Walsh, WilliamWALSH, WILLIAM (1663-1709), is included among Johnson's Most Eminent English Poets, but is justly said to be "known more by his familiarity with greater men than by anything done or written by himself." It was he who gave Pope in his boyhood the advice to study correctness. WalsingiiamWALSINGIIAM, Sltr BRA:Nets 1c)36-1590), secretary of state under Elizabeth, was descended from an old Norfolk family, and was the third and youngest son of William Walsingham of Scadbury, Chislehurst, Kent, where he was born about 1536. After a good private education he entered King's College, Cambridge, but did not take a degree. He remained abroad during the reign of Mary, and the knowledge of f… WalthamWALTHAM, a city in Middlesex county, Massachusetts, United States, like the other so-called cities and towns of New England is in effect a township, containing several bodies of urban population, together with rural districts. It is situated about 9 miles west-north-west from Boston, being in fact a suburb of that city, in a country of rounded hills of glacial gravel. Besides the large village of … Waltham Abbey, Or Waltham Holy CiWALTHAM ABBEY, or WALTHAM HOLY CI:Oss, a market-town of Essex, England, on the borders of Hertfordshire and Middlesex, is situated on the Lea, near the great northern road, and on the Cambridge branch of the Great Eastern Railway, 13 miles north of Liverpool Street station, London. The town lies in a hollow, with streets for the most part crooked and narrow, and although many additions have lately… WalthamstowWALTHAMSTOW, a town of Essex, England, now practically a suburb of London, is situated a short distance east of the river Lea, on a branch of the Great Eastern Railway, 6 miles north of Liverpool Street station. The original village grouped round the church is of comparatively small dimensions, but a large number of houses and villas have been built along the high road, from which diverge a number… Walther, BernhardWALTHER, BERNHARD (1430-1504), astronomer, was born at Nuremberg in 1430. Walther Von Der VogelweideWALTHER VON DER VOGELWEIDE (c. 1170c. 1230), the most illustrious of the German minnesanger, was born in Tyrol between 1165 and 1170. He belonged to a noble family, but had no hereditary possessions. At an early age he seems to have given evidence of an aptitude for poetry, and his genius was developed under the influence of the older poet Reinmar, whom he soon far surpassed. His earliest patron w… Walton, BrianWALTON, BRIAN (1600-1661), bishop of Chester, and editor of the great London Polyglott Bible, was born at Seymour, in the district of Cleveland, Yorkshire, in 1600. He went to Cambridge as a sizar of Magdalene College in 1616, migrated to Peterhouse in 1618, was bachelor in 1619, and master of arts in 1623. After holding a school mastership and two curacies he was in 1626 made rector of St Martin'… Walton, IzWALTON, IZ A AK (1593-1683), author of The Compleat Angler, hooked a much bigger fish than he angled for when he offered his quaint treatise to the public. There is hardly a name in our literature, even of the first rank, whose immortality is more secure, or whose personality is the subject of a more devoted cult. Not only is he the sneer votes of a considerable sect in the religion of recreation,… Walton, Or Walton-le-daleWALTON, or WALTON-LE-DALE, a township of Lancashire, is situated on the south bank of the Ribble, Umiles south-east of Preston. The township includes the town of Walton-le-Dale, the villages of Humber Bridge and Higher 'Walton, and several hamlets. The Ribble is crossed by a stone bridge of three arches erected in 1782, connecting Walton-le-Dale with Preston. The church of St Leonard, situated on … Walton, Or Walton-on-the-hillWALTON, or WALTON-ON-THE-HILL, a township of Lancashire, England, now practically a suburb of Liverpool, 3 miles north-east of the central station. It consists largely of villas and the better class residences, but a considerable portion of the Parish Church district is occupied by labourers and artisans. The parish church, dedicated to St Mary, was originally founded in 1326, but has all been reb… Wan-chow-fuWAN-CHOW-FU, a prefectural city in the Chinese province of Chii-keang, and one of the ports opened by treaty to foreign trade, is situated (28? 1' N. lat. and 120? 31' E. long.) on the south bank of the river Gow, about 20 miles from the sea. The site is said to have been chosen by Kwo P'oh (276-324 A.D.), a celebrated antiquary who recognized in the adjacent mountain peaks a correspondence with t… WansteadWANSTEAD, a village of Essex, England, now really a London suburb, is situated on a branch of the Great Eastern Railway (Snarcsbrook station), 8 miles by rail north-east of Liverpool Street station. It possesses the about 1072 acres) is estimated to have been 4311 in 1871; in 1881 it was 5362. Wanstead is supposed to have been a Roman station. It belonged to the monks of St Peter's, Westminster, a… Warangal, Or WorungulWARANGAL, or WORUNGUL, an ancient town in the Nizam's Dominions, or Hyderabad state, situated 86 miles north-east of Hyderabad city, in 17? 55' N. lat. and 790 40' E. long., and containing in 1881 a population of 3347. WarblerWARBLER, in ornithology, the name bestowed in 1773 by Pennant (Genera of Birds, p. 35)1 on the birds removed, in 1769, by Scopoli from the Lineman genus Motacilla (cf. WAGTAIL) to one founded and called by him Sylvia, - the last being a word employed by several of the older writers in an indefinite way, - that is to say, on all the species of Motacilla which were not Wagtails. " Warbler " has long… WarburtonWARBURTON, WILLIANt (1698-1779), bishop of Gloucester, was the son of the town clerk of Newark, where he was born on December 24, 1698. He was educated at Oakham and Newark grammar schools, but, being intended for his father's profession, does not seem to have addicted himself especially to the classics, or to have manifested extraordinary proficiency in any study. He lost his father while a boy, … Warburton, Eliot Bartholomew GeorgeWARBURTON, ELIOT BARTHOLOMEW GEORGE (1810-- 1852), traveller and novelist, born in 1810 near Tullamore, Ireland, made a hit with his first book, The Crescent and the Cross. It was a book of Eastern travel, in Turkey, Syria, Palestine, and Egypt, and fairly divided public attention with Mr Kinglake's Eothen, which appeared in the same year, 1844. Interest was centred in the East at the time, and Wa… Ward, Edward MatthewWARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879), history and genre painter, was born at Pimlico, London, in 1816. Among his early boyish efforts in art was a series of clever illustrations to the Rejected Addresses of his uncles Horace and James Smith, which was followed soon afterwards by designs to some of the papers of Washington Irving. In 1830 he gained the silver palette of the Society of Arts ; and in 183… Wardha, Or WurdaWARDHA, or WURDA, a British district in the chief eommissionership of the Central Provinces of India, with an area of 2401 square miles. It lies between 20? 18' and 21? 21' N. lat. and 78? 4' 30" and 79? E. long., and forms a triangle with its apex towards the north-west, the base resting on Chanda district ; on the east it is bounded by Nagpur, and on the west the Wardha river separates it from B… Ward, JamesWARD, JAMES (1769-1850), animal painter and engraver, was born in Thames Street, London, on October 23,1769. At the age of twelve lie was bound apprentice with J. Raphael Smith, but he received little attention and learnt nothing from this engraver. He was afterwards instructed for over seven years by his elder brother, William Ward, and he engraved many admirable plates, among which his Mrs Billi… Ward, WilliamWARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826), mezzotint-engraver, an elder brother of James Ward (see above), was born in London in 1766. WareWARE, an ancient market-town of Herts, England, is situated in a valley en the north side of the river Lea, and on a branch of the Great Eastern Railway, 2 miles east-north-east of Hertford, and 22f north of London by rail. The principal street is the spacious High Street, running east and west by the river. The houses are chiefly modern, but there are a few of the old timber frame-houses. The Lea… WarminsterWARMINSTER, an ancient market-town of Wiltshire, England, is situated on elevated ground, at the western extremity of Salisbury Plain, near the Somerset border, on the river Wily, and on a branch of the Great Western Railway, 17 miles south-west of Devizes, 21 north-west of Salisbury, and 105 south-south-west of London by rail. It consists chiefly of one street about a mile in length. The parish c… WarrantWARRANT, in law, is an authority empowering a person to act in a way which would not be lawful without such authority. The term occurs very early in constitutional documents : it is found in the Assize of Clarendon and the Assize of the Forest, both in the reign of Henry II. A warrant must be under the hand and seal of the person issuing it, unless such formalities be dispensed with by statute. Wa… WarrantWARRANT (q.v.) corresponds generally to- the writ of the Supreme Court. Most of the present law on the subject of writs is contained in the Rules of the Supreme Court, 1883, Ord, and in the Crown Office Hales, 1886. Both sets of rules contain numerous precedents in their schedules. By Ord. ii. r. 8 of the rules of 1883 all writs (with certain exceptions) arc to be tested in the name of the lord ch… WarrantyWARRANTY is etymologically another form of GUARANTEE (q.v.). It is used, however, in a rather express or implied statement of something which the party undertakes shall be part of the contract, and, though part of the contract, collateral to the express object of it " (Chanter v. Hopkins, 4 Meeson and Welsby's Reports, 404). It differs from a condition in that a condition forms the in 8 and 9 Vict… Warren, SamuelWARREN, SAMUEL (1807-1877), author of Ten Thousand a Year, was born in Denbighshire in 1807. After a curriculum at the university of Edinburgh, of such distinction that he made the acquaintance of " Christopher North" through his undergraduate fame, he began the study of medicine, but soon abandoned it for the English bar. le entered at the Inner Temple in 1828, and was successful in his professio… WarringtonWARRINGTON, a municipal and parliamentary borough and market-town of England, chiefly in Lancashire but partly in Cheshire, is situated on the Mersey, near the Sankey Canal, and on the London and North-Western main line and several branch lines of other railways, 18 miles west-south-west of Manchester, 20 east of Liverpool, and 182 from London. The bridge across the Mersey, formerly forming the ch… WarsawWARSAW (Warszawa), capital of Poland, and chief town of the above government, is beautifully situated on the left bank of the Vistula, 395 miles to the east of Berlin, and 700 miles to south-west of St Petersburg. It stands on a terrace nearly 100 feet in height, which stretches far to the westward, and descends by steep slopes towards the river, leaving a broad beach at its base. The suburb of P… WarsawWARSAW, a government of Russian Poland, occupies a narrow strip of land to the left of the lower Bug and of the Vistula from its junction with the Bug to the Prussian frontier, and is bounded by the Polish governments of Flock and Loma on the N., Siedlce on the E., and Radom, Piotrkow, and Kalisz on the S. It has an area of 5623 square miles and in 1885 the population was 971,730, of whom 384,000 … WartWART is a papillary excrescence of the surface, most commonly of the skin, but in special circumstances also of the transitional and mucous membranes. The ordinary broad and fiat warts of the skin occur mostly upon the hands of children and young persons ; a long pendulous variety occurs about the chin or neck of children who are constitutionally delicate (it used to be thought a mark of scrofula)… WartonWARTON. WarwickWARWICK, the county town of Warwickshire, and a municipal and parliamentary borough, is finely situated on the Avon, on the Warwick and Birmingham and Warwick and Napton Canals, and on a branch of the Great Western Railway, 8 miles north-east of Stratford-on-Avon and 108 north-west of London. The glory of Warwick is still its castle, which has been truly pronounced to be the "most magnificent of t… WarwickWARWICK, a midland county of England, is bounded I on the N. by Stafford, on the E. by Leicester and North- 7 ampton, on the S. by Oxford and Gloucester, and on the W. by Worcester. Its greatest length from north to south is 50 miles, and its greatest breadth 33 miles. Its area is 566,458 acres, or about 885 square miles. Camden describes it as being "divided into two parts, the Feldon and Tfroodi… Warwick, Ric1eard NevilWARWICK, RIC1EARD NEVIL, EARL OF (c. 1420-1471), was born between 1420 and 1430. lie was descended from a family of note in the north of England, that of the Nevils, who enjoyed for many generations the title of earls of Westmorland. His grandmother on the father's side was Joan, daughter of John of Gaunt. He inherited the title of earl of Salisbury from his father, a younger son of Ralph Nevi!, a… WashingtonWASHINGTON, the seat of government of the United States, forms a part of the District of Columbia, which is under the immediate government of the United States. The city of Washington as a corporation has had no existence since 1S71, when Congress abolished the charters of that city and of Georgetown (also within the District of Columbia), and placed the entire District under one government. The D… WashingtonWASHINGTON, a Territory of the United States, is the extreme north-western political subdivision of the Union (except the detached Alaska), and is bounded on the N. by the Canadian province of British Columbia, on the E. by Idaho Territory, on the S. by Oregon, and on the W. by the Pacific Ocean. It lies between 45? 40' and 49? 0' N. lat. and 117? 0' and 124? 44' W. long., and has a total land are… Washington, GeorgeWASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799), the first president of the United States, was born in Westmoreland county, Virginia, February 22 (Old Style, Feb. 11), 1732. One lawless genealogist has traced his ancestry back to Odin. Another genealogy, since given up with much regret, connected the family with the Washingtons of Northumberland or Durham, England. The ancestry of Washington can be traced no farth… WaspsWASPS. The order -Hymenoptera is divided into two sub-orders, the Toybran/La and the Acvleata. The latter is subdivided into several sub-sections, one of which, the Diploptera (Latreille), includes all the true wasps. The D(ploptera are in their turn divided into three families - (1) the Vespitke, (2) the Eumevidx, and (3) the ilasarithr, which together comprise some 1000 different species. They a… WasteWASTE (Vastunt) is used in law in several senses, of which four are the most important. (1) Waste of a manor is that part of a manor subject to rights of common, as distinguished from the lord's demesne (see COMMONS, MANoR). (2) Year, day, and waste was a part of the royal prerogative, acknowledged by the statute De Prrerogativa Regis. The king had the profits of freehold lands of those attainted … WatchWATCH. Timepieces moved by a spiral spring instead of a weight were made as early as the 16th century, though the law which governs the mechanical theory of springs was first enunciated by Huygens in the 17th century (ut tensio sic vis); this, however, is not invariable. Fig. 1 shows the general arrangement of a watch or chronometer (both of which are here considered together). The barrel and fuse… WaterWATER,' as everybody knows, is a generic term which includes a great variety of different substances. But when we compare any two species we always find more of agreement than of difference in properties which suggest that all waters consist essentially of the same thing, which is only modified differently in the several varieties by the nature or proportion of impurities. This surmise is confirme… WaterburyWATERBURY, a city in Newhaven county, Connecticut, United States, is situated on the Naugatuck river, rocky and hilly, was poor for farming, and the inhabitants began to turn to manufacturing pursuits, in a humble way, before 1800. But the growth in population and business was very slow, till the civil war created such a demand for brass and manufactured articles of that metal that the small facto… WaterfordWATERFORD, a city, county of a city, municipal and parliamentary borough, and the chief town of the above county, is finely situated on the south bank of the Suir Waterford Harbour is a winding and well-sheltered bay, formed by the estuary of the river Suir, and afterwards by the joint estuary of the Nore and Barrow. Its length to the sea is about 15 miles. Its entrance is about 2i miles wide, and… WaterfordWATERFORD, a maritime county of Ireland, in the province of Munster, is bounded E. by Waterford Harbour, separating it from Wexford, N. by Kilkenny and by Tipperary, W. by Cork, and S. by the Atlantic. Its greatest length from east to west is 52 miles, and its greatest breadth from north to south is 28 miles. The total area is 461,552 acres, or about 721 square miles. The coast-line is in some par… Water-lilyWATER-LILY, a somewhat vague term, given to almost any floating plant with conspicuous flowers, but applying more especially to the species of Xympliwct and Nuphar. These are aquatic plants with their thick fleshy rootstocks or tubers embedded in the mud, and throwing up to the surface circular shield-like leaves, and leafless flower-stalks, each terminated by a single flower, often of great beaut… WaterlooWATERLOO, a city and the county seat of Black Hawk county, Iowa, United States, is situated in a rich farming and stock-raising country, on both sides of the Cedar river, which here furnishes a valuable water power. WaterlooWATERLOO, a village of Belgium, in the province of Brabant, 9 miles to the south-south-east of Brussels, was the headquarters of the duke of Wellington from 17th to 19th June 1815, and has given its name throughout the English-speaking world to the famous battle fought in its neighbourhood on June 18, 1815. Water-supplyWATER-SUPPLY. An ample supply of pure water is of the utmost importance for the healthiness of towns. When the population of a district is scattered it is possible to supply individual wants by means of streams, springs, or shallow wells ; but when a number of people are congregated within the limited area of a town the natural supply of water in this area is liable to be insufficient, and is also… Waterton, CharlesWATERTON, CHARLES (1782-1865), naturalist and traveller, descended from a very ancient English family, was born at Walton Hall, near Pontefract, Yorkshire, in 1782. After being educated at the Roman Catholic college of Stonyhurst, and travelling a short time on the Continent, he went to Demerara to manage some estates belonging to his family. He continued in this occupation for about eight years, … WatertownWATERTOWN, a city in Jefferson and Dodge counties, Wisconsin, United States, is situated upon both sides of Rock river, in a rich farming region. WatertownWATERTOWN, a city of the United States, the county seat of Jefferson county, New York, is situated upon both sides of Black River, 7 miles above its mouth, and is 140 miles north-west of Albany. WatfordWATFORD, an ancient market town of Herts, is situated on a ridge of gravel overlooking the river Colne, on the Grand Junction Canal and on the London and North-Western Railway, branches of which here diverge to St Albans and to Rickmansworth, 8 miles south-west of St Albans and 17i- north-west of London by rail, the distance by road from Charing Cross being 15 miles. It consists chiefly of one spa… Watson, RichardWATSON, RICHARD (1737-181G), bishop of Llandaff, was born in August 1737 at Heversham, in Westmorland, and was the son of the master of the grammar school of that place. He was entirely educated by his father, who sent him in 1754 to Trinity College, Cambridge, with "a considerable stock of classical learning, a spirit of persevering industry, and an obstinate provincial accent." He was elected a … Wattealt, AntoineWATTEALT, ANTOINE (1684-1721), French painter, was born at Valenciennes in 1684. Thrown on his own resources at an early age, the boy went moneyless and ragged alone to Paris. There, after a hard struggle, he succeeded in getting work with a painter of saints for country customers, who assigned to -Watteau, the future Homer of gallant feastings, the repetition of dozens of St Nicholas. The saint b… Watt, JamesWATT, JAMES (1736-1819), the inventor of the modern condensing steam-engine, was born at Greenock on the 19th of January 1736. His father was a small merchant there, who lost his trade and fortune by unsuccessful speculation, and James was early thrown on his own resources. Having a taste for mechanics he made his way to London, at the age of nineteen, to learn the business of a philosophical-inst… Watts, IsaacWATTS, ISAAC (1674-1748), theologian and hymn writer, was born at Southampton 17th July 1674. He was the eldest of nine children, and was named after his father, who kept a boarding establishment at Southampton. The father also wrote poetry, and a number of his pieces were included by mistake in vol. i. of the son's Postkninons Works. Young Watts is stated to have entered on the study of the class… WaveWAVE. By this term is commonly understood a state of disturbance which is propagated from one part of a medium to another. Thus it is euergy which passes, and not matter, - though in some cases the wave permanently displaces, usually to a small amount only, the medium through which it has passed. Currents, on the other hand, imply the passage of matter associated with energy. The subject is one wh… WavertreeWAVERTREE, a township of Lancashire, partly included within the parliamentary limits of Liverpool, 3 miles south-east of Liverpool Exchange. Wax FiguresWAX FIGURES. Beeswax is possessed of properties which render it a most convenient medium for preparing figures and models, either by modelling or by casting in moulds. At ordinary temperatures it can be cut and shaped with facility ; it melts to a limpid fluid at a low heat ; it mixes with any colouring matter, and takes surface tints well ; and its texture and consistency may be modified by the a… WaxwingWAXWING, a bird first so-called apparently by Selby in 1825 (Illustr. Brit. Ornithology, p. 87), having been before known as the " Silk-tail " (Philos. Transactions, 1685, p. 1161) - a literal rendering of the German Seidenschwanz - or "Chatterer " - the prefix "German," "Bohemian," or "Waxen" being often also applied. Selby's convenient name has now been generally adopted, since the bird is readi… WealthWEALTH. The moat commonly accepted definition of wealth is that it consists of all useful and agreeable things which possess exchange value, and this again is generally regarded as coextensive with all desirable things except those which do not involve labour or sacrifice for their acquisition in the quantity desired. On analysis it will be evident that this definition implies, directly, prelimina… WeaselWEASEL. The smallest species of the group of animals of which the polecat and stoat are well-known members (see MAMMALTA, vol. xv. p. 440). It is Mustela vulgaris of Linnxus, but belongs to the section (Putorius) of the genus which has but three premolar teeth on each side above and below, instead of four as in the martens (to which .2Wustela is commonly restricted) and hence is now called Putoriu… Weaver-birdWEAVER-BIRD, the name 1 by which a group of between 200 and 300 species are now usually called, from the elaborately interwoven nests that many of them build, some of the structures being of the most marvellous kind. By the older systematists such of these birds as were then known were distributed among the genera Orionis, Loxia, Emberiza, and Fringilla ; and it was envier who in 1817 first brough… WeavingWEAVING is the art of forming cloth by the interlacing of yarn or other filaments in a loom. In weaving two kinds or sets of yarn are used, the warp and the weft. The warp consists of the threads of yarn which extend generally but not always in parallel lines from end to end the whole length of the web ; the weft yarn crosses and intersects the warp at right angles, and fills up the breadth of the… Weber, Carl Maria Friedricti Ernst VonWEBER, CARL MARIA FRIEDRICTI ERNST VON (178618B6), musical composer and creator of "romantic opera," was born at Eutin, near Lubeck, December 18, 1786, of a family that had long been devoted to art. His father, Baron Franz Anton von Weber, a military officer in the service of the palgrave Karl Theodor, was an excellent violinist, and his mother once sang on the stage. His cousins, Josepha, Aloysia… Weber's LawWEBER'S LAW is the principal generalization of that branch of scientific investigation which has come to be known as "psycho-physics." According to Fechner, who has done most to prosecute these inquiries and to consolidate them under a separate name, "psycho-physics is an exact doctrine of the relation of function or dependence between . body and soul." In other words, it is throughout an attempt … WebsterWEBSTER., THOMAS (1800-1886), figure painter, was born at Ranelagh Street, Pimlico, London, on March 20, 1800. His father was a member of the household of George III.; and the son, having shown an aptitude for music, became a chorister in the Chapel Royal, St James's. He, however, developed a still stronger love for painting, and in 1821 he was admitted student of the Royal Academy, to whose exhib… WebsterWEBSTER, Jolty, the greatest of Shakespeare's contemporaries or successors, was a writer for the stage in the year 1601, and published in 1624 the city pageant for that year, " invented and written by John Webster, merchant-tailor." In the same year a tragedy by Ford and Webster was licensed for the stage ; it is one of the numberless treasures now lost to us through the carelessness of genius or … Webster, DanielWEBSTER, DANIEL (1782-1852), American statesman, was born at Salisbury, New Hampshire, January 18, 1782. His family can be traced back without difficulty to Thomas Webster, of Scottish ancestry, who settled in New Hampshire in 16:36, but no further. Ebenezer Webster, the father of Daniel, rose to the rank of captain in the " French and Indian War." From him his sons Ezekiel and Daniel inherited gr… Webster, NoahWEBSTER, NOAH (1758-1843), American lexicographer, was descended on the father's side from John Webster of Warwickshire, England, one of the original settlers at Hartford, and for a time governor of Connecticut, and on the mother's side from William Bradford, second governor of Plymouth and one of the founders of that colony. He was the son of a farmer, and was born in West Hartford, Connecticut, … Wedderburn, AlexanderWEDDERBURN, ALEXANDER (1733-1805), Baron Loughborough in 1780, earl of Rosslyn in 1801, lord high chancellor of Great Britain, was the eldest son of Peter Wedderburn (a lord of session as Lord Chesterhall), and was born in East Lothian on 13th February 1733. He acquired the rudiments of his education at Dalkeitb, and in his fourteenth year was sent to the university of Edinburgh, where he matricul… WedgwoodWEDGWOOD, Josiah (1730-1795), the most distinguished of English manufacturers of pottery. Many members of the Wedgwood family had been established as potters in Staffordshire throughout the 17th century, but their productions were in no way remarkable. Josiah, born in 1730, was the youngest child of Thomas Wedgwood, who owned a thriving pottery in Burslem. At a very early age he distinguished hims… WeeverWEEVER. The weevers (Trachinats) are small marine fishes which are common on the coasts of Europe, and which have attained notoriety from the painful and sometimes dangerous wounds they are able to inflict upon those who incautiously handle them. They belong to a family of spiny-rayed fishes (Trachiniflar), and are distinguished by a long low body with two dorsal fins, the anterior of which is com… WeevilWEEVIL, a very old Anglo-Saxon term, now commonly applied to the members of a group of Coleoptera termed the Rhyncophora (see vol. vi. p. 133). This group is characterized by the prolongation of the head into a rostrum or proboscis, at the encl of which the mouth, with its appendages, is placed. The antennae are short, usually elbowed, and often end in a club-shaped swelling. The basal portion of … WeimarWEIMAR, the capital of the grand-duchy of SaxeWeimar-Eisenach, the largest of the Thuringian states, is situated in a pleasant valley on the Ilm, 50 miles southwest of Leipsie and 136 miles south-west of Berlin. Containing no very imposing edifices, and plainly and irregularly built, the town presents at first a somewhat unpretending and even dull appearance ; but there is an air of elegance in it… WeissenfelsWEISSENFELS, an industrial town in the province of Saxony, Prussia, is situated on the Saale, 181 miles southwest of Leipsic and 19 miles south of Halle. Wellesley, Richard WesleyWELLESLEY, RICHARD WESLEY (or WELLESLEY), MARQUIS OF (1760-1812), eldest son of the first earl of Mornington, an Irish peer, and eldest brother of the duke of Wellington, was born June 20, 1760. He was sent to Eton, where he was distinguished as an excellent classical scholar, and to Christ Church, Oxford. By his father's death in 1781 he became earl of Mornington, taking his seat in the Irish Hou… WellingboroughWELLINGBOROUGH, a market-town of Northamptonshire, England, is situated on the declivity of a bill near the junction of the Ise with the Nen, and on the London and North-Western and Midland railway lines, 63-?2- miles north-north-west of London, and 14 east-north-east of Northampton. The church of St Luke contains some Norman and Early English portions, with later work of various periods, and a De… WellingtonWELLINGTON, the chief town of Hutt county, New Zealand, and the seat of the colonial Government, is situated in the south-west of North Island, on the shores of Port Nicholson, in 41? 16' 25" S. lat. and 174? 47' 25" E. long., SO miles east of Nelson, 160 south of New Plymouth, and 1200 south-east of Sydney. The immediate surroundings of Wellington were originally very uninviting, as it is walled … WellingtonWELLINGTON, a market-town of Somerset, England, is situated on a gentle elevation at the foot of the Black-downs near the river Tone, and on the Great Western Railway, 170 miles south-south-west of London, and 7 south-west of Taunton. The church of St John, a handsome structure, with one of the characteristic Somersetshire towers, is of the Perpendicular style of architecture, except the nave, whi… WellingtonWELLINGTON, a town of Shropshire, England, on the Great Western and London and North-Western railway lines, and on the Shropshire Union Canal, 151k miles north-west of London, 11 east of Shrewsbury, and 31 north-west of Birmingham. The neighbourhood is picturesque, the Wrekin, about 14- miles from the town, rising to a height of 1320 feet. The church of All Saints, built in 1790, was restored in 1… WellsWELLS, a municipal borough in the county of Somerset, England, at the foot of the Mendip Hills, 135 miles west of London. At present it is a place of little importance, except for its cathedral, markets, and assizes. The population of the city (726 acres) in 1881 was 4634. The city of Wells is said to have derived its name from some springs called St Andrew's Wells, which during the Middle Ages we… WelshpoolWELSHPOOL, or Poor, a market-town and municipal and parliamentary borough in Montgomeryshire, North Wales, is situated in the upper Severn valley not far from north of Montgomery, and 18 west of Shrewsbury. The church of St Mary's, a Gothic structure, restored by Street at a cost of ?4000, is a building of some antiquity; Christ Church, in Powis Park, in the Norman style, was house, assize courts,… WenceslausWENCESLAUS (1361-1419), German king, was the eldest son of the emperor Charles IV., of the house of Luxemburg. He was born in 1361, and when three years of age was crowned as his father's successor in Bohemia. In 1376 he was elected king of the Roman; and in 1378, on the death of Charles IV., he mounted the Bohemian and German thrones. lie repeatedly thought of going to Rome to receive the imperia… WendsWENDS. Wenzel, Karl FriedrichWENZEL, KARL FRIEDRICH (1740-1793), German metallurgist, was born at Dresden in 1740. His father was a bookbinder, and Wenzel began to learn the same trade ; hut finding it monotonous he quietly left home and went to Rolland at the age of fifteen. In Amsterdam he took lessons in surgery and chemistry, and then entered the Dutch navy as a surgeon. After some years a sea life lost its charm for him,… WerdauWERDAU, a manufacturing town of Saxony, is situated on the Pleisse, in the industrial district of Zwickau, about 40 miles south of Leipsic. Werner, Abraham GottlobWERNER, ABRAHAM GOTTLOB (1750-1817), the father of German geology, was born in Oberlausitz, Saxony, 25th September 1750. The family to which lie belonged had been engaged for several hundred years in mining pursuits. His father was inspector of Count Solm's iron-works at Mehrau and Lorzendorf, and from young Werner's infancy cultivated in him a taste for minerals and rocks. The boy showed early pr… Werner, Friedrich LudwigWERNER, FRIEDRICH LUDWIG ZActfAinas, German poet, was born at Konigsberg on November 18, 1768, and died at Vienna on January 17, 1823. WernigerodeWERNIGERODE, a town of Prussian Saxony, about 12 miles to the south-west of Halberstadt, is picturesquely situated on the Holzemme, on the north slopes of the Harz Mountains. It contains several interesting Gothic buildings, including the fine town-house dating from the 14th century. Some of the quaint old houses which have escaped the numerous fires that have visited the town are elaborately ador… WeselWESEL, a strongly fortified industrial town in Westphalia, Prussia, is situated at the confluence of the Rhine and the Lippe, 46 miles south-west of Minster, and 35 miles south-east of Nimeguen in Holland. The Rhine is here crossed by a large railway bridge and by a bridge of boats. The island of Bilderich in mid-stream is fortified, and the town is further protected by detached forts, one of whic… WeselWESEL, Jonx KUCHRATII, of Oberwesel (see above), was born in the early years of the 15th century, and died under sentence of imprisonment for life on a charge of heresy in the Augustinian convent in Mainz in 1481. He appears to have been one of the leaders of the humanist movement in Germany, and to have had some intercourse and sympathy with the leaders of the Hussites in Bohemia. Erfurt was then… WeserWESER (O. Germ. Visuracha, TVisura ; Lat. Visurgis), one of the chief rivers of Germany, formed by the union of the Werra and the Fulda at :Minden, in the Prussian province of Hanover, flows to the north and north-northwest, and enters the North Sea below Bremerhafen, to the east of the Jade Bay. Time mouth is 170 miles from Miinden, but the winding course of the river is 279 miles long ; if the m… WesleyWESLEY, an English family of special ecclesiastical distinction, claims descent from the ancient De Wellesleys, one of whom, Guy, was made a thane by Athelstan about 935, the family seat being at Welswe, near Wells, in Somerset. Wesley, SamuelWESLEY, SAMUEL (1766-1837), musical composer, son of Charles Wesley (see above), was born at Bristol, February 24, 1766, and developed so precocious a talent for music that at three years old he played the organ and at eight composed an oratorio entitled Ruth-a fact which is duly chronicled on a curious portrait, painted in 1774, and afterwards engraved, wherein he is represented in the childish c… WesselWESSEL. WESSELLIS 0 ANSFORTIUS I was born at Groningen in 1100 (Hardenberg), in 1419 (Suffridus Petri), or in 14.21, and on the death of his parents was adopted by a noble lady, Oda Clantes, who sent him along with her only son to the famous school at Deventer, which was under the supervision of the Brothers of Common Life, and was in close connexion with the convent of Mount St Agnes at Zwolle, w… West Bay CityWEST BAY CITY, a city of Bay county, Michigan, United States, is situated on the Saginaw river, near its mouth, opposite Bay City. West, BenjaminWEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820), history and portrait painter, was born in 1738, at Springfield, in Pennsylvania, coming of an old Quaker family who had emigrated from Buckinghamshire. When a boy of seven he began to show his inclinations to art. According to the well-known story, he was sitting by the cradle of his sister's child, watching its sleep, when the infant happened to smile in its dreams, an… West BromwichWEST BROMWICH, a municipal and parliamentary borough of Staffordshire, England, is situated near the river Tame, and on the Great Western Railway, 6 miles north-west of Birmingham, and 133/ miles from London. It consists chiefly of one main street, the High Street, upwards of 1 miles in length. The parish church (All Saints, formerly St Clement's) is of very early origin, and was given by Henry I.… WestburyWESTBURY, Rum ARP BETIIELL, DATION (1800-1873), was the son of Dr Richard Bothell, and was born at Bradford, Wilts. He was placed in the first class in classics and the second in mathematics at Oxford in 1818, and was elected a fellow of -Wadham College. In 1823 he was called to the bar at the Middle Temple. On attaining the dignity of queen's counsel in 1840 he rapidly took the foremost place at… West ChesterWEST CHESTER, a borough and the county seat of Chester county, Pennsylvania, United States, is situated 27 miles west of Philadelphia, in a thickly settled farming region, devoted principally to market gardening and the dairy industry. West De 11i3vWEST DE 11I3V, a township in Lancashire, England, now virtually a suburb of Liverpool, about 4 miles northeast of Liverpool Exchange. it is chiefly composed of houses inhabited by the wealthier merchants of Liverpool. The parish church of St Mary was re-erected in 1856 in the Early English style from the designs of Sir Gilbert Scott, and has a massive central tower with four pinnacles. The site of… Western AustraliaWESTERN AUSTRALIA. This British colony, the portion of Australia that lies to the west of 129' E. long., forming considerably more than one-third of the whole, has an area of 1,060,000 square miles, is 1400 miles in length and S50 in breadth, and has a coast-line of 3500 miles. It is divided into five districts - Central, Central Eastern, South-Eastern, North, and Kimberley. The Central or settled… West HamWEST HAM, an eastern suburb of London, in the county of Essex, which gives its name to an extensive parish, urban sanitary district, and parliamentary borough stretching north and south from Wanstead and Leyton to the Thames, and east and west from Little Ilford and East Ham to the river Lea. West Ham proper is situated on the main road between Stratford and Plaistow, three-quarters of a mile sout… West HoughtonWEST HOUGHTON, a township of Lancashire, England, on the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway, 5 miles west-south-west of Bolton, 15 north-west of Manchester, and 5 east-north-east of Wigan. West IndiesWEST INDIES. This important archipelago received the name of the West Indies from Columbus, who hoped that, through the islands, he had found a new route to India. It is also sometimes known as the Antilles (a name, however, more properly applied to a part than to the whole), as Columbus, on his arrival here, was supposed to have reached Antilla, a fabled country, said' to lie far to the westward … WestmacottWESTMACOTT, Six lliewAun (1775-1856), one of the principal English sculptors of the classical revival, was born in London in 1775, and while yet a boy learned the rudiments of the plastic art in the studio of his father, who was then a sculptor of some reputation. In 1793, at the age of eighteen, he went to Rome and became a pupil of the Venetian Canova, who was then at the height of his fame. Und… WestmeathWESTMEATH, an inland county of Ireland, in the province of Leinster, is bounded N.W. by Longford, N. by Cavan, N.E. and E. by Meath, S. by King's County, and W. by Roscommon. Its greatest length from east to west is about 40 miles, and its greatest breadth from north to south about 35 miles. The total area is 453,453 acres, or about 708 square miles. Westmeath is included within the great central … WestmorlandWESTMORLAND, a northern inland county of England, adjoins Cumberland on the north-west, Lancashire on the south-west and south, Yorkshire on the east, and a small part of Durham on the extreme north-east. In form it may be regarded as an irregular polygon, with two large re-entering angles on the south-west and south-east. Its length from N.E. to S.W. is 42 miles, while from east to west it measur… Weston-super-mareWESTON-SUPER-MARE, a watering-place of Somerset, England, is situated at the northern extremity of Uphill Bay, a recess of the Bristol Channel, and on a branch of the Great Western Railway, 138?:-, miles from London, 20 south-west of Bristol, and 20 north-west of Wells. It is built partly on level ground near the shore, and partly on the slopes of Worlebury Hill, which aids in sheltering it from t… WestphaliaWESTPHALIA (Germ. Westfalen), a province in the west of Prussia, is bounded on the N. by the province of Hanover, on the E. by the province of Hanover, the principalities of Lippe-Detmold and Schaumburg-Lippe, the duchy of Brunswick, the province of Hesse, and the principality of Waldeck, on the S.W. by Rhenish Prussia, and on the N.W. by Holland. Its greatest length from north to south is 110 mil… West TroyWEST TROY, a village of Albany county, New York, United States, is situated in the bottom-land on the west bank of the Hudson, opposite Troy, with which it is connected by an iron bridge, and 5 miles north of Albany. West VirginiaWEST VIRGINIA, one of the North-Eastern Central States of the American Union, lying between 37? 6' and 40? 38' N. lat., is bounded on the N. by Pennsylvania and Maryland, on the E. and S. by Virginia, and on the W. by Kentucky and Ohio, and has an area of 24,780 square miles. The form of the State is extremely irregular. It may be roughly likened to an ellipse, the greatest diameter of which lies … Wetstein, John JacobWETSTEIN, JOHN JACOB (1693-1754), New Testament critic, was born at Basel, March 5, 1693. His father, John Rudolph Wetstein, was pastor of St Leonard's in that city, and belonged to a learned family with wide ramifications. John Jacob studied the classics, Hebrew, and mathematics under distinguished professors, amongst whom was one of the Buxtorfs. Theology he studied under Samuel Werenfels, an in… WexfordWEXFORD, a maritime county of Ireland, in the province of Leinster, is bounded N. by Wicklow, E. and S. by St George's Channel, and W. by Waterford, Kilkenny, and Carlow. Its greatest length from its north-eastern extremity at Kilmichael Point to Hookhead Point at Waterford Harbour is upwards of 60 miles, and its greatest breadth from east to west 34 miles. The area is 576,58S acres, or about 901 … WexfordWEXFORD, a seaport, market-town, and municipal borough, and the chief town of the above county, is finely situated on the south side of the Slaney, where it discharges into Wexford Harbour, on the Dublin, Wicklow, and Wexford Railway and a branch line of the Great Southern and Western, 82 miles south of Dublin and 15 south-east of Enniscorthy. Wexford Harbour, formed by the estuary of the Slancy, … Weymouth And Melco3113e RegisWEYMOUTH AND MELCO3113E REGIS, a seaport, watering-place, market-town, and municipal borough of Dorset, England, is situated at the mouth of the small river Wey, on Weymouth Bay, opposite the Isle of Portland, and on the London and South-Western Railway and a branch of the Great Western, 7.4- miles south of Dorchester, 271 west-south-west of Poole Junction, and 145-.e from London. It is formed of … WfirtembergWfIRTEMBERG,1 or WtRTTEMBERG, a European king- See dom, forms a tolerably compact mass in the south-west sketch angle of the German empire, of which it is the third map factor in point of area and the fourth in point of population. In the south it is cleft by the long narrow territory of Hohenzollern, belonging to Prussia ; and it encloses six small enclaves of Baden and Hohenzollern, while it own… WhaleWHALE,1 a name applied rather loosely to various animals of the order Cetacea, the general characters and classification of \\licit have been described in the article INIAmAiimA. (vol. xv. p. 391). All the members of the sub-order ity,stacoccti, or Cetacea with whalebone, are called " whales." But of the Odontoceti, or Cetacea with teeth, only certain of the larger ones are so termed, the smaller … WhaleboneWHALEBONE is the inaccurate name under which the baleen plates of the right whale are popularly known ; and the trade-name of whale-fin, which the substance receives in commerce, is equally misleading. Three kinds of whalebone are recognized by traders - the Greenland, yielded by the Greenland whale, JJala'na mysticetus ; the South Sea, the produce of the Antarctic black whale, B. australis; and t… Whale OilsWHALE OILS. The whale or train (Germ., Thran) oil of commerce may be obtained from the blubber of any species of whale or dolphin (see WHALE FISHERIES, above). The only whale oil that is otherwise commercially distinguished is sperm or spermaceti oil, yielded by the sperm whales. Whale oil varies in colour from a bright honey yellow to a dark brown, according to the condition of the blubber from w… Wharton, MarquisWHARTON, MARQUIS or. WhatelyWHATELY, Rmilann (1787-1863), archbishop of Dublin, was born in London on 1st February 1787. He was the youngest of the nine children of the Rev. Joseph Whately of Nonsuch Park, Surrey. After attending a private school near Bristol (where his father was prebendary), he went to Oxford in 1805 and entered Oriel College, then the most distinguished in the university. Copleston, afterwards bishop of L… WhateverWHATEVER definition of the word " army " (see ARMY) be adopted, the fact that it is a body of men organized for the effective employment of arms is the essence of it. Hence the nature of the most effective organization and employment of armies in active warfare at any given period has always turned upon the nature of the arms in use at the time. The laboratory and workshops of science in recent ye… WheatWHEAT (Triticum), the most important and the most generally diffused of cereal grasses, is an annual plant, with hollow, erect, knotted stems, and produces, in addi tion to the direct developments from the seedling plant, secondary roots and secondary shoots (tillers) from the base. Its leaves have each a long sheath encircling the stem, and at the junction of the blade or " flag " with the sheat… WheatearWHEATEAR, as a bird's name perhaps of doubtful meaning,1 though Taylor, the " water poet " (d. 104), in whose writings it seems first to occur, and Willughby explain it (in the words of Ray, the latter's translator) as given "because [in] the time of wheat harvest they wax very fat." It would seem also from this author to have been originally the local name for the species in Sussex, on the South … Wheatley, FrancisWHEATLEY, FRANCIS (1747-1801), English portrait and landscape painter, was born in 1747 at Wild Court, Covent Garden, London. He studied at Shipley's drawing-school and the Royal Academy, and won several prizes from the Society of Arts. He assisted in the decoration of Vauxhall, and aided Mortimer in painting a ceiling for Lord Melbourne at Brocket Hall (Hertfordshire). In youth his life was irreg… Wheaton, HenryWHEATON, HENRY (1785-1848), American lawyer and diplomatist, was born at Providence, Rhode Island, on 27th November 1785. He graduated at Brown university in 1802, was admitted to the bar in 1805, and, after two years' study abroad, practised law at Providence (1807-12) and at New York City (1812-25). He was a justice of the Marine Court of the city of New York from 1815 to 1819, and reporter of t… WheatstoneWHEATSTONE, Six CHARLES (1802-1875), the practical founder of modern telegraphy, was born at Gloucester in February 1802, his father being a music-seller in that city. In 1806 the family removed to London. Wheat-stone's education was carried on in several private schools, at which he appears to have displayed no remarkable attainments, being mainly characterized by a morbid shyness and sensitivene… WheelingWHEELING, a city of Ohio county, West Virginia, U.S., the largest and most important in the State, stands on the eastern bank of the Ohio and on an island in the river, in what is popularly known as the " Pan-Handle." The main portion of the city lies in the bottom land, 40 to 50 feet above low water in the river, and, on an average, about 650 feet above the sea. Immediately east of it the bluffs … Whewell, WilliamWHEWELL, WILLIAM (1794-1866), philosopher and historian of science, was born on 24th May 1794 at Lancaster, where his father was a house-carpenter. He was educated at the blue school and the grammar school of Lancaster, and afterwards at Heversham grammar school, where he obtained the exhibition which enabled him to enter Trinity College, Cambridge, in October 1812. For the remainder of his life h… Whig And ToryWHIG AND TORY. Parliamentary parties came into existence in England as soon as parliament achieved or aimod at predominance in the state, In 1641, shortly after the meeting of the Long Parliament, they were divided on the question of church reform, passing, as soon as political questions were involved, into Cavaliers and Roundheads. After the expulsion of the Cavaliers in 1642 and 1643 the Houses … WhirlpoolWHIRLPOOL, a hollow in running water, caused or accompanied by a whirling motion which attracts and engulfs floating objects. The popular conception of a whirlpool was probably based on the ancient accounts of that of Charybdis, strengthened by exaggerated rumours of the Malstrom in the Lofoten Islands, and, in Great Britain at least, largely consolidated by the legends of Corrievreckan. The vario… Whisky, Or WhiskeyWHISKY, or WHISKEY, a spirit distilled for drinking, which originated, at least so far as regards the name,1 with the Celtic inhabitants of Ireland and Scotland ; and its manufacture and use still continue to be closely associated with these two countries. Distilled spirit first became popularly known as aqua vitas, and it was originally used the town council of Glasgow issued regulations for pers… WhistWHIST, a game at cards. The etymology of the name is disputed ; probablyit is of imitative origin, from "whist" (hist, hush, silence), the game being so named because of the silence required to play it attentively. In the 16th century a card game called triumph or trump (corrupted from "triumph ") was commonly played in England. A game called trim)/ is mentioned as early as 1526, and trisnnphus Hi… Whiston, WilliamWHISTON, WILLIAM (1667-1752), English divine and mathematician, was born on 9th December 1667 at Norton in Leicestershire, of which village his father was rector. He was educated privately, partly on account of the delicacy of his health and partly that he might act as amanuensis to his father, who had lost his sight. He afterwards entered at Clare College, Cambridge, where he applied himself with… WhitbyWHITBY, a seaport and watering-place in the North Riding of Yorkshire, England, is picturesquely situated on both banks of the Esk, at its entrance into the North Sea, and on the North-Eastern Railway, 2471 miles north of London and 56 north-east of York. The river is crossed by a bridge which opens in the centre to permit the passage of vessels. The old parts of the town present a very antique an… WhitebaitWHITEBAIT, the vernacular name of a small Clupeoid fish which appears in large shoals in the estuary of the Thames during the summer months, and is held in great esteem as a delicacy for the table. As to whether or not it is a distinct form, the opinions of naturalists have been divided ever since their attention was directed to the question. Pennant and Shaw believed it to be some kind of Cyprino… Whitefield, GeorgeWHITEFIELD, GEORGE (1714-1770), one of the most eloquent of pulpit orators, was born on 16th December 1714 at the Bell Inn, Gloucester, of which his father was landlord. At about twelve years of age lie was sent to the school of St Mary de Crypt, Gloucester, where on account of his skill in elocution he was chosen to perform in a piece acted before the corporation of the school. He also became ver… WhitefishWHITEFISH is a collective name applied in different countries to very different kinds of freshwater fishes, which, however, have this in common, that their body is covered with regularly arranged silvery scales, without spots or ornamental colours. WhitehavenWHITEHAVEN, a parliamentary borough of England and the principal seaport of Cumberland, is situated at the extremity of the Solway Firth, facing the Irish Sea, 41 miles south-west of Carlisle and 304 north-west of London. It is connected by a branch line with the London and North Western Railway. The town is built chiefly in a valley overlooked by high grounds on the north and south. The streets a… White, Joseph BlaWHITE, JOSEPH BLA.Nco (1775-1841), author, was born at Seville on 11th July 1775. Whitelocke, BulstrodeWHITELOCKE, BULSTRODE (1605 -1675), son of Sir James Whitelocke, a justice of the King's Bench, was born at London, on 2d August 1605. He was educated at Eton and afterwards at Merchant Taylors' School, London. In 1620 he entered St John's College, Oxford. In preparing for the bar he became acquainted with Selden, who aided him in his studies and gave him the use of his library. Whitelocke sat for… White, RobertWHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704), engraver and draughtsman, was born in London in 1615. WhitethroatWHITETHROAT, a name commonly given to two species of little birds, one of which, the Motacilla Sylvia of Linnmus and Sylvia rufa 1 or S. cinerea of some recent authors, is regarded as the type, not only of the genus Sylvia, but of the so-called Family Sylviidx (cf. WARBLER). Very widely spread over Great Britain, in some places tolerably common, and by its gesticulations and song rather conspicuou… Whitgift, JohnWHITGIFT, JOHN (1530 or 1533-1604), archbishop of Canterbury, was descended from a middle-class family, the elder branch of which had been long settled in Yorkshire. He was the eldest son of Henry Whitgift, merchant of Great Grimsby, Lincolnshire, where he was born, according to one account in 1533, but according to a calculation founded on a statement of his own in 1530. At an early age his educa… WhitingWHITING, a marine fish (GaAs merlangus), abundant on the shores of the German Ocean and all round the coasts of the British Islands. It is distinguished from the other species of the genus Gallus or Cod-fish by having from thirty-three to thirty-five rays in the first anal fin, and by lacking the barbel on the chin (which is so well developed in the common cod-fish, whiting-pont, &c.) entirely, or… WhitlowWHITLOW is a name applied loosely to any inflannnathe illness is an indication for constitutional treatment. The affection is not usually spoken of as whitlow unless it involves the deeper structures of the last joint of the finger. These are in a peculiarly close relation to the surface ; fibres passing from the under layers of the skin, through the fat of the finger pulp, down to the free end of… WhitstableWHITSTABLE, a watering-place and seaport of Kent, England, is situated on the south side of the Thames two narrower streets parallel with it, built on an embankrestored in 1875. The other principal buildings are the institute for literature, science, and art (in connexion with which there are a library, museum, and aquarium), the assembly rooms, the foresters' hall, and the Wynn Ellis almshouses. … Whitsunday, Or PentecostWHITSUNDAY, or PENTECOST (rerrnKoo-rfj), the fiftieth day after Easter Sunday, one of the principal feasts of the Christian Church, is enumerated among these along with Easter Sunday, Good Friday, and the Sundays throughout the year by Origen (Coat. WhittingtonWHITTINGTON, a town of Derbyshire, England, is situated on the Chesterfield Canal and on the Midland Railway, 91 miles south-east of Sheffield and 153 north-north-west of London. Whittington, SirWHITTINGTON, SIR McnArtn (died 1423), was the son of Sir William de Whittington of Pauntley, Gloucestershire, who died an outlaw in 1360. His mother was Joan, daughter of William Mansell, who was high -sheriff of Gloucestershire in 1308. Richard Whittington makes his first appearance in 1379, when he contributed five marks to a city loan. In 1392 he was elected alderman and sheriff of London, bein… WhitworthWHITWORTH, a manufacturing village of Lancashire, England, is situated on the river Spodclen and on the Rochdale and Bacup branch of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway, 3 miles north of Rochdale. WhortleberryWHORTLEBERRY, a vernacular name corrupted from the Latin myrtillus, under which appellation, according to Prior, the berries of the common myrtle were employed in the Middle Ages for culinary purposes. In more modern times the term has been applied to various species of Vaccinium, particularly to V. Myrtillus, also known as the bilberry. The berries of this plant have a considerable similarity to … WichitaWICHITA, a city of the United States, the county seat of Sedgwick county, Kansas, is situated on the east bank of the Arkansas river, in the midst of an extremely fertile region. WickWICK, a royal and parliamentary burgh and seaport of Scotland, the county town of Caithness, is situated on the German Ocean at the head of Wick Bay and at the eastern terminus of the Sutherland and Caithness section of the Highland Railway, 374 miles north of Edinburgh by rail and 181 south of John O'Groat's House. It consists of the old burgh of Wick on the north bank of the river, Louisburgh, a… Wicklow-WICKLOW, a maritime county of Ireland, in the province of Leinster, is bounded on the E, by St George's Channel, N. by the county of Dublin, S. by Wexford, and W. by Carlow and detached portions of Kildare. The area is 500,178 acres or about 781 square miles. Physical Features.-The coast is precipitous and picturesque, hut very dangerous of approach owing to sandbanks. There are no inlets that ca… Widdin, Or WidinWIDDIN, or WIDIN, a fortified town of Bulgaria, within 20 miles of the Servian frontier and about 130 miles south-east of Belgrade, in 44? N. lat. and 22? 50' E. long. It occupies a strong position on the right bank of the Danube over against the Roumanian town of Kalafat, with which it is connected by a bridge of boats over a mile long. Owing to its low situation, the soil is marshy and the city … WidnesWIDNES, a manufacturing town of Lancashire, England, is situated on the Mersey, where it is joined by the Sankey Brook Navigation, and on the London and North-Western Railway, 13 miles south-east of Liverpool and 188 from London. Capacious private docks were constructed in 1866 and extended in 1884. The Mersey is crossed by a wrought-iron bridge, 1000 feet long and 95 in height, completed in 1868,… Wieland, Christopher MartinWIELAND, CHRISTOPHER MARTIN (1733-1813), German man of letters, was born on the 5th September 1733 at Oberholzheim, a Swabian village near Biberach, then an imperial city. He was carefully educated by his father, who was a clergyman at Oberholzheim ; and at a very early age he gave evidence of a strong literary impulse. In his fourteenth year he was sent to the school of Klosterbergen, near Magdeb… WiesbadenWIESBADEN, capital of the former duchy of Nassau and now the chief town of a district in the province of Hesse-Nassau in Prussia, disputes with Baden-Baden the title to be considered the most frequented and most fashionable watering-place in Germany. It is situated in a small and fertile valley on the south-west slopes of Mount Taunus, 5 miles to the north of Mainz and 3 miles from the Rhine (see … WifeWIFE. See HUSBAND AND WIFE, and WOMEN. WIG.' Artificial hair appears to have been worn from very ancient times, as is testified by well-made wigs recovered from Egyptian mummy figures. The full and flowin?,c locks which adorn the sculptured reliefs of human figures found at Nineveh also suggest that wigs were not unknown among the ancient Assyrians. In the 16t11 century the fashion of wearing fals… WiganWIGAN, a municipal and parliamentary borough and market-town of Lancashire, England, is situated on the river Douglas and on the main line of the London and North Western Railway, 18 miles west-north-west of Manchester, 18 north-east of Liverpool, and 195 north-west of London. The Douglas is spanned by several bridges, and is connected with the Leeds and Liverpool Canal. There is also a branch can… WigeonWIGEON (French Pigeon, from the Latin Vipio),1 also called locally " Whewer " and " Whew " (names imitative of the whistling call-note of the male), the Anas penelope of Linnxus and Mai-era penelope of many modern ornithologists, one of the most abundant species of Ducks throughout the greater part of Europe and northern Asia, reaching northern Africa and India in winter. A good many pairs breed i… Wight, Isle OfWIGHT, ISLE OF, a small island in the English Channel, situated off the coast of Hampshire, between 50? 35' and 50? 46' N. lat. and 1? 34' and 1? 5' W. long. (see vol. xi. P1. VII.). It forms a portion of the county of Hampshire, and is separated from the mainland by a narrow strait, the Solent and Spithead. The island is, roughly speaking, diamond-shaped, the shorter diameter, from north to south… Wigtown, Or WiotonWIGTOWN, or WIOTON, a maritime county in the south-west corner of Scotland, forming the western division of the old_district of Galloway, is bounded N. by the Irish Channel and Ayrshire, E. by Kirkcudbright and Wigtown Bay, S. by the Irish Sea, and W. by the Irish Channel. It is of very irregular form. Its greatest breadth, cast and west, is about 33 miles and its greatest length, north and south,… Wiittenbach, Daniel AlbertWIITTENBACH, DANIEL ALBERT (1746-1820), a famous classical scholar, was born at Bern, of a family whose nobility and distinction he loved to recall. In particular, he was proud of his descent from Thomas Wyttenbach, professor of theology in Basel at the end of the 15th and beginning of the 16th centuries, who numbered the Reformer Zwingli and other distinguished men among his pupils. Wyttenbach's … Wilberforce, SamuelWILBERFORCE, SAMUEL (1805-1873), bishop of Oxford and afterwards of Winchester, was the third son of William WILBERFORCE (see below), and was born at Clapham Common near London on 7th September 1805. Until he entered Oriel College, Oxford, in 1823 he was educated privately. In the "United Debating Society," which afterwards developed into the "Union," Wilberforce distinguished himself as a zealous… Wilberforce, WilliamWILBERFORCE, WILLIAM (1759-1833), whose name is chiefly associated with the abolition of the slave trade, was descended from a Yorkshire family which possessed the manor of Wilberfoss in the East Riding from the time of Henry II. till the middle of the 18th century. He was the only son of Robert Wilberforce, member of a commercial house at Hull, by his wife Elizabeth, dauglrter of Thomas Bird of B… WildbadWILDBAD, a watering-place in the north-west of Wiirtemberg, is picturesquely situated in the romantic pine-clad gorge of the Enz, 28 miles west of Stuttgart and 14 east of Baden-Baden. Its thermal alkaline springs have a temperature of 90?-100? Fahr., and are used for bathing in cases of rheumatism, gout., neuralgia, and similar ailments (see MINERAL WATERS, vol. xvi. p. 433). The fact that the sp… WilfridWILFRID (c. 634-709), archbishop of York from 665 till 709, was born of good parentage in Northumbria, c. 631. When nearly fourteen years of age lie was sent away from a harsh stepmother to serve in Xing Oswy's court, where lie attracted the notice of the queen, Eantled. She, fostering his inclination for a religious life, placed him under the care of an old noble, Cudda, who had betaken himself t… Wilhelmshaven, Or WilhelmshafenWILHELMSHAVEN, or WILHELMSHAFEN, the chief naval station and war harbour of Germany on the North Sea, is situated on the east side of the Jande, a large basin united with the sea by a channel 3 miles long. The ground on which it stands was purchased by Prussia from the duke of Oldenburg in 1853, and though reckoned a part of the province of Hanover is completely surrounded on the landward side by … WilkesbarreWILKESBARRE, a city of the United States, the county seat of Luzerne county, Pennsylvania, is situated on the right bank of the north branch of the Susquehanna river in the Wyoming valley, 98 miles north-north-west from Philadelphia. The business portion lies in the bottom lands, while the residence portions have extended into the adjacent hilly country. It is entered by four railways, - the Centr… Wilkes, JohnWILKES, JOHN (1727-1797), the champion of the right of free representation by British constituencies, was descended from a family long connected with Leighton-Buzzard in Bedfordshire, but he himself was born at Clerkenwell, London, on 17th October 1727. His father, Israel Wilkes, was a rich distiller, and the owner, through his wife Sarah, daughter of John Heaton of Hoxton, of considerable house p… WilkieWILKIE, Sus DAVID ( 1 7 8 5-1 8 4 1 ), Scottish subject-painter, was born on 18th November 1785, the son of the parish minister of Cults in Fifeshire. He very early developed an extraordinary love for art : he was accustomed to say that he could draw before he could read and paint before he could spell, and at school he used to barter his sketches and portraits for slate-pencils and marbles. He wa… WillenhallWILLENHALL, a township of Staffordshire, England, in the parish of Wolverhampton, is situated on a branch of the Birmingham Canal and on the Midland and the London and North Western Railways, 3 miles east of Wolverhampton, 12 north-west of Birmingham, and 124 north-west of London. The township includes seven hamlets. The church of St Giles, originally erected in 1350, was rebuilt in 1867 in the De… WillesdenWILLESDEN, a suburb and parish of London, about century, contains some remains of Early English, with a The population of the urban sanitary district (area 4383 acres) was 15,869 in 1871 and 27,453 in 1881. WilliainiWILLIAINI T. (1027 or 1028-1087), king of England, surnamed the CONQUEROR, was born in 1027 or 1028. He was the bastard son of Robert, duke of Normandy, and Herleva, daughter of Fulbert, a tanner of Falaise. When be was about seven years old his father, intending to go on pilgrimage and having no legitimate sons, proposed him as his heir. The great men of the duchy did homage to the child, and a y… WilliamWILLIAM (1533-1584), surnamed the SILENT, prince of Orange, count of Nassau, was born at the castle of thllenburg in Nassau on 16th April 1533. He was the eldest son of William of Nassau (died 1559) and his second wife, Juliana of Stolberg, a woman of remarkable piety and discretion, who devoted much thought and care to the training of her children. In 1544 he inherited from his cousin Rene or Ren… WilliamWILLIAM, archbishop of Tyre, was doubtless a native of the Holy Land. He was perhaps born about 1137; but this is a mere inference from his own statement that he was still pursuing his studies "across the seas" when Amalric came to the throne (17th February 1163), and did not return till late in 1166 or early in 1167. As a child he had seen Ralph, the patriarch of Antioch, who died about 1141-42 ;… WilliamWILLIAM of Holland, second count of the name, was born about 1227, succeeded his brother Floris IV. in 1235, and was chosen king of the Romans by the papal party in 1247. WilliamWILLIAM I. (1797-1888), king of Prussia and German emperor, was the second son of Frederick William III. of Prussia and Louisa, a princess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. He was born at Berlin on 22d March 1797, and received the names of Wilhelm Friedrich Ludwig. He was a delicate child and had to be carefully nurtured. His constitution, however, was sound, and he became one of the most vigorous men in G… WilliamWILLIAM I., king of the Netherlands from 1815 to 1840, was born at The Hague on 24th August 1772, and died at Berlin on 7th November 1843. William IiiWILLIAM III. (1650-1702), king of England and prince of Orange,1 was the son of William II., stadtholder of the United Netherlands, and Mary, daughter of Charles I. of England. He was born on 14th November 1650. His father died eight days before his birth, whereupon the states-general abolished the office of stadtholder. As he grew up, William became the head of the party, at once democratic and m… William IvWILLIAM IV. (1765-1837), king of England, was the third son of George III. He was born at Windsor, 21st August 1765. When he was fourteen years old he was sent to sea as a midshipman under Admiral Digby. Next year he sailed under Rodney and took part in the action off Cape St Vincent (16th January 1780). During the rest of the war the young prince saw plenty of service, for which he imbibed a stro… William IvWILLIAM IV. (1532-1592), landgrave of Hesse, well known as an astronomer, son of Philip the Magnanimous, was born at Cassel on 14th June 1532. During his father's captivity after the battle of INIfildberg (1547) lie carried on the government in his name for five years, and succeeded him on his death in 1567. At an early age lie became interested in astronomy ; and in 1561 he built an observatory a… William OfWILLIAM OF LoRms, the first author of the Roman. de la Rose, derives his surname from a small town about equidistant from Montargis and Gien, in the old district of the Giltinais, and in the present department of Loiret. This and the fact of his authorship may be said to be the only things positively known about him. The rubric of the poem, where his own part finishes, attributes Jean de Meung's c… William Of NewburghWILLIAM OF NEWBURGH, born about 1136, was a canon of Newburgh in the North Riding of Yorkshire, and author of a valuable chronicle of English affairs from the Norman Conquest to 1197. William Of WykehamWILLIAM OF WYKEHAM (132-1-140-1), bishop of Winchester and chancellor of England, was born in 132,1 at Wickham in Hampshire. His father was a yeoman ; his mother is said to have been of noble descent. He was educated at the priory school, Winchester, at the cost of Sir John Scures, lord of the manor of Wickham and governor of Winchester Castle, who afterwards took him into his service. When he was… Williams, JohnWILLIAMS, JOHN (1796-1839), English missionary, was born at Tottenham near London, on 29th June 1796. He was trained as an ironmonger, and acquired while young considerable experience in mechanical work. Having offered himself to the London Missionary Society, be was sent, after some training, in 1816 to the South Sea Islands as a missionary. He was first stationed at Eimeo, in the Society Islands… WilliamsportWILLIAMSPORT, a city of the United States, the county seat of Lycoming county, Pennsylvania, is situated in the valley of the west branch of the Susquehanna river, amid the hills of the Alleghany plateau, and is entered by four railway lines, - the Northern Central, the Philadelphia and Erie, the Philadelphia and Reading, and the Corning, Cowanesque, and Antrim. The city is somewhat irregularly la… Williams, RogerWILLIAMS, ROGER (c. 1600 - c. 1684), one of the founders of the colony of Rhode island, North America, was born either of Welsh or Cornish parents, but this as well as the date of his birth has been the subject of dispute. In early life he went to London, where his skill as a reporter commended him to the notice of Sir Edward Coke, who sent him to Sutton's Hospital (Charterhouse school). From Char… William TtWILLIAM TT. (1056-1100), king of England, surnamed RuFus, third son of William I. and Matilda, was born in 1056. Little is known of his youth, except that in the quarrel between the Conqueror and Robert he remained loyal to his father. When the Conqueror was on his deathbed he sent William to England with a letter to Lanfranc, requesting the archbishop to secure his election to the throne. Accordi… WillimanticWILLIMANTIC, a borough in the town of Windham, Windham county, Connecticut, United States, is situated in a broken hilly country, on the Westfield river and on three railway lines, - the New York and New England, the New York, New Haven, and Hartford, and the Central Vermont. Willis, Nathaniel ParkerWILLIS, NATHANIEL PARKER (1 SO6-1867), American author, was descended from George Willis, described as a " Puritan of considerable distinction," who arrived in New England about 1630 and settled in Cambridge, Mass. Nathaniel Parker was the eldest son and second child of Nathaniel Willis, a newspaper proprietor in Boston, and was born in Portland, Maine, 20th January 1806. After attending Boston gr… Willis, ThomasWILLIS, THOMAS (1621-1675), English physician, was born at Great Bedwin, Wiltshire, on 27th January 1621. He studied at Christ Church, Oxford ; and when that city was garrisoned for the king lie bore arms for the Royalists. He took the degree of bachelor of medicine in 1646, and after the surrender of the garrison applied himself to the practice of his profession. In 1660, shortly after the and sk… Will, Or TestamentWILL, or TESTAMENT, is an instrument by which a person regulates the rights of others over his property or family after his death. For the devolution of property not disposed of by will, see INHERITANCE, INTESTACY. In strictness " will " is a general term, whilst "testament" applies only to dispositions of personalty ; but this distinction is seldom observed. The conception of freedom of dispositi… WillowWILLOW- (Sedix), a very well marked genus of plants constituting, with the Poplar (Poplins), the order Solicitcnv. Willows are trees or shrubs, varying in stature from a few inches to a hundred feet, and occurring most abundantly in cold or temperate climates in both hemispheres, and generally in moist situations. They are not unrepresented in the tropics, but have hitherto not been discovered in … Willughby, FrancisWILLUGHBY, FRANCIS (1635-167 2), English ornithologist and ichthyologist, who is memorable as the pupil, friend, and patron as well as the active and original coworker of John RAY (q.v.), and hence to be reckoned as one of the most important precursors of Linnus. He was the son of Sir Francis -Willughby, and was born in 1635. His connexion with Ray dated from his studies at Cambridge (1653-59); an… WilmingtonWILMINGTON, the county seat of New Hanover county, North Carolina, United States, the principal seaport and the largest city of the State, is situated on the cast bank of Cape Fear river, 30 miles from the ocean. WilmingtonWILMINGTON, the largest city of the State of Delaware, United States, and the county seat of New Castle county, is situated between Brandywine and Christiana creeks and on the Delaware river. The site is low, hut with sufficient slope to afford suitable drainage. The surrounding country is fertile and well cultivated. Wilmington is a railway centre of considerable importance, being entered by the … Wilson, AlexanderWILSON, ALEXANDER (1766-1813), "the American ornithologist," was born in Paisley, Scotland, on 6th July 1.766. His father, a handloom weaver, soon removed to the country, and diere combined weaving with agriculture, distilling, and smuggling, - conditions which no doubt helped to develop in the boy that love of rural pursuits and adventure which was to determine his career. At first he was placed … Wilson, Henry-WILSON, HENRY (1812-1875), vice-president of the United States from 1873 to 1875, was born at Farmington, N.H., on 16fh February 1812. His proper name was Jeremiah J. Colbath. His parents were day-labourers and very poor. At ten years of age he went to work as a farm-labourer. The boy was greedy for reading, and before the end of his apprenticeship had read more than a thousand volumes. At the ag… Wilson, Horace HaymanWILSON, HORACE HAYMAN (1786-1860), one of the most distinguished Orientalists of England, was born in London on 26th September 1786. lie was educated for the medical profession, and on completing his studies went out to India in 1808 as an assistant-surgeon on the Bengal establishment of the East India Company. Instead of entering the regular medical service, however, his knowledge of chemistry an… Wilson, JohnWILSON, JOHN (1785-1854), better known as CHRISTOPHER NORTH (the pen-name which he used in his contributions to Blackwood's Magazine), was born at Paisley on 18th May 1785. His father, who bore the same name with himself, was a wealthy gauze manufacturer of no particular family or education. His mother, Margaret Sym, was of gentler blood, possessing also beauty and talents. John was the fourth chi… Wilson, RichardWILSON, RICHARD (1714-1782), English landscape painter, was born at Penegocs, Montgomeryshire, where his father was a clergyman, on 1st August 1714. His early taste for art was observed by a relative of his mother, Sir George Wynne, who in 1729 sent him to London to study under Thomas Wright, a little-known portrait painter of the time, by whom he was instructed for six years. He then started on h… WiltsWILTS, a south-western county of England, is bounded N.W. and N. by Gloucestershire, E. by Berks and Hants, S. by Hants and Dorset, and W. by Somerset. It is of an irregular oval form, its greatest length from north to south being 54 miles and its greatest breadth from east to west 37. The area is 866,677 acres, or about 1354 square miles. About two-thirds of the surface of Wilts is occupied by a … WimbledonWIMBLEDON, a suburb of London, in the county of Surrey, is situated on the London and South Western Railway, 71 miles south-west of London. The old village of Wimbledon has been greatly extended of late years, the district being now a favourite residence for the London middle classes. Wimbledon Common, to the north-west of the village, was the meeting-place of the Rifle Association from its founda… Wimborne MinsterWIMBORNE MINSTER, a market town of Dorset, England, is situated on a gentle slope above the river Allen, near its confluence with the Stour, and on the Great Western Railway, 6 miles north of Poole and 114 west-south-west of London. The feature of the town is the ancient minster. As it now stands, it is a fine cruciform structure of various styles from Early Norman to Perpendicular, and consists o… WinchesterWINCHESTER, a city, and a parliamentary and municipal borough, of Hampshire, England, is situated on the river Itchen, 66 miles south-west of London by the London and South Western Railway. The Caer Gwent (White City) of the Britons and Yenta Belgarum of the Romans, Winchester was a town of much importance in early times, mainly on account of its central position on the Roman high roads in the sou… WinchesterWINCHESTER, a city and the county seat of Frederick county, Virginia, United States, is situated in the Shenandoah valley, about 700 feet above sea-level, and on a branch of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Winckelmann, JohannWINCKELMANN, JOHANN Joacnrm (1717-1768), historian of ancient art and the founder of scientific archeology, was born at Stendal in the Altmark (Prussia) on 9th December 1717. His father was a poor shoemaker, and in his early years Winckelmann had to contend with great difficulties. With a passion for knowledge, however, he combined a resolute will ; and by acting for some time as amanuensis to an … Windham, WilliamWINDHAM, WILLIAM (1750-1810), English politician, came from an ancient family long resident at Felbrigg near Cromer in Norfolk. His father, Colonel William Windham, was an adventurous soldier with a taste for languages, both ancient and modern ; William Windham, the statesman, was born in Golden Square, London, on 3d May 1750. At the age of seven he went to Eton, which he quitted in 1766 for the u… WindmillWINDMILL. The date when windmills were first erected is unknown ; but they were certainly used in Europe in the 12th century. Of late they have generally been replaced by steam engines in Great Britain ; but they are still extensively employed in Holland in draining the polders and grinding trass. In America they are largely used ; Wolff states that in sonic cities in the United States over 5000 w… WindsorWINDSOR,Ia parliamentary and municipal boiOugclof Berkshire, England, 21 miles from London by the Great Western Railway, situated on the right bank of the Thames, is chiefly remarkable for its royal castle. The town itself 2 is of no special interest, in spite of its great antiquity. In 1276 Edward I. made Windsor a free borough. In 1302 it began to send representatives to parliament, though at ir… Windward IslandsWINDWARD ISLANDS. Winkelried, Arnold VonWINKELRIED, ARNOLD VON. The incident with which this name is connected is, after the feat of Tell, the best known and most popular in the early history of the Swiss Confederation. We are told how, at a critical moment in the great battle of Sempach, when the Swiss had failed to break the serried ranks of the Austrian knights, a man of Unterwalden, Arnold von Winkelried countrymen, though at the pr… WinnipegWINNIPEG, capital of the province of Manitoba, in the Dominion of Canada, stands at the confluence of the Red River and the Assiniboine, in 49? 56' N. lat. and 97? 7' W. long., and 764 feet above the sea. Its name is taken from Lake Winnipeg (Ojibway, Win, "muddy, " and Sipi, " water "). The waters of the Red River reach the lake 45 miles north of the city. For some five miles north of " the Forks… WinonaWINONA, a city and the county seat of Winona county, Minnesota, United States, is situated upon the west bank of the Mississippi, on a terrace slightly elevated above the river. Winslow, EdwardWINSLOW, EDWARD (1595-1655), was born in Worcestershire, England, October 19, 1595. He became a member of Robinson's church at Leyden, and in 1620 joined the " Mayflower " company of pilgrims with his wife and brother, being one of the party which discovered Plymouth Harbour. His wife died soon after their arrival, and his marriage with Mrs Susanna White was the first marriage in Plymouth colony. … Winter, PeterWINTER, PETER (1754-1825), dramatic composer, was born at _Mannheim in 1754 (or, according to other accounts, in 1758). He received some instruction from the abbe Vogler, but so little that he may be almost considered as self-taught. After playing in the " kapelle " of the elector Karl Theodor, at Munich, he became in 1776 director of the court theatre. When Mozart produced his Idonseneo at Munich… WinterthurWINTERTHUR, a flourishing industrial town in the Toss valley, canton of Zurich, Switzerland. It is 1450 feet above sea-level, and has a rapidly increasing population (in 1870, 9404 ; in 1880, 13,595 ; in 1887, 15,516), all 1 German-speaking and nearly all Protestants. It is the point of junction of eight lines of railway, and is therefore of considerable commercial importance. Its main industries … Winthrop, JohnWINTHROP, JOHN (1587-1649), was born at Groton, Suffolk, England, January 12, 1587. He graduated at Trinity College, Cambridge, about 1605, and was bred to the law. He became a Puritan, and in 1629 was made governor of the Massachusetts Bay Company. The next year he headed the great emigration to Massachusetts, landing at Salem and settling at Boston. The remainder of his life was closely identifi… Winthrop, JohnWINTHROP, JOHN (1606-1676), son of the preceding, was born at Groton, England, February 12, 1606. WireWIRE. The physical properties requisite to make useful wire are possessed by only a limited number of metals and metallic alloys. The metals must in the first place be ductile; and, further, the wire when drawn out must possess a certain amount of tenacity, the quality on which the utility of wire principally depends. The metals suitable for wire, possessing almost equal ductility, are platinum, s… WishawWISHAW, a police burgh of Lanarkshire, Scotland, and an important mining and iron town, is situated on the face of a hill, a short distance south of the South Calder water, and on the Caledonian Railway, 12 miles east-south-east of Glasgow. It is rather irregularly built, but contains some spacious streets, although the majority of the houses are inhabited by the working classes. It has numerous c… WismarWISMAR, the second commercial town and seaport of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Germany, is situated on the Bay of Wismar, one of the best harbours on the Baltic, 18 miles almost due north of Schwerin. The town is well and regularly built, with broad and straight streets, and contains numerous handsome and quaint buildings in the northern Gothic style. The church of St Mary, a Gothic edifice of 1353, with… WitchcraftWITCHCRAFT. This subject has already been considered in its general aspects under ASTROLOGY, DEMONOLOGY, DIVINATION, MAGIC, and SPIRITUALISM. In this place what will be mainly attempted will be to illustrate the position assumed by the law towards a crime which was regarded for centuries not only as possible but also as specially noxious. It is a long interval from the Twelve Tables to the Bill of… Wither, GeorgeWITHER, GEORGE (1588-1667), appears in the Dunciad as "sleeping among the dull of ancient days, safe where no critics damn." The once ardent poet's slumbers were disturbed towards the close of the 18th century by George Ellis, who in his ,Specimens resuscitated some of Wither's poetry, not to condemn but to praise. Thereafter he was speedily released from Pope's limbo. Wordsworth prefixed a dozen … WithingtonWITHINGTON, a township of Lancashire, England, 4 miles south of Manchester, of which it is practically a suburb. Wit Itefield, Or StandWIT ITEFIELD, or STAND, a large manufacturing village of Lancashire, England, in the township of Pilkington, is situated a short distance from the Radcliffe Bridge station on the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway, H- miles north of Manchester and 196 from London. It possesses a number of fine villas inhabited by Manchester merchants. The church of All Saints, commonly called Stand church, was erect… WitnessWITNESS, in law, is a person who gives or might give evidence in a court of justice. The law of witnesses is on the one hand a branch of the law of EVIDENCE (q.v.), and on the other is closely connected with the .Juicy (q.v.), for the jurors were originally chosen for their knowledge or presumed knowledge of the facts in dispute. The part of the Scotch juror's oath " and no truth conceal " is an o… Witsius, HermannWITSIUS, HERMANN (1636-1708), Dutch theologian, was born February 12, 1636, at Enckhuysen, North Holland, studied at Utrecht, Leyden, and Groningen, and was ordained to the ministry in 1657. In 1675 he became professor of divinity at Franeker, and in 1680 he was translated to a corresponding chair at Utrecht. In 1685 he acted as chaplain to the Dutch embassy sent to London to congratulate James IL… WittenWITTEN, a rapidly growing town of Westphalia, Prussia, is favourably situated among the coalfields of the Ruhr, 14 miles east of Essen and 15 miles northeast of Elberfeld. WittenbergWITTENBERG, now an unimportant manufacturing town in the province of Saxony, Prussia, is situated 55 miles to the south-west of Berlin, on the Elbe, which is here spanned by a stone bridge 300 yards long, and by an iron railway bridge 320 yards long. The three suburbs which adjoin the town are not older than 1817. Wittenberg is interesting chiefly on account of its close connexion with Luther and … Wloclawek, Or Vlotsla VskWLOCLAWEK, or VLOTSLA VSK, a district town of the government of Warsaw, on the left bank of the Vistula, which is crossed by an iron bridge, 118 miles by rail to the N.W. of Warsaw. WoburnWOBURN, a town of Middlesex county, Massachusetts, United States, lies about 10 miles somewhat west of north from Boston ; it comprises within its limits four villages of greater or less size, besides a small rural population. Woelfl, JosephWOELFL, JOSEPH (1772-1812), pianist and composer, was born in 1772 at Salzburg, where he studied music under Leopold Mozart and Michael Haydn. After a short residence at Warsaw he produced his first opera, Der Hollenbery, with some success at Vienna, where it was soon followed by Das sellone Alilehndidchen and some other dramatic pieces. These, however, have been long forgotten, and his fame now r… Wohler, FriedrichWOHLER, FRIEDRICH (1800-1882), chemist, was born on July 31, 1800, in Eschersheim, near Frankfort-on-the Main. While attending the village school of Midelheim, he received valuable additional instruction from his father, a man of more than ordinary acquirements. In 1812 the family removed to Frankfort, where he entered the gymnasium, and by the kindness of a scientific friend, Dr Buch, was introdu… Wohlgemuth, MichaelWOHLGEMUTH, MICHAEL (1434-1519), an able painter of the school of Franconia, of which Nuremberg, where he was born in 1434, was the chief artistic centre. Little is known of his private life beyond the fact that in 1472 he married the widow of the painter Hans Pleydenwurff, whose son Wilhelm worked as an assistant to his stepfather. The importance of Wohlgemuth as an artist rests, not only on his … Wolcot, JohnWOLCOT, JOHN (1738-1819), painter and satirist under the pseudonym of PETER PINDAR, was son of Alexander Wolcot, surgeon at Dodbrooke, adjoining Kings-bridge, in Devonshire, and was baptized there 9th May 1738. He was educated at Kingsbridge free school under John 'Morris, at the Bodmin grammar school, and in France, and as the result of this training was well acquainted with Greek and Latin, and … WolfWOLF. The zoological position and general characters of the wolf (Canis lupus) are described in the article MAmmAna (vol. xv. p. 438), where the difficulties that naturalists meet with in separating and defining the numerous variations of the animals called wolves, dogs, jackals, and foxes are shown. The true wolves are (excluding some varieties of the domestic dog) the largest members of the genu… Wolfe, CharlesWOLFE, CHARLES (1791-1823), author of The Burial of Sir John Moore, born in Dublin in 1791, was an Irish clergyman, curate of Bal]yclog, in Tyrone, and afterwards of Donoughmore. Wolfe, JamesWOLFE, JAMES (1727-1759), the hero of Quebec, was the son of Lieutenant-General Edward Wolfe, and was born in the vicarage of Westerham, Kent, on January 2,1727. At an early age he evinced a keen interest in the adventures and achievements of war, and at thirteen accompanied his father to Cartagena. Obtaining a commission as ensign in the 12th regiment of foot in 1741, he embarked for Flanders on … Wolff, Caspar -FriedrichWOLFF, CASPAR -FRIEDRICH (1733-1704), who is justly reckoned the founder of modern embryology, was born at Berlin in 1733, and studied anatomy and physiology under Merkel, and later at Halle, where he graduated in medicine in 1759, his thesis being his famous neoria Generationis. After serving as a surgeon in the Seven Years' War, he wished to lecture on anatomy and fessor of those subjects at the… Wolff, ChristianWOLFF, CHRISTIAN (1679-1754), is an important figure in the history of philosophy, and his life has more dramatic interest than is usually the case with an academic teacher. He was the son of a tanner, and was born at Breslau on the 24th January 1679. His father had dedicated him before his birth to a life of learning, having been disappointed himself in similar aspirations, and Wolff accordingly … Wolf, Friedrich AugustWOLF, FRIEDRICH AUGUST (1759-1824), was born in 1759 at Hainrode, a little village not far from Nordhausen, in the province of Hanover. His father, who was village schoolmaster and organist, was in his way an enthusiast in education, and gave his son whatever advantage is to be gained by the earliest possible cultivation. In time the family removed to Nordhausen, and there young Wolf went to the g… Wolfram Von EschenbachWOLFRAM VON ESCHENBACH, mediaeval German poet, lived in the latter part of the 12th and the early part of the 13th century. Little is known about the facts of his life, and such knowledge as we possess is derived wholly from his own writings. He belonged to a poor but noble family. He speaks of himself as a Bavarian, - and refers to the count of Wertheim as his feudal lord. His home was the castle… Wollaston, WilliamWOLLASTON, WILLIAM (1659-1724), English philosophical writer, was born at Coton-Clanford in Staffordshire, March 1659. He was educated under disadvantages both at school and at the university, but left his college (Sidney, Cambridge) with a high reputation for his acquirements, in September 1681. He then became assistant-master of the Birmingham grammar school, and in that position took holy order… Wollaston, William HydeWOLLASTON, WILLIAM HYDE (1766-1828), chemist and natural philosopher, was born at East Dereham, in Norfolk, on August 6, 1766, the second of seventeen children. His father, the Rev. Francis Wollaston, rector of Chisleburst, grandson of William Wollaston noticed above, was an enthusiastic astronomer. Wollaston studied at Caius College, Cambridge, of which he remained a fellow until Isis death. He t… WollinWOLLIN, an island belonging to Prussia, is the more easterly of the islands at the mouth of the Oder, which separate the Stettiner Haff from the Baltic Sea (vol. xvii. p. 724). It is divided from the mainland on the E. by the Dievenow, and from Usedom on the W. by the Swine. It is roughly triangular in shape, and has an area of 90 square miles. Heath and sand alternate with swamps, lakes, and fore… Wolsey, ThomasWOLSEY, THOMAS (c. 1471-1530), cardinal, was born at Ipswich, and seems to have been the eldest son, as perhaps he was the eldest of all the four known children, of Robert Wolsey and his wife Joan. The name Wolsey, spelt Wulcy by both Robert and Thomas, is a diminutive of Wulf, that is, Wolf, and clearly proves their descent from those Teutonic folk who gave names to two English counties, to the s… WolverhamptonWOLVERHAMPTON, a municipal and parliamentary borough and market-town of Staffordshire, England, one of the principal seats of the hardware manufacture in the Midlands, is situated on an eminence commanding an extensive view towards Wales, on the Birmingham and Liverpool, the Staffordshire and Worcestershire, and the Wyrley and Essington Canals, and on the London and North-Western, the Midland, and… WombatWOMBAT. The animals which have received this name belong to the Marsupial family Phascolomyidx (see MAMMALIA, vol. xv. p. 383). They have the following dental formula : c p 1, nz = -,1-; total 24. All the teeth are of continuous growth, having persistent pulps. The incisors are large and scalpriform, much as in Rodents. The body is broad and depressed, the neck short, the head large and flat, the … WombwellWOMBWELL, a township of England, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, on the Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire Railway, 41 miles south-east of Barnsley, 7 north-west of Rotherham, and 184 from London by rail. Women, Law Relating ToWOMEN, LAW RELATING TO. The law as it relates to women has been gradual in its operation, but its tendency has been almost uniformly in one direction. Disabilities of women, married or unmarried, have been one after another removed, until at the present day, in most civilized countries, the legal position of women differs little from that of men as far as regards private rights. Politically and pr… Wood, AnthonyWOOD, ANTHONY Al (1632-1695), antiquary, was the fourth son of Thomas Wood (1580-1 G43), B.C.L. of Oxford, where Anthony was born 17th December 1632. He was sent to New College school in that city in 1641, and at the age of twelve was removed to the free grammar school at Thame, where his studies were interrupted by civil war skirmishes. He was then placed under the tuition of his brother Edward (… Wood-carvingWOOD-CARVING. In most countries, during the early development of the plastic art, sculpture in wood took a very important position, and was much used for statues on a large scale, as well as for small works decorated with surface carving. On the whole, wood is much more suitable for carving in slight relief than for sculpture in the round, and its special structure, with bundles of long fibres, st… WoodcockWOODCOCK (A.-S., Wide-coce, Wudu-coc, and Mainsnite), a bird as much extolled for the table, on account of its flavour, as by the sportsman, who, from its relative scarcity in regard to other kinds of winged game,2 the uncertainty of its occurrence, as well as the suddenness of its appearance and the irregularity of its flight, thinks himself lucky when he has laid one low. Yet, under favourable c… Wood, Mrs HenryWOOD, MRS HENRY (1814-1887), novelist, was born on the 17th January 1814. Her maiden name was Ellen Price ; her father was a glove manufacturer in Worcester - the original of the cathedral city which, with its church dignitaries and schools, is the scene of so many of her tales. From certain vague memoirs published by her son in the Argosy' (of which her novels were the mainstay for the last twent… WoodpeckerWOODPECKER, a bird that pecks or picks holes in wood, and from this habit is commonly reputed to have its name ; but since it is in some parts of England also known as "Woodspeight" (erroneously written "Woodspite") - the latter syllable being cognate with the German Specht and the French Epeiche, to say nothing possibly of the Latin Piens - the vulgar explanation seems open to doubt.6 More than 3… WoodstockWOODSTOCK, an ancient corporate market-town of Oxfordshire, England, is situated on a stream formerly called the Ennis and now the Glytne, which separates Old and New Woodstock, about S miles north-west of Oxford. The church of St Mary Magdalene, in New Woodstock, is of Norman date, but has been greatly altered by restoration, and now has Decorated chancel with Perpendicular additions, clerestorie… Wool And Woollen ManufacturesWOOL AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES. Wool is a modified form of hair, distinguished by its slender, soft, and wavy or curly structure, and by the highly imbricated or serrated surface of its filaments. The numerous varieties of the sheep are the most characteristic, as they are also by far the most important, producers of wool ; but the sheep is by no means the only animal which yields wool employed for… Woollett, WilliamWOOLLETT, WILLIAM (1735-1785), engraver, was born at Maidstone, of a family which came originally from Holland, on August 15, 1735. He was apprenticed to John Tinney, an engraver in Fleet Street, London, and he also studied in the St Martin's Lane academy. His first important plate was from the Niobe of Richard Wilson, published by Boydell in 1761, which was followed in 1763 by a companion engravi… Woolsorteb's DiseaseWOOLSORTEB'S DISEASE (ANTHRAX, ANTHRACtEMIA, CIIARBON, or MALIGNANT PUSTULE) is the term applied to a virulent acute malady occasionally occurring in workers in the wool or hair, as well as in those handling the carcases, of animals, chiefly sheep and oxen, which had been affected with splenic fever. The disease, as it is seen in animals, has been described in the article MURRAIN (q.v.). The prese… WoolstonWOOLSTON, TriomAs (1669-1731), English deist, born at Northampton in 1669, was the son of a "reputable tradesman," entered Sidney College, Cambridge, in 1685, studied theology, and was made a fellow of his college. Whiston states that lie " was in his younger clays a clergyman of very good reputation, a scholar, and Well esteemed as a preacher, charitable to the poor, and beloved by all good men t… WoolwichWOOLWICH, a parliamentary borough and garrison town of Kent, England, is situated chiefly on the south bank of the Thames, on the declivity of Shooter's Hill, which slopes downwards to the river, 10 miles from Charing Cross by rail and 12 by steamer. The town is irregularly built, with narrow streets, and for the most part mean-looking houses. The spacious level at the summit of the hill is known … WoonsocketWOONSOCKET, a town of Providence county, Rhode Island, United States, on the Blackstone river, 16 miles from Providence and 37 from Boston. WorcesterWORCESTER, an episcopal city, municipal and parliamentary borough, the capital of the above county, and a county of itself, is situated on the eastern bank of the Severn, 120 miles from London by rail, and a little over 26 from Birmingham. The principal building and chief glory of the city is the cathedral. The see was founded by the advice of Archbishop Theodore in 673, though, owing to oppositio… WorcesterWORCESTER, a midland county of England, of a very irregular shape, and of curious arrangement. Some of its parishes are detached from the county, while portions of other counties extend within its boundaries. It is bounded on the N. by Staffordshire, E. by Warwickshire, S. by Gloucestershire, W. by Herefordshire, and N.W. by Shropshire. The greatest length from north to south is 34 miles, and its … WorcesterWORCESTER, a city and the county seat of Worcester county, Massachusetts, United States, is situated in a region of Glacial hills, lakes, and ponds, which form varied and pleasing landscapes, 39 miles west of Boston. Besides the closely-built portion, the city includes a large suburban district, which contains fourteen villages of various sizes. The closely-built portion is very irregularly laid o… WordsworthWORDSWORTH, lcVimImm (1770-1850), the poet, was born at Cockermouth, on the Derwent, in Cumberland, on the 7th of April 1770. His parentage offers a curious parallel to Scott's : he was the son of an attorney, law-agent to the earl of Lonsdale, a prosperous man in his profession, descended from an old Yorkshire family of landed gentry. On the mother's side also Wordsworth was connected with the mi… WorkingtonWORKINGTON, a seaport and market-town of Cumberland, England, on the south bank of the Derwent, where it enters the Solway Firth, and on several branch railway lines, 34 miles south-west of Carlisle and 311 miles from London by rail. The Derwent is crossed by a stone bridge of three arches erected in 1841. In the more ancient portions of the town the streets are narrow and irregular, but there are… WorksopWORKSOP, a market-town of Nottinghamshire, England, is situated on the Chesterfield Canal, and on the Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincoln Railway and the Midland Railway, 16 miles east-south-east of Sheffield and 146k from London. It is a well-built and pleasant country town, with considerable traces of antiquity. The church of St Nary and St Cuthbert is an old priory church, once divided internall… WorsbroughWORSBROUGH, a township in the West Riding of Yorkshire, is situated on a branch of the Dearne and Dove Canal, and near several branch lines of the Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire Railway, 9 miles north-west of Rotherham and 3 south of Barnsley. WorthingWORTHING, a watering-place of Sussex, is situated on the London, Brighton, and South Coast Railway, 61 miles south of London and 101r west of Brighton. On account of its sheltered situation at the foot of the South Downs it has some reputation as a health-resort for pulmonary complaints. As a general sea-side resort it is increasing in favour, especially with the wealthier classes. There is a mari… WottonWOTTON, Sin HENRY (1568-1639), an accomplished literary amateur, was one of the favourite diplomatists of James I. of England, although, following the quietistie habit of his family, he never would undertake employments of the greatest weight and difficulty. The seat of the family, which was founded in the 14th century by a lord mayor of London, was Bocton or Boughton Malherbe in Kent. It was, as … Wotton, WilliaaiWOTTON, WILLIAAI (1666-1726), is now remembered chiefly for his part in the famous "Battle of the Books," but to his own generation his Reflections upon, Ancient and liodern Learning was only one of many proofs of his extraordinary amount and variety of scholarship. Born in 166G, the son of an English clergyman, rector of Wrentham, in Suffolk, he was one of the.wonders of his age in precocity. He … Wouwerman, PhilipWOUWERMAN, PHILIP (1619-1668), a Dutch painter of battle and hunting scenes, was born at Haarlem in May 1619. He received the elements of his art instruction from his father, Paul Joosten Wouwerman, an historical painter of moderate ability, and he then studied under Jan Wynants, and for a short time under Evert Decker. Returning to Haarlem, he became a member of its guild of painters in 1640. In … WrasseWRASSE. This name is applied to the fishes of the family Labridx generally, and more especially to certain members of the family to be mentioned hereafter. They are without exception inhabitants of the sea, very abundant in the tropical zone, less so in the temperate, and disappearing altogether on the confines of the Arctic and Antarctic Circles. Their body is generally compressed, like that of a… WreckWRECK (in Low Latin 20reeMin or warectum mans) is a ship or goods cast on land by the sea in tidal waters. While still at sea such ship or goods do not constitute wreck but derelict, which includes flotsam, jetsam, and lagan (see FLOTSAM). In Roman law wreck was restored to the owner if he claimed it before a judicial tribunal within a year and a day, the,fiscus waiving its claim after a constitut… WrenWREN (Anglo-Saxon TFramna and Wrenne, Icelandic Rindill), the well-known little brown bird - with its short tail, cocked on high - inquisitive and familiar, that braves the winter of the British Islands and even that of the European continent, and, except in the hardest of frosts, will daily sing its spirit-stirring strain. It is the Motacilla or Sylvia troglodytes of the earlier systematists, and… Wren, Sir ChristopherWREN, SIR CHRISTOPHER (1631-1723), the son of a clergyman, was born at East Knoyle, Wiltshire, in 1631; he entered at Wadham College, Oxford, in 1616, took his degree in 1650, and in 1653 was made a fellow of All Souls. While at Oxford Wren distinguished himself in geometry and applied mathematics ;2 in 1657 he became professor of astronomy at Gresham College, and in 1660 was elected Savilian prof… Wrestling And BoxingWRESTLING AND BOXING. Wrestling is the art of forcing an antagonist to the ground without resorting to blows or kicks. It is a trial of strength and skill between two opponents standing face to face, who strive to throw one another. As a gymnastic exercise it was greatly encouraged among the ancient Greeks, and the highest honours and rewards were bestowed on the victors at the Olympic, Isthmian, … WrexhamWREXHAM, a market-town and municipal and parliamentary borough of Denbighshire, North Wales, 11 miles south-south-west of Chester and 201 miles from London by rail. It was characterized by the poet Churchyard in the 16th century as " Trim Wricksam towne, a pearle of Denbighshiere,," and the description is not altogether inapplicable at the present day, the streets being spacious, with many handsom… WrightWRIGHT, Sit.As (1795-1847), was born at Amherst, Massachusetts, May 21,1795. He graduated at Middlewhich finally made him a representative American Demolabourer upon it worked harder than he. His manner of the State 1829-33, United States senator 1833-44, and elected Polk to the presidency, instead of Van Buren, York politics for several years ; and his faction, in 1848, succeeded in defeating the… Wright, JosephWRIGHT, JOSEPH (1734-1797), styled Wright of Derby, subject, landscape, and portrait painter, was born at Derby on September 3, 1734, the son of an attorney of the place, who was afterwards town-clerk. During his early years he manifested an aptitude for mechanical pursuits, and also for music, but he finally resolved to become a painter, and in 1751 he went to London and for two years studied und… Wright, ThomasWRIGHT, THOMAS (1810-1877), antiquary, was born at Ludlow, in Shropshire, 21st April 1810, and was descended from a Quaker family formerly living at Bradford, in Yorkshire. He was educated at the old grammar school at Ludlow, and afterwards at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated in 1831. While at Cambridge he contributed to the Gentleman's Magazine and other periodicals, and in 1835 he … WritWRIT, in law, is a formal commission from the crown or other supreme executive officer to an inferior executive officer or to a private person, enjoining some act or omission. The word represents the Latin brevis or breve (both forms are found, the latter more commonly), so called, according to Bracton, from its shortly expressing the intention of the framer, " quia breviter et paucis verbis inten… Writing MachinesWRITING MACHINES. Machines and appliances of various kinds are in common use to facilitate the process of writing, and to produce copies of writings already made with the pen. Such facsimile writings are obtained by numerous devices, all of which, however, come under the heads (1) of manifolding, (2) of processes analogous in principle to lithography, and (3) of stencilling. The simplest form of m… WryneckWRYNECK (Germ. TIrendeha/s, Dutch Draailtalzen, French Torcol), a bird so called from its wonderful way of writhing its head and neck, especially when captured, as it may easily be, on its nest in a hollow tree. The lynx 2 torquilla of ornithology, it is a regular summer-visitant to most parts of Europe, generally arriving a few days before the Cuckow, and it is in many countries known by some nam… Wtestall, RichardWTESTALL, RICHARD (1765-1836), subject painter, was born in Hertford in 1765, of a Norwich family. In 1779 he went to London, and was apprenticed to an engraver on silver, and in 1785 he began to study in the schools of the Royal Academy. He painted Esau Seeking Jacob's Blessing, Mary Queen of Scots Going to Execution, and other historical subjects in water-colour, and some good portraits in the s… Wurtz, Charles AdolpheWURTZ, CHARLES ADOLPHE (1817-1884), chemist, was born at Strasburg on November 26, 1817. His father, Jean Jacques Wurtz, was then Lutheran pastor at the small village of Wolfisheim near Strasburg. His mother, Sophie Kreiss, was the sister of Theodore Kreiss, professor of Greek at the Protestant gymnasium of Strasburg, and of Adolphe Kreiss, a Lutheran pastor. When Wurtz was nine years old his fath… Wurzburg, Or WirzbergWURZBURG, or WIRZBERG, the fourth largest town in Bavaria, and the chief town of the district of Lower Franconia in the north-west of that kingdom, is situated on both sides of the Main, 60 miles south-east of Frankfort. An ancient stone bridge (1474-1607), 650 feet long, and adorned with statues of saints, connects the two parts of the town. Wiirzburg is quaintly and irregularly built ; many of t… WyandotteWYANDOTTE, formerly a city and the county seat of Wyandotte county, Kansas, United States, had in 1886 a population of 13,840. WyatWYAT, Sin THOMAS (1503-1542), is an important figure historically in English literature, although his poetry does not rank very high in intrinsic value. Ile was undoubtedly the leader, the first in point of time, and the acknowledged master of "the company of courtly makers" who in the reign of Henry VIII., under Italian influence, transformed the character of English poetry. SURREY (q.v.) is usua… Wyatt, JamesWYATT, JAMES (1743-1813), a popular architect, born in Staffordshire in 1743, who lived at a time when architectural taste was at its lowest ebb. He spent some time in Rome making measured drawings of the classical remains, and on his return to England became one of the most successful architects of his time, and eventually was elected president of the Royal Academy. On the death of Sir William Ch… Wycherley, WilliamWYCHERLEY, WILLIAM (c. 1640-1715), the typical " Restoration dramatist," and one of the greatest masters of the comedy of repartee, was born about 1640 at Clive, near Shrewsbury, where for several generations his family had been settled on a moderate estate of about ?600 a year. Like Vanbrugh, Wycherley spent his early years in France, whither, at the age of fifteen, he was sent to be educated in … WycliffeWYCLIFFE,1 or I'Vveniy, JOTIN (C. 1320-1384), was born, according to Leland,2 our single authority on the point, at Ipreswel (evidently the place now called Hipswell), a mile from Richmond, in Yorkshire. The date may have been somewhere about 1320. Leland elsewhere mentions that he "drew his origin " from Wycliffe-on-Tees (Colleetanea, ii. 329), so that his lineage was of the ancient family which … Wycombe, High WycombeWYCOMBE, HIGH WYCOMBE, or CHIPPING WYCOMBE, a municipal borough and market-town of Bucks, is situated in the valley of the Wyck and on a branch of the Great Western Railway, 29 miles west-north-west of London, 25 south-east of Oxford, and 10 north of Maidenhead. Notwithstanding many additions to the town within recent years, it still retains many evidences of antiquity, including several medimval … Wyntoun, AndrewWYNTOUN, ANDREW or a Scottish monk who flourished at the beginning Of the 15th century, was the author of the Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland. WyomingWYOMING, a Territory of the United States, is ] nearly rectangular in shape, having as its boundaries the 41st and 45th parallels of N. latitude and the 27th and 34th meridians west of Washington. South of it are Colorado and Utah; on the west, Utah, Idaho, and Montana; on the north, Montana; and on the east, Dakota and Nebraska. The area is 97,890 square miles. The surface is greatly diversified.… Wyon, ThomasWYON, THOMAS (1792-1817), medallist, was born at Birmingham in 1792. Wyon, WilliamWYON, WILLIAM (1795-1851), medallist, cousin of Thomas Wyon, was born at Birmingham in 1795. XantirtsXANTIRTS, an ancient city of LYCIA (q.v.), on the river Xanthus, about 8 miles above its mouth. Xavier, FranciscoXAVIER, FRANCISCO (1506-1552), surnamed the "Apostle of the Indies," was the youngest son of Juan de Jasso, privy councillor to Jean d'Albret, king of Navarre, and his wife Maria Azpilcueta Xavier, sole heiress of two noble Navarrese families. He was born at his mother's castle of Xavero or Xavier, at the foot of the Pyrenees and close to the little town of Sanguesa, on 7th April 1506, according t… XeniaXENIA, a city of the -United States, the county seat of Greene county, Ohio, is situated in the midst of a rich agricultural region, and on the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, and St Louis and the Dayton, Fort Wayne, and Chicago Railways. XenocratesXENOCRATES of Chalcedon, scholarch or rector of the Academy from 339 to 311 B.C., was born in 396. Removing to Athens in early youth, he became the pupil of the Socratic iEschines, but presently joined himself to Plato, whom he attended to Sicily in 361. Upon his master's death (347 n.c.), in company with Aristotle he paid a visit to Hermias at Atarneus. In 339, Aristotle being then in Macedonia, … XenophonXENOPHON, Greek historian and essayist, was born at Athens about 430 n.c.I Ile was a citizen of good position, belonging to the order of the knights. Early in life he came under the influence of Socrates. In 401 B.C., being invited by his friend Proxenus to join the expedition of the younger Cyrus against Ins brother, Artaxerxes I1. of Persia, he jumped at the offer, for he was a needy man, and hi… XerxesXERXES (Old Persian lashayarsial ; i11 the book of Esther, Ahasuerus), the name of two Achamnenian kings of Persia. XesophanesXESOPHANES of Colophon, the reputed founder of the Eleatic school of philosophy, is supposed to have been born in the third or fourth decade of the Gth century it.c. An exile from his Ionian home, he resided for a time in Sicily, at Zancle and at Catana, and afterwards established himself in southern Italy, at Elea, a Phocalan colony founded in the sixty-first Olympiad (536-533). In one of the ext… XimenesXIMENES. See J DIENES. YThe history of this symbol has already been given ? under U. The three symbols U, V, Y are only differentiations of one original form. The sound of y in Greek was that of French u in " lune " and German ii in " Bmotian and Laconian Greek the old u-sound was retained ; but it was represented by or, a digraph which had also the value of u in other dialects where it arose from… YachtingYACHTING is the sport of racing in yachts 1 and boats with sails for money or plate, and also the pastime of cruising for pleasure in sailing or steam vessels. The history of yachting is the history of yacht-racing, inasmuch as competition improved yachts just as horse-racing improved horses. It dates from the beginning of the 19th century; for, although there were sailing yachts long before, they… YakutskYAKUTSK, capital of the above province, situated in 62? 2' N. lat. and 129? 44' E. long., 1800 miles to the north-east of Irkutsk, was founded by Cossacks in 1622. It stands on a branch of the Lena, Khatystakh, between which and the main river, five miles distant, lie several low islands. During the break-up of the. ice the water of the Kliatystakh, finding no outlet into the Lena on account of th… Yambo, Or YemboYAMBO, or YEMBO, more properly YANB0`, a town of Arabia on the Red Sea, in 24? 4' N. lat. having the best harbour on this coast, it has taken the place of Al-Jar (which lay to the south and is now ruined) as the port of Medina, and is visited by steamships in connexion with the pilgrim traffic and for the import of grain. The town is surrounded by dilapidated walls, and the fixed population probab… YanaonYANAON, a French settlement in India, near the mouth of the Godavari on the Orissa coast, in the Godavari district, Madras presidency. It is situated in 16? 44' 10" N. lat. and 82? 12' 5" E. long., and has an area of 2258 acres and a population of 4473. Yanaon was founded shortly before 1750, and its fortunes followed the vicissitudes of French history in southern India. With the other French poss… YanktonYANKTON, one of the principal cities of the Territory of Dakota, United States, and until recently its capital, is the county seat of Yankton county, and is situated upon both banks of the James or Dakota river at its confluence with the Missouri, and on the Chicago and St Paul and the Chicago and North Western Railroads. Yarkand, Or YarkendYARKAND, or YARKEND, the chief town of the principal oasis of East Turkestan, is situated on the YarkandDania, in 38? 25' N. lat. and 77? 16' E. long., at an altitude of about 4100 feet above sea-level. The settlements of the Yarkand oasis occupy the south-western corner of East Turkestan, and are scattered along the numerous rivers which issue from the steep slopes of the Pamir in the west, and t… YarnYARN consists of any textile fibre prepared by the process of spinning for being woven into cloth. It is only in a few minor and exceptional cases, such as the weaving of hair-cloth or of wire, that there is any making of woven fabrics without the previous spinning of yarn. As weaving can be shown to be among the earliest and most universal of the industries of mankind, the process of spinning yar… YaroslavlYAROSLAVL, capital of the above government, stands on the right bank of the Volga, at its junction with the Kotorost, 173 miles by rail to the north-east of Moscow, and had a population of 48,310 inhabitants in 1884 ; but this number is temporarily much increased during the period of navigation. The suburbs of the town occupy the left bank and are inundated at high water. A fine quay borders the V… YaroslavlYAROSLAVL, a government of central Russia, separated from Moscow by narrow strips of Vladimir and Tver on the S., and having Tver and Novgorod on the W., Vologda on the N., and Kostroma on the E., is one of the smallest, but at the same time one of the most populous and industrial governments of Great Russia. It has an area of 13,751 square miles, and the population was 1,118,130 in 1884. It consi… Yarrell, WilliamYARRELL, WILLIAM (1784-1856), one of the most popular of British naturalists, was born at Westminster in June 1784. His father was a newspaper agent, and he himself succeeded to the business on his father's death, and prosecuted it till within a few years of his own. He availed himself of any interval of relaxation to enjoy such sport as the neighbourhood of London afforded, acquired the reputatio… YawsYAWS is the name in use in the British West Indies and on the West Coast of Africa for a peculiar disease of the skin in Negroes. The learned name, first applied by Sauvages (1761), is frantboesia, from the likeness of the Bontius early in the 17th century), affecting the Malays rather than the Negroes, its chief seats being Amboyna, Ternate, Timor, Celebes, Java, and Sumatra. It has been identifi… YazdYAZD, or YEzn, a city of Persia, capital of the district of Yazd, province of Farsistan, in 31? 50' N. lat. and 54? 25' E. long. Yazd stands on a flat sandy plain, about 50 miles broad and encircled by an amphitheatre of picturesque hills, on the high road between Ispahan and Karman, 190 miles south-east of the former and 220 north-west of the latter place. The old and dilapidated walls enclose a … YeadonYEADON, a manufacturing town in the West Riding of Yorkshire, is situated on a hill north of Airedale, about 11 miles from Guiseley station on the Midland Railway and 8i miles north-west of Leeds. The streets are generally irregular and tortuous, but within recent years greater care has been taken in the arrangement of new buildings. The church of St John in the Pointed Gothic style, erected in 18… YeastYEAST, an insoluble substance forming an essential component of all sacchariferous juices when in the state of vinous fermentation. This subject is pretty frilly dealt with under FERMENTATION (see vol. ix. pp. 92, 95, 97) ; one important application of yeast, however, viz., that which it finds in the baker's trade, is there only referred to. To produce a spongy loaf, the dough, before being made i… YeiskYEISK, a district town of the Russian province of Kuban (Caucasus), was founded in 1848 at the mouth of the Yeia, on a narrow sandbank which separates the shallow Bay of Yeisk from the Sea of Azoff, 108 miles to the south-west of Rostoff-on-the-Don. YeletsYELETS, a district town of the Russian government of Orel, 12 1 miles by rail to the east of Orel, stands on the great trunk railway which connects. Riga with Tsaritsyn on the lower Volga ; a branch line connects it also with the railway which runs from Tula to Samara and Orenburg. Owing to its advantageous position Yelets, which had been for a long time an important entrepot for the corn trade, h… Yellowstone National ParkYELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK, an area situated mainly in north-western Wyoming, United States, which has been withdrawn from settlement by the United States Government and dedicated to the purposes of a public park. It is a region of hot springs and geysers, mountains and canons, lakes and waterfalls. While it is almost entirely comprised in Wyoming, a narrow strip 2 miles wide projects on the north … Yellow-tailYELLOW-TAIL. This name is given by seafaring men to a variety of marine fishes, chiefly of the family of Horse-Mackerels, which have this in common, that they are edible and have a yellow caudal fin. As the latter peculiarity, which has found expression in the specific names of ehrysurus, xanthurus, &c., of systematic ichthyology, is not confined to that family, very different kinds of fishes bear… YemenYEMEN, in Arabia, literally the land "on the right hand" of one who faces east, meant originally all the land southwards from Syria (Sham). The Arabia Felix (eatituov) of Ptolemy and other ancients is a mistranslation, the right hand being taken to mean "lucky" (8cEtcls, dexter). Arabia Felix included all Arabia except the peninsula of Sinai (Arabia Petnea) and the Syrian desert (Arabia Deserta) :… YeniseiskYENISEISK, a province of Eastern Siberia, which extends from the Chinese frontier to the shores of the Arctic Ocean, with an area of 992,870 square miles - as large as one-half of European Russia - has Tobolsk and Tomsk on the W., Yakutsk and Irkutsk on the E., northwestern Mongolia on the S., and the Arctic Ocean on the N. (see vol. xxii. pl. I.). Its southern extremity being in 51? 45' N. lat. a… YeolaYEOLA, a municipal town of India, in the Ndsik district, Bombay presidency, with a population (1881) of 17,685 (males 8975, females 8710). It is situated in 20? 4' 10" N. lat. and 74? 30' 30" E. long., 44 miles east of Nasik town, 13 miles south of Manwar station on the north-east line of the Great Indian Peninsular Railway, and nearly 12 miles from the frontier of the Nizam's dominions. Yeola is … YeovilYEOVIL, a market town and municipal borough of Somerset, England, is situated on the river Yco or Ivel. which here separates Somerset from Dorset, and on branch lines of the London and South Western and the Great Western Railways, 40 miles south of Bristol and 124 west-south-west of London. The streets are regular and spacious, with a number of handsome public buildings. A few of the houses are of… Yoh-chow Fi5YOH-CHOW FI5, a prefectural city in the Chinese province of Hoo-nan (" south of the lakes "), stands on high ground on the east side of the outlet of Tung-ting Lake, in 29? 18' N. lat. and 113? 2' E. long. The district in which Yoh-chow Fu stands is the ancient habitat of the aboriginal San Miao tribes, who were subsequently deported into north-western China, and who, judging from some of the non-… YokohamaYOKOHAMA, situated in 35? 26' 53" N. lat. and 139' 38' 39" E. long. (see map in vol. xxiii. p. 433), is the most important of the five ports in Japan open by treaty to foreign commerce and residence, both on account of its proximity to Tokio, the capital, and of the extent of its trade. It stands on a plain, extending along the Bay of Tokio and shut in by hills, one of which, towards the south-ea… YokosukaYOKOSUKA, a seaport and naval station of Japan, is situated in the province of Sagami and on the Bay of Tokio, 12 miles south of Yokohama (see map in vol. xxiii. p. 433). The port is sheltered by hills and affords good anchorage. The site was occupied by a small fishing village until 1S65, when the shogun's Government established a shipyard there. Since then it has grown rapidly and come into prom… YonkersYONKERS, a city of Westchester county, New York, United States, is situated upon the east bank of the Hudson river, about 18 miles from its mouth, and on the New York Central and Hudson River and the New York City and Northern Railroads. YonneYONNE, a department of central France, was formed in 1790 partly from the province of Champagne proper (with its dependencies, Senonais and Tonnerrois), partly from Burgundy proper (with its dependencies, the county-of Auxerre and Avallonnais), and partly from Gdtinais (Orleanais and Tle-de-France). It lies between 47? 15' and 48? 25' N. lat. and 2' 50' and 4? 20' E. long., and is bounded by Aube … YorkYORK, a cathedral city and archbishop's see, the county town of Yorkshire, a county in itself, and a municipal and parliamentary borough, is situated on the river Ouse at its junction with the Foss, and on the main joint lino of the North Eastern and Great Northern Railways, 188 miles north of London. The surrounding country is flat, but the plain of York-is one of the richest and most fertile dis… YorkYORK, a northern county of England, is bounded E. by the North Sea, N. by Durham (the boundary line being formed by the Tees), S. by Lincoln, Nottingham, Derby, and Chester, and W. by Lancaster and Westmorland. It is much the largest county in England, being more than double the size of Lincolnshire, which ranks next to it. The area is 3,882,851 acres, or nearly 6067 square miles, almost one-eight… YorkYORK, a borough and the county seat of York county, Pennsylvania, United States, is situated upon Codorus Creek, a branch of the Susquehanna river, and upon three railway lines, - the Pennsylvania, the Northern Central, and the Peachbottom. York, House OfYORK, HOUSE OF. Richard, duke of York, who claimed the crown of England in opposition to Henry VI., though he never succeeded to the throne himself, was, nevertheless, the founder of a royal line. It may be said, indeed, that his claim, at the time it was advanced, was rightly barred by prescription, the House of Lancaster having then occupied the throne for three generations, and that it was real… Yoruba, Or YaribaYORUBA, or YARIBA, a country of West Africa, occupying the eastern half of the Slave Coast region in 6?-9? N. lat. and 3?-7? E. long. Taken in its widest sense, so as to include the whole domain of the Yoruba race and speech, the Yoruba country stretches from the Bight of Benin northwards in the direction of the unexplored region of Borgu, and from tile ill-defined eastern frontier of Dahomey to t… YoughalYOUGHAL, a seaport, borough, and market town in the county of Cork, Ireland, is situated on the west side of the estuary of the Blackwater, and on the Cork and Youghal branch of the Great Southern and Western Railway, 157 miles south-west of Dublin and 28 east of Cork. The fine collegiate church of St Mary, in the Later Decorated style, was originally erected in the 11th century, hut rebuilt in th… YoungYOUNG, EpwAnD (1681 - 1765), author of Tight Thonylds, was born at Upham, near Winchester, in 1681. The minute facts of his life are to be found in the biography contributed to Johnson's Lives Qf the Poets by Herbert Croft. The son of the dean of Sarum, educated at Winchester and Oxford (New College and Corpus), Young obtained a law fellowship at All Souls in 1708, and proceeded to use it as a bas… YoungYOUNG, BRIGHAm (1801-1877), Mormon president, was born in Whitingham, Vermont, on 1st June 1801. YoungYOUNG, TllomAs (1773-1829), one of the most remarkable figures alike in literature and science in the beginning of the 19th century in Great Britain. He belonged to a Quaker family of Milverton, Somerset, and was the youngest of ten children, having been born on 13th June 1773. His precocity, especially in the acquirement of languages, was remarkable, being little inferior to that of Sir W. Rowan … Young, ArthurYOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820), a writer on agriculture and social economy, the third son of Pier. Arthur Young, rector of Bedingfielcl, in Suffolk, was born on 7th September 1741. After having been for some time at a school at Lavenham, he was in 1758 placed in a mercantile house at Lynn, but showed no taste for commercial pursuits. e gave early evidence of literary inclinations by publishing, when on… YoungstownYOUNGSTOWN, a city and the county seat of Mahoning county, Ohio, United States, is situated upon the Mahoning river, a tributary of the Ohio. YpresYPRES (Elem. Yperen), a town of Belgium, capital of an arrondissement in the province of West Flanders, stands in a fertile plain on the Yperlee, 21 miles north-north-west of Lille. In the 14th century it is said to have contained 200,000 inhabitants ; and it was long famous for its woollen and linen manufactures, though the once current derivation of the word " diaper " from the name of this town… YttriumYTTRIUM, the name of a rare element which in its character is closely allied to, and in nature is always associated with, cerium, lanthanum, didymium, and erbium (see LANTHANUM, vol. xiv. p. 291). For the preparation of yttrium compounds the best raw material is a rare Swedish mineral called gadolinite, which, according to Konig, consists of 22'61 per cent, of silica, 34?64 of yttria, Y203, and 42… YucatanYUCATAN, a peninsular region of Central America, forming the south-eastern extremity of Mexico (see vol. xvi. pin. I.), of which, since 1861, it constitutes the two confederate states of Campeche (Campeachy) in the west and Yucatan in the east. At its neck the peninsula is conterminous on the south-east with British Honduras, on the south-west with the state of Tabasco (Mexico), and on the south w… YuccaYUCCA,2 a genus of the order LiliaceH, the species of which are remarkable for their stately appearance and generally magnificent inflorescence. They occur in greatest frequency in Mexico and the south-western States of the American Union, extending also into Central America, and occurring in such numbers in some places as to form "straggling forests." They have a woody or fibrous stem, sometimes … Yun-nan FuYUN-NAN FU, the capital of the Chinese province of Yun-nan, is situated in 25? 6' N. lat. and 102? 52' E. long. Originally the district surrounding Yun-nan Fu was known as the "land of the southern barbarians." The city, which under different dynasties has borne different names, is situated on a plain, and is surrounded by well-fortified walls, 4, miles in circuit. Marco Polo describes it, under t… YvetotYVETOT, a town of France, chef-lieu of an arrondissement in the department of Seine-Inferieure, stands on the plateau of Caux, 24 miles north-west of Rouen on the railway to Havre, and is chiefly known from Beranger's famous song. Calicoes, tickings, Siamese, roueiznerie cotton, reps, and handkerchiefs are made here, as in most places in the department, and a trade is carried on in wool. The churc… YyatkaYYATKA, capital of the above government, is situated on the Vyatka river, 653 miles to the north-east of Moscow. It is built mostly of wood, on the steep hills which rise above the river, as well as on their slopes and at their base. Its old walls have been demolished, and its old churches built anew. Two public gardens, a small public library, and the usual educational institutions of a Russian p… ZacatecasZACATECAS, a city of Mexico, capital of the state of the same name, lies 340 miles by rail north-west of Mexico, in 22? 46' N. lat. and 102? W. long. Zacatecas, which had a population of 46,000 in 1886, is the centre of one of the oldest and most productive silver-mining districts in the republic, and the town itself stands on the rich vein discovered here by Juan de Tolosa in 1546. It lies on the… Zachariae Von LingenthalZACHARIAE VON LINGENTHAL, KARL SALomo (1769-1843), German jurist, was born on 14th September 1769 at Meissen in Saxony. His family came from Austria. His father was a lawyer ; his mother, a Hessian, was the daughter of a pastor. Of feeble health and long the only child of his parents, Karl did not go to school until the age of fifteen. He afterwards studied philosophy, history, mathematics, and ph… ZachariasZACHARIAS, St, pope from 741 to 752, was a Greek by birth, and appears to have been on intimate terms with Gregory Jr., whom he succeeded (November 741). Contemporary history dwells chiefly on his great personal influence with the Lombard king Luitprand, and with his successor Rachis ; it was largely through his tact in dealing with these princes in a variety of emergencies that the exarchate of R… Zach, Franz XaverZACH, FRANZ XAVER, BARON VON (1754-1832), astronomer, was born at Festh in June 1754. He served for some time in the Austrian army, and afterwards lived in London from 1783 to 1786 as tutor in the house of the Saxon minister, Count Briihl. In 1786 he was appointed by Ernest II. of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha director of the new observatory on the Seeberg at Gotha, which was finished in 1791. From 1806 Zach … ZaireZAIRE,' or CoNco, designations of the river now generally known under the latter name (see vol. i. pl. H.) This river system occupies a large part of equatorial Africa,-1,5-10,000 sqr aro miles according to a probable estimate ; and in the length of its course (some 2900 miles) and the volume of its discharge (1,500,000 or at least 1,200,000 -cubic feet per second) the river ranks among the most i… ZambesiZAMBESI, the most important river on the East Coast of Africa (see vol. i. pl. II.), and the fourth largest on the continent, drains during its course of about 1200 miles an area of 600,000 square miles. Its head-streams, which have not yet been fully explored, are the Leeambye or Tambaji, rising in Cazcmbc's country ; the Lungebungo, which descends from the Mossamba Mountains ; and the Leeba rive… ZamoraZAMORA, an inland province of Spain, one of the three into which the former province of Leon has since 1833 been divided, is bounded on the W. by Tras-os-Montes (Portugal) and ()reuse, on the N. by Leon, on the E. by Valladolid, and on the S. by Salamanca ; its area is 4135 square miles. It is traversed from east to west by the Douro, which receives within the province the Valderaduey and the Esla… ZamoraZAMORA, capital of the above province, is situated 2000 feet above sea-level, on the right hank of the Douro (here crossed by a bridge of seventeen pointed arches) a little below its junction with the Valderaduey, 57 miles by rail west by north from Medina del Campo and 182 miles north-west from Madrid. The population in 1877 was 13,632. It has a small but fine Romanesque cathedral (completed abou… ZanesvilleZANESVILLE, a city of the United States, the county seat of Muskingum county, Ohio, is situated on both banks of the Muskingum river, at the mouth of Licking river, 170 miles north-east of Cincinnati and 37 nearly due south of Cleveland. ZanteZANTE, the ancient ZACYNTHUS, an island of Greece, one of the Ionian group, in the Ionian Sea, in 37? 40' N. lat. and 21? E. long., is 25 miles long, about 12 broad, and 64 miles round, with an area of 277 square miles, and a population in 1879 of 44,522, and estimated in 18S7 at 48,000. Zante lies S miles south of Cephalonia, forming with it, Leucas, and Ithaca a crescent-shaped insular group, wh… ZanzibarZANZIBAR, or, more correctly, ZANGUEBAR, a sultanate of east central Africa, which till recently comprised the four islands of Zanzibar, Pemba, Lamu, and Mafia (Monfia), together with the adjacent seaboard from about 3? N. to 10? S. lat., with undefined limits towards the interior. But by the Anglo-German convention, signed in London on 29th October 1886, the territory on the mainland was restrict… ZanzibarZANZIBAR, capital of the island and state of the same name, is the largest city on the African seaboard next to Alexandria and Tunis. It lies in sheltered waters, from 30 to 40 feet deep, on the west side of the island, in 6? 10' S. lat., about 25 miles north-east of Bagamoyo, its port on the mainland. It comprises two distinct quarters, - Shangani, the centre of trade and residence of the sultan,… ZaraZARA (Slay. Zadad), an Austrian seaport, the capital of Dalmatia, and the seat of a Roman Catholic archbishop and of a Greek bishop, lies on the Adriatic, 130 miles south-east of Trieste, opposite the islands of Ugliano and Pasoan, from which it is separated by the narrow Channel of Zara. The promontory on which it stands is separated from the mainland by a deep moat, practically making an ' Mispr… Zaragoza, Or SaragossaZARAGOZA, or SARAGOSSA, an inland province of Spain, one of the three into which Aragon is now divided, is bounded on the N.E. and E. by Huesca, Lerida, and Tarragona, on the S. by Teruel and Guadalajara, and on the W. by Soria and Navarre ; the area is 6607 square miles. It belongs wholly to the basin of the Ebro, by which river it is traversed from north-west to south-east. The main valley is bo… Zarlino, Gioseffe Or GiuseppeZARLINO, GIOSEFFE or GIUSEPPE (1517-1590),I musical theorist, surnamed from his birthplace, ZA1cLINUS CLODIENSIS, was born at Chioggia, Venetia, in 1517. Studying in his youth for the church, he was admitted to the minor orders in 1539 and ordained deacon in 1541 at Venice ; but he soon devoted himself entirely to the study of music under the guidance of Adrian liTillaert, then choirmaster at St M… ZealandZEALAND, the most westerly province of Holland, is bounded on the north by South Holland, on the cast by North Brabant and Belgium, on the south-east and south by Belgium, and on the west by the North Sea. Its area is 689 square miles, the greater part of which consists of the islands Schouwen, Duiveland, St Philipsland, Tholes, North, South, and East Beveland, Wolfaartsdyk, and Walcheren, The gre… Zealand, Or SjaellandZEALAND, or SJAELLAND, the largest and most easterly island of DENMARK (q.v.), is separated from Fithen on the west by the Great Belt and from Sweden on the east by the Sound ; its greatest length from north to south is 81 miles, its breadth 65, and its area 2636 square miles.' Its surface is for the most part undulating, but on the whole little above sea-level ; the highest elevations are in the … ZebraZEBRA. In the article HoRsE (vol. xii. p. 175) the general zoological and anatomical characters of the genus Equus, and its relationship to other animals, were fully described. Among the existing species mention was made of certain forms distinguished from the rest by the peculiar coloration, being marked by conspicuous dark stripes on a lighter ground, and by their exclusively African habitat. Th… Zebs Ke OmZEbS KE OM, Zds Atin y e. 71-6/Ta TeTEKTal. Thus Zeus becomes a shorthand symbol for the pantheistic deity. The Zeus of pure religion and of speculation is very different from the Zeus of ritual and of local myth. To ritual, and to the local myths treasured by priests, which often tried to explain the ritual, we owe the unbecoming anecdotes of Zeus as the god who, in the form of ant, snake, bull, … ZebulunZEBULUN (.!51A) one of the twelve tribes of Israel, the .vocalization of the adjective " Zebulonite." The country of Zebulun lay in the fertile hilly country to the cluded the goodly upland plain of Battauf. The description of its boundaries in Josh. xix. 10 sq. contains few names that can be identified with any certainty : Chislothtabor is apparently the modern Iksal, a little to the west of Tabo… ZechariahZECHARIAH, son of Berechiah, son of Iddo, or by contraction son of Iddo, appeared as a prophet in Jerusalem along with HAGGAI (q.v.), in the second year of Darius Hystaspes (520 u.c.), to warn and encourage the Jews to address themselves at length to the restoration of the temple, which, since their return from exile eighteen years before, had lain unaccomplished, less through want of zeal than th… ZeitzZEITZ, an ancient manufacturing town in the extreme south of the province of Saxony, Prussia, is pleasantly situated on a hill on the White Elster, 22 miles south-south-west of Leipsic and 29 south-south-east of Halle. The river is here crossed by two iron bridges, and one stone and one timber bridge. The Gothic abbey church dates from the 15th century, but its Romanesque crypt from the 12th. The … ZelleZELLE, or more usually CELLE, an industrial and commercial town in the district of Liineburg in Prussia, is situated on the left bank of the navigable Aller, near its junction with the Fuse and the Lachte, 23 miles to the north-east of Hanover. The town, with which three suburbs were incorporated in 1869, is well built. It is the legal and official centre of a "circle," and contains the usual trib… Zend-avestaZEND-AVESTA, the original document of the religion of ZOROASTER (7.V.), and still used by the PARSEES (q.v.) as their bible and prayer book. The name " Zend-Avesta " has been current in Europe since the time of Anquetil Duperron (c. 1771), but the Parsees themselves call it simply Avesta,Zend (i.e., " interpretation") being specially employed to denote the translation and exposition of a great par… ZenoZENO, emperor of the East from 471 to 491, was all Isaurian of noble birth, and originally bore the name of Tra.scaliss.Tus, which he exchanged for that of Zeno on his marriage with Ariadne, daughter of Leo I., in 468. Of his early life nothing is known ; after his marriage (which was designed by Leo to secure the Isaurian support against his ambitious minister Aspar) he became patrician and comma… ZenoZENO of ELEA, son of Teleutagoras, is supposed to have been born towards the beginning of the 5th century ence of the Many. In virtue of this method of indirect argumentation he is regarded as the inventor of "dialectic," that is to say, disputation having for its end not victory but the discovery or the transmission of truth. He is said to have been concerned in a plot against a authorities diffe… ZentaZENTA, a market town of Hungary, in the county of Bacs-Bodrog, on the right bank of the river Theiss, 20 miles south of Szegedin, is historically known for the decisive victory won in its vicinity by Prince Eugene over the Turks in 1696. ZephaniahZEPHANIAH (Soplamias, Heb. whom Jehovah hides" or " protects " ; compare the Phoenician man's or woman's name 5r1)tV, C./.S., No. 207, Eating, Pun. Steine, p. 16), son. of Cushi, the ninth, according to the order of his book, among the twelve minor prophets, flourished in the reign of Josiah of Judah, and apparently before the great reformation in the eighteenth year of that king (621 B.c.). For v… ZephyrinitsZEPHYRINITS, Si', bishop of Rome from about 202 to 26th August 217, succeeded Victor I. ZephyrusZEPHYRUS, the west wind, brother of Boreas, the north wind, was the son of the Titan Astrwus and Eos, the dawn (ties., Theo.q., 579), and had his palace in Thrace ix. 5 ; Oct., v. 295). ZerafshanZERAFSHAN, an independent " circle " or province of Russian Turkestan, includes the valley of the river Zerafshan from its sources to Katty-Kurgan, as well as the mountains which bound the valley to the north and south. It is the SOGDIANA (q.v.) of the ancients, famed for its fertility, which is due to the waters of the Polytimetus. The present Russian province of Zerafshan, which is densely peopl… ZeusZEUS, the chief deity of ancient Greek religion, bears a name which almost certainly means "sky." His title is identified by etymologists with the Sanskrit Dyaus, the "bright one," "sky," though his legend and place in religion are not closely akin to those of the Vedic deity. It seems nearly certain that the peoples who speak Aryan languages had at some remote time a common word for the sky, and … ZeuxisZEUXIS, a Greek painter, who flourished about 420. 390 B.C., and described himself as a native of Heraclea, meaning probably the town in Magna Grxcia. To this neighbourhood seem to point the facts of his having painted a figure of Helena for a temple in Croton, of his presenting a picture of Alcmena to the people of Agrigentum, and of his having been, in one account, a pupil of Damophilus of Himer… ZincZINC, the name both of an important useful metal and of the element of which the metal consists. Zinc as a component of brass had currency in metallurgy long before it became known as an individual metal. Aristotle refers to the alleged fact that the Mossinecians produced a bright and light-coloured xaAKOT, not by addition of tin, but by fusing up with an earth. Pliny explicitly speaks of a minera… Zincken, Or ZinkenZINCKEN, or ZINKEN, the German name of a family of wind instruments now obsolete, known in Italy as cornetti, in France as cornets is bouqesiue, and in England as "cornets?" but differing entirely from. the modern cornetsdpistons; these last will also be noticed here, as bearing the same name. The old cornets were of two kinds, - the straight and the curved. The straight (Germ. gerade Zinc,ken, si… Zinzendorf, Nicolaus LudwigZINZENDORF, NICOLAUS LUDWIG, COUNT OF ZINZEN- DORF AND POTTENDORF (1700-1760), religious reformer, descended from an ancient family belonging to Lower Austria, was born on 2Gth May 1700, at Dresden. His family had taken the Protestant side in the Reformation struggle, and in consequence his grandfather, Max Erasmus, had abandoned his Austrian estates to settle near Nuremberg. Max's second son, Geo… ZirconiumZIRCONIUM, a rare element, closely allied to titanium. Klaproth in 1789 analysed zircon and found it to contain a new earth, which he called "zirconia." Zircon is essentially a silicate of zirconia, Zr02.Si02. For the extraction from it of zirconia the mineral is first of all heated and quenched in water to render it brittle, and then reduced to a fine powder, which is fused up with three to four … ZittauZITTAU, the centre of the Saxon linen trade and the most populous town in the district of Bautzen, in the kingdom of Saxony, is situated on the left bank of the Mandan, near its confluence with the Neisse, 25 miles south-east of Bautzen and 48 east-south-east of Dresden. The town is built in a regular and modern style. The town-house dates from 1844, and contains a public library of 30,000 volumes… Zizka, Or ZisicaZIZKA, or ZISICA, JOHN (c. 1360-1424), leader of the HUSSITES (q.v.) from 1419, was born at Trocznow in the neighbourhood of Budweis in Bohemia about the year 1360. He was of noble descent, and was brought up from an early age at Prague at the court of King Wenceslaus. In 1410 he fought as a volunteer, on the losing side, in the great battle of Griinwald, uear Tannenberg in Prussia, in which the k… ZlatoustZLATOUST, in the Russian government of Ufa, is one of the chief towns and iron-works of the Urals. It is situated on the Ai, a tributary of the Ufa, in a picturesque valley of the middle Urals, at a height of 1200 feet above sea-level. The 270 miles which stretch between Zlatoust and Ufa in the west will soon be covered by rail, while a branch line is projected to connect it with Ekaterinburg in t… Znaim, Or ZnaymZNAIM, or ZNAYM (Czech Znolnio), an interesting old town of Moravia, is picturesquely situated on the left bank of the Thaya, 45 miles north-north-west of Vienna. The town proper is adjoined by four suburbs, and it contains three fine open squares, while the site of the old fortifications is occupied by a pleasant promenade. The Riinberthurm is a relic of the old castle of the margraves of Moravia… ZodiacZODIAC (O CoAtaK()3 K-olCA03, from (.68cov, "a little animal "), an imaginary zone of the heavens within which lie the paths of the sun, moon, and principal planets. It is bounded by two circles equidistant from the ecliptic, about eighteen degrees apart ; and it is divided into twelve signs, and marked by twelve constellations. The signs - the Greek 8w8cKccrwipta - are geometrical divisions thirt… Zodiacal LightZODIACAL LIGHT. The zodiacal light is usually described as a cone or lenticularly-shaped glow of nebulous light, seen after sunset or before sunrise, extending upwards from the position of the sun nearly in the direction of the ecliptic or of the sun's equator. This description, though fairly correct for the higher latitudes, does not represent accurately what is seen in the tropics, where the lig… ZollnerZOLLNER,, JOHANN CARL FRIEDRICH (1834-1882), astronomer and physicist, was born at Berlin on 8th ous papers on photometry and spectrum analysis in Poggendoi?s Annalen and Berichte der Ie. sachsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, of two works on astronomical photometry (Grundzlige einer allgemeinen Photometric des Himmels, Berlin, 1861, 4to, and Photometrische Untersuchungen, Leipsic, 1865, 8vo… ZomborZOMBOR, a royal free city of Hungary, the capital of the county of Bhcs-Bodrog, lies about 120 miles south of Budapest in a fertile plain, on the Francis Canal that connects the Danube and the Theiss. Zonaras, JoannesZONARAS, JOANNES, historian and theologian, flourished at Constantinople in the 12th century. Under Alexius I. Comnenus he held the offices of commander of the bodyguard and private secretary to the emperor, but in the succeeding reign he retired to Mount Athos, where he spent the rest of his life in writing his books. He is said to have lived to the age of eighty-eight. His most important work, t… ZoroastebZOROASTEB, one of the great teachers of the East, the founder of what was the national religion of the PersoIranian people from the time of the Acluumenida3 to the close of the Sasanian period. The name (Zwpodn-i-pqs) is the Greek form of the old Iranian Zarathuslit?a and the new Persian Zardusht ; it seems to mean "possessor of old camels." Zoroaster was already famous in classical antiquity as t… ZosimusZOSIMUS, bishop of Rome from 18th March 417 to 25th December 418, succeeded Innocent I. and was folenergetic decisions in favour of the former, but without settling the controversy. ZosimusZOSIMUS, a Greek historical writer, held public office (Photius describes him as "comes et exadvocatus fisci ") at Constantinople some time in the first half of the 5th century. His History, which is mainly a compilation from previous authors (Herennius Dexippus, Eunapius, Olympiodorus), consists of six books : the first sketches very briefly the history of the early emperors from Augustus to Dioc… ZosteropsZOSTEROPS,1 originally the scientific name of a genus name has been Anglicized in the same sense, and, whether most part the tropical districts of the Old World, from to Amurland and Japan. The birds of this group are mostly of unpretending appearance, the plumage above being generally either mouse-coloured or greenish olive ; but some are sufficiently varied by the white or bright yellow of their… Zouch, RichardZOUCH, RICHARD (c. 1590-1661), a distinguished writer on civil and international law, was born at Anstey, Wiltshire, about the year 1590. He was educated at Winchester and afterwards at Oxford, where he became a fellow of New College in 1609. In 1613 he published a poem entitled The Dove, or Passages of Cosmography, which he dedicated to his relative Edward, Lord Zouch, warden of the Cinque Ports.… Zschokke, Johann Heinrich DanielZSCHOKKE, JOHANN HEINRICH DANIEL (1771-1848), place and at the gymnasium of Altstiidt. As a youth he Oder, where, in 1792, he became a privat-docent. He created much sensation by two extravagant plays, der grosse Bandit (1794) and Julius von Sassen (1796), and Schiller. The Prussian Government having declined to make him a full professor, Zschokke in 1795, after some time spent in travel, settled … ZuccaroZUCCARO, or ZucciiEuo,' the name of two Italian painters. T. TADDEO ZUCCARO (1529-1566), one of the most popular painters of the so-called Roman mannerist school, was the son of an almost unknown painter at St Angelo in Vado, called Ottaviano Zuccaro, where he was born in 1529. While yet a boy Taddeo found his way to Rome ; and, though suffering great hardships from poverty and want of friends, he… ZullaZULLA, as Salt writes the name, or Z1LA (Thulla, Dola), as it is also written, is a village near the head of tury after Christ, it is conjectured that the town must have previously existed under another name and may have been the Berenice Panchrysus of the Ptolemies. ZululandZULULAND, a territory of South Africa, lying to the north of the colony of Natal, with a coast-line of about 130 miles (see vol. i. pl. II.). It is occupied chiefly by Zulu tribes ; but since its conquest by England in 1879 a Boer republic, known as the New Republic, has been carved out of it, which extends into the centre of the country from the Transvaal on its north-west, and comprises an area … Zurbaran, FranciscoZURBARAN, FRANCISCO (1598-1662), a distinguished Spanish painter, was born at Fuente do Cantos in Estremadura on 7th November 1598. His father was named Luis Zurbaran, a country labourer, his another Isabel Marquet. The lot apparently marked out for Francisco was that of tilling the ground, like his father ; but his natural faculty had decided otherwise. In mere childhood he set about imitating ob… ZurichZURICH (Germ. Ziirich),1 a canton in Switzerland, ranking as the first in dignity. It is of very irregular shape, consisting simply of the conquests made by the city. It extends from the Lake of Zurich to the Rhine, taking in given currency to by Glareanus and held its ground from 1512 to 1748. the district of Eglisau on the right bank of that river. On the east it is, roughly speaking, limited by… ZurichZURICH, chief city of the above canton, and until 1848 practically the capital of the Swiss Confederation, is beautifully situated, at a height of 1506 feet, on the banks of the Limmat where it issues from the Lake of Zurich, and on the river Sihl, which joins the Limmat just above the north end of the lake. That part which lies on the right bank of the Limmat is known as the Large Town, that on t… ZutphenZUTPHEN, a fortified town of Holland, in the province of Guelderland, 20 miles by rail south from Deventer, stands on the right bank of the Yssel, at its junction with the Berke]. Its most important public building is the church of St Walburga, dating from the 12th century, which contains several interesting montunents of the counts of Zutphen, and good examples of old metal-work and sculpture. Th… ZwickauZWICKAU, one of the busiest towns in the industrial district of the kingdom of Saxony to which it gives its name, is situated in a pleasant valley on the left bank of the Zwickauer Mulde, 41 miles south of Leipsic. The river is here crossed- by four bridges, two of which are of iron. The town contains six churches, including the fine Late Gothic church of St Mary (1453-1536, restored 1884), with a… Zwing LiZWING LI, HunDREicir (1484-1531), Swiss Reformer, was born on let January 1484 at Wildhaus, at the head of the Toggenburg valley, in the canton of St Gall, Switzerland. His father was a well-to-do peasant proprietor, asuman of the township ; his mother was Margaret Meili, whose brother was abbot of the cloister of Fischingen in Thurgau. The people of Wildhaus were in Zwingli's time a self-ruled vi…
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