Hebrides, The, Or Western Isles Of ScotlandHEBRIDES, THE, or WESTERN ISLES OF SCOTLAND, iS a name sometimes applied collectively to all the islands on the west coast of Scotland, but seldom including Bute, Arran, and the other islands situated in the Firth of Clyde. The group is usually divided into the Outer Hebrides, or Long Island, and the Inner Hebrides. The former division embraces the Lewis, Harris, North and South Hist, Benbecula, B… HebronHEBRON, the most southern of the three cities of refuge west of Jordan (Josh. xx. 7), built "seven years before 'Loan (Tanis) in Egypt" (Num. xiii. 22). Tanis, according to Brugsch, was standing at least 2400 years B.C. Hebron was originally called Mamre and Kirjath Arba, after Arba, one of the Anakim (Josh. xiv. 15). It is frequently mentioned in the Old Testament (Gen. xiii. 18 and xxiii. 19 ; 2… HecateHECATE, a Greek goddess who is never mentioned in Homer, but is of great importance in other parts of the literature as well as in religious observance. The name Hecatos, the masculine corresponding form, is a frequent epithet of Apollo ; and though the word 4K0'..rn is never used exactly as an epithet of Artemis, yet this suggests a close relationship between the two goddesses, which an examinati… HecatieusHECATIEUS, of Abdera, sometimes Confounded with Hecatmus of Miletus, was a dreek historian and philosopher of the 4th century B.C. HecatieusHECATIEUS, son of Hegesander, was sprung from an ancient and noble family of Miletus. His life seems to fall between the years 550 and 475 B.C. His earlier years were spent in travelling. He lived some time in Egypt (Herod., ii. 113) ? he was well acquainted with the resources and power of Persian empire (Herod., v. 34); and the extant fragments of his writings seem to imply personal acquaintance … HectorHECTOR, son of Priam and Hecuba, the champion of the Trojans and the mainstay of their city. Like Paris and other Trojans, he had an Oriental name, Darius, as well as a Greek one, an interesting fact on which many fanciful theories have been founded. He was married to Andromache, daughter of Eetion, king in the Cilician Thebe. By Homer his character is drawn in most favourable colours as a good so… HecubaHECUBA (the Latin form of the Greek IIekabe), wife of Priam, is in Homer daughter of the Phrygian king Dymas, who dwelt on the bank of the Sangarius ; but according to Euripides, Virgil, 47c., her father was named Cisseus. According to Homer she was mother of nineteen of Priam's fifty sons: When Troy was captured and Priam slain, she was made prisoner by the Greeks. Her fate is told in various way… HedgehogHEDGEHOG (Erinaceus europceus, Linn.), the Common -Urchin of Pennant, Herisson of the French, Ricci? of the Italians, Igel of the Germans, is the best known, and from an anatomical point of view perhaps the most characteristic, of the Insectivora. The genus is remarkable for its dentition, its armature of spines, and its short tail, while the ordinary species is characterized by not having the spi… Heem, Jan Davidsz VanHEEM, JAN DAVIDSZ VAN (or JOHANNES DE), was born according to Houbraken and Sandrart in 1604, according to Descarrips in 1600, at Utrecht, and died at Antwerp in 1683 or 1684. Thord has said of Heda, but it is only true of De Heem, that " he glorified insects, butterflies, and all the minute beings that swarm in vegetation, and made the moth drink in cups of chased gold." He was, if not the first,… Heemskerk, Johan VanHEEMSKERK, JOHAN VAN (1597-1656), Dutch poet, was born at Amsterdam in 1597. He was educated as a child at Bayonne, and entered the university of Leyden in 1617. In 1621 he went abroad on the grand tour, leaving behind him his first volume of poems, Minnekunst (The Art of Love), which appeared in 1622. He was absent from Holland four years. He was made master of arts at Bourges in 1623, and in 162… Heemskerk, Martin JacobszHEEMSKERK, MARTIN JACOBSZ (1498-1574), sometimes called Van Veen, was born at Heemskerk in Holland in 1498, and apprenticed by his father, a small farmer, to Cornelisz Willemsz, a painter at Haarlem. Recalled after a time to the paternal homestead and put to the plough or the milking of cows, young Heemskerk took the first opportunity that offered to run away, and demonstrated his wish to leave ho… Hegel, Georg Wilhelm FriedrichHEGEL, GEORG WILHELM FRIEDRICH (1770-1831), was born at Stuttgart on the 27th August 1770. His father, an official in the fiscal service of Wiirtemberg, is not otherwise known to fame ; and of his mother, who died when her eldest son, the future philosopher, was in his fourteenth year, we only hear that she had scholarship enough to teach him the elements of Latin. He had one sister, Christiana, w… Heiberg, Johan LudvigHEIBERG, JOHAN LUDVIG (1791-1860), Danish poet and critic, was the son of the political writer Peter Andreas Heiberg, and of the fatuous novelist, afterwards the Baroness Gyllembourg-Ehrensvard. He was born at Copenhagen, December 14, 1791. In 1800 his father was exiled, and he was taken by Rahbek and his excellent wife into their house at Bakkehuset. They found him, however, very difficult to man… HeideHEIDE, a town of Prussia, chief town of the circle of North Ditmarsh, province of Schleswig-Holstein, is situated on a small plateau which stands between the marshes and moors bordering the North Sea, 35 miles N.N.W. of Gliickstadt. Heidegger, Joiin HenryHEIDEGGER, JOIIN HENRY (1633-1698), theologian, was born at Barentschweil, in the canton of Zurich, Switzer. land, on July 1, 1633. He began his studies in his native country, and completed them at Marburg and Heidelberg. Becoming doctor of philosophy at the latter university, he soon afterwards was appointed professor cxtraordinarius of Hebrew, and later of philosophy. From Heidelberg he was in 1… HeidelbergHEIDELBERG, a German university city iu the Baden circle and jurisdiction of the same name, lies in 49? 24' N. lat. and 8? 41' 32" E. long., at the foot of the Castlaill, a spur of the Konigsstuhl on the south bank of the Neekax, about 12 miles from the junction of that river with the Rhine. The situation of the town is one of romantic beauty. Placed at the opening of the winding Neckar valley, i… Heideloff, Kart, AlexanderHEIDELOFF, KART, ALEXANDER vox (1788-1865), a German architect, was the son of Victor Peter Ileideloff, a painter of some reputation, and was born at Stuttgart 2d February 1788. HeilbronnHEILBRONN, a town of Wiirtemberg, in the circle of the Neckar, is situated in a pleasant and fruitful valley on the Neckar, and at the junction of several railways, 26 miles N. of Stuttgart. It is the seat of a circle court, a jury court, a superior tribunal, a head tax office, and a chamber of commerce. In the older part of the town the streets are narrow, and it contains a number of high turrete… HeiligenstadtHEILIGENSTADT, a town of Prussian Saxony, government district of Erfurt, is situated on the Leine and on the railway from Halle-to Cassel, 32 miles E.N.E. of Cassel. HeilsbergHEILSBERG, a town of Prussia, capital of a circle in the government district of Konigsberg, is situated at the junction of time Simser and Alle, 38 miles S. of Konigsberg. Heilsbronn, Or Kloster-heilseronnHEILSBRONN, or KLOSTER-HEILSERONN, a market-village in the Bavarian government of Middle Franconia, with a station on the railway between Nuremberg and Ansbach. In 1871 it had only 998 inhabitants, but in the Middle Ages it was the seat of one of the great monasteries of Germany. This foundation, which belonged to the Cistercian order, owed its origin to Bishop Otto of Batnberg in 1132, and contin… HeimHEIM, FRANcors JOSEPH (1787-1865), French painter, belongs to that group of painters in whose works we find the special characteristics of the Restoration. Born at Belfort on 16th, December 1787, he early distinguished E himself at the Ecole Centralo of Strasburg, and in 1803 entered the studio of Vincent at Paris. In 1807 he obtained the first prize, and in 1812 his picture of The Return of Jacob… Heimart, JohannHEIMART, JOHANN FRIEDIlien (1776-1841), was horn of cultured parents at Oldenburg in 1776. He showed his bent towards philosophy while still a child, and after studying under Fichte at Jena gave his first philosophical lectures at Gottingen in 1805, whence lie removed in 1809 to occupy the chair formerly held by Kant at Konigsberg. Here he also established and conducted a seminary of peedagogy til… HeinecciusHEINECCIUS, JorrANN GOTTLIEB (1681-1741), a celebrated jurist, was born llth September 1681 at Eisenberg. He studied theology at Lcipsic and law at Halle ; and at the latter place he was appointed in 1713 professor of philosophy, in 1718 extraordinary, and in 1720 ordinary professor of jurisprudence. He subsequently filled legal chairs at Franeker in Holland and at Frankfort, but finally returned … Heine, HeinriciiHEINE, HEINRICII (1799-1856), poet and journalist, was born, according to the most trustworthy accounts, on the 13th December 1799, at Dusseldorf, of Jewish parents. His father, after various vicissitudes in business, bad finally settled in that town, and his mother, who seems to have possessed much energy of character, was the daughter of a physician of the same place. Heine received the rudiment… Heinse, Johann Jacob WilhelmHEINSE, JOHANN JACOB WILHELM (C. 1746-1803), German romance writer, was born at Langenwiesen in the Thuringian Forest, February 16, 1746, or, according to some accounts, February 15, 1749. He was educated at the gymnasium of Schleusingen, and afterwards, through many privations, studied law at Jena and Erfurt. At Erfurt he became known to Wieland, and through Wieland's recommendation to the poet G… HelderHELDER, or Tutu HELDER, a township of the Netherlands at the northern extremity of the province of North Holland, directly opposite the island of Texel. Since 1S19 it has been the terminus of the North Holland Canal, and it is now connected (since 1865) by railway with Alkmaar and Haarlem. Its fortifications and its dykes are both constructed on an extensive scale, the former comprising four batte… HelenaHELENA, daughter of Zeus and of Leda the wife of Tyndareus king of Sparta, was sister of Castor, Pollux, and Clytemnestra, and was married to Menelaus, According to Homer she was obliged by Aphrodite to flee with Paris to Troy; and after the Trojan War site returned with Menelaus and lived with him as queen in Sparta. She had only one child, a daughter named Hermione, who was married to Neoptolemu… Helena, SaintHELENA, SAINT, a woman of humble origin, said to have been the daughter of an innkeeper, was the wife of Constantias CMorus. Of her nationality nothing certain is known. She had one son, Constantine the Great. In 292 A.D. Chlorus was raised to the purple by the emperors Diocletian and Maximian, and forced to divorce Helena to make room for a more noble wife. After her son became emperor she was tr… HelensburghHELENSBURGH, a town and favourite watering-place of Dumbartonshire, Scotland, is situated at the mouth of the Gareloch, a branch of the Firth of Clyde, opposite Greenock, which is about 4 miles distant. It is 21 miles N.W. of Glasgow by railway. In 1776 the site of the town was advertised for feuing, and in 1802 Helcnsburgh, named after Lady Helen, wife of Sir James Colquhoun, the superior of the … HeliandHELIAND (i.e., Reiland) is an Old Saxon poem of the 9th century. According to some critics it is a fragment of a larger work which dealt with the entire historical material of the Old and New Testaments. The part which we now possess sets forth the life of Christ as told by the four evangelists, whose various narratives the author seeks to harmonize. The poem is said to have been composed by a Sax… HeliconHELICON, a mountain, or more strictly a mountain range., of Bceotia in ancient Greece, celebrated in classical literature as the favourite haunt of the muses, is situated between Lake Copais and the Gulf of Corinth. On the fertile eastern slopes stood a temple and grove sacred to the Muses, and adorned with beautiful statues, which, taken by Constantine the Great to beautify his new city, were con… HeliodorusHELIODORUS, son of Theodosius, was born at Emesa in Syria, in the second half of the 4th century. He belonged to a family of priests of the Syrian sun-god Elagabah's, but he was himself a Christian, and became bishop of Tricca in Thessaly. He is famous as the author of the best of the Greek love-romances. It is called JEthiopica, as it relates the history of Chariclea, daughter of Hydaspes, king o… HeliogabalusHELIOGABALUS, a Grcized form of Elagabalus, the name of a Syrian deity, was the name adopted by Varius Avitus Bassianus, the Roman emperor. His pedigree is given in the accompanying table ; - Bassi:mu Julia Dallona= Emp. Sept. Severus Julia 31a;Isa=ANitus CIaraealla I Julia Soxinias=S. Varius klareellus Julia Manima,a Emp. Helgabalus Emp. Alex. Severus On the murder of Caracalla (217 A.D.), Julia … HeliographyHELIOGRAPHY is the name applied to the method of communicating between distant points in which visual signals are obtained by reflecting the rays of the sun from a mirror or combination of mirrors in the required direction. This method can of course be only employed to advantage in places where the sky is free from clouds and the atmosphere clear for considerable periods of time, and the fact that… Heliotrope, Or BloodstoneHELIOTROPE, or BLOODSTONE, a cryptocrystalline variety of quartz, darlfgreen in colour, with small spots of red jasper, resembling drops of blood. Heliotrope, Or TurnsolHELIOTROPE, or TURNSOL?, IIeliotropium, L. (Greek,. 7' I Atorp677-cov, i.e., a plant which follows the sun with its flowers and leaves, or, according to Theophrastus, Hist. Plant., vii. 15, which flowers at the summer solstice), a genus of usually more or less hairy herbs or undershrubs of the tribe Heliotropiece of the natural order Boraginecr, having alternate, rarely sub-opposite leaves ; small… HellanicusHELLANICUS, the most important of the Greek logographers, was a native of Mytilene. His father was named Andromenes or Aristomenes. His life, which, as Lucian tells, lasted eighty-five years, extends over the 5th century B.C., but the date of his birth is uncertain, and the circumstances of his career are unknown. If the quotation in the scholiast on Aristoph., Ran., 706, can be trusted (fr. 80), … HelleboreHELLEBORE (Greek, aXePopos ; Modern Greek also irrx(1477; German, Nieswurz, Christwurz; French, ellebore, and, in the district of Avranche, herbe enrayee), Helleborus, L., a genus of plants of the natural order Ranunculacece,1 natives of Europe, -Western Asia, and North America. The leaves2 are palmate or pedate (Burixv, vol. iv. p. 111., fig. 108), are usually solitary, and have five persistent p… HellenistsHELLENISTS (`EXX7FraTa0 was the name usually applied by those who called themselves Greeks (Hellenes) to all Griecizing and more especially to all Greek-speaking foreigners,-a class which, after the conquests of Alexander the Great, formed a large and important element in almost every community throughout the civilized world. More particularly the word is applied in the New Testament (Acts vi. 1 ;… HellespontHELLESPONT, the modern DARDANELLES (vol. p. 823), is variously named in classical literature `1])a.1;cr7rovres, Hellespontus, o "EXA7is 7rcivras, Pontus Helles, Hellespontum Pelagus, and Fretum Hellesponticum. It received its name from Helle, in Greek mythology, daughter of Athamas, king of Orchomenus in Lomtia, and of the goddess Nephele, whom he had married at the command of Hera (Juno). Athamas… HellinHELLIN (Illununi), a town of Spain, in the province of Albacete, is situated on the slope of the Sierra de Segura, 35 miles S.S.E. of Albacete. Hell Ot, PierreHELL OT, PIERRE (1660-1716), monastic historian, was born at Paris in January 1660, of supposed English descent. After spending his youth in study, he entered in his twenty. fourth year the convent of the third order of St Francis, founded at Picpus, near Paris, by his uncle JerOme Helyot-, canon of St Sepulchre. There he took the name of Pere Hippolyte. Two journeys to Rome on monastic business a… Helm Ers, Jan FrederikHELM ERS, JAN FREDERIK (1767-181 3), Dutch poet, was born at Amsterdam, March 7, 1767. HelmetHELMET, or IfErzi (A nglo-Saxon,Helen ; Italian, Elme, Elmetto ; French, Heuume ; Icelandic, Iljalenr), is the term used in a general sense to include the various forms of head defences which were either made in solid metal or of metal plates. The form of helmet used among the Assyrians, as shown by the monumental sculptures, was a close-fitting skull-cap, round or conical, sometimes surmounted by… HelmondHELMOND, a town of the Netherlands, in the province of North Brabant, to the left of the river Aa, with a station (since 1866) on the state railway between Venloo and Eindhoven. The castle of Helmond remains a beautiful specimen of the architecture of the 15th century, and among the other buildings of note in the town are the spacious church of St Lambert, the Reformed church, and the town-house. … Helmont, Jean Baptiste VanHELMONT, JEAN BAPTISTE VAN (1577-1644), was born at Brussels in 1577. He was educated at Louvain, and began the study of natural science under the Jesuits in that city. Their hard and dry philosophy, however, had few attractions for a nature so ardent and imaginative as his. Turning for relief to other systems, he found no rest except in the mysticism of A Kernpis and Tauler. From them he learned … Helmstadt, Or HelmstedtHELMSTADT, or HELMSTEDT, a town of Germany in the- duchy of Brunswick, is situated on the railway from Magdeburg to Brunswick, 23 miles E. of Brunswick. It is the seat of a circle directorate, and of a circle and a district court. The principal buildings are the Juleum in the Byzantine style, founded by Duke Julius of Brunswick in 1575 for the university which was abolished in 1809, and now contai… HelotsHELOTS, in Grecian antiquity, were the serfs or bondsmen of the Spartans. The most probable of the various explanations of their origin seems to be that they were the early aborigines of Laconia, who at the time of the Dorian invasion were reduced to slavery by the conquerors. The name is perhaps best derived from the root JA, found in Aeiv, 7Xuw, and other words. The Helots were the lowest class … Helps, Sir ArthurHELPS, SIR ARTHUR (1813-1875), fourth and youngest son of Thomas and Ann Frisquett Helps, was born at Balham Hill, in the parish of Streatham and county of Surrey, on the 10th of July 1813. His father was then and for many years afterwards head of a large mercantile house in the city of London, and for the last thirteen years of his life treasurer of St Bartholomew's Hospital. His mother was the o… Helsingfoi1sHELSINGFOI1S (Finnish, Helsinki), chief city of the grand-duchy of Finland and the government of Nyland, in the district Helsinge, on the Gulf of Finland, 274 miles by rail west of St Petersburg. The latitude of the observatory is 60? 9' 4" N., and longitude 21? 57' 39" E. from Greenwich. The town is well laid out, with long and wide streets running at right angles. The houses are large and well b… HelstonHELSTON, a municipal and parliamentary borough and market-town of England, county of Cornwall, is situated on the declivity of a hill on the river Cuber, 9 miles S.W. XI. - 8 r of Falmouth. It consists of four main streets intersecting each other at right angles ; at their junction in the centre stands the market-house. The principal other buildings are the church dedicated to St Michael and built… Helvetius, Claude AdiiienHELVETIUS, CLAUDE ADIiIEN (1715-1771), was descended from a family of physicians, the first of whom, John Frederick Schweitzer (Latinized into Helvetius), migrated from Germany to Holland about the year 1649, and became physician to the prince of Orange. His later years were spent in the study of alchemy. His son, John Adrien, also a physician, went to Paris in the hope of establishing a sale for … Helvidius PriscusHELVIDIUS PRISCUS lived in the 1st century, during the?reigns of Nero, Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and Vespasian. In those evil days he won the respect of all good men by his fearless love of freedom. Among the cringing and obsequious senators of Rome he dared to be sincere and outspoken. Tacitus says of him (Mist., iv. 5) that in his early youth he devoted his great abilities to the highest pursuits,… HelvoetsluysHELVOETSLUYS (in Dutch, Hellevoetsluis), a fortified town of the Netherlands, in the province of South Holland, situated in the south of the island of Voorne-and-Putten, on the shore of the Haringvliet. Hemans, Felicia DorotheaHEMANS, FELICIA DOROTHEA (1793-1835), was born in Duke Street, Liverpool, September 25, 1193. Her father, George Browne, of Irish extraction, was at the time of her birth a merchant in Liverpool, and her mother, whose maiden name was Wagner, was the daughter of the Austrian and Tuscan consul at Liverpool, and of united German and Italian descent. Felicia, the fifth of seven children, was scarcely … Hemel-hempsteadHEMEL-HEMPSTEAD, a market-town of England, county of Hertford, is pleasantly situated on the declivity of a hill near the river Gade, 23 miles N.W. of London, 1. miles from the Boxmoor station of the London and North-Western Railway, and on a branch line of the Midland Railway. The town consists almost wholly of one main street about a mile in length. Among the principal buildings are the parish c… Hemeroba PtistsHEMEROBA PTISTS, an ancient Jewish sect, so named from their observing a practice of daily ablution as an essential part of religion. Hemingford, Or HemmingfordHEMINGFORD, or HEMMINGFORD, WALTER, a Latin chronicler of the 14th century, was a canon regular of the Austin Priory of Gisborough, now Guisborough, in Yorkshire. Leland calls him Hemengoburgus, and in one of the manuscripts of his chronicle his name appears as Hemingburght. In a document of the priory the name is also given as De Hemingburgh ; and in Gisborough Chartulary mention is made of a nei… HemipteraHEMIPTERA half, and rrycle,, wing), an order of the Insecla most commonly known by the name of " bugs," and containing the species so well known to infest houses. In their earlier stages they have what is known amongst naturalists as an incomplete metamorphosis; that is to say, after quitting the egg, and during the two stages of their existence before assuming the perfect form, they move capable … HemlockHEMLOCK is the Conionns maculattem of botanists, a biennial umbelliferous plant, found wild in many parts of Great Britain and Ireland, where it occurs in waste places, on hedge-hanks, and by the borders of fields, and which is also widely spread over Europe and temperate Asia, and naturalized in the cultivated districts of North and South America. It is an erect branching plant, growing from 3 to… HempHEMP, Cannabis saliva, an annual herb, having angular rough stems and alternate lobed leaves. The bast fibres of Cannabis arc the hemp of commerce, but under the name of hemp fibrous products from many different plants are often included. Sunn hemp is the bast fibre of a papilionaceoas plant, Crotolaria juncea, of India and the Sunda Islands ; Hibiscus cannabinus, an Indian malvaceous plant, yield… Hemsterhuis, FrancoisHEMSTERHUIS, FRANcOIS (1720-1790), writer on aesthetics and moral philosophy, was born at Franeker in Holland in 1720. He received an excellent education from his father, Tiberius Hemsterhuis, noticed below, and completed his studies at the university of Leyden. There undoubtedly he was attracted towards the study of the Platonic philosophy, which exercised the greatest influence both on the form … Hemsterhuis, TiberiusHEMSTERHUIS, TIBERIUS (1685-1766), philologist all critic, was born on January 9, 1685, at Groningen in Holland. His father, a learned physician, recognizing the abilities of his son, gave him so good an early education that, when he entered the university of his native town in his fifteenth year, he speedily proved himself to be the bast student of mathematics. After a year or two at Groningen, h… Henderson, AlexanderHENDERSON, ALEXANDER (1583-1646), a celebrated Scottish ecclesiastic, was born in 1583. He was educated at the university of St Andrews, where he was appointed professor of rhetoric and philosophy and questor of the faculty of arts in 1610. A year or two after this he was presented to the living of Lenchars by Archbishop Glad-stapes. As Henderson was forced upon his parish by an archbishop, and as… Henderson-, EbenezerHENDERSON-, EBENEzER, Scottish dissenting minister and theological and miscellaneous writer, was born at the Linn near Dunfermline, November 17, 1781, and died at Mortlake, May 17, 1858. He was the youngest son of an agricultural labourer, and after three years' schooling spent some time at watchmaking and as a shoemaker's apprentice. In 1803 he joined Mr Robert Haldane's theological seminary, and… HengstenbergHENGSTENBERG, ErasrsT -WILHELM (1802-1869), for more than forty years one of the most conspicuous and able champions of the strictest Lutheran orthodoxy, was born at Frondenberg, a Westphalian village near Hamm and not far from the Ruhr, on October 20, 1802 ; received his entire school education under the roof of his father, who was a minister of the Reformed Church, and head of the Prondenberg Fr… Henke, Heinrich Philipp KonradHENKE, HEINRICH PHILIPP KONRAD (1752-1809), a learned German theologian of the broad school, best known as a writer on church history, was born at Hehlen, Brunswick, on July 3, 1752, was educated at the gymnasium of Brunswick and the university of Helmstadt, and from 1778 until his death, which occurred on May 2, 1809, held a professorship of theology in that university. His principal work (Kirehe… Henley, JohnHENLEY, JOHN (1692-1759), an eccentric clergyman of the last century, commonly known as "Orator Henley," was born August 3, 1692, at Melton-Mowbray, where his father was vicar. After attending the grammar schools of Melton and Oakham, he in his seventeenth year entered St John's College, Cambridge, and while still an undergraduate he addressed in February 1712, under the pseadonyin of Peter de Qui… Henley-on-thamesHENLEY-ON-THAMES, a market-town of Oxfordshire, England, is situated on the left bank of the Thames and at the terminus of a branch of the Great Western Railway. It is 22 miles S. of Oxford and 35 W. from London by rail, and 47 miles from Oxford and 64?; from London by the river. It occupies one of the most beautiful situations on the Thames, at the foot of the finely wooded Chiltern Hills. The ri… HennaHENNA is the Persian name for a small shrub found in the East Indies, Persia, the Levant, and along the African coasts of the Mediterranean, where it is frequently cultivated. It is the Lawsomia alba of botanists, and from the fact that young trees arc spineless, while older ones have the branehlets hardened into spines, it has also received the names of Lawsomia inermis and L. spinosa. It forms a… HennebontHENNEBONT, a town of France, arrondissement of Lorient, and department of Morbihan, is situated on the Blavet, not far from its mouth, and 25 miles W.N.W. of Vannes. Hennequin, Philippe AugusteHENNEQUIN, PHILIPPE AUGUSTE (1763-1833), French painter, was ic pupil of David. He was born at Lyons in 1763, distinguished himself early by winning the "grand prix," and left France for Italy. The disturbances at Rome, during the course of the Revolution, obliged him to return to Paris, where he executed the Federation of the 14th of July, and visiting his native town was at work there on a large… HennersdorfHENNERSDORF, or SErFnENsERsnonp, a manufacturing village of Saxony, in the circle of Bautzen, and 20 miles S.S.E. of the town of that name. Henrietta MariaHENRIETTA MARIA (1609-1666), queen of Charles I. of England, born November 25, 1609, was the daughter of Henry IV. of France. When the first overtures for her hand were made on behalf of Charles, prince of Wales, in the spring of 1624, she was little more than fourteen years of age. Her brother, Louis XIII., only consented to the marriage On the condition that the English Roman Catholics were reli… Hen Rv ViHEN RV VI. (1165-1197), Holy Roman emperor, the son of Frederick I., was born in 1165, and received the German crown in 1169. When his father started for Palestine at the head of the third crusade, Henry was made imperial vicar, and be succeeded to the throne after the news of his father's sudden death reached Germany in 1190. He shared the intellectual culture of his time, and was distinguished f… HenryHENRY V. (1387-1422), king of England, eldest son of Henry IV. and Mary Bolum, was born August 19, 1337. Early bred to arms, his first military effort was not successful, for at the age of thirteen he commanded an expeditiou to Wales which was defeated by Glendower. -'Three years later he was present at the battle of Shrewsbury, and in 1108 he revenged himself on Glendower by driving him back to S… HenryHENRY, PuiNcE (1394-1160), of Portmal, surnamed "the Navigator," to whose enlightened foresight and perseverance the human race is indebted for the maritime discovery, within one century, of more than half the globe, was horn at Oporto, on the 4th of March 1394. llis father was Joao I., under whose reign Portugal first began to recover from her subjugation by ,the Moors, and to assume a prominent … HenryHENRY I. (1512-1580), king of Portugal, born at Lisbon, January 31, 1512, was the third son of Emanuel the Fortunate, was destined for the church, and in 1532 was raised to the archiepiscopal see of Braga. HenryHENRY, MarTnEw (1662-1714), the author of the well known and justly popular Exposition of tile Old and New Testaments, was born at Broad Oak, a farm-house on the confines of Flintshire and Shropshire, on the 18th of October 1662. He was the son of Philip Henry, one of the 2000 ministers who were ejected from their livings in 1662 for refusing to conform to the Act of Uniformity. Unlike the majorit… HenryHENRY I. (c. 1207-1217), king of Castile, son of King Alphonse "the Noble," by Eleanor, daughter of Henry II. of England, succeeded his father in 1214, and was killed by the falling of a tile in 1217, after a reign of only two years and nine months. HenryHENRY I. (876-936), German king, was born in 876 in Saxony, of which his father, Otto, was duke. He distinguished himself in early youth by the courage and energy with which he warred against the Slavonic tribes to the east of his native duchy. Otto, who died in 912, appointed Henry his successor, not only as duke of Saxony but as lord of Thuringia and part of Franconia. Conrad I., stimulated by c… HenryHENRY I. (1005-1060), king of France, son of King Robert and Constance of Aquitaine, and grandson of Hugh Capet, came to the throne in 1031. On his accession his mother, who favoured her youngest son Robert, allied herself with the chief feudal nobles, and drove Henry to take refuge at the court of Duke Robert II. of Normandy. With the duke's help he soon broke up her league. Constance died in 103… HenryHENRY I. (c. 1210-1271), king of Navarre, surnamed le Gros, third count of Champagne, was the youngest son of ? Theobald I. of Navarre by Margaret of nix, and succeeded his eldest brother Theobald II. in December 1270. HenryHENRY I. (1068-1135), king of England, fourth and ] youngest son of William the Conqueror and Matilda of ] Flanders, was born some time in the autumn of 1068. Local tradition fixes his birthplace at Selby in Yorkshire. Little is known of his earlier life, except that he received an unusually good education, and attained a proficiency rare among the princes of his clay. In 1086 he was clubbed knigh… HenryHENRY V. (1081-1125), Holy Roman emperor, son of Henry IV., was born in 1081. In 1098, his elder brother Conrad having forfeited his right to the throne by rebellion, he was appointed his father's successor, Six years afterwards he b imself rebelled against the emperor, towards whom he played the part of a thorough traitor. The papal party, with which he allied himself, took for granted that when … Henry HiHENRY HI. (1551-1589), king of France, third son of Henry II. and Catherine de' Medici, succeeded to the throne of France in 1374. In his youth, as duke of Anjou, lie was warmly attached to the Huguenot opinions, as we learn from his sister Margaret of Navarre ; but his unstable character soon gave way before his mother's will, and both Henry and Margaret remained as choice ornaments of the Cathol… Henry IiHENRY II. (972-1024), Holy Roman emperor, was born in 972. He was the son of Henry the Wrangler, duke of Bavaria, a grandson of King Henry I. In 995 he succeeded to the duchy of Bavaria, and six years afterwards went to Rome with the young emperor Otto III., to whom he rendered important services. When Otto III. died, Henry, as the chief surviving represent? tive of the house of Saxony, took posse… Henry IiHENRY II. (1519-1559), king of France, the second son of Francis I. and Claude, succeeded to the throne in 1547. When only seven years old he was sent by his father, with his brother the dauphin Francis, as a hostage to Spain in 1526, whence they returned after the conclusion of the peace of Cambray in 1529. Henry was too young to have carried away any abiding impressions, yet throughout his life … Henry IiHENRY II. (1333-1379), king of Castile, surnamed el Bastardo or de la Merced, was one of the six illegitimate sons of King Alphonso " the Avenger," and consequently half-brother to Pedro the Cruel, who legally succeeded to the throne of Castile in 1350. His mother was Leonora ? do Guzman. The extraordinary series of cold-blooded murders which earned for Pedro his unenviable surname encouraged Henr… Henry IiHENRY II. (1503-1555), or Henri d'Albret, titular king of Navarre, born at Sanguessa, in April 1503, was the eldest sou of Jean d'Albret by Catherine of Navarre ; and on the death of the latter in exile in June 1516 succeeded his parents in all their claims against Ferdinand the Catholic, assuming under the protection of Francis I. of France the title of king of Navarre. Henry IiiHENRY III. (1207-1272), king of England, eldest son of John and Isabella, was born on October 1, 1207, and was just nine years old on his father's death. Ten days after that event he was crowned at Gloucester (October 28, 1216). His long reign falls into four periods, - that of the regency, ending with the fall of De Burg ; that of government by favourites, which led to the Mad Parliament ; the pe… Henry IiiHENRY III. (1379-1406), king of Castile, surnamed el Doliente (the sickly), succeeded his father John I. in 1390, when only eleven years of age. During his minority, the question of the regency not having been very clearly settled by his father, the kingdom was in a constant state of disturbance, bordering upon civil war ; unable to satisfy the rival claims of Don Fadrique, Don Alonso, and the arc… Henry IiiHENRY III. (1017-1056), Holy Roman emperor, was the son of Conrad IT., the founder of the Franconian dynasty. He was born in 1017, and his father, anxious to make the succession secure and to strengthen the authority of the crown, caused him to be elected German king in 1026, creating him in 1027 duke of Bavaria, and in 1038 duke of Swabia and king of Burgundy. lie became the reigning sovereign of… Henry IlHENRY IL (1133-1189), king of England, son of Geoffrey, count of Anjou, and Matilda, daughter of Henry I., was born at Le Mans, March 5, 1133. He was left in France during the first part of his mother's struggle with Stephen, but was sent over to England in 1141. There lie remained four years, in the charge of his uncle, Robert of Gloucester. In 1147 he took a more active part in the war, but was … Henry IvHENRY IV. (1050-1106), Holy Roman emperor, son of Henry III., was born in 1050, and crowned German king at the age of four during his father's lifetime. After the death of Henry III. in 1056, the government was undertaken by the empress Agnes, the young king's mother. Henry M.'s vigorous rule, while it had secured the prosperity of the nation as a whole, had excited bitter discontent among the gre… Henry IvHENRY IV. (1425-1175), king of Castile, surnamed el Inzpotente (the impotent) and sometimes el Liberal (the spendthrift), the eldest son of John II. by his first wife Maria of Aragon, was born at Valladolid on January 6, 1425. As prince of Asturias he took a prominent and generally an unfilial part in most of the disturbances of his father's reign; in 1445 a pitched battle between the king and the… Henry IvHENRY IV. (1366-1413), king of England, only son of John of Gaunt and Blanche, daughter of henry, duke of Lancaster, was born in 1366. At the age of fifteen he married Mary Bohm', and in 1385 was made earl of Derby. Two years later he was one of the five lords appellant who impeached the earl of Suffolk and others, and took part in the proceedings of the Merciless Parliament. He acquiesced, howeve… Henry IvHENRY IV. (1553-1610), king of France, was born in the castle of Pau in 1553, being son of Antony of Bourbon, king of Navarre and duke of VendOme, and Jeanne of Albret. By his father he was tenth in descent from Saint Louis, and only a very distant cousin to his predecessor, Henry III. His mother, a grand and noble lady, brought him up as a Calvinist. His education was rough and hard, and fostered… Henry, JosephHENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878), an eminent American physicist, was born in Albany, the capital of the State of New York, on the 17th of December 1797. He received his education at an ordinary school, and afterward at the Albany academy, which enjoyed considerable reputation for the thoroughness of its classical and mathematical courses. On finishing his academic studies he contemplated adopting the med… Henry Of GhentHENRY OF GHENT. The scholastic writer generally known by this name was born probably about 1217 in the district of Mude, near Ghent. His family name seems to have been Goethals, but he is always described as Henry of Mude or of Ghent. Little is known of the details of his life. He studied at Ghent and then at Cologne under Albertus Magnus. After obtaining the degree?of doctor he returned to Ghent,… Henry Of HuntingdonHENRY OF HUNTINGDON, an English chronicler of the 12th century, born, it is likely, between 1080 and 1090, was the son of an ecclesiastic named Nicholas, who probably held the office of archdeacon of Huntingdon, to which Henry himself afterwards attained about 1120. The celibacy of the clergy not being enforced in England till 1102, this paternity was considered no disgrace, and our author in seve… Henry, PatrickHENRY, PATRICK (1736-1799), an American statesman and orator, was born at Studley, Hanover county, -Virginia, May 29,1736, the second son in a family of nine children. His father, John Henry, an emigrant from Aberdeen, Scotland, was a nephew of Robertson the historian, and had risen to some eminence in the county, filling the offices of surveyor and presiding magistrate. Patrick Henry was educated… Henry, RobertHENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790), the author of the History of Great Britain written on a new plan' was the son of a farmer, and was born in the parish of St N'inians near Stirling, 18th February 1718. He received his early education at the school of his native parish, and at the grammar school of Stirling, and after completing a course of study at Edinburgh University became master of the grammar school… Henryson, RobertHENRYSON, ROBERT (c. 1425 - c. 1506), one of ti.e early Scottish poets, and the author of the first specimen of the pastoral poetry of his country, is usually designated schoolmaster of Dunfermline; and according to tradition he was the ancestor of the family of Henryson or Henderson of Fordell, in the county of Fife, one of whom, James Hanrysm, was king's advocate and justice-clerk in 1494. Of th… Henry The LionHENRY THE LION (1129-1195), duke of Saxony and Bavaria, son of Henry the Proud, was born in 1129. After the death in 1139 of his father, who had been deprived of his possessions by Conrad III., the bravery and energy of his mother Gertrude and his grandmother Richenza secured to him the duchy of Saxony. Shortly after coming of age he at the diet of Frankfort in 1147 demanded also the restoration o… Henry Tile DeaconHENRY TILE DEACON, - variously called of Cluny, because he was at one time a monk of that rule, of Lausanne, because he is believed to have first appeared as a preacher of repentance there, and of Toulouse, because his later years were passed in that city and neighbourhood, - founder of the anti-sacerdotal sect of lIenricians, was of Swiss or Italian extraction (his birthplace is unknown), and was… Henry ViHENRY VI. (1421-1471), king of England, only son of Henry V. and Catherine of France, was born ou December 6, 1121, and was therefore only eight months old at his father's death. He can hardly be said ever to have reigned, for his long minority passed into another kind of tutelage, during which the influence of his wife and favourites prepared the way for civil war. Ten years of anarchy culminated… Henry ViiHENRY VII. (1456-1509), king of England, was the founder of the Tudor dynasty. On his mother's side Henry belonged to the illegitimate branch of the house of Lancaster, being descended from John of Gaunt and Catherine Swinford, and it was only in the absence of nearer heirs that lie was accepted as the representative of that house. On the father's side he was sprung from the marriage of Owen Tudor… Henry ViiHENRY VII. (1282-1313), Holy Roman emperor, was born in 1282. He was the son of Henry II., count of Luxembourg, and was elected king in 1308, seven months after the murder of Albert I. Ile owed his election partly to the fact that he was comparatively unimportant, which led the electors to suppose that under him the powers of the princes would be exposed to no great danger. When lie came to the th… Henry ViiiHENRY VIII. (1491-1547), king of England, was born in 1491, being the second some of Henry VII. and of his wife Elizabeth of York. On the death of his elder brother Arthur in 1502, he became heir apparent to the throne. As younger son Henry had been educated for the church, and it is said that his interest in theology was tine to those early studies ; but as he was only eleven when his brother die… Henry, WilliamHENRY, WILLIAM (1775-1836), a distinguished chemist, son of Thomas Henry, an apothecary and author of some works on chemistry, was born at Manchester, December 12, 1775. After completing his education at an academy in Manchester, he was for some years private secretary to a physician, and in 1795 he began the study of medicine at the university of Edinburgh. Prudential considerations compelled him… Henslowe, PhilipHENSLOWE, PHILIP, a contemporary of Shakespeare, whose name continues of interest from his intimate association with the history of the theatre during the great dramatist's career. Originally, it would appear, a dyer and afterwards a starchmaker, and ready-to turn to any profitable speculation, he probably began his connexion with the stage in 1584 by becoming " joint lessee of the Rose theatre on… HenzadaHENZADA, a district in Pegu division, British Burma'', lying between 16? 49' and 18? 30' N. lat., and between 94? 51' and 96? 7' E. long., with an area of 4047 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by the Promo district, on the E. by the Pegu Yonms, on the S. by Rangoon, Thonkhwa, and Bassein districts, and on the W. by the Arakan Yoma range. Henzada district stretches from north to south in one v… HephHEPH.ESTUS, a word of uncertain derivation but certainly pre-Greek in formation (Kuhn, Zeitschr., v. 214), denotes among the Greeks a god who represents the power of fire and its appliance in the operations of daily life, corresponding to the Latin Vulcan. A clear distinction must be drawn between the Hellenic god and the deity worshipped by the Pelasgic races. Though the word Hephmstus is used by… HephyestionHEPHYESTION, a grammarian of Alexandria, author of a work on Greek metres called EyXcmpldaov a- pi rt6-pcov. HephyestionHEPHYESTION, son of Amyntor, a Macedonian of Pella, is celebrated as the friend of Alexander the Great. The two, according to Quintius Curtius (iii. 12), were companions in childhood, but beyond this old-standing connexion we find no evidence of such qualities in Hephmstion as deserved the passionate attachment of Alexander. The king, however, seems never to have been blind to his real character, … HeraHERA, a word of which many different derivations have been proposed, is the name of a Greek goddess, corresponding to the Latin Juno, who according to the conventional type is the wife of Zeus and queen among the gods of Olympus. In the literature of the Greeks Hera fills a very conspicuous place - the strong, haughty, and rebellious character, full of intense hatreds and likings, which was associ… HeracleaHERACLEA, a town on the borders of Caria and Ionia, near the foot of Mount Latmus, whence it is usually distinguished as the Latmian. HeracleaHERACLEA, a city of Sicily, at the mouth of the Halycus (the modern Platani), not far from the promontory now known as Capo Bianco. HeracleaHERACLEA, a city of Magna Grmcia, which lay between the rivers Aciris and Siris, not far from the shores of the Gulf of Tarentum, near the site of the modern village of Policoro. It appears to have been a joint colony of the Tarentines and the Thurians, and to have risen after the destruction of the neighbouring city of Siris. That it attained to no small prosperity and became the seat of the grea… Heraclea PonticaHERACLEA PONTICA, a city on the coast of Phrygia in Asia Minor, easily identified with the modern Bender Eregli or Erekli, at the mouth of the Kilidj-su on the Black Sea. HeracleonHERACLEON, a Gnostic who flourished about 125 A.D., probably in the south of Italy or in Sicily, is generally classed by the early heresiologists with the Valentinian school of heresy. In his system he appears to have regarded the divine nature as a vast abyss in whose pleroma were coons of different orders and degrees, - emanations from the source of being. Midway between the supreme God and the … HeraclidesHERACLIDES, surnamed PONTICUS, a Greek miscellaneous writer who flourished in the 4th century B.C., was born at Heraclea in Pontus. Removing to Athens, he is said to have been a disciple successively of Speusippus, Plato, and Aristotle. According to Suidas, the second of these philosophers,- on departing for Sicily, left his scholars in the charge of Heraclides. The latter part of his life was spe… HeraclitusHERACLITUS of Ephesus, one of the most subtle and profound of the metaphysicians of ancient Greece, has only of late years had his true position assigned to him in the history of philosophy. To this the obscure and epigrammatic character of his style and the fragmentary condition of his works have in the main contributed, together with the fact that not only his immediate disciples but also his cr… HeraldryHERALDRY, though etymologically denoting all the business of the herald, has long in practice been restricted to one part of it only, and may be defined as the art of blazoning or describing in proper terms armorial bearings. It treats also of their history, of the rules observed in their employment and transmission, of the manner in which by their means families and certain dignities are represen… HeratHERAT is a city of great interest both historically and geographically, and is of even greater interest politically, its importance at the present day being indicated by its popular designation of the " key of India." Its origin is . lost in antiquity. The name first appears in the list of primitive Zoroastrian settlements contained in the Vendiddd AS'act5, where, however, like most of the names i… HeraultHERAULT, a department in tire south of France, formed from parts of the old province of Languedoc, is bounded on the N.E. by Gard, N.W. by Aveyron and Tarn, and S. by Aude and the Gulf of Lyons. It has an area of 2444 square miles, and is situated between 43? 10' and 44? N. lat., 2' 30' and 4? 10' E. long. Its greatest length is 84 miles, and its greatest breadth 50. About a third of the departmen… HerbariumHERBARIUM, or Hourrus SICCUS, a collection of plants so dried and preserved as fully to illustrate their several specific characters. Since the same plant, owing to peculiarities of climate, soil, and situation, degree of exposure to light, and other influences, may vary greatly according to the locality in which it occurs, it is only by gathering together for comparison and study a large series o… Herbelot, BarthHERBELOT, BARTH F:LEMY D' (1625-1695), Orientalist, was born December 4, 1625, at Paris. HerbertHERBERT, Sin THOMAS (1606-1682), traveller and author, was born at York in 1606. Several of his ancestors were aldermen and merchants in that city, and they could trace their connexion with the great Herbert family represented by the earl of Pembroke. His grandfather, Alderman Herbert, who died in 1614, left him real estate of considerable value. He went to Oxford in 1621, and became a commoner of… Herbert, GeorgeHERBERT, GEORGE (1593-1633), one of the best of English religious poets, was born near the town of Montgomery on the, 3d of April 1593. He was a brother of Lord Herbert of Cherbury, noticed below. Educated privately till the age of twelve, he was then sent to Westminster School, and in 1608 he became a student at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was made B.A. in 1611, M.A. and major fellow of … Herbert, Henry WilliamHERBERT, HENRY WILLIAM (1807-1858), novelist and writer on sports, son of the Hon. and Rev. William Herbert, dean of Manchester, a son of the first earl of Carnarvon, was born in London, April 7,1807. He was educated at Eton and at Caius College, Cambridge, where he graduated M.A. in 1828. Having become involved in debt he emigrated to America, and from 1831 to 1839 wus teacher of Greek in a priva… Herbert, Lord, Of CiterburyHERBERT, LORD, OF CITERBURY (1582-1648). Edward Herbert, Lord Herbert of Cherbury, soldier, diplomatist, historian, and religious philosopher, was born at Eyton in Shropshire in 1582, and was descended from an ancient hue of illustrious soldiers, to which the earls of Pembroke belonged. Sent to Oxford in his twelfth year, he married an heiress, his kinswoman, in his fifteenth, and returned to the … HerculaneumHERCULANEUM. The ruins of the buried city of Hercul mourn are situated about two-thirds of a mile from the Portici station of the railway from Naples to Pompeii. They are less frequently visited than the ruins of the latter city, not only because they are smaller in extent and of less obvious interest, but also because they are more difficult of access. The history of their discovery and explorati… HerculesHERCULES (Old Latin, Hercoles, Ilereles) is the Latinized form of the mythical Heracles, the chief national hero of Hellas, who has part in all the most important myths of the generation before that which embraces the Homeric warriors at Troy. The name 'Ilparck;3,s is compounded of Hera, the goddess, and the stem of aios, "glory." The thoroughly national character of Heracles is shown by his being… Herder, Johann Gottfried VonHERDER, JOHANN GOTTFRIED VON (1744-1803), one of the most prolific and influential writers that Germany has produced, was born in Mohruugen, a small town near Konigsberg, in I744. Like his contemporary Lessing, with whose literary aims his own had so much in common, Herder had throughout his life to struggle against adverse circumstances. His father was poor, having to put together a subsistence b… HerefordHEREFORD, the capital city of the above county, is situated on the left bank of the Wye, which is crossed there to Hereford led to the foundation of a superior church, reconstructed by Bishop Athelstan, and burnt by the Welsh in 1055. Recommenced in 1079 by the first Norman bishop, Robert of Lorraine, it was carried on by Bishop Reynelm, and completed in 1148 by Bishop R. de Betnn. The lady chapel… HerefordHEREFORD, an inland English county on the south Welsh border, is bounded on the N. by Salop, S. by Monmouthshire and Gloucestershire, E. by Worcestershire, and IV. by Radnorshire and Brecknockshire. Its circular shape is indented by spurs of adjacent counties, and its outlying parts have by an Act of William IV. 7 and 8 been incorporated with the counties in which they are situated. Its greatest l… HerenciaHERENCIA, a town of Spain in the province of Ciudad Real, New Castile, is situated in a fertile, hilly region, near the junction of the rivers Giguela and Valdespino, about 80 miles south of Madrid. Hereroland, Or DamaralandHEREROLAND, or DAMARALAND, a region of South-Western Africa, stretching north from the Kuisip to the Cunene, so called from the native race known to the Namaqua as Herero and to the Cape colonists as Damara (Damra, or Dama). The north-west portion is also known as Kaokoland. According to the treaty of Okahandya, by which, in 1876, the country came in some sort under British protection,' the bounda… HerfordHERFORD, a town of Prussia, capital of a circle in the government district of Minden, province of Westphalia, is situated in a beautiful and fruitful district at the confluence of the Werra and Aa, and on the Minden and Cologne railway, 19 miles south-west of Minden. It possesses five evangelical churches, among which may be mentioned the Miinsterkirehe, a Romanesque building with a Gothic apse of… Heriot, GeorgeHERIOT, GEORGE (1563-1623), the founder of Heriot's Hospital, Edinburgh, was descended from an old family of some consideration in the county of Haddington; and his father, a goldsmith in Edinburgh, for some time represented the city in the Scottish parliament. George was born in 1563, and after receiving a good education was apprenticed to his father's trade. In 1586 he married the daughter of a … HerisauHERISAU, the largest town in the Swiss half-canton of Appenzell-ausser-Rhoden, is situated at the confluence of the Glatt and Briihlbach, 7 miles north-west of Appenzell, and about 2550 feet above sea-level. The town is irregularly built, and extends over a large area. The church-tower, in which the archives are kept, is referred to the 7th century. Herisau has a public library, an arsenal, a new … Herlen, FritzHERLEN, FRITZ, of Ni3rdlingen, was an artist of the early Swabian school, who tempered the rudeness of his native art with some of the delicacy of the masters of Bruges. The date and plan of his birth are unknown, but his name is on the roll of the tax-gatherers of Ulm in 1449 ; and in 1467 he was made citizen and town painter at Ndrdlingen, "because of his acquaintance with Flemish methods of pai… HermannHERMANN, commonly distinguished as Hermannus Contractus, i.e., Hermann or Heriman the Lame, an old German chronicler and scholar, was born in 1013, a son of the Swabian Count Wolverad (Wolfrat) of Vehreningen (Veringen or Voringen), and died in 1054, at the family residence of Aleshusen near Biberach. Educated at the monastery of Reichenau, and afterwards admitted a member of the fraternity, he ad… Herm Ann, Friedrich Benedict Wilhelm VonHERM ANN, FRIEDRICH BENEDICT WILHELM VON (1795-1868), one of the most distinguished of Modern writers on political economy, was born on 5th December 1795, at Dinkelsbiihl in Bavaria. After finishing his primary education he was for some time employed in a draughtsman's office. He then resumed his studies, partly at the gymnasium in his native town, partly at the universities of Erlangen and Wiirzb… Hermann-, Johann Gottfried JakobHERMANN-, JOHANN GOTTFRIED JAKOB (1772-1848), classical editor and philologist, was born at Leipsic on November 28, 1772. Entering the university of his native city at the precocious age of fourteen, Hermann at first studied law, but his inclination to classical learning was to strong to be resisted, and accordingly, after a session spent at Jena in 1793-91, he became a lecturer on classical liter… Herm Ann, Karl FriedrichHERM ANN, KARL FRIEDRICH (1804-1856), one of the lc nling representatives of classical investigation in Germany, NV as born August 4, 1804, at Frankfort-on-the-Main. His early education was received partly at Frankfort and partly at Weilburg, and his university studies were carried on at Heidelberg and Leipsic. On his return from a tour in Italy he habilitated in 1826 as privat-docent in Heidelber… HermannstadtHERMANNSTADT (Hungarian iVagy-Szeben, Latin Cibiniunt), chief town of an Hungarian county of the same name, is advantageously situated on the Szeben, an affluent of the Aluta, about 72 miles S.E. of Kolozsvar (Klausenburg), and is the terminus of the Kapus and Nagy-Szeben branch line of railway, in 45? 48' N. lat. and 24? 9' E. long. It is the see of a Greek Orthodox bishop, the meeting place of t… Hermeneutics, BiblicalHERMENEUTICS, BIBLICAL, is that branch of theological science which treats of the principles of Scripture interpretation. -Variously described as the theory of the discovery and communication of the thoughts of Holy Scripture (Lange), the science of attaining clearness both in comprehending and in explaining the sense of the Biblical authors (Ernesti), the methodological preparation for the interp… HermesHERMES is the name of a Greek god (corresponding to the Roman Mercury) whose origin and real character are perhaps more difficult to define than is the case with any other Greek deity ; here it is possible only to give an outline of one definite theory, and refer the reader to the works quoted at the end. He was not a god worshipped by the pure Doric or Ionic races, but is found in most places whe… Hermes, GeorgHERMES, GEORG (1775-1831), a distinguished Catholic theologian, born on 22d April 1775, at Dreyerwald, in Westphalia, was educated at the gymnasium and university of Minster. His life presents no facts of importance. After completing his course of study at Minister, he acted for some time as lecturer at the gymnasium and then as professor at the university. In 1820 he was called, as professor of t… HermesianaxHERMESIANAX, an elegiac poet of the Alexandrian school, was born at Colophon, and flourished in the time of Philip and Alexander, or a little later. He was a friend and admirer - probably also a pupil - of the grain. marian and poet Philetas, whom he outlived. His chief work was a poem in three books, which he, following the example of his countrymen Mirnnermus and Antimachus, inscribed with the n… Hermes TrismegistusHERMES TRISMEGISTUS. The Egyptian Thoth, Taunt, or Tat (see vol. vii. p. 718), who was identified by the Greeks more or less completely with their own Hermes, is described in the hieroglyphics by various epithets, among which occurs that of " the great great " or twice great, with an added hieroglyphic (a kite) also signifying "great." To him as scribe of the gods, "Lord of the divine words," "Scr… HermogenesHERMOGENES, of Tarsus, Greek rhetorician, flourished in the reign of Marcus Aurelius. His precocious ability secured him a public appointment as teacher of his art while as yet he was only a boy ; but at the age of twenty-five his faculties gave way, and he spent the Iong remainder of his life in a state of intellectual impotency. In the nine or ten years, however, of his activity he composed a wh… HermonHERMON, the highest mountain in Syria (9150 feet above the Mediterranean), an outlier of the Antilebanon. The name " separate," is perhaps due to its isolated position. The Sidonians called it Sirion, and the Amorites Shenir (Dent. iii. bL. It is probably the " high mountain " near Cmsarea Philippi where the Transfiguration occurred (Mark ix. 2). The modern name is Jebel e.qh Sheikh, or " chief mo… HermosilloHERMOSILLO, a town of Mexico, state of Sonora, is situated at the entrance to a valley of remarkable fertility near the river Sonora at its confluence with the Horcasitas, 40 miles south-west of Ures. HermsdorfHERMSDORF, generally known as Niederhermsdorf, a town of Prussia, in the government district of Breslau and circle of Waldenburg. HerniaHERNIA (a Latin term commonly derived from '4ovos, a sprout, but this origin is doubtful) is the protrusion of any viscus from its normal cavity ; for example, hernia cerebri is the name given to a protrusion of the brain substance, hernia pulmonum a protrusion of a portion of the lung. The word may here be restricted to its most usual meaning, a protrusion of part of the contents of the abdomen f… HernosandHERNOSAND, chief town and seat of the administration of the lam of Wester Norrland on the east coast of Sweden, is built on the island of Herni; (connected with the mainland by bridges), about 3 miles south of the mouth of the Angerman river, and 230 miles north of Stockholm. Hero And LeanderHERO AND LEANDER. Hero, the beautiful priestess of Venus at Sestos, was there seen by Leander, a youth of Abydos, at the celebration of the festival of Venus and Adonis. He became deeply enamoured of her, and found that day an opportunity of declaring his passion, which she returned ; and as her position rendered their marriage impossible, they agreed to carry on a clandestine intercourse. Nightly… HerodHEROD was the name of a family of Idumman origin, which displaced the Asmoneans as the rulers of Judma. Tne founder of the dynasty, and its most notable representative in every way, was Herod the Great, who was king of the Jews for about thirty-seven years, from 40 to 4 D.C. Herod's father was Antipater, who during the troubles which broke out in the family of Alexander Jannwns, attached himself t… Herod AntipasHEROD ANTIPAS, son of Herod the Great by the Samaritan Malthace, and full brother of Archelaus, received as his share of his father's dominions the provinces of Galilee and Periea. Like his father, Antipas had a turn for architecture : he rebuilt and fortified the town of Sepphoris ; he also fortified Betharamptha, and called it Jnlias after the wife of the emperor. Above all he founded the import… HerodiansHERODIANS (1-1pAravoo, a sect or party mentioned in Scripture as having on two occasiofis - once in Galilee, and again in Jerusalem - manifested an unfriendly disposition towards Jesus (Mark iii. 6 ; xii. 13 ; Matt. xxii. 6 ; cf. also Mark viii. 15). In each of these cases their name is coupled with that of the Pharisees. According to many interpreters the courtiers or soldiers of Herod Antipas ("… HerodianusHERODIANUS, the author of a Greek history of the period extending from 180 to 238 A.D. Of his origin and condition in life very little is known. He was in Rome in 203, and seems to have held some public office. It has been conjectured that he was first "procurator Cmsaris" and afterwards " legatus " of the Sicilian provinces, and that, while fulfilling his official duties, he wrote at intervals th… He RodianusHE RODIANUS, illturrs, a famous grammarian of anti?ity, called by Priseian " maximus auctor artis gram-nn U." He was the son of the grammarian Apollonins, WIS born at Alexandria, and resided at Rome. He was patronized by the emperor Marcus Aurelius (161-180 A.D.), to whom lie dedicated his great treatise on prosody. This was a work in twenty books, called KaBoAtic;) ITraor?w8la, which included als… HerodotusHERODOTUS, according to the best authorities, was born in or about the year 484 B.C. Ile was a native of Halicarnassus, a city which belonged originally to the Doric Hexapolis, situated towards the south-western corner of Asia Minor, but which from a date considerably anterior to the birth of Herodotus had been excluded from the confederacy, and was an isolated Greek town, dependent upon the Persi… Herod PhilipHEROD PHILIP, son of Herod the Great by Cleopatra of Jerusalem, received the tetrarchate of Iturma and other districts to the N.E. of the Jordan. HeroldHEROLD, Louis JOSEPH FERDINAND (1791 - 1833)? French musician, was born in Paris, January 28, 1791, the son of Francois Joseph Herold, an accomplished pianist, who, however, did not at first wish his son to adopt the musical profession. It was indeed not till after his fathom's death that Herold in 1806 entered the Paris conservatoire, where he studied under Catel and Maul, one of the leading comp… HeronHERON, called the younger, to distinguish him from his namesake of Alexandria, was, like him, a mathematician and natural philosopher. HeronHERON - French, heron; Italian, AgAirone, Airone ; Latin, Ardea; Greek, 40(08tOs; Anglo-Saxon, Hragra ; Icelandic, Hegre ; Swedish, Hdger ; Danish, Heire ; German, hedger, Reiher, Heergans ; Dutch, Reiger - a long-necked, long-winged, and long-legged bird, the representative of a very natural group, the Arde-idce, which through the neglect or ignorance of ornithologists has been for many years enc… Heron, Or HerHERON, or HER?, a mathematician and natural philosopher of Alexandria, was the pupil of Ctesibius, and flourished probably about a century or a century and a half before Christ. His name has been preserved in the well-known experiment of Hero's fountain, in which, by means of condensed air, water is made to spring from a jet in a continuous stream. Several of Heron's writings are entirely lost, an… Herrera, Fernando DeHERRERA, FERNANDO DE (1534-1597), lyrical poet, born at Seville in 1534. Although an ecclesiastic, he addressed his verses to an Andalusian lady, said to have been the countess of Gelves, under different names ; but his love was as Platonic as Tetrarch's, and served only to lend additional beauty and tenderness to his poems. Herrera has been celebrated in a sonnet by Cervantes ; and his poems were… Herrera, FranciscoHERRERA, FRANCISCO (1576-165G), surnamed el -Viejo (the old), historical and fresco painter, studied under Luis Fernandez in Seville, his native city, where lie spent the most of his life, Although so rough and coarse in manners that neither scholar nor child could remain with him, the great talents of Herrera, and the promptitude with which he used them, brought him abundant commissions. He was a… He Rrera, FranciscoHE RRERA, FRANCISCO (1622-1685), surnamed el Mozo (the young), historical and fresco painter, son of the subject of last notice, was also a native of Seville. Unable to endure his father's cruelty, the younger Herrera, seizing what money he could find, fled to Rome. There, instead of devoting himself to the antiquities and the works of the old Italian masters, he gave himself up to the study of ar… Herrick, RobertHERRICK, ROBERT (1591-1674), English poet, was born in Cheapside, London, and baptized on the 24th of August 1591. He was the seventh child of Nicholas Herrick, goldsmith, of the city of London, who died in 1592, under suspicion of suicide. The children were brought up by their uncle, Sir William Herrick, one Of the richest goldsmiths of the day, to whom in 1607 Robert was bound apprentice. In 161… HerringHERRING (Clupea harengus, Haring in German, Le Hareng in French, Sill in Swedish), a fish belonging to the genus anima, of which more than sixty different species are known in various parts of the globe. The sprat, pilchard or sardine, and shad are species of the same genus. Of all sea-fishes Clupece are the most abundant ; for although other genera may comprise a greater variety of species, they … HerrnhutHERRNHUT, a town of Saxony, in the circle and 18 miles south-east of the town of Bautzen, and situated on the ',arta and Zittau Railway, is chiefly known as the principal seat of the Moravian or Bohemian Brotherhood, styled on the Continent Herrnhuter, a colony of whom, fleeing from persecution in their own country, settled at Herrnhut in 1722, on a site presented by Count Zinzendorf. Herschel, Caroline LucretiaHERSCHEL, CAROLINE LUCRETIA. (1750-1848), sister of Sir William Herschel, the eighth child and fifth daughter of her parents, was born at Hanover on the 16th March 1750. On account of the prejudices of her mother, who did not desire her to know more than was necessary for being useful in the family, she received in youth only the first elements of education. After the death of her father in 1767 s… Herschel, Sir Frederick WilliamHERSCHEL, SIR FREDERICK WILLIAM (1738-1822), generally known as Sir William Herschel, one of the most illustrious of astronomers, was born at Hanover, November 15, 1738. His father was a musician employed as hautboy player in the Hanoverian guards. The family had migrated from Bohemia in the early part of the 17th century, on account of religious troubles, they themselves being Protestants. Hersch… Herschel, Sir John Frederick WilliamHERSCHEL, SIR JOHN FREDERICK WILLIAM, BART. (1792-1871), the illustrious astronomer, the only son of Sir P. William Herschel, was born at Slough, Bucks, in the year 1792. His early home was a singular one, and eminently adapted to nurture into greatness any child born, as he was, with natural gifts capable of wide development. The examples about him were those of silent but ceaseless industry, bus… HersentHERSENT, Louis (1777-1860), French painter, was one of David's most distinguished pupils, and became one of the most noted painters of the Restoration. He was born at Paris on 10th March 1777, and obtained the Prix de Rome in 1797 ; in the Salon of 1802 appeared his Metamorphosis of Narcissus, and he continued to exhibit with rare interruptions up to 1831. His most considerable works under the emp… HersfeldHERSFELD, a town of Prussia, capital of a circle in the government district of Cassel, province of Hesse-Nassau, is pleasantly situated at the confluence of the Geisa and Haune with the Fulda, on the railway from Frankfort to Bebra, 10 miles N.N.E. of Fulda. The greater part of its old fortifications remain, but the ramparts and ditches have been laid out as promenades. The principal buildings are… HerstalHERSTAL, or in its older form HERISTAL, a market-town of Belgium, on the left bank of the Meuse, 3 or 4 miles north-east of Liege, and skirting the road which leads from that city to Maastricht. Its population, which in 1876 numbered 11,126, is mainly supported by its coal mines and iron industries. Herstal probably derives its name from being a "Heerstelle" or permanent camp of the Franks. It is … HertfordHERTFORD, a town of England, capital of the above county, is situated in a sheltered valley on the river Lea, and on the Great Northern and Great Eastern Railways, 26 miles north of London by rail. It is somewhat irregularly built, but is neat, clean, and well-paved. The principal buildings are the shire-house or town-hall, erected on the site of the former edifice, and finished in 1771 ; the corn… Hertford, County OfHERTFORD, COUNTY OF, HERTFORDSHIRE, or HERTS, an inland county in the south-east of England, is situated between 51? 36' and 52? 5' N. lat. and 0? 13'E. and 0? 45' W. long. It is bounded on the N. by Cambridgeshire, N.W. by Bedfordshire, E. by Essex, S. by Middlesex, and S.W. by Buckinghamshire. The area comprises 391,141 acres or 611 square miles. The aspect of the county is pleasant and pictures… Hertzen, AlexanderHERTZEN, ALEXANDER (1812-1870), was born at Moscow in 1812, a very short time before the occupation of that city by the French. His father, Ivan Yakovlef, after a personal interview with Napoleon, was allowed to leave, when the invaders arrived, as the bearer of a letter from the French to the Russian emperor. This family attended him to the Russian lines. Then the mother of the infant Alexander (… Hertz, HenrikHERTZ, HENRIK (1798-1870), Danish poet, was born of Jewish parents in Copenhagen, August 25, 1798. At that date it was unusual fur Jews to enjoy a professional education, but young Hertz showed such marked literary bias that in 1817 lie was sent to the university. His father having died in his infancy, and the family property having been destroyed in the bombardment of 1807, the boy was brought up… HeruliHERULI, /Eaum, or ERum, a nomadic and warlike German tribe who inhabited the northern shores of the Black Sea, but afterwards divided into various sections and w mdered into different parts of Europe. They made their fist appearance in history in the 3d century, as taking part with the Goths in their incursions against the eastern provinces of the Roman empire. In the 4th century they acknowledged… Hervey, JamesHERVEY, JAMES (1714-1758), a popular religious writer of the 18th century, was horn at Hardingstone, near Northampton, on February 26, 1714, and was educated at the grammar school of Northampton, whence in 173] he passed to Lincoln College, Oxford. At the university he came under the influence of John Wesley and Others of that school, and for some time manifested an inclination towards their theol… Hervey, John HerveyHERVEY, JOHN HERVEY, Lorin (1696-174-3), the "Narcissus," " Sport's," and " Lord Fanny " of Pope's satire, a nobleman of political and social distinction in the reign of George IL, was son of John first earl of Bristol, and was born on October 13, 1696. Educated and trained for public life at Westminster and Clare Hall, Cambridge, he became a favourite at the court of the prince and princess (afte… Hesekiel, George LouisHESEKIEL, GEORGE LOUIS (1818-1871), German author and journalist, was born August 12, 1818, in Halle, where his father, a man of considerable distinction, was a preacher and inspector of schools. Hesekiel studied history and philosophy in Halle, Jena, and Berlin, and devoted himself in early life to journalism and literature. In 1818 he settled in Berlin, where he lived till his death, February 26… HesiodHESIOD, the father of didactic poetry in Greece, is placed by Herodotus after Homer, but not more than 400 years before his own epoch ; and, though the settlement of the, question must depend on the internal evidence of the Hesiodic poems, this testimony is corroborated by the Parian marble and the historian Ephorus. He probably flourished about nine centuries before Christ. His father bad migrate… HesperidesHESPERIDES, maidens whose number is variously-given as three, four, or seven, who guarded the golden apples which Earth gave Hera at her marriage to Zeus. They live far away in the west at the borders of Ocean, in other words at that point of heaven where the sun sets. Hence the sun (according to Minmermus) sails in the golden bowl that Hephaestus made from the abode of the Hesperides to the land … HessHESS. Amongst numerous German artists of this name, the following particularly deserve attention. limn-act-1 MAntA HESS-Yon Hess, after he received a patent of personal nobility-was born at Dusseldorf in 1798, and brought up to the profession of art by his father, the engraver Karl Ernst Christoph Hess, Karl Hess had already acquired a name when in 1806 the elector of Bavaria,. having been raised … Hesse-casselHESSE-CASSEL, in German KURHESSEN, i.e., Electoral Hesse, now forming the government district of Cassel in the Prussian province of Nassau, was till 1866 a landgraviate and electorate of Germany, consisting of several detached masses of territory, to the N.E. of Frankforton-the-Main. ft contained a superficial area of 3699 square miles, and its population in 1864 was 745.063. The line of Hesse?Cas… Hesse-darmstadt, Grand-duchy OfHESSE-DARMSTADT, GRAND-DUCHY OF, the actual Hesse of the present day, is a state of Germany situated on the Rhine and Main, between Prussia on the north and Baden on the south. It consists of two large and several 'lessen, is bounded on the N. by Hesse.Nassau, on the W. by the Rhine Palatinate and Rhenish Prussia, on the S. by Baden, and on the E. by Baden and Bavaria. The extent of the duchy is a… Hesse-homburgHESSE-HOMBURG, a former laudgraviate of Germany, consisted of two parts, the province of Homburg-vor-derMille, on the right bank of the Rhine, and the lordship of Meisenheim (added in 1815), on the left bank, to the north of Frankfort-on-the-Main. It comprehended an area of 106 square miles ; and its population in 1864 was 27,374. Homburg now forms part of the Prussian government district of Wiesb… Hesse, Or HessiaHESSE, or HESSIA (in German Hessen), ail old- country of Germany, situated on both banks of the Rhine and Main, north and south of Frankfort, has had different boundaries at different times. Its greatest length was about 95 miles, while its breadth has varied considerably. Several detached portions of territory were also included in Hesse. The earliest recorded inhabitants of the district were the… HestiaHESTIA, a Greek goddess, who is probably the latest in origin of the greater deities. She seems to belong to a particular atage in the advance of civilization, and to embody the religious sanction that confirmed the social system then reached. When we compare her worship with that of Agni, the nearest parallel in the Vedic period, we see that the Greeks made this advance after they had separated f… HesychastsHESYCHASTS (,)o-vxao-rai or 7`icruxgovres, also called OdtkctaxAOtimxot, Umbilicanirni, and sometimes referred to as Euchites, r,iassalians, or Palamites), a quietistic sect which arose among the monks of the Greek Church, and especially of Mount Athos, during the later period of the Byzantine empire, and owing to various adventitious circumstances came into great prominence politically and eccles… HesychiusHESYCHIUS was a grammarian of Alexandria, as we learn from a letter prefixed to his great work. From the fact that he was apparently unknown to Hesychius the Milesian and other writers of the time of Justinian, M. Schmidt considers that he must have flourished later than 530 A.D. On the other hand he cannot have been later than 642 A.D., when the school of Alexandria was scattered by the Saracen c… Hettstadt, Or HettsteptHETTSTADT, or HETTSTEPT, a town of Prussian Saxony, in the circle of Mansfeld, and the government district of Merseburg, is situated on both banks of the Wipper, about 23 miles N.W. of Halle. Heuglin, Thieodor VonHEUGLIN, THIEoDOR VON (1824-1876), an eminent African and Arctic traveller, was born 20th March 1824 at Hirschlanden near Lemberg in Wiirtemberg, and died at Stuttgart, 5th November 1876. His father was a Protestant pastor, and he was originally trained to be a mining engineer, but his own early ambition was to contribute to scientific progress by his personal explorations, and he prepared himself… Heusch, WillemHEUSCH, WILLEM or GuILLIAm DE, a landscape painter in the 17th century at Utrecht. The dates of this artist's birth and death are unknown. Nothing certain is recorded of him except that he presided over the guild of Utrecht, whilst Cornelis Poelemburg, Jan Both, and Jan Weenix formed the council of that body, in 1649. According to the majority of historians, Heusch was born in 1638, and was taught… HexhamHEXHAM, a market-town of England, county of Northumberland, is situated on the south bank of the river Tyne, crossed there by a handsome stone bridge of nine arches, 20 miles west from Newcastle and 36 east from Carlisle, and on the line of railway connecting those towns. It is somewhat irregularly built, and consists chiefly of several narrow streets diverging from the market-place, a spacious sq… Heyden, Jan Van DerHEYDEN, JAN VAN DER, was born at Gore= in 1637, and died at Amsterdam on the 12th of September 1712. He was an architectural landscape painter, a contemporary of Hobbema and Jacob Ruysdael, with the advantage, which they lacked, of a certain professional versatility; for, whilst they painted admirable pictures and starved, he varied the practice of art with the study of mechanics, improved the fir… Heyne, Christian GottlobHEYNE, CHRISTIAN GOTTLOB (1729-1812), one of the most distinguished critics and archeologists of the Modern school of which Ernesti and Gesner were the founders, was born on the 25th of September 1729, in a suburb of the city of Chemnitz in Saxony-, where his father, who had been compelled by some religious persecutions to abandon his native country of Silesia, earned a precarious support for his … HeywoodHEYWOOD, a manufacturing town of Lancashire, is situated on the Roch, and on the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway, 3 miles east of Bury and the same distance southwest of Rochdale. It possesses several handsome churches and chapels, among which may be mentioned St Luke's church, erected in 1860, with a tall spire and a peal of bells. The other principal buildings are the national school, the mecha… HeywoodHEYWOOD, Joim (c. 1500-1565), sometimes styled "the Epigrammatist," was born, it is not known in what year, at North Mims near St Albans. He was educated at Oxford, and afterwards made the acquaintance of Sir Thomas More, who introduced him at court. His skill in music and his inexhaustible fund of ready wit made him a special favourite of Henry VIII., and afterwards of his daughter Mary. On the a… Heywood, ThomasHEYWOOD, THOMAS, a voluminous dramatist and miscellaneous author of the 16th and 17th centuries, was born in Lincolnshire and was educated at Cambridge, where he became a fellow of Peterhouse. The dates of his birth and death are alike unknown, and the few facts of his life that are preserved have been gleaned chiefly from his own writings. He is mentioned in the MS. book of Henslowe as having wri… HezekiaiiHEZEKIAII (71:V71.`, 17r.1, or r1:77.1 "Jehovah makes strong "; 'ECEKias ; Ezechias ; the tfa-za-k-i-ya-hu or lja-za-ki-a-/uu of the Assyrian inscriptions), one of the greatest and best of the kings of Judah, succeeded his father Ahaz when still a young man (at the age of twenty-five according to 2 Kings xviii. 2 ; and this is probably correct if the LXX. be followed in reading " twenty-five " ins… HibernationHIBERNATION (frequently, but less correctly, written HYBERNATION) is the term employed by naturalists to denote the peculiar state of torpor in which many animals which inhabit cold or temperate climates pass the winter. Hickes, GeorgeHICKES, GEORGE (1642-1715), a learned English divine of the nonjuring party, and an eminent Anglo-Saxon scholar, was born at Newsham near Thirsk, Yorkshire, on June 20, 1642. In 1659 he entered St John's College, Oxford, whence after the Restoration he removed first to Magdalen College and subsequently to Magdalen Hall. In 1664 he was chosen fellow of Lincoln College, and in the following year pro… HickoryHICKORY. The hickory trees are natives of North America, and belong to the genus Carya of botanists. They are closely allied to the walnuts (.raglans), the chief or at least one very obvious difference being that, whilst in Carya the husk which covers the shell of the nut separates into four valves, in Juglaus it consists of but one piece, which bursts irregularly. The hickory trees are of lofty g… Hicks, EliasHICKS, ELIAS (1748-1830), founder of the Hicksites, one of the two great sections into which the Society of Friends in America has since 1828 been divided (see QUAKERS), was born at Hempstead, Long Island, on March 19, 1748. During the earlier part of his life he followed the business of a carpenter and housebuilder ; but this occupation he latterly exchanged for that of farming. Reared in a Quake… HiemorrhoidsHIEMORRHOIDS (from aTp.a, blood, and AL, to flow), commonly called piles, a frequent and distressing malady. Two varieties are described. They are named from their situation external and internal, as they are without or within the opening of the anus. The external pile is an from above is applied, as when the patient strains at stool. It is covered by, and composed of an overgrowth of, the mucous … HierapolisHIERAPOLIS. Of the many cities in the Greek world bearing this name the following are the most important. word AL/01V which originally denoted the fly supposed to spin on trees the cotton or silk (for the two substances were confused by the Greeks and Romans) which men then gathered off the trees (Virg., Georg., ii. 121). Hence the "Bombycince vestes" of the Roman writers ; while the city itself i… HierarchyHIERARCHY. From kocipgris, meaning a steward or guardian of holy things, is derived lepapxia, naturally signifying the office of such a steward or guardian (not a" ruler of priests" or " priestly ruler "; see Boeckh, Corp. Laser. Gr., No. 1570), but most commonly used in ecclesiastical language to denote the aggregate of those persons who exercise authority within the Christian Church,--the patria… Hierax, Or HieracasHIERAX, or HIERACAS, a learned ascetic who flourished about the end of the 3d century at Leontopolis in Egypt, where he lived to the age of ninety, supporting himself by caligraphy and devoting his leisure to scientific and literary pursuits, especially to the study of the Bible. He was the author of Biblical commentaries both in Greek and Coptic, and is said to have composed many hymns. He ultima… HieroHIERO I., displacing his infant nephew, succeeded his famous brother .Gelon as tyrant of Syracuse in 478 B.C. His rule was more tyrannical than Gelon's had, been, and his jealousy of his more popular brother Polyzelus (who was at the head of the army, and had married Gelon's widow Dernarete, daughter of Theron of Agrigentum) ended in an open quarrel, in which Theron sided with Polyzelus. The broth… HieroclesHIEROCLES, a Roman proconsul, first of Bithynia and afterwards of Alexandria, flourished during the reign of Diocletian (284-305 A.n.), and is said to have been the instigator of the fierce persecution of the Christians under Galerius Cmsar in 303. HieroclesHIEROCLES, a Neo-Platonic writer of the 5th century A.D., was apparently a native of Alexandria. He was born most probably about the beginning of the 5th century, studied under the celebrated Neo-Platonist Plutarch at Athens, and taught for some years in his native town. He seems to have been banished from Alexandria and to have taken up his abode in Constantinople, where he endured some persecuti… HighgateHIGHGATE, a suburb of London, county of Middlesex, is situated on an eminence on the great north road, 54 miles N.W. of the London general post-office. From various points on the bill, which reaches a height of 426 feet, striking views are obtained of London and its suburbs. The village is composed chiefly of a good class of houses surrounded by villas and gardens ; and there are a number of mansi… High PlaceHIGH PLACE is the rendering invariably given in the authorized English version of the Old Testament Scriptures to a Hebrew word ri?.?,; of uncertain derivation but with much plausibility connected by Gesenius with the Indo-Germanic root which appears in the Persian bunt (roof, summit), and in the Greek p (compare i%jduct, Doric grip.a). By the LXX. the word is sometimes left untouched (Paftcâ– . i… HighwaysHIGHWAYS. A highway is a public road over which all persons have full right of way - walking, riding, or driving. See lloaDs. Such roads in England for the most part either are of immemorial antiquity or have been created under the authority of an Act of Parliament. But a private owner may create a highway at common law by dedicating the soil to the use of the public for that purpose ; and, apart … Hil Arion, StHIL ARION, ST, abbot, the first to introduce the monastic system into Palastine, was born of heathen parents at Tabatha, about 5 miles to the south of Gaza, about the year 288, was sent when very young to Alexandria to be educated, and there became a convert to the Christian religion. Attracted by the fame of St Anthony, he went to visit that saint in his solitude, and forthwith became a disciple.… Hilarius, Or HilatcusHILARIUS, or HILATCUS (HILARY), bishop of Rome from 461 to 467, who according to some authorities had attained to the archidiaconate as early as the year 417, is known to have been a deacon and to have acted as legate of Leo the Great at the " robber " synod of Ephesus in 449. There he so vigorously defended the conduct of Flavian in deposing Eutyches that he was thrown into prison, whence he had … Hilarius, StHILARIUS, ST, of Arles (c. 403-419), an eminent prelate and an able if unsuccessful defender of the liberties of the Gallican Church, was born about 403, and in early youth entered the abbey of Leans, then presided over by his kinsman Honoratus (St lionor6). Having succeeded Honoratus in the bishopric of Arles in 429, he set about the discharge of his episcopal functions with unusual energy and ze… Hilarius, StHILARIUS, ST, bishop of Pictavium (Poitiers), an eminent " doctor " of the Western Church, sometimes referred to as the "malleus Arianorum " and the " Athanasius of the West," was born at Poitiers about the end of the 3d century A.D. His parents, who were pagans of distinction, afforded him every means of acquiring a good education; and to the ordinary accomplishments of an educated gentleman ther… Hilda, Or HildHILDA, or HILD (614-680), usually called St Hilda, a Saxon lady whose name is intimately associated with the history of the early English church and of early English literature. She was a member of the royal family of Northumbria, her father Hereric being a nephew of King Edwin ; and it was along with her royal kinsman that, as a girl of fourteen, she received baptism at the hands of Paulinus. Dur… HildebrandsliedHILDEBRANDSLIED. This invaluable example of Old German alliterative poetry is contained in a MS. originally belonging to the library of Fulda, and now preserved at Cassel. It is written on the first and last pages of a volume of Biblical and theological contents by two contemporary hands apparently belonging to the beginning of the 9th century. The conclusion of the poem is unfortunately wanting, … Hildebrandt, EduardHILDEBRANDT, EDUARD (1817-1868), was born in Krause, a painter of sea-pieces. Like other artists who have earned a name for subtle and rapid execution, lie worked at first in a formal, smooth, and timid fashion. Several early pieces exhibited after his death, - a breakwater, dated 1838, ships in a breeze off Swinemiinde (1840), and other canvases of this and the following year, - show Hildebrandt … Hildebrandt, TheodorHILDEBRANDT, THEODOR (born at Stettin 1804, died at Dusseldorf 1874), was a disciple of the painter Schadow, and, on Schadow's appointment to the presidency of a new academy in the Rhenish provinces in 1828, followed that master to Dusseldorf. Bred in the academy of Berlin, and finished under Schadow (1820-24), Hildebrandt began by painting pictures illustrative of Goethe and Shakespeare; but in t… HildegardHILDEGARD (1098-1179), commonly referred to as St Hildegard, abbess, " prophetess," and a figure of some consequence in the history of medifeval mysticism, was born of noble parents at Bockheleim in the countship of Sponheim, diocese of Mainz, in 1098 (or 1099), and from her eighth year was educated at the Benedictine cloister of Disibodenberg (Mons Disibodi) in the principality of Zweibriicken, n… HildenHILDEN, a town of Prussia, in the government and circle of Dusseldorf, on the Itterbach. HildesheimHILDESHEIM, the chief town of a district in the province of Hanover, Prussia, is beautifully situated on the right bank of the Innerste, 18 miles south-east of Hanover by railway. It has a very antique and quaint appearance, and is surrounded by old ramparts which have been converted into shady alleys and promenades. The streets are for the most part narrow and irregular, and contain many old hous… HillHILL, Alnos (1685-1749 or 1750), an English poet and miscellaneous writer, was born in London, 10th February 1685. Though left by his father in necessitous circumstances, he was educated first at Barnstaple and then till his fourteenth year at Westminster School, after which be went out to Constantinople, where Lord Paget, a relative of his mother, was British ambassador. Under the care of a tutor… HillHILL, Slit ROWLAND (1795-1879), author of the penny postal system, a younger brother of Matthew Davenport Hill, and third son of T. W. Hill, who named him after Rowland Hill, the preacher, was born December 3, 1795, at Kidderminster, to which town his father had lately removed from Birmingham. For mine years of his childhood his health was very feeble, and as, on account of an affection of the spi… HillahHILLAH, a town of Asiatic Turkey in the pashalik of Baghdad, from which town it lies 60 miles to the south. Hillard, George StillmanHILLARD, GEORGE STILLMAN (1808-1879), an American author, was born at Machias, State of Maine, September 22, 1808. After graduating at Harvard College in 1828, he became joint rector of the Round Hill Seminary at Northampton. In 1833 he was called to the Boston bar, where he soon obtained a good practice. He was chosen a member of the common council of Boston in 1845, and he was for six months its… HillelHILLEL, a famous Jewish rabbi, sometimes called for distinction's sake "the elder" or "the old," flourished about the time of Herod the Great. According to the Tali-nudists he was born of a poor Davidic family, at Babylon, apparently about the year 75 B.C. In his zeal for the study of the law be went, when already of mature age, to Jerusalem, where Shemaiah and Abtalion were at that time the leadi… Hiller, Johann AdamHILLER, JOHANN ADAM (1728-1804), musical composer, was born at Weudisch-Ossig near Gorlitz in Silesia, December 25, 1728. By the death of his father in 1734 he was left dependent to a large extent on the charity of friends. Entering in 1747 the Kreuzschule in Dresden, the school frequented many years afterwards by Richard Wagner, be afterwards went to the university of Leipsic, where he studied ju… Hill, Matthew DavenportHILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872), was born August 6, 1792, at Birmingham, where his father, T. W. Hill, was at that time assistant in a charity school. He made such rapid progress in his education that in his thirteenth year he rendered his father efficient assistance in conducting a private school in Birmingham, and in his seventeenth year became the principal teacher. Resolving, however, to a… Hill, RowlandHILL, ROWLAND (1744-1833), an eccentric and popular English preacher, sixth son of Sir Rowland Hill of Hawk-stone, was born there 23d August 1744. After receiving his early education at the grammar school of Shrewsbury and at Eton, he in 1764 entered St John's College, Cambridge. While at the university he made the acquaintance of the Methodist preacher Whitfield, and stimulated by his example he … Hill TipperaiiHILL TIPPERAII, a native state adjoining the British district of Tipperah, Bengal, lying between 22? 59' and 21? 31' N. lat., and between 91? 12' and 92? 24' E. long., with an area of about 3867 square miles, and population (1878) 75,192. It is bounded on the N. by the Assam district of Sylhet, on the W. by the Bengal districts of Tipperah and Noakhali, on the S. by Noakhalf and Chittagong distric… Hill, ViscountHILL, VISCOUNT (1772-1842). Rowland Hill, nephew of the Rev. Rowland Hill, was born at Frees, Shropshire, 11th August 1772. After receiving his early education at Ightfield and Chester, he was gazetted to the 38th regiment, obtaining permission at the same time to improve himself in the knowledge of his profession in a military academy at Strasburg, where he continued after removing into the 53d r… Hilton, WilliamHILTON, WILLIAM (1786-1839), English painter, was born in Lincoln on 3d June 1786, son of a portrait-painter, who was probably his first instructor. In 1600 he was placed with the engraver J. R. Smith, and about the same time began studying in the Royal Academy School. He first exhibited in this institution in 1803, sending a group of Banditti ; and, though he could not be called a popular artist,… HimalayaHIMALAYA is the name given to the mountains which form the northern boundary of British India, betweei the 75th and 95th meridians east of Greenwich. The wort is Sanskrit, and literally signifies "snow-abode," from hint snow, and (Hari, abode, and is well translated "snowy range," though that expression is perhaps more nearly flu equivalent of Hinuicha, another Sanskrit word, derive from hint, sno… Himmel, Frederick HenryHIMMEL, FREDERICK HENRY (1765-1811), a German composer of mark, was born November 20, 1765, at Treuenbrietzen in Brandenburg, Prussia, and originally studied theology at Halle. During a temporary stay at Potsdam he had an opportunity of showing his self-acquired skill as a pianist before King Frederick William II., who thereupon.made him a yearly allowance in order to enable him to complete his mu… HinckleyHINCKLEY, a market-town of England, county of Leicester, is situated 13 miles S. W. of Leicester, on a branch line between that town and Nuneaton, which connects the London and North-Western and the 1%.lidland railways. The principal buildings are the church of St Mary, a Gothic structure lately restored, with tower and spire 120 feet high ; the town-hall ; the priestshouse and Roman Catholic acad… HincmarHINCMAR (c. 806-882), archbishop of Rheims from 845 to 882, a prominent figure in most of the theological and ecclesiastical struggles of his day, and perhaps the most vigorous and influential prelate France has ever produced, belonged to a noble West Frankish family, and was born about the year 806. Other forms of the name are Ingumar, Ingmar, and Igmar. His early education was received at the ab… HindleyHINDLEY, a manufacturing town of Lancashire, is situated on the Lancashire and Yorkshire railway, 3 miles south-east of Wigan. HindolHINDOL, one of the tributary states of Orissa, India, situated between 20? 29' 30" and 20? 49' 30" N. lat.., and between 65? 8' 35" and 8.5? 31' 15" E. long. HindurHINDUR, also called NALACARII, one of the Punjab hill states, under the government of the Punjab, India, lying between 30? 54' 30" and 31? 14' 15" N. Hindu RushHINDU RUSH is a title applied to the line of alpine watershed stretching W.S.W. from the southern margin of Pamir, the Caucasus of Alexander's historians, which divides Afghanistan in a general sense from Afghan Turkestan, and the basin of the Cabul river from the basin of the Oxus. Looking towards the heart of a map of Asia, the eye is caught by that remarkable point where the great highland seem… HindustaniHINDUSTANI,1 or URDU, is a dialect of the Hindi, one of the seven languages of Aryan stock spoken at the present thy in North India, the others being the Paujabi, Sindhi, Gujarati, 'Marital, Bangali, and Oriya. The area over which it is spoken in North India may be said to be co-extensive with that. of the Hindi, which is estimated at about 250,000 square miles, extending from the river Gandak in … HinganghatHINGANGHAT, a town in the Wardha district, Central Provinces, India, 21 miles S.W. of Wardha, in 20? 33' 30" N. lat., and 78? 52' 30" E. long., with a population in 1877 of 9415. Hinojosa Del DuqueHINOJOSA DEL DUQUE, a town of Spain, in the province of Cordova, front which city it is distant about 58 miles N. by W. Hinton, JamesHINTON, JAMES (1822-1875), aural surgeon and author, son of John -Howard Hinton, Baptist minister and author of the History and Topography of the United States and other works, was born at Reading in 1822. He was educated at his grandfather's school near Oxford, and at the Nonconformist school at Harpenden, and in 1838, on his father's removal to London, was apprenticed to a woollen-draper in Whit… Hiogo, Or FiogoHIOGO, or FIOGO, a seaport town of Japan, in the island of Nipon and province of Setsu, on the western shore of the Idzumi Sea, or Bay of Osaka, about 40 miles S.W. of Kioto, with which it has had railway communication since 1874. It was opened to foreign commerce in 1860, and since that date it has risen with the maritime suburb of Kobe (the Gate of God) to be a place of 50,000, or according to o… HipparchusHIPPARCHUS, the founder of mathematical astronomy, was born at Nicma in Bithynia. Hippel, Theodor Gottlieb VonHIPPEL, THEODOR GOTTLIEB VON (1741-1796), a German author, known chiefly as a humorist, was born on the 31st January 1741, at Gerdauen in East Prussia, where his father was rector of a school. In his sixteenth year he went to Konigsberg to study theology ; but through the influence of the Dutch councillor of justice, Woyt, he was induced to devote himself to jurisprudence. A Russian lieutenant, Vo… HippoHIPPO. See BONE. H[PPOCAMPUS, or SEA-HORSE. The small fishes thus named constitute, together with the Pipe-fishes or Syngnathi, a distinct order of the class of fishes, that of Lophobranchs or fishes with the gills arranged in tufts. The name "Sea-horse" has been given from the singular horselike shape of the head and fore-part of the body. The head is compressed, and is prolonged into a flat snou… HippocratesHIPPOCRATES, termed the "Father of Medicine," was born, according to Soranus, in Cos, in the first year of the 80th Olympiad, i.e., in 460 B.C. He was a member of the family of the Asclepiadw, and was believed to be either the nineteenth or seventeenth in direct descent from ./Esculapius. It is also claimed for him that he was descended from Hercules through his mother, Phmnarete. He studied medic… Hippolytus, StHIPPOLYTUS, ST, according to the Roman breviary, was one of St Lawrence's converts, who, when summoned before the emperor Valerian on account of the practice of his religion, made a public profession of Christianity. HipponaxHIPPONAX, of Ephesus, a poet placed third, after Archilochus and Simonides, among the classic iambic poets of Greece. Expelled from Ephesus in 540 B.C. by the tyrants Athenagoras and Comas, he took refuge in Clazomenme. There his deformed figure and malicious disposition exposed him to the caricature of the Chian sculptors Bupalus and Athenis ; and he revenged himself by issuing against them a ser… IiabakkukIIABAKKUK (pron), one of the minor prophets of the Old Testament, the eighths in order in the Massoretic text. The name of the prophet is peculiar to him, and occurs only in his own writing (i. 1; iii. 1). As to its meaning there is some uncertainty, but it is probably a formation from a verb signifying to entzeinP, to embrace (Pzci), and means "embraced" or simply "embrace" (Jerome, Pr. cal Hab.;… IialberstadtIIALBERSTADT, the chief town of a circle in the government district of Magdeburg, Prussian province of Saxony, is situated in a beautiful and fertile country on the Holzemme, a tributary of the Bode, and at the junction point of four railways, 29 miles S.W. of Magdeburg. It has an antique appearance, and in a large number of the buildings the mediaeval wood-architecture is still preserved. About a… Iiampden, JohnIIAMPDEN, JOHN (1594-1643), the eldest son of William Hampden of Great Hampden in Buckinghamshire, by Elizabeth, second daughter of Sir Henry Cromwell, and aunt of Oliver, the future Protector, was born in 1594. By his father's death, when he was but a child, he became the owner of a good estate, and a ward of the crown. He was educated at the grammar school at Theme, and in 1609 he became a commo… IiaparandaIIAPARANDA, from Haaparanta, "Aspen-shore," a small town of Sweden in the district of Tornea, at the northern end of the Gulf of Bothnia, in 65? 51' N. lat. It lies about a mile from the mouth of the Tornea-Elf, exactly opposite the town of Torned, which has belonged to Russia since 1809. Haparanda was founded in 1812, and at first bore the name of Carljohansstad or Charles John's Town. -It receiv… IiebeIIEBE, in Greek mythology, is a personification of the blooming freshness and youth of nature. Originally she appears almost identical with the pure Greek Aphrodite (as distinguished from the Oriental goddess). Hebe is the daughter of Zeus and Hera, as Aphrodite of Zeus and Dione; but Dione and Hera are only two names for the same goddess. Like Aphrodite, Hebe is called the most beautiful of the g… Iieinsius, NikolaesIIEINSIUS, NIKOLAES (1620-1681), Dutch scholar, was the son of Daniel Heinsius, and scarcely less illustrious than his father. While, however, Daniel was the type of the stationary scholar, Niko]aes was by temperament restless and peripatetic. He was born at Leyden, July 20, 1620, and early displayed an extraordinary precocity. His boyish Latin poem of Breda Expugnata was printed in 1637, and attr… Iieinsius, Or HeinsIIEINSIUS, or HEINS, DANIEL (1580-1655), one of the most famous scholars of the Dutch Renaissance, was born at Ghent, June 9, 1580. The troubles of the Spanish war drove his parents to settle first at Vecre in Zealand, then in England, next at Ryswick, and lastly at Flushing. In 1594, being already remarkable for his attainments, lie was sent to the university of Franeker to perfect himself in Gre… IieracliusIIERACLIUS (c. 575-611), emperor of the East, was born in Cappadocia about 575. He was brought into notice by his heading a successful revolt against the emperor Phocas in 610, when he usurped the usurper's throne. At that period the eastern provinces of the empire were being ravaged by the triumphant armies of Chosroes (Khosrn) which in the first twelve years of Heraclius's reign continued their … Iiessus, Helius EobanusIIESSUS, HELIUS EOBANUS (1488-1540), a distinguished German humanist of the 16th century, was berg January 6, 1488, at Bockendorf near Frankenberg in Hesse. His family name is not known : the baptismal name Eoban lie owed to a local saint ; Ilessus merely indicates the land of his origin ; while the prcnomen He]ius was assumed by himself partly with reference to the sun-god, patron of poets, and p… Iieylin, PeterIIEYLIN, PETER (1599-1662), an historical and polemical writer, born at Burford, Oxfordshire, 29th November 1599, was the second son of Henry Ifeylin, gentleman, who belonged to an old Montgomeryshire family. Being of a studious turn of mind, Heylin was entered at Hart Hall, Oxford, in 1613; was of Magdalen College, 1615; B. A., July 1617; M.A., 1620; B.D., 1629; D.D., 1633. In July Microcosmos, w… Iiildreth, ItichaIIILDRETH, ItICHA.RD (1807-1865), an American journalist and author, was born at Deerfield, Massachusetts, June 28, 1807. He was educated at Harvard College, where he graduated in 1826; and after studying law at Newburyport, he was called to the Boston bar in 1830. lie had, however, already conceived a predilection for literature, and in 1832 he became joint founder and editor of a daily newspaper… InsectaINsECTA. - Most of the insects which pass the winter as larvae or perfect insects hibernate during the period that they can obtain no food. James GregoryJAMES GREGORY (1638-1675), the author of important discoveries in mathematics and optics, younger brother of the preceding, was born in 1638. He was educated at the grammar school of Aberdeen and at Marischal College of that city. At an early period he manifested a strong inclination and capacity for mathematics and kindred sciences ; and before completing his twenty-third year he published his fa… James GregoryJAMES GREGORY (1753-1821), professor of the practice of medicine in the university of Edinburgh, eldest son of the preceding, was born at Aberdeen in 1753, and received there the rudiments of his education. He accompanied his father to Edinburgh in 1764, and after going through the usual course of literary studies at that university, he was for a short time a student at Christ Church, Oxford. It w… John GregoryJOHN GREGORY (1724-1773), professor of medicine in the university of Edinburgh, grandson of James Gregory, the inventor of the Gregorian telescope, and youngest son of Dr James Gregory, professor of medicine in King's College, Aberdeen, was born at Aberdeen, June 3,1724. After studying at the grammar school of Aberdeen, and completing his literary course at King's College in that city, he attended… Kauai, 67KAUAI, 67 miles N.W. of Maui and 23 miles from Molokai, has an irregularly circular form ; and at the centre is the basaltic mountain Waialeale, 5000 feet high, which has a swampy top and sides deeply furrowed by ravines, showing that volcanic action has been long extinct. To the west of the mountain is a tableland with an elevation of 4000 feet and an area of 40 spume miles, terminating at the se… LanaiLANAI is another small island on the west of Maui, from which it is 9 miles distant. Liturgy And WorshipLITURGY AND WORSHIP. - The ancient liturgies of the Eastern Church were very numerous, and have been frequently classified. Neale makes three divisions - the liturgy of Jerusalem or of St James, that of Alexandria or of St Mark, and that of Edessa or of St Thadtheus ; and Daniel substantially agrees with him. The same passion for uniformity which suppressed the Galilean and Mozarabic liturgies hi … MammiliaMAMMILIA. - Although comparatively few mammals hibernate, the phenomena of hibernation and similar conditions have been better studied in this class than in any other. Dr Marshall Hall has laid down the principle that the amount of respiration is inversely as the degree of irritability of the muscular fibre. Every gradation may be met with between ordinary sleep, the imperfect or abnormal hibernat… Man And His PartsMAN AND HIS PARTS. - The full with arms extended, proper ; formerly he was borne suspended from a gibbet. Wood: azure, three salvage men ambulant in fess, proper; in their dexter hands IL shield argent charged with a cross gules, in their sinister a club resting on their shoulders, also proper. Mr Way mentions an MS. at Melton, in which two knights are represented tilting before a French princess… MauiMAUI, lying 25 miles N.W. of Hawaii, is composed of two moun_tains connected by a sandy isthmus 7 or 8 miles long by 6 miles across, and so low that the depression of a few feet would concert Maui into two islands. Haleakala, the mountain to the N.W., has a height of 10,032 feet, and forms a great dome-like mass with a circumference at the base of 90 miles, and with regular slopes of only 3' or 9?… MolokaiMOLOKAI is a long narrow island 9 miles distant from the northwest end of Maui. Monastic LifeMONASTIC LIFE. - Monastic life was introduced into Christianity in the East, and has always remained a prominent feature in Greek Christianity. The monks usually follow the rule of St Basil, but some monasteries, notably that of Sinai, obey the. rule of St Anthony. The monks are of three classes : - KocvoRtatcoi, who live together in a monastery ruled over by a 1)701;,tccves or etpxtpay8pirqs; ava… Mrs GroteMRS GROTE survived her husband upwards of seven Englishwomen of the present century. Endowed in youth with great personal beauty, which matured into a grand expression and noble presence in advanced age, she possessed intellectual powers of the highest order, combined with a lofty sense of duty and the strictest regard to truth. The chief events of her life have been already related in the precedi… Oahu, 23OAHU, 23 miles N.W. of Molokai and 67 miles S.E. of .Kauai, has an irregular quadrangular form. It is traversed from S.E. to N.W. by two parallel ranges of hills separated by a low plain. The highest point in the island is Kaula, 4060 feet, in the western range; but the eastern range is much longer than the other, and its ridge is very broken : on the land side there are many ravines formed by lat… Peter HessPETER HESS - afterwards Von Hess - was born at Diisseldorf in 1792, and accompanied his younger brother Heinrich Maria to Munich in 1806. Being of an age to receive vivid impressions, he felt the stirring impulses of the time, and became a painter of skirmishes and battles. In 1813-15 he was allowed to join the staff of General Wrede, who commanded the Bavarians in the military operations which le… Renl JustRENL JUST (1743-1822), an eminent French mineralogist, commonly styled the Abbe Hatiy, from being an honorary canon of Notre Dame, was born at St Just, in the department of Oise, February 28, 1743. His parents were in a humble rank of life, and were only enabled by the kindness of friends to educate their son. He was sent to Paris to the college of Navarre, and afterwards to that of Lemoine, where… Reptiles, Insects, And MonsteitsREPTILES, INSECTS, AND MONSTEItS. - Reptiles and Insects are charges rarely seen in early coats. The Serpent is the bearing of the Visconti, dukes of Milan : urgent, a serpent gliding in pale azure, crowned or, vorant an infant issuan t gales. The Snake or bisse, anguis. Sir Wm. de Malbisse: three testes de bysses. The usual bearing of the name of Vaughan in S. Wales is azure, three boys' heads eo… Section IiSECTION II. - POST-CLASSICAL GREEK HISTORY. Special DictionariesSPECIAL DICTIONARIES. - Brugsch, H., Dictionnaire Gengraphique de l'a1 ncienne Egypte; Mara, P., Dictionnuire Archeologie Egyptienne; Lieblein, J., Diction-noire des noms[propres] hidroglnphiques. StiftungSTIFTUNG,GUSTAV-ADOLF-VEREIN,EVANGELISCRERVEREII.,/ DER GusTAIT-AnonF-SiaFruNG), a society formed of members of the Evangelical Protestant churches of Germany, which has for its object the aid of feeble sister churches, especially in Roman Catholic countries. The project of forming such a society was first broached, in connexion with the bicentennial celebration of the battle of Liitzen, on the 6t… TextsTEXTS. - Lepsius, Dr II., Denkntiiler aus Aegypten lewd .4 ethinpien, the great corpus of Egyptian transcriptions, without commentary or translation. Many of the most interesting texts are translated in the works of other scholars. Rosellini, I., I Moeuni mti Egitto e delta Nubia; Monumenti Storici; Monamenti del Culto; Monumenti Civili ; this smaller work contains some texts, particularly the his… The Bishops, And Tile BishopsTHE BISHOPS, AND TILE BISHOPS united in a General Council represent the Church and infallibly decide, under the guidance of the Holy Ghost, all matters of faith and ecclesiastical life. TiildebertTIILDEBERT (HYDALBERT, GILDEBERT, ALDEBERT) Of Le Mans and afterwards of Tours, a prominent church-leader, and one of the best Latin writers of his century, was born about 1055 at Lavardin near VendOme, became a pupil of the famous Berengarius of Tours, and made so great progress in all the learning of the time that be was made head master of the school, archdeacon, and finally, in 1097, bishop of… William GregoryWILLIAM GREGORY (1803-1858), son of the preceding, was born 25th December 1803.
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