, professor of divinity and afterwards principal of Edinburgh University, having been a cadet of the family of Preston. He received an excellent education, and specially distinguished himself in the classes of m… Hamilton, Sir WilliamHAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM, BART. (1788-1856), one of the most eminent of Scottish metaphysicians, was born in Glasgow, on the 8th March 1788. His father, Dr William Hamilton, had in 1781, on the strong recommendation of the celebrated William Hunter, been appointed to succeed his father, Dr Thomas Hamilton, as professor of anatomy in the university of Glasgow ; and when he died in 1790, in his thirty-… Hamilton, ThomasHAMILTON, THOMAS (1789-1842), the author of Cyril Thornton, was the younger brother of Professor Sir William Hamilton, Bart., and was born in 1789. In his early years lie acquired a thorough mastery of the classics, and notwithstanding that he entered the artillery and was engaged in active service throughout the Peninsular and American campaigns, he continued to cultivate his literary tastes. On … Hamilton, WilliamHAMILTON, WILLIAM (1704-1751), a minor Scottish poet, the author of The Braes of Yarrow, was born in Scottish bar. It is supposed that he studied at the university of Edinburgh ; and it is certain that he received an education which enabled him to enjoy the classical writers of Greece and Rome, and to be a congenial associate in after years with such men as Allan Ramsay and Henry Home. As early as… Hamirpur, Or HumeerpoorHAMiRPUR, or HUMEERPOOR, a British district in the lieutenant-governorship of the North-Western Provinces, India, lying between 25? 5' and 26? 10' N. lat., and between 79? 22' 45" and 80? 25' 15" E. long. It forms the south-western district of the Allahabad division, and is bounded on the N. by the Jumna (Jamuna) ; on the N.W. by the native state of Baoni and Betwa river ; on the W. by the Dhasan … HamletHAMLET, the hero of Shakespeare's drama, is according to some interpreters an historical or quasi-historical personage, but according to others his story is a mere development or " precipitation " of the great Scandinavian system of mythology. The decision of this point is rendered all the more difficult as the only original authority for the facts (historical or mythological) is the Danish histor… HammHAMM, a town of Prussia, capital of a circle in the government district of Arnsberg, province of Westphalia, is situated at the junction of several railways, on the Lippe at its confluence with the Ahse, 22 miles N.W. of Arnsberg. It is enclosed by walls, but the ditches which formerly surrounded it have been filled up and converted into promenades. The principal buildings are two Catholic and two… Hammarskold, LorenzoHAMMARSKOLD, LORENZO (1785-1827), Swedish author, was born at Tuna, near Wimmerby, on the 7th of April 1785. He became a student at Upsala in 1801, but failed to take his degree in 1806. He therefore accepted a humble post at the royal library at Stockholm, with which institution he remained connected for many years. In 1804 he published an article on Tieck and Novalis, which attracted much attent… HammeHAMME, a town of Belgium, in the province of East Flanders and the arrondissement of Termonde or Dendermonde, is situated on the right bank of the Durme, near its junction with the Scheldt, and 18 miles E.N.E. of Ghent. HammerHAMMER. This well-known tool stands quite without rival for producing the numberless effects which are due to the remarkable force of "impact." Of all the array of hand tools in use in the industrial arts it is undoubtedly the one that could least be dispensed with, and so it must have been from the very earliest days of handicraft. A hammer of some rude kind must have been as essential to the sha… HammerfestHAMMERFEST, the most northern town in Europe, is situated in the department of Hammerfest in the province of Finmark, on the western side of the island of Kvalo (i.e., " Whale Island"), which lies off the north-western coast of Norway. Its latitude is 70? 39' 15", and the sun stays for two months above its horizon. Though a small place of about 2100 inhabitants, it is the seat of a considerable tr… Hammer-purgstall, Joseph VonHAMMER-PURGSTALL, JOSEPH VON (1774-1859, was born at Gratz in 1774, and after some training in the Oriental academy of Vienna entered the Austrian diplomatic service. He was the son of Joseph Johann von Hammer, and it was not till 1835, when he had inherited the estates of the countess of Purgstall (in Styria), that be received the title Baron von Hammer-Purgstall, by which he is generally known. … HammersmithHAMMERSMITH, a town and parish in the county of Middlesex, situated on the north bank of the Thames, 31 miles S.W. of Hyde Park corner, and now connected with London by continuous lines of streets. The bridge across the Thames at Hammersmith, completed in 1827 at a cost of ?80,000, was the earliest suspension bridge erected near London. Formerly Hammersmith was celebrated for its nurseries and mar… Hammond, HenryHAMMOND, HENRY (1605-1660), a learned royalist divine of the Church of England, was born at Chertsey in Surrey, August 18, 1605. He was educated at Eton, whence in his fourteenth year he passed to Magdalen College, Oxford, becoming decoy or scholar in 1619, and fellow in 1625. After graduating in arts he turned his attention to divinity ; in 1629 he entered holy orders, and in 1631 became bachelor… Hamon, JeanHAMON, JEAN Louis (1821-1874), one of the best known of French painters under the second empire, was born at Plouha on 5th May 1821. At an early age he was destined to the priesthood, and placed under the care of the brothers Lamennais, but his strong desire to become a painter finally triumphed over family opposition, and in 1840 he courageously left Plouha for Paris,--his sole resources being a … Hampden, Renn DicksonHAMPDEN, REnN DICKSON (1793-1868), bishop of Hereford, was born at Barbados, where his father was colonel of the local militia, in 1793, and after receiving a private school education under Dr Rowlandson, vicar of Warminster, Wiltshire, entered as a commoner at Oriel College, Oxford, in 1810. Having taken his B.A. degree with first-class honours in both the classical and mathematical schools in 18… Hampshire, Hants, Or SouthamptonHAMPSHIRE, HANTS, or SOUTHAMPTON (most anciently Hamtanscire, in Domesday book Hantesshire, and in the documents of the Middle Ages Sudhandescire, Sudhamtonsire, and Sudenhanytonsire), a maritime county in the south of England, is situated between 500 34' and 51? 22' N. lat. and 0? 43' and 1? 54' W. long., and is bounded on the N. by Berkshire, on the E. by the counties of Surrey and Sussex, on th… HampsteadHAMPSTEAD, a suburb of London, is situated in larly built, and the streets are narrow and tortuous, but it has preserved more than any other London suburb its sylvan appearance, and is still noted for its fine groves and avenues. From the side of the hill there issue chalybeate springs, whose virtue was first discovered in the 17th century, and which at the beginning declined after the middle of t… HamptonHAMPTON, a village in the county of Middlesex, England, is situated on the north bank of the Thames, 12 miles W.S.W. from Hyde Park Corner. HamsterHAMSTER (Cricetus), a genus of rodent mammals belonging to the 3fitricke or mice family, and characterized by the possession of large cheek pouches. The common hamster (Cricetus vulgaris) is somewhat larger and stouter than the Norway rat, but with a much shorter tail. Its fur, which varies somewhat in colour, is generally of a reddish-brown above and black beneath, with several white spots on the… Hancock, JohnHANCOCK, JOHN (1737-1793), American revolutionary statesman, was born at Quincy, Massachusetts, January 12, 1737. Having taken his degree at Harvard university in 1754-, he began a mercantile career, and on the death of an uncle in 1761 succeeded to a large fortune and a prosperous business. In 1768, two years after his election to the Massachusetts house of representatives by the city of Boston, … Handel, George FrederickHANDEL, GEORGE FREDERICK (1685-1759), one of the greatest names in the history of music generally, is absolutely paramount in that of English music. His influence on the artistic development of England and his popularity, using that word in the most comprehensive sense, are perhaps unequalled. He has entered into the private and the political life as well as into the art life of Englishmen ; witho… Hand ToolsHAND TOOLS. Within the limits of the present article it would be impossible to describe even the majority of the instruments which may come under this designation, including as it does (in its popular if not in its technical sense) the whole of the appliances used by the handicraftsman in the treatment, by means of his muscular energy, of the natural substances used in the arts and manufactures, -… Hang-chow-moHANG-CHOW-MO, a city of China, in the province of Cho-Keang, about 2 miles north-west of the Tseen-tangKeang, at the southern terminus of the Imperial Canal, by which it communicates with Peking. It lies about I00 miles south-west of Shanghai, in 30? 20' 20" N. lat. and 120' 7' 27" E. long. Towards the west is the Si-hu or " Western Lake," a beautiful sheet of water, with its banks and islands stu… HankHANK.&, WENCESLAUS or WAELIW (1791-1861), a Bahamian philologist, was born at Horeniowes, a hamlet of eastern Bohemia, on June 10, 1791. He attended the village school in winter only, being occupied during the summar on his father's farm. While still young he acquired a knowledge of Polish and Servian from some soldiers billeted in the neighbourhood, and in 1807 he was sent to school at Kiiniggrat… Han KowHAN KOW (that is, the " Mouth of the Han"), the great commercial centre of the middle portion of the Chinese empire, and since 1858 one of the principal places opened to foreign trade. It is situated on the northern side of the Yang-tse-kiang at its junction with the Han river, about 450 miles west of Shanghai in 30? 32' 51" N. lat. and 114? 19' 55" E. long., at an absolute height of 150 feet. By … HanleyHANLEY, a market-toa n and municipal borough of Staffordshire, England, is situated in the centre of the pottery district, 2 miles E.N.E. of Stoke-upon-Trent, and 18 miles N. of Stafford. It is indebted for its rise and prosperity to its pottery manufactures, which include porcelain, encaustic tiles, and earthenware, and give employment to the greater part of the population, women and children bei… Hannay, JamesHANNAY, JAMES (1827-1873), critic, novelist, and pablicist, was born at Dumfries in 1827, and came of the 1I umays of Sorbie, an ancient Galloway family. He contested the Dumfries burghs in the Conservative interest, man in Spain " were highly appreciated. Hannay's best books are Singleton Fontenoy, Satire and Satirists, Eustace Conyers, add Essays from the Quarterly Review. Satire not only shows … HannibalHANNIBAL. Hannibal was a very common Carthaginian name. Its final syllable bat occurs repeatedly, as a suffix, in Punic names, and is in fact taken from the chief Phoenician deity, Baal. The entire name denotes, according to a probable interpretation, "the favour of Baal." The famous Hannibal, the hero of the Second Punic War, was the son of Hamilcar Barca, and was born in 247 B.C. begged his fath… HannibalHANNIBAL, a city of the United States, in Marion county, Missouri, is situated on the west bank of the Mississippi river, 150 miles above St Louis. Owing to its position on the river and its extensive railroad connexions, it has become a busy commercial town ; and evidence of the prosperity of many of its inhabitants is afforded by the number of fine residences on the surrounding slopes. It posses… HannoHANNO, the chief opponent of Hamilcar and Hannibal at Carthage. Few details are known of his life ; his influence on the history of his country, which for more than forty years was very great, can be appreciated only from a detailed history of the period. During the First Punic War he conducted successfully a campaign against some African nation, and he soon became the most trusted leader of the a… HannoHANNO (a very common Carthaginian name, Greek "Avvaw), according to the title of the Per(plvs that passes, under the name, was a king' (basileus) of the Carthaginians who undertook an exploring and colonizino.? ex- pedition along the north-western coasts of Africa beyond the Pillars of Hercules, and on his return inscribed a narrative of his voyage in the temple of Saturn. There are no data to fix… HanoverHANOVER, the capital, is situated in the south of the above province, on a sandy but fertile plain on the river Leine, which here receives the Ihme, and is from this point new town between its left bank and the Ihme. The old handsome buildings, and beautiful squares. Of the latter Augustus in bronze ; the triangular theatre square ; George Square, with the statue of Schiller ; Waterloo Square, wit… HanoverHANOVER (German, Hannover), formerly an independent kingdom, but since 1866 a province of Prussia, lies between 51? 18' and 53? 52' N. lat. and 6? 43' and 11? 45' E. long., and is bounded on the N. by the North Sea, N.E. by Holstein, Hamburg, and Mecklenburg, E. and S.E. by Prussian Saxony and the duchy of Brunswick, S.W. by Hesse-Cassel and Westphalia, and W. by Holland. These boundaries include … Hansard, LukeHANSARD, LUKE (1752-182S), English printer, whose n mu is familiar in connexion with the parliamentary- re-parts, was born July 5, 1752, in St Mary's parish, Norwich. Reverses in business compelled his father, a manufacturer there, to apprentice him to Mr Stephen White, printer. Immediately on the expiry of his apprenticeship Hansard started fur London with only a guinea in his pocket, and obtaine… Hanseatic LeagueHANSEATIC LEAGUE. The word " hansa," when we find it first in the Gothic Bible of Ulfila, signifies a military assemblage or troop. From this comes the general sense of union, and especially in the Middle Ages of union for mercantile purposes. A later but less important meaning is that of a tax paid by traders for the right of forming such an union. The Hansa, the league which ultimately overshado… Hansen, Peter AndreasHANSEN, PETER ANDREAS (1795-1874), astronomer, was born on December 8, 1795, at Tondern, in the duchy of Schleswig. When a youth he served an apprenticeship to a clock and watchmaker at Flensburg, with whom he remained several years. During this time he exhibited an intense interest fur mathematics and the physical sciences, which was the means of his introduction in 1820 to Schumacher, professor … Hansteen, ChristopherHANSTEEN, CHRISTOPHER (1784-1873), astronomer and physicist, was born at Christiania, Norway, September 26,1784. From the cathedral school he went to the university at Copenhagen, where first law and afterwards mathematics formed his main study. In 1806 he taught mathematics in the gymnasium of Frederiksborg, Zeeland, and the following year he commenced the inquiries in his f rvoarite branch of sc… Hanusch, Ignaz JohannHANUSCH, IGNAZ JOHANN (1812-1869), Bohemian savant and philosopher, was born at Prague on the 28th November, 1812. He received his early education in his native city, and taught for a short time iu a monastic school there. At the universities of Prague and Vienna, where he afterwards studied, he directed his attention successively to theology and law, and finally, under the influence cf Hegel's wr… Hanway, JonasHANWAY, JONAS (1712-1786), an English traveller and philanthropist, was born at Portsmouth, but he was still a child when the death of his father, a victualler by trade, caused his mother to remove with her family to London. At the age of seventeen the boy was apprenticed to a merchant in Lisbon, and he remained there till lie entered business for himself. In 1743, after he had been for some time … Hapsburg, Or HabsburgHAPSBURG, or HABSBURG (originally Habichtsburg, that is, Hawkscastle), an old German family which has given sovereigns to Germany, Spain, and Austria, takes its name from the old Swiss castle of Habsburg, now'in ruins, situated on the river Aar in the canton of Aargau. The first mention of the countship of Habsburg is in a document of 1099, where the name Werner, count of Habsburg, occurs in conne… HapurHAPUR, or HAPooR, an ancient town of India in the Meerut district, North-Western Provinces, 28? 43' 20" N. lat., 77? 19' 45" E. long., lies on the Meerut and Bulandshahr road, 18 miles south of the former city. HarburgHARBURG, a seaport town of Hanover, Prussia, at the head of a circle in the district of Luneburg, is situated on the left bank of the southern branch of the Elbe opposite Hamburg, which stands on the right bank of the northern branch of that river. The distance between the two towns is about 41 miles, and there is railway communication between them by means of a bridge over both rivers, completed … HardHARD, said to be the ancient Castrum Billion, a town of Spain, is situated in the province of Logrono, and the bishopric of Calaborra, 12 miles S.E. of Miranda, and 58 miles N. of Madrid. Hardenberg, Friedrich VonHARDENBERG, FRIEDRICH VON (1772-1801), German poet and philosopher, best known as Novalis, was born on his father's estate in the county of Mausfeld, in Prussian Saxony, May 2, 1772. He was of a shy, retiring, and thoughtful disposition, and was deeply influenced by his parents, who were strict members of the sect of Moravian Brethren. After attending the gymnasium of Eisleben he went as a youth o… Hardenberg, Karl AugustHARDENBERG, KARL AUGUST (1750-1822), Prussian statesman, was born at Esselroda in Hanover, May 31, 1700. Having studied at Leipsic and Gottingen, he entered the Hanoverian civil service as chamber councillor (Kammerrath) in 1770, and afterwards spent some time in Wetzlar, Ratisbon, Vienna, and Berlin, and travelled in France, Holland, and England. He was made privy chamber councillor (Geheim-Kamme… HarderwijkHARDERWIJK, a town of the Netherlands, in the province of Guelderland, on the coast of the Zuyder Zee, about Agriculture, fishing, and a few trillino-? domestic industries form the sole employment of the inhabitants, who in 1872 numbered 5041. Harding, James DuffieldHARDING, JAMES DUFFIELD (1798-1863), a landscape painter, was the son of an artist, and took to the same vocation at an early age, although he hail originally been destined for the law. He was in the main a water-colour painter, but he produced various oil-paintings both at the beginning and towards the end of his career. He frequently contributed to the exhibitions of the Water-Colour Society, of… Harding, JohnHARDING, JOHN. See HARDYNG. IIAIIDINGE, HENRY HARDINGE, VISCOUNT (17851856), field-marshal and governor-general of India, was born at Wrotharn in Kent, March 30, 1785. After passing a short time at Eton college, he entered the army in 1798 as an ensign in the Queen's Rangers, with whom he served in Canada. In the Peninsular War he served for a time on Wellington's staff, and received an appointmen… HardoiHARDOI, a British district of Oudh, India, under the jurisdiction of the lieutenant-governor of the North-Western Provinces, lying between 26? 53' and 27? 47' N. lat., and between 79? 44' and 80? 52' E. long, with an area in 1878 of 2285.64 square miles. The district is an irregular parallelogram between the Gumti and Ganges ; its greatest length from north-west to south-east is 78 miles ; and the… HardwarHARDWAR, or H URD IV AR, an ancient town of India and pl ice of pilgrimage, in Saharanpur district, North-Western Provinces, situated on the right bank of the Ganges at the foot of the Siwalik Hills, in 29? 57' 30" N. lat., 7S? 12' 52" E. long. Population (1872), 4800. The town is of great antiquity, and has borne many names. It was originally known as Kapila from the sage Kapila. Hwen Thsang, the… Hardy, Alex AndreHARDY, ALEX ANDRE (1560-1631), the most fertile of all dramatic authors, next to Lope de Vega and Calderon, merits a place in dramatic literature on that account alone. He is said to have written upwards of six hundred plays, of which forty-one were printed in his own edition of 1624-28, and may still be read. It cannot be charged upon modern writers that they are slow to see merit in early French… Hardyng, Or HardingHARDYNG, or HARDING, JOHN, an English rhyming chronicler of the 15th century, was born in 1378. Having been admitted at the age of twelve to the household of Henry Hotspur, son of the earl of Northumberland, he was afterwards present with his patron at the battles of Homildon (1402) and Cokelawe, and saw him fall in the fatal field of Shrewsbury (1402). He next entered the service of Sir Robert Um… HareHARE, the common name of all the species, excepting the rabbit, of Leporida', a family of rodent mammals, distinguished from the rest of that order by the possession of The teeth are without permanent roots, and thus the conears, and in most species the hind legs are much longer two males have been known to fight together for possession of the female until one was killed ; while all the species … HarebellHAREBELL, or, as the name is often written, HAIRBELL, known also as the Blue-bell of Scotland, and Witches' Thimbles, a well-known perennial wild flower, Campanula rotundifolia, L., a member of the natural order Campannlacem. The harebell has a very slender slightly creeping rootstock, and a wiry, erect stem. The radical leaves, to which the specific name refers, have long stalks, and are roundish… Hare, Julius CharlesHARE, JULIUS CHARLES (1795-1855), theological writer, was born at Valdagno, near Vicenza, in Italy, on the 13th of September 1795. He came to England with his parents in 1798, but in 1804-5 spent a winter with them at Weimar, where he met Goethe and Schiller, and received a bias to German literature which influenced his style and sentiments throughout his whole career. On the death of his mother i… HaremHAREM, or less frequently 11Aunm, the recognized European title for that portion of a polygamist's house which is devoted to the exclusive occupancy of his wives and their attendants, or, by a simple metonymy, for the female portion of his household. The word harem is Arabic for anything forbidden or not to be touched. It is generally applied in Moslem law to such things as games of chance, draugh… HarfleurHARFLEUR, the Harfiew of our older historians, a maritime town of France in the department of Seine Inferieure and arrondissement of Havre, about 6 miles E. of Havre on the railway between that city and Rouen. It lies in the fertile valley of the Lezarde, at the foot of wooded hills not far from the northern bank of the seine; and the steeple of St Martin's, 289 feet high, forms an excellent landm… Hargreaves, JamesHARGREAVES, JAMES. See COTTON, VOL vi. p. 490. HARLAN-1k, or IIURREEANAIJ, a tract of country in the Punjab, India, consisting of a level upland plain, interspersed with patches of sandy soil, and largely overgrown with brushwood. The Western Jumna Canal now fertilizes the grounds of a large number of its villages. Since the 14th century Hissar has been the local capital. During the troublous peri… Harington, SirHARINGTON, SIR Jolly (1561-1612), was the son of Mr John Harington, of Kelston, near Bath, who had been imprisoned in the Tower by Queen Mary for forwarding a letter to Elizabeth. Harington, born in 1561, was Elizabeth's godson. He studied at Eton and at Christ's College, Cambridge, where he took the degree of M.A., his tutor being Bishop Still, the famous author of Gammer Gurton's Needle. He came… Harlingen, Or HaarlingenHARLINGEN, or HAARLINGEN, in Frisian Barns, an important trading town and seaport in the province of Friesland in the Netherlands, is situated 17 miles W. of Leeuwarden with which it has been connected by rail since 1863. Besides its dilapidated fortifications, and the town-house, which was erected between 1730 and 1733 and is adorned with a statue of the historian Simon Stijl, the only noteworthy… HarmHARM. Abu Mohammed al Kasim ibn Ali Ibn Mohammed ibn 'Othman, surnamed EL HARIRI, was born at Bussorah 1054-55 A.D. and died in 1121 or 1123, being therefore contemporary with the first crusade. His native city was renowned for its school of grammar, a most important science amongst a people whose every rule of religion and of life depended upon the accurate interpretation of some word or passage … HarmodiusHARMODIUS, a beautiful Athenian of the tribe Gephyrmi, was the intimate friend of Aristogiton, a citizen of the middle rank. Hipparchus, younger brother of the tyrant Hippias, was also a lover of Harmodius. He tried to attract Harmodins to himself, and failing in the attempt, revenged himself by putting a public affront on his sister at a solemn festival. Thereupon the two friends conspired with a… HarmonicaHARMONICA is the technical name for the "musical glasses" with the learned conversation about which the pseudo-lathes from town astonish the simple-minded vicar of Wakefield. An instrument for producing musical sounds by means of drinking glasses touched with the moistened fingers was, however, known 100 years before Goldsmith's novel. What its exact nature may have been cannot now be ascertained,… Harmonic AnalysisHARMONIC ANALYSIS is the name given by Sir William Thomson and Professor Tait in their treatise on .Yettural Philosophy to a general method of investigating physical questions, the earliest applications of which seem to have been suggested by the study of the vibrations of strings and the analysis of these vibrations into their fundamental tone and its harmonics or overtones. The motion of a unifo… HarmoniumHARMONIUM. Perhaps no musical instrument ever became in a few years so widely known and used as the firmoninin. The reasons for this may at once be found in the facilities it offers for playing easy music, and, when simply constructed, its comparatively low price, which renders the purchase of a tolerable harmonium possible when the cheapest pianoforte fairly playable would be unattainable, and th… HaroldHAROLD I., surnamed Harefoot, king of England, illegitimate son of Canute and Alfgiva of Northampton, was on the death of Canute in 1035 chosen by the witan overlord of England amid king of the provinces north of the Thames; and in 1037 he became king of England, when the ? people of Wessex offered him their crown on Hardicanute refusing to come to England to accept it. In the beginning of Harold'… HaroldHAROLD I., surnamed Fairhaired (Harald Haarfager), the founder of the old royal dynasty of Norway, succeeded his father, Halfdan the Black, as jarl about the year 863. His ambition to become king is said to have been awakened by the refusal of Gyda, daughter of Eric of Hadaland, to marry him until he had made himself ruler of all Norway, as Gorm had of Denmark, and Eric of Sweden ; and he vowed th… Harold IiHAROLD II. surnamed Greyskin (Harald Graafel), son of Eric Bloodyaxe, succeeded Haco the Good in the government of Norway about the year 960, having bribed his other brothers to be satisfied with reigning as under kings in the other provinces. Harold IiHAROLD II., king of the English, was the second son of Earl Godwine and his Danish wife Gytha, the sister of Earl Ulf. The year of his birth is not accurately fixed, but it must have been about 1022. The choice of his name, like that of some others of his brothers and sisters (see GODWINE), witnesses to the influence of his Danish mother. Both he and his elder brother Swegen were appointed to earl… Harold IiiHAROLD III., surnamed Stern in Council (Harald Haardraade or Hardrada), son of Jarl Sigurd, half-brother of King Olaf the Holy, and descended by his father from Harold I., was one of the most distinguished warriors among the old Norse kings. About his fifteenth year he made his escape wounded from the battle of Stiklestad (1030), where his half-brother Olaf was killed ; and after staying till he w… Harold IvHAROLD IV., king of Norway, surnamed Gille, - said to be the short form of Gylle Kirst, that is, Servant of Christ, - came about the year 11'27 to Norway with his mother, an Irishwoman, and claimed to be recognized as ? the son of King Magnus Barefoot and half-brother of the reigning Sigurd. Sigurd consented to acknowledge the relationship on condition that Harold did not claim any share in the go… Haroun Al RaschidHAROUN AL RASCHID, more properly Harlin er Rashid, "Aaron the Orthodox," was the fifth of the `Abbaside caliphs of Bagdad. His full name was Harlin 'bn Mohammed ibn Abdallah ibn Mohammed ibn Ali 'bn `Abdallab ibn -Abbas. He was born at Ray the last clay of DIfl '1 Heggah, 145 A.H. (20th March 763 A.D.) according to some accounts, and according to others 1st Mobarrem 149 A.w. (15th Feb. 766 A.D.). … HarpHARP, a musical instrument of the string kind, approximating to triangular form from the strings diminishing in length as they ascend in pitch. While the instrument is of great antiquity, it is yet from northern Europe that the modern harp and its name are derived. The Greeks and Romans preferred to it the lyre in its different varieties, and a Latin writer, Fortunatus (vii. 8), describes it in th… Harper's FerryHARPER'S FERRY, a post village of Jefferson county, West Virginia, United States, is grandly situated at the foot of Bolivar heights and at the confluence of the Shenandoah and Potomac rivers, where they intersect the Blue Ridge, 45 miles N.W. of Washington. It is the junction-point of the Baltimore and Ohio and the Winchester and Potomac railways ; and the Ohio and Chesapeake canal passes along t… Harpies, Or HarpyleHARPIES, or HARPYLE, a word from the root seen in clprcitw, to snatch, are in Homer merely the embodiment of the rapacious power of violent winds. ? When a man has disappeared in a sudden and inexplicable fashion, it is said that the Harpies have carried him off ; and the words prmat and theAAae are used indifferently (r.f. Od. xiv. 371 with 727, and xx. 66 with 77) to indicate the agent in his su… HarpocratesHARPOCRATES, originally an Egyptian deity, was adopted by the Greeks, and became in later times an object of worship both to Greeks and Romans. HarpyHARPY, a large diurnal bird of prey, so named after the mythological monster of the classical poets, - the to Brazil. Though known for more than two centuries, its habits have conic very little under the notice of naturalists, and what is said of them by the older writers must be received with some suspicion. A cursory inspection of the bird, which is not unfrequeutly brought alive to Europe, its … Harrier, Or HenHARRIER, or HEN-IIAuraml, name given to certain birds of prey which were formerly very abundant in parts of the British Islands, from their habit of harrying poultry. The first of these names has now become used in a generic sense for all the species ranked under the genus Circus of Lacepede, and the second confined to the particular species which is the Falco cyaneus of Linnatus and the Circus … Harrington, JamesHARRINGTON, JAMES (1611-1677), a distinguished writer on the philosophy of government, was sprung from an old family in Butlandshire, and was born in January 1611. He received a careful education, and in his eighteenth year entered Trinity College, Oxford, as a gentleman commoner. One of his tutors was the famous Chilling-worth. At the close of his university career he set out to travel on the Con… Harriot, Or HariziottHARRIOT, or HARIZIOTT, THOMAS (1560-1621), an English mathematician and astronomer, was born at Oxford in 1560. After studying at St Mary's Hall, Oxford, where he took his bachelor's degree in 1579, he became tutor to Sir Walter Raleigh, who in 1585 appointed him to the office of geographer to the second expedition to Virginia. Harriot published an account of this expedition in 1588, and the work … HarrisburgHARRISBURG, a city of the United States, capital of Dauphin county and of the State of Pennsylvania, is beautifully situated on the east bank of the Susquehanna river, on the Pennsylvania canal, and at the junction of several railways, 126 miles by rail N. of Washington and 105 W. by N. of Philadelphia. The river, which is here a mile in width, is crossed by two bridges, one of which is for the us… Harris, JamesHARRIS, JAMES (1709-1780), a distinguished English writer on the subject of grammar, was born at Salisbury on the 20th of July 1709, He received his early education at Salisbury, whence he was removed to Oxford at the age of sixteen ; and, having passed the usual number of years as a gentleman commoner at Wadham College, he was entered at Lincoln's Inn as a student of law, though not intended for … Harris, JohnHARRIS, JOHN (1802-1856), divine and theologian, was born at Ugborough in Devonshire, March 8,1802. At the age of fifteen he joined the Independent Church, and began to preach to the rustics of the neighbourhood as a member of the Bristol Itinerant Society. After studying ? at the Independent college at Hoxton he was in 1827 ordained pastor of a small congregation at Epsom. There in 1836 he wrote … Harris, JohnHARRIS, JOHN, D.D. (c. 1667-1719), an English writer, best known as the editor of the Lexicon Technicum, which ranks as the earliest of the long line of English encyclopmdias, and as the compiler of the Collection of Voyages and Travels which passes under his name. He was educated at St John's College, Cambridge, where he took his B.A. degree in 1687, and proceeded M.A. in 1690. Having entered the… HarrisonHARRISON, Jones (1693-1776), an eminent mechanician, was the son of a carpenter, and was born at Paulby, near Pontefract, in Yorkshire, in the year 1693. Thence his father and family removed in 1700 to Barrow, in Lincolnshire. Young Harrison at first learned his father's trade, and worked at it for several years, at the same time occasionally making a little money by land-measnring and surveying. … Harris, Sir William SnowHARRIS, SIR WILLIAM SNOW (1791-1867), a distinguished electrician, was descended from an old family of Plymouth solicitors, and was born there 1st April 1791. He received his early education at the Plymouth grammar-school, and completed a course of medical studies at the university of Edinburgh, after which he established himself as a general medical practitioner in Plymouth. On his marriage in 18… HarrogateHARROGATE, a town and watering-place in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, is beautifully situated on a fine plateau near the River Nidd, 18 miles W. of York. It is indebted for its rise and importance to its medicinal springs, and is now the principal inland watering-place in the north of England. It consists of two scattered townships, Low Harrogate and High Harrogate, which have gradually b… Harry, BlindHARRY, BLIND, Or HENRY THE MINSTREL, author of a poem in twelve books, entitled The Adis and Deidis of the ;fluster and vailzeand campionn, Schir William Wallace, Knicht of Ellerslie. All that is known of Henry's personal history is contained in the following quotation from Major - " Henry, who was blind from his birth, composed in the time of my youth the whole book of William Wallace, and embodi… Harte-beestHARTE-BEEST (Alcelaphus caama), a species of antelope, occurring in considerable numbers throughout southern and central Africa. It stands nearly 5 feet high at the shoulders, and is somewhat ungainly in form owing to the disproportionate development of its fore and hind quarters - a difference which gives to the posterior limbs when in motion an appearance of weakness. The head is long and narrow… HartfordHARTFORD, a city in the United States of North America, in 41? 45' 59" N. lat., 72? 40' 45" W. long., is the eastern portion of the town of the same name, the county seat of Hartford county, and the capital of the State of Connecticut. It is situated on the west bank of the Connecticut river, 60 miles from Long Island Sound, at the head of steamboat and sloop navigation, and 100 miles N.E. of New … Hartlepool, And West HartlepoolHARTLEPOOL, and WEST HARTLEPOOL, respectively a municipal borough and a town of England, county of Durham, and included in the parliamentary borough of the Hartlepools, are situated the one on the north and the other on the south side of Hartlepool Bay, about a mile apart, but having connexion by railway, and practically forming portions of one town. By railway Hartlepool is 10 miles and West Hart… Hartley, DavidHARTLEY, DAVID (1705-1757), who may justly be called the founder of the English Association school of psychologists, was born on the 30th August 1705. His father, who was vicar of Arniley in Yorkshire, wished him to enter the church ; and with this view he was sent at the age of fifteen to Jesus College, Cambridge, where he studied under Saunderson the mathematician, and distinguished himself so m… Hartlib, SamuelHARTLIB, SAMUEL (c. 1600-1662) was born towards the beginning of the 17th century at Elbing in Prussia, his father being a refugee from Poland. His mother was English. About 1628 Hartlib came to England, public questions of the day. An enthusiastic admirer of Comenius, he published in 1637 his Conatum, Comenian0711M Prceludia, and in 1639 Comenii Pansophice Prodromus et Didactica Dissertatio. In 1… Hartmann, MoritzHARTMANN, MORITZ (1821-1872), a German poet and novelist, was born of Jewish parents at Duschnik in Bohemia, October 15, 1821. He studied at Prague and Vienna, and after a tour in Italy, Switzerland, and South Germany became a teacher in Vienna. He left Austria, however, in 1844, in order to publish without danger a volume of patriotic poems entitled Ketch ?Ind &Invert, which appeared at Leipsic i… Hartmann Von AueHARTMANN VON AUE, a Middle High German poet, was born about 1170. He was of knightly rank, and held a fief at Aue, which was probably on the upper Neckar. He seems to have been educated in a monastery, and was able to read and write. Among his accomplishments was a knowledge of French, and as he took part in the third crusade he must be considered to have passed undenthe influences which were in h… Hartshorn, Spirits OfHARTSHORN, SPIRITS OF, a name signifying originally the ammoniacal liquor obtained by the distillation of horn shavings, afterwards applied to the partially purified similar products of the action of heat on nitrogenous animal matter generally, and now popularly used to designate solution of ammonia. HaruspicesHARUSPICES (literally entrail-observers, ef. Skt. M/4, Gr. xop4, a class of soothsayers in Rome. Their art consisted especially in deducing from the appearance presented by the entrails of the slain victim the will of the gods. They also interpreted all portents or unusual phenomena of nature, especially thunder and lightning, and prescribed the expiatory ceremonies after such events. To please th… Harvard CollegeHARVARD COLLEGE, the earliest institution of learning in the United States and on the continent of North America. The record gives its origin thus. The English colonists on Massachusetts Bay, settling at what is now Boston in 1630, began a plantation the next year three miles up Charles River, which they called "New Towne." The colony court of September 1630 " agreed to give ?400," which exactly d… Harvest-bugHARVEST-BUG, /1. name erroneously applied to the hexapod larval condition of a mite, not one of the Insecta, but belonging to the division Acaridea of the class Arachizida. It is very small, of a brick-red colour, and swarms both among wild vegetation and cultivated plants, especially near the sea, attaching itself, however, on the first opportunity to the bodies of Inman beings, hares, dogs, cats… HarveyHARVEY, Sin GEORGE (1806-1876), a Scottish painter and president of the Royal Scottish Academy, was the son of a watchmaker, and was born at St Ninians, near Stirling, in February 1806. Soon after his birth his parents removed to Stirling, where George was apprenticed to a bookseller. His love for art having, however, become very decided, he in his eighteenth year entered the Trustees' Academy at … Harvey, GabrielHARVEY, GABRIEL (1545-1630), an English writer of the Elizabethan period, was the eldest son of a rope-maker at Saffron Walden, and received his education at Christ's College and Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, where we find him about 1576-78 lecturing on rhetoric. Immediately afterwards he appears to have been sent abroad by his patron the earl of Leicester, to whom he refers in his G?atulationum Waldi… Harvey, WilliamHARVEY, WILLIAM (1578-1657), the discoverer of the circulation of the blood, was the eldest son of Thomas Harvey, a prosperous Kentish yeoman, and was born at Folkestone on April 1, 1578. After passing through the grammar school of Canterbury, on the 31st of May 1593, having just entered his sixteenth year, he became a pensioner of Cains College, Cambridge ; at nineteen he took his B.A. degree, an… HarwichHARWICH, a municipal and parliamentary borough and seaport town of Essex, England, is situated on the extremity of a small peninsula projecting into the estuary of the Stour and Orwell, 70 miles N.E. of London by the Great Eastern Railway. It occupies an elevated situation, and a good view is obtained from Beacon Hill at the southern end of the esplanade. The town is somewhat irregularly built, bu… Harzburg, Or Nettstadt-harzburgHARZBURG, or NETTSTADT-HARZBURG. the chief town of an office in the Brunswick circle of Wolfenbiittel, Prussia, is situated 727 feet above sea-level on the right bank of the Radom, a tributary of the Ocher, and at the terminus of the Brunswick-Harzburg Railway, 5 miles E.S.E. from Goslar and 18 miles S. from Wolfenbiittel. The opening of the railway has made the Harzburg route a principal one for … Harz Mountains, TeteHARZ MOUNTAINS, TETE (also spelt HARTZ, the German Harzgeblive, and the ancient Silva Iferciptia), the most northerly mountain-system of Germany, situated between the rivers Weser and Elbe, occupy an area of about 786 square miles, of which 457 belong to Prussia, 2S6 to Brunswick, and 43 to Anhalt. Their greatest length extends in a S.E. and N.W. direction for about 56 miles, and their maximum bre… HasdrubalHASDRUBAL. HaslingdenHASLINGDEN, a market-town of Lancashire, England, is situated 7 miles S.E. of Blackburn, in a hilly district on the borders of the forest of Rossendale, and is supposed by some to derive its name from the hazel trees which at one time abounded in its neighbourhood. The town formerly stood on the slope of a hill, but the modern part, which is substantially built of stone, has been erected at its ba… HaspsHASPS, a town of Prussia, province of Westphalia, government district of Arnsberg, and circle of Hagen, is situated in the valley of the Ennepe where the Hasper stream joins that river, and on the railway from Dusseldorf to Dortmund, 25 miles north-east of Dusseldorf. HassanHASSAN, a district of Mysore, India, lying between 12? 30' and 13? 22' N. let. and between 75? 32' and 76' 58' E. long. It is bounded on the S.W. by the Madras district of South Kanara, and on the S. partly by the state of Coorg. The main portion of the district consists of the river basin of the Hemavati and its tributaries. It naturally divides into two portions, the Malnad or bill country, whic… Hasse, Johann AdolphHASSE, JOHANN ADOLPH (1699-1783), a musical composer, is a striking instance of the instability of fame. One of the most prolific and most celebrated composers of the 18th century, he is now all but forgotten, and his extant works rest quietly on the shelves of public libraries. He was born at Bergedorf near Hamburg, on March 25, 1699, and received his first musical education from his father. Bein… Hasselquist, FrederickHASSELQUIST, FREDERICK (1722-1752), a Swedish traveller and naturalist, was born near Linkoeping in East Gothland, 3d January 1722. He lost his father at an early age, and his uncle, his sole remaining protector, in his thirteenth year, but succeeded by means of private teaching in supporting himself while continuing his education. In 1711 he entered the university of Upsala, where his taste for t… HasseltHASSELT, a town of Belgium, capital of the province of Limburg, is situated on the Demer and on the railway from Aix-la-Chapelle to Maestricht, 20 miles north-west of Liege. Hassenpflug, Hans DanielHASSENPFLUG, HANS DANIEL . LUDWIG FRIEDRICH (1793-1862), a minister of state in Hesse-Cassel, celebrated as a reactionary, was born at Hanau, in the elec torate of Hesse, in 1793. He studied law at Gottingen, and was appointed by the elector Frederick William I. (then acting as regent) to a subordinate post in that university. He rose rapidly, and proved himself a man of great resolution and energ… HastinapurHASTINAPUR, an ancient city of India, in the Meerut district, North-Western Provinces, lying on the bank of the Burfgangti, or former bed of the Ganges, 22 miles N.E. of Meerut. HastingsHASTINGS, a municipal and parliamentary borough and market-town of Sussex, England, the principal of the Cinque Ports, is picturesquely situated on the southern coast of England, 74 miles from London by the London, Brighton, and South Coast Railway, and 62 by the London and South-Eastern Railway. It lies in two gorges, surrounded by an amphitheatre of hills and cliffs on every side except the sout… Hastings, Francis Rawdon HastingsHASTINGS, FRANCIS RAWDON HASTINGS, FIRST MARQUIS OF (1754-1826), ranks among those governors-general of India who, completing the work of Clive and Warren Hastings, achieved the creation of the Indian empire of England. The services of Lord Hastings in this respect were special and important. He was both governor-general and commander-in-chief in India from 1813 till the end of 1822 ; during that … Hastings, WarrenHASTINGS, WARREN (1732-1818), the first governor-general of British India, was born on the 6th of December 1732 in the little hamlet of Churchill in Oxfordshire. He came of a family which had been settled for many generations in the adjoining village of Daylesford ; but his great-grandfather had sold the ancestral manor-house, and his grandfather had been unable to maintain himself in possession o… Hat1dicanute, HarttiaHAT1DICANUTE, HARTTIA.CNUT3 or HARDIENUT (c. 1018-1042), the last of the Danish sovereigns of England, son of Canute king of England, and his wife Alfgiva Emma, the sister of Richard duke of Normandy, and widow of King Ethelred,was born most probably in 1018 or 1019. When Canute died in 1035 Hardicanute was ruler of Denmark, and Swend, the elder reputed son of Canute by Alfgiva of Northampton, one… Hatfield, Or Bishop's HatfieldHATFIELD, or BISHOP'S HATFIELD, a quiet, old-fashioned market-town of England, in the county of Hertford, is prettily situated on the side of a hill, 171 miles N.N.W. of London by railway. The church of St Etheldreda dates its foundation from Norman times, though only a small portion of the original building is now standing. Hatfield is the seat of a poor-law union embracing ftrar parishes. The po… Hathras, Or HatrasHATHRAS, or HATRAS, a town in the Aligarh district, North-Western Provinces, India, in 27? 35' 31" N. ]at., 78? 6' 9" E. long. Hat ManufactureHAT MANUFACTURE.--Lntil recent times hats were principally merle by the process of felting, and as tradition ascribed the discovery of that very ancient operation to St Clement, he was assumed as the patron saint of the craft, and the annual festival of the trade continues to be held on St Clement's day-, the 23r1 November. At the present day the trade is divided into two distinct classes. The fir… HattingenHATTINGEN, a town of Westphalia, Prussia, in the government district of Arnsberg and the circle of Bochum, is situated on the river Ruhr, about 21 miles N.E. of Dusseldorf. HattoHATTO I. (c. 850-913), tenth archbishop of Mainz, was born of a Swabian family about the middle of the 9th century. Educated at the monastery of Ellwangen or at Fulda, he attracted the attention of the enq eror Arnulf, who in 883 made him abbot of Reichenam in S$9 abbot of Ellwangen, and in 891 archbishop of Mainz, During his reign Hatto acquired much ecclesiastical as well as political power. He … HatvanHATVAN, a market-town in the county- of Heves, Hungary, is situated on the left bank of the Zagyva, at the junction of the Pest-Miskolcz, Hatvan-Rutka, and HatvanSzolnok lines of rail way;a,bout 30 miles E.N.E. of Budapest, 47? 40' N. let., 19? 41' E. long. Hatvan possesses a handsome church and an elegant castle. There are two large cloth factories, and a court of assize is held there. Many of th… Hauch, Johannes CarstenHAUCH, JOHANNES CARSTEN (1790-1872), Danish poet, was born of Danish parents residing at Frederikshald in Norway, on the 12th of May 1790. In 1802 he lost his mother, and in 1803 returned with his father to Denmark. In 1807 he fought as a volunteer against the English invasion. He entered the university of Copenhagen in 180S, and in 1821 took his doctor's degree. He became the friend and associate… Hauge, Hans NielsenHAUGE, HANS NIELSEN (1771-1824), founder of a religious sect within the Lutheran Church of Norway and Denmark, was born in the former country, in the parish of Thunti, April 3, 1771. With the aid of various religious works which he found in his father's house, he laboured to supplement the scanty education which he had received as a peasant's son, In his twenty-sixth year, believing himself divine… Haug, Johann Christoph FriedrichHAUG, JOHANN CHRISTOPH FRIEDRICH (1761-1829), a German epigrammatist, was born March 19, 1761, at Niederstotzingen in Wiirtemberg, and received his early training from his father, who was afterwards professor and preacher at Stuttgart. From the gymnasium in this city Haug passed in 1776 to the Prince Charles academy, where he had Schiller as a fellow scholar, and, after finishing the philosophical… Haug, MartinHAUG, MARTIN (1827-1876), Orientalist, was born at Ostdorf near Balingen, Wiirtemberg, January 30, 1827. As a self-taught lad he became a pupil in the gymnasium at Stuttgart at a comparatively late age ; and in 1848 he entered the university of Tubingen, where he devoted himself to the study of the Oriental languages, and especially of Sanskrit under Roth. He afterwards for some time attended the … HauptmannHAUPTMANN, Moarrz (1792-1868), although a composer of ability, was of infinitely greater importance as a writer on the theory of music. He was born at Dresden, October 13, 1792, and studied music under Scholz, Lanska, Grosse, and Morlacchi, the rival of Weber. Afterwards he completed his education as a violinist and composer under Spohr, and till 1820 held various appointments in private families,… Haupt, MoritzHAUPT, MORITZ or Monn (1808-1874), one of the principal representatives at once of classical and of vernacular philology in Germany, was born at Zittau, in Lusatia, July 27, 1808. His early education was mainly conducted by his father, Ernst Friedrich Haupt, burgomaster of Zittau, a man of good scholarly attainment, who used to take pleasure in turning German hymns or Goethe's poems into Latin, an… Hauser, KasparHAUSER, KASPAR, a German youth whose life was remarkable from the circumstances of apparently inexplicable mystery in which it was involved. He appeared on NIay 20, 1828, in the streets of Nuremberg, dressed in the garb of a peasant, and with such a helpless and bewildered air that he attracted the attention of the passers-by. In his possession was found a letter purporting to be written by a poor… Havana, Havannah, Or HabanaHAVANA, HAVANNAH, or HABANA, more fully San Cristobal de la Havana, the capital of Cuba, and one of the principal seats of commerce in the New World, is situated on the northern coast of the island in 23? 9' 24" N. lat. and 82? 22' 35" W. long. From the sea it presents a picturesque appearance. The background is indeed tame; but the long lines of fortifications, the church-towers, and the shipping… HavelbergHAVELBERG, an ancient town of Brandenburg, Prussia, in the . government district of Potsdrun and the circle of Westpriegnitz, is situated on the Havel, about 6i miles from its junction with the Elbe. The nearest station is Glowen (61 miles), on the Berlin and Hamburg Railway. The town is built partly on an island in the Havel and partly on hills on the right bank of the river, on one of which stan… Havelock, Sir HenryHAVELOCK, SIR HENRY (1795-1857), an eminent British soldier, was the second of four brothers (all of whom entered the army), and was born at Ford Hall, Bishop-Wearmoutb, Sunderland, on the 5th of April 1795. His parents were William Havelock, a wealthy shipbuilder in Sunderland, and Jane, daughter of John Carter, solicitor at Stockton-on-Tees. When about five years old FTenry accompanied his elder… Havercamp, SigebertHAVERCAMP, SIGEBERT (1633-1742), classical editor and numismatist, was born at Utrecht in December 1683. After studying at the university of his native town and at Leyden, he entered the church, and became minister of Stad-aanit Harinewliet, in the island of Overflakkee. There he remained till 1721, when he succeeded Gronovius in the Greek chair at Leyden, becoming shortly afterwards professor of … HaverfordwestHAVERFORDWEST (in Welsh HWIA,FORDO, the chief town of Pembrokeshire, a seapoi t, market-town, parliamentary and municipal borough, and county by itself, is picturesquely situated on a hill overlooking the West Cleddau river, 8 miles N.N.E. of Milford, and 27G miles W.N.W. of London. The town is clean and well built, though somewhat irregular, owing to its position. Its principal buildings are the … HaverhillHAVERHILL, a city in Essex county, Massachusetts, United States, is situated on the north bank of the Merrimack river, 18 miles from its mouth, and opposite the towns of Bradford and Groveland, with which it is connected by two fine bridges. It has railway communication with Boston, which is 32 miles south, and with Portland, 78 miles north. The city contains a handsome soldiers' monument of white… Havre, LeHAVRE, LE (originally HAVRE DE Gat,'1cE), a town of France, the second to Marseilles in importance as a seaport, capital of an arrondissement in the department of SeineInferieure, is situated on the north bank of the estuary of the Seine, 143 miles N.W. of Paris and 55W. of Rouen by rail. The greater part of the town stands on a level plain, but from the heights on which Ingouville, since 1856 uni… Hawaiian Or Sandwich IslandsHAWAIIAN OR SANDWICH ISLANDS, THE, a group of eight inhabited and four uninhabited islands in the North Pacific Ocean, lying between 18? 54' and 22? 2' N. hit. and 155? and 161? W. long. The group has a trend of about N. 61? W., which is nearly the trend of all the Pacific groups. From Honolulu, the capital, on Oahu, the distance to San Francisco is 2100 miles ; to Auckland, New Zealand, 3810 mile… HawardenHAWARDEN, a market-town of Ffintsli ire, North Wales, 8 miles S.W. of Chester, is a clean and tolerably well-built place, situated on an eminence commanding an extensive prospect.. It lies in the midst of a coal district, and near it are valuable clay-beds. Coarse earthenware, draining-tiles, and fire-clay bricks form the chief manufactures of the district. The family of Maude derive the title of … HawesHAWES, Srnmins, a minor English poet of the 16th century. Neither the date of his birth nor that of his death has been ascertained, and all the known facts of his life may be stated in a few lines. He was probably a member of a Suffolkshire family, studied at Oxford, with what success we can only conjecture, travelled in England, Scotland, and France, and having acquired the reputation of a man of… Hawes, WilliamHAWES, WILLIAM (1785-1846), an English musician of some merit, is remembered chiefly by the fact that through his instrumentality Weber's Der Preischiitz was for the first time performed in England. This event took place July 24, 1824, and led eventually to Weber's removal to London. Hawes was born in London in 1785, and was for eight years (1793-1801) a chorister of the Chapel Royal, where he stu… HawfinchHAWFINCH, a bird so called from the belief that the fruit of the hawthorn (Cratavus Oxyacantha) forms its chief food, the Loxia coccothranstes of Linnaeus, and the Coccothraustes vulgaris of modern ornithologists, one of the largest of the Finch family (Fringillidce), and found over nearly the whole of Europe, in Africa north of the Atlas, and in Asia from Palestine to Japan. It was formerly thoug… HawickHAWICK, a municipal and parliamentary borough of Roxburghshire in Scotland, 10 miles S.W. of Jedburgh, and 53 miles S.S.E. of Edinburgh by rail, is situated on the south bank of the Teviot at its junction with the Slitrig, wild and irregular stream that flows through the town. A handsome bridge, spanning the Teviot, connects Hawick with the manufacturing village of Wilton, which is practically a s… HawkHAWK (Anglo-Saxon, Ifafoc), a word of somewhat indefinite meaning, being often used to signify all diurnal Birds-of-prey which are neither Vultures nor Eagles, and again more exclusively for those of the remainder which are not Buzzards, Falcons, Harriers, or Kites. Even with this restriction it is comprehensive enough, and will include more than a hundred species, which have been arrayed in gener… Hawke, Edward HawkeHAWKE, EDWARD HAWKE, BARON (1705-1781), an English admiral, was the son of a barrister and was horn in 1705. He entered the navy at an early age, and in 1733 became commander of the " Wolf." In the engagement off Toulon in 1744-, he broke from the line of battle in order to engage the "ruder," and although he succeeded in causing her to strike her colours, his breach of discipline was punished by … Hawkesworth, JohnHAWKESWORTH, JOHN (c. 1715-1773), an author of the last century, was born in London, according to one account in 1715, but according to another in 1719. He is said to have been apprenticed first to a clockmaker and afterwards to an attorney, but at any rate he was indebted for the. education requisite for the prosecution of a literary career chiefly to his own perseverance. In 1744 he succeeded Dr… Hawkins, Sir JohnHAWKINS, SIR JOHN (1719-1789), will be permanently remembered as the author of an important work on the history of music. He was born March 30, 1719, in London, the son of an architect who destined his son for his own profession. Ultimately, however, Hawkins took to the law, devoting his leisure hours to his favourite study of music. A wealthy marriage in 1753 enabled him to indulge his passion fo… Hawkins, Sir JohnHAWKINS, SIR JOHN (c. 1532-1595), was born in Plymouth about 1532, and was bred a sailor. Learning that uegroes from the coast of Guinea were good merchandize for traffic in the West Indies, he made trial of this in three voyages, the first in 1562, the second in 1561. The third, made in company with young Drake in 1567, ended in disaster, the story of which is related by Hawkins himself. He was r… Hawk-wood, Sir JohnHAWK-WOOD, SIR JOHN (ob. 1394), an English adventurer who attained great wealth and renown by his services as a condottiere in the Italian wars of the 14th century. According to the accepted if not the authenticated account of his life, he was the son of a tanner of Sible Hedinghana in Essex, and was apprenticed to a tailor in London. Pressed into the army, he served with honour in France, obtaine… HawthornHAWTHORN (Anglo-Saxon, kaga-, Leg-, or hege-thorn), Cratayus, L., a genus of plants of the natural order Rosacece and sub-order Pomece. The common hawthorn, termed also whitethorn, quickthorn, quickset, and May tree, May bush, or May (German, Hagedorn and Christdorn; French, Aubepine), C. Oxyacantha, L., is a shrub or small tree having a smooth blackish bark ; numerous branches, beset usually with… Haxdon, Benjamin RobertHAXDON, BENJAMIN ROBERT (1786-1846), historical painter mid writer, was born at Plymouth, January 26, 1786. His mother was the daughter of the Rev. Benjamin Cobley, rector of Doolbrook, Devon, whose son, General Sir Thomas Cobley, signalized himself in the Russian service at tire siege of Ismail. His father, a prosperous printer, stationer, and publisher, was a man of literary taste, and was well … Haxthausen, August Franz Ludwig Maria VonHAXTHAUSEN, AUGUST FRANZ LUDWIG MARIA VON (1792-1867), baron of Haxthausen-Abbenburg, was born on his father's estate near Paderborn in Westphalia, February 3, 1792. Educated at first at home, he proceeded in 1811 to the school of mining at Klausthal in the Harz, and after serving in the Hanoverian army in 1813-15, entered the university of Gottingen. On finishing his course there in 1818, he occu… Haydn, JosephHAYDN, JOSEPH (1732-1809), one of the most celebrated composers of the 18th century, was born at Rohrau, a village in Lower Austria, March 31, 1732. Schindler relates that when Beethoven, not long before his death, received a picture of Haydn's birthplace, he exclaimed" How wonderful that so great a man should have been born in a peasant's cottage." This cottage, which is still standing, had been … Hay FeverHAY FEVER., HAY ASTHMA, or SUMMER CATARRH, a term applied to a catarrhal affection of the respiratory mucous membrane occurring in some individuals during the hay season, and generally believed to be due to the inhalation of the emanations from the spring grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum). It is an ailment of comparatively rare occurrence. The symptoms are those commonly experienced in the case of a s… Hay Ne, Robert YoungHAY NE, ROBERT YOUNG (1791-1840), American statesman, was born in St Paul's parish, Colleton district, South Carolina, on November 10, 1791. He studied law at Charleston, S.C., and in his twenty-first year was admitted to the bar there, but in the same year (1812) served for a short time as a soldier in the war with Great Britain. Returning to practise in Charleston, Hayne was elected a member of … HayterHAYTER, Sin GEORGE (1789-1871), principal painter in ordinary to the queen, was the son of a popular drawing-master and teacher of perspective who published a well-known introduction to perspective and other works. The son was born in London, and in his early youth went to sea. He afterwards studied in the Royal Academy, became a miniature-painter, and was appointed in 1815 miniature-painter to th… Hayward, Sir JohnHAYWARD, SIR JOHN (c. 1560-1627), one of the earliest writers of English history as distinguished from the old chroniclers, was born about 1560 at or near Felixstow on the coast of Suffolk. According to a statement in his will he "received the means of his education" out of the parish of Felixstow. It is affirmed by the old authorities that he studied at Cambridge and took the degree of doctor in … Hazara, Or HuzaraHAZARA, or HUZARA, a British district in the lieutenant-governorship of the Punjab, India, lying between 33? 45' and 35? 2' N. lat., and between 72? 35' 30" and 74? 9' E. long. It forms the north-eastern district of the PeshAwar Division, and is bounded on the N. by the Black Mountains, the Swathi country, Kohistan, and Childs ; on the E, by the native state of Kashmir ; on the S. by Rawal Pindi d… HazardHAZARD, a game played with dice. The player or " caster" calls a "main" (that is, any number from five to nine inclusive). He then throws with two dice. If he " throws in," or " nicks," he wins the sum played for from the banker or " setter." Five is a nick to five, six and twelve are nicks to six, seven and eleven to seven, eight and twelve to eight, and nine to nine. If the caster " throws out" … HazaribaghHAZARIBAGH, a British district iu the lieutenant-governorship of Bengal, India, lying between 23? 25' and 24? 48' N. lat., and between 84? 29' and 86? 38' E. long. It is bounded on the N. by the districts of Gaya and lionghyr, on the E. by the Santa Parganas and Manbhtim districts, on the S. by Lohardaga, and on the W. by Lohardaga and Gaya; it forms the north-east portion of the Chutia Nagpur div… HazelHAZEL (Anglo-Saxon, Ikesel ;1 German, lIasel; French, Noisetier, Coudriet), Corylus, Tournef., a genus of shrubs or low trees of the natural order Cupuliferce and sub-order Corylem The common hazel, Corylus Avellana, L., is distributed throughout Europe, in North Africa, and in Central and Russian Asia, except the northernmost parts. It is commonly found in hedges and coppices, and as an undergrow… HazletonHAZLETON, a post - borough of Luzerne county, Pennsylvania, U.S., is situated about SO miles N.N.W. of Philadelphia. Hazlitt, WilliamHAZLITT, WILLIAM (1778-1830), one of the most eminent of English critics, was born April 10, 1778, at Maidstone, where his father was minister of the Presbyterian congregation. He was educated privately, and afterwards at the Unitarian College at Hackney, where he first began to speculate upon metaphysical subjects. Feeling disinclined to enter the dissenting ministry, he returned to Wem in Shrops… He1tistalHE1tISTAL. See HERSTAL. HERITABLE JURISDICTIONS, in the law of Scotland, were grants of jurisdiction made to a man and his heirs. They were a usual accompaniment to feudal tenures, and the power which they conferred on great families, being recognized as a source of danger to the state, led to frequent attempts being made by statute to restrict them, both before and after the Union. They were all … Head, Sir Edmund WalkerHEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART., (1805-1868), a popular writer on art, was born in 1805 at Wiarton Place, near Maidstone in Kent. He was educated at 'Winchester school and Oriel College, Oxford, and taking his degree with first-class honours in classics, lie became in 1827 fellow of .Merton College, and in 1834 university examiner in classics. Two years later lie married ; and on his father's de it… Head, Sir Francis BondHEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART. (1793-1875), soldier, traveller, and author, son of James Roper Head of the Hermitage, Kent, was born there January 1, 1793. He served with the Royal Engineers at the battles of Waterloo and Fleurus, and when lie retired from the army lie had risen to the rank of major. In 1825 lie accepted the charge of an association formed to work the gold and silver mines of Rio d… Head, Sir GeorgeHEAD, SIR GEORGE (1782-1855), brother of the preceding, was born in 1782. lie was educated at the Charterhouse. In 1808 he received an appointment in the commissariat of the British army in the Peninsula, where he was a witness of many exciting scenes and important battles, of which he gave an interesting account in " Memoirs of an Assistant Commissary-General" attached to the second volume of his… Hearne, SamuelHEARNE, SAMUEL (1745-1702), an English explorer, was born at London in 1745. At the age of eleven he entered the Royal Navy as midshipman in the vessel of Lord Hood, but at the conclusion of the war he took service with the Hudson's Bay Company as quartermaster. In 1768 he was appointed to examine portions of the coast of Hudson's Bay with a view to the improvement of the cod-fishing, when he exec… Hearne, ThomasHEARNE, THOMAS (1678-1735), an English antiquary, was born in 1678 at Littlefield Green, in the parish of White Waltham, Berkshire, where his father, the parish clerk, in payment of the rental of the vicarage house in which he lived, taught ten boys yearly. Thomas, after of Bray, "on purpose to learn the Latin tongue." This gentleman in 1695 took him into his house, and his education was continued… Heart, Diseases Of TheHEART, DISEASES OF THE, form a large proportion of the most serious disorders that afflict mankind, in youth as well as in advanced life. For the structure and functions of the organ the reader is referred to ANATOMY and In the early ages of medicine, the absence of correct anatomical, physiological, and pathological knowledge prevented diseases of the heart from being recognized with any certaint… HeatHEAT is a property of matter which first became known to us by one of six very distinct senses. ? I. Sense of Heat. - The sense of touch, as commonly meant, has two distinct objects - force and heat. If a person stretches out his hand till it meets anything solid, or holds it out while something solid is placed upon it, he experiences a sensation of force. lie perceives resistance to the previous … HeathHEATH, the English form of a name given in most Teutonic dialects to the common ling or heather, but now applied to all species of Erica, an extensive genus of monopetalous plants, belonging to the order Ericacem. The heaths are evergreen shrubs, with small narrow leaves, in whorls usually set rather thickly on the shoots ; the persistent flowers have 4 sepals, and a 4-cleft campanulate or tubular… Heathcoat, JohnHEATHCOAT, JOHN (1783-1861), the author of important inventions for facilitating the manufacture of Buckingham or French lace, was born at Duffield near Derby in 1783. During his apprenticeship to a framesmith near Loughborough, he made an improvement in the construction of the warp-loom, so as to produce mitts of a lace-like appearance by means of it. He commenced business on his own account at N… HeatingHEATING. In temperate latitudes the climate is generally such as to necessitate in dwellings, during a great portion of the year, a temperature warmer than that out of doors, and, similarly, tropical plants growing in temperate climates require artificial heat in 'the house in which they are preserved. Thus heating is required for health and comfort : the object of the application of science is to… HeberdenHEBERDEN, WiLuAm (1710-1801), a practical physician of some celebrity, was born in London in the year 1710. Iu the end of 1724 he was sent to St John's College, Cambridge, where he obtained a fellowship about 1730, became master of arts in 1732, and took his degree in physic in 1739. He remained at Cambridge about ten years longer as a practitioner of physic, and gave an annual course of lectures … Heber, ReginaldHEBER, REGINALD (1783-1826), a distinguished prelate and hymn-writer, was born at Malpas in Cheshire in 1783. He early showed remarkable promise, and was entered in November 1800 at Brasenose College, Oxford, where he proved a distinguished student, carrying off prizes for a Latin poem entitled Carmen Seculare, an English poem on Palestine, and a prose essay on The Sense of Honour. In November 180… He Bert, Jacques ReneHE BERT, JACQUES RENE (1755-1791), a French revolutionist, surnamed from the newspaper he edited " Le Pere Djchesue," was born of obscure parents at Alencon in 1755. He came at an early age to Paris, where he lost more than one situation through malversation, and was in abject poverty when the occurrence of the French Revolution opened up to him a career in which he obtained considerable temporary… Hebrew Language And LiteratureHEBREW LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. The name Ifebren, (Latin, Hebrceus; Greek, Zflpa70s) is a transcription of `eb2-4(1, the Aramaic equivalent of the original Old Testament word "*.q1/, pl. 'ibrbn, which is the proper Gentile name of the people who also bore the collective name of Israel or Children of Israel (Una Israel). The name of Israel with its sacred associations in the patriarchal history is … Hebrews, Epistle To TheHEBREWS, EPISTLE TO THE. The New Testament writing usually known under this name, or less correctly as the Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Hebrews, bears in else - the authorship, the address, the date - was unknown or disputed in the early church, and continues to form matter of dispute in the present day. But as far back as the latter pact of the 2d century the destination of the epistle "to …
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