Volume 6 [CLI-DAY]: Albert to Coustou


Tweet 9th Edition of Encyclopedia Britannica - free ninth edition online encyclopedia Britannica Volume 6 [CLI-DAY]: Albert to Coustou Albert ALBERT Cur (1605-1691), the son of Jacob Gerritsz by Grietche Dierichsdoehter (Dierich's daughter), was born at Dort. He married in 1658 Cornelia Bosman, a widow, by whom he had an only daughter. By right of his possessions at Dordwyck, Cuyp was a vassal of the county of Holland, and privileged to sit in the high court of the province. As a citizen he was sufficiently well known to be placed on th… Alloys Of Copper ALLOYS OF COPPER. - Copper unites with facility with almost all other metals, and a large number of its compounds are of the highest importance in the arts. Indeed copper is much more important and valuable as a constituent element in numerous alloys than it is as pure metal. The principal alloys in which it forms a leading ingredient are - lst, brass ; 2d, bronze ; and 3d, German or nickel silver… Anclioracephala ANCLIORACEPHALA (12.) RRIZOCEPOALA . - These have been referred to under Metamorphosis, so that we need not allude to them further here, save only to give illustrations of two genera, Peltogaster (fig. 82) and Sacculina (fig. 83). VI. AN CH ORACEPHALA (13.) CIRR1PEDIA. - Forty years fixed condition of their shells and the degree of external resemblance between Lepas and Teredo on the one hand, an… Bibliograpiiy BIBLIOGRAPIIY. - Eloge historigue de C. Bibliograptiy BIBLIOGRAPTIY. - The following llst comprises some of the more Important works and memoirs which may be consulted with regard to the living and fossil DIbranchlate Cephalopods: - Aristotle, ifistoria de Aninuilibus ; Meyer, Aristofetes Thierkunde, Berlin, 1855; Needham, An Account of some new Microscopical Discoveries, 174.5; Moore (seeundun, "On the Anatomy of the Sagittated Calamom" in The Struc… Body-segments BODY-SEGMENTS. - The crustacean exo-skeleton consists of a series of rings, usually a repetition of each other, and differing only in modification according to the necessity of the various portions of the animal. Each of these divisions is called a somite (Huxley). The normal number of somites, or segments, is twenty-one ;2 but instances occur among the extinct Trilobita and the recent Phyllopoda … Cash CASH 2. Circulatory System CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. - In most of the Crustacea the circulation is of the same simple character as that observed in the aquatic larvm of insects, save that in the Crustacea the blood is conveyed to the gills for the purpose of oxygenation ; but where no special respiratory organs are developed, the fine hairs and filamentous appendages attached to the feet doubtless subserve that office, or in some… Cirripedia CIRRIPEDIA, (a) Balanidtr, &e. (h) Lepadidcc, &e. If the old definition between the two great groups, the MALACOSTRACA and the ENTOMOSTRACA, be maintained, namely, that the former shall consist only of forms having more than twenty-one segments, the introduction of the Trilobite among these may be looked upon as inappropriate. If, however, we admit that the Trilobite had (as there seem good ground… Clichy, Or Clichy La CLICHY, or CLICHY LA. Clifton CLIFTON, a watering-place and fashionable resort of England, in the county of Gloucestershire, forming practically a part of the city of Bristol. It is situated on the eastern heights above the gorge of the lower Avon, which divides it from the county of Somerset, - partly occupying a spacious table-land about 250 feet above the sea, and partly an abrupt declivity which sinks down to the once fash… Climate CLIMATE. The word Climate, or KAlika, being derived from the verb KX/vetv, to incline, was applied by the ancients to signify that obliquity of the sphere with respect to the horizon from which results the inequality of day and night. The great astronomer and geographer Ptolemy divided the surface of the globe, from the equator to the arctic circle, into climates or parallel zones, corresponding t… Clinton CLINTON, a city of the United States, in Clinton County, Iowa, about 42 miles higher up than Davenport, on the Mississippi, which is crossed at this point by an iron drawbridge upwards of 4000 feet long. Clinton, De Witt CLINTON, DE WITT (1769-1828), an American statesman, born at Little Britain, in the State of New York, was the son of a gentleman of English extraction who served as brigadier-general in the war of independence, and of a lady belonging to the famous Dutch family of De Witts. was educated at Colombia College; and in 1788 he was admitted to the bar. He at once joined the republican party, among the … Clinton, Henry Fynes CLINTON, HENRY FYNES (1781-1852), an English classical scholar, was born at Gamstou, in Nottinghamshire. He was descended huh the second cad of Lincoln ; for some generations the name of his family was 1'3-nes, but his father resumed the older family name of Clinton. Educated at Southwell school in his native county, at Westminster school, and at Christ Church College, Oxford, be devoted himself t… Clitheroe CLITHEROE, a manufacturing town and a nomuinlitciPJ and parliamentary borough of England, in the county Lancashire, situated not far from the Ribble, at the foot of Pendle Hills, about 28 miles by railway north of Manchester. It has several suburbs, known as Waterloo, Salford, and Bawdlands, and at the side of the river is the little village of Low Moor. Its principal buildings are the parish chur… Clitob CLITOB, a town of ancient Greece, in that part of Arcadia which corresponds to the modern eparchy of Kalavryta. It stood in a fertile plain to the south of Mount Cheltnos, the highest peak of the Aroanian Mountains, and not far from a stream of its own name, which joined the Aroanius, or Katzana. In the neighbourhood was a fountain, the waters of which were said to deprive those who drunk them of … Clitomachus CLITOMACHUS, a leader of the New Academy, was a Carthaginian originally named Hasdrubal, who came to Athens about the middle of the 2d century B.C. Cloister CLOISTER (Latin, claustrum ; French, cloitre; chiostro ; Spanish, claustro ; German, Hosier). The word " cloister," though now restricted to the four-sided enclosure, surrounded with covered ambulatories, usually attached to conventual and cathedral churches, and sometimes to colleges, or by a still further limitation to the ambulatories themselves, originally signified the entire monastery. In th… Clonmel CLONMEL, a parliamentary and municipal borough of Ireland, in the province of Munster, partly in the south tiding of Tipperary and partly in Waterford county, 104 miles south-west from Dublin. It is built on both sides of the Suir, and also occupies Moore and Long Islands, which are connected with the mainland by three bridges. The principal buildings are the parish church, two Roman Catholic chur… Clootz, Jean Baptiste CLOOTZ, JEAN BAPTISTE, BARON (1755-1794), better known as Anacharsis Clootz, was born near Cleves. A baron by descent, and heir to a great fortune, he was sent at eleven to Paris to complete his education. There he imbibed the theories of his uncle, Cornelius de Pauw, and of the great anarchists of the epoch. He rejected his title and his baptismal names, adopted the pseudonym of Anacharsis from t… Clot, Antoine CLOT, ANTOINE (1795-1868), was born in the neighbourhood of Marseilles, and was brought up at the charity school of that town. After studying at Montpellier he commenced to practise as surgeon in his native place ; but at the age of twenty-eight he was made chief surgeon to Mehemet Ali, viceroy of Egypt. At Abuzabel, near Cairo, ho founded a hospital and schools for all branches of medical instruc… Clotilda, Saint CLOTILDA, SAINT (475-515), was the daughter of Chilperic, king of Burgundy, and the wife of Clovis, king of the Franks. Her father, mother, and brothers were put to death by Gundebald, her uncle, but Clotilda was spared and educated. Gundebald opposed her marriage with Clovis, but by the aid of the clergy she escaped to the Frankish court (493), was married, and, having adhered all along to the pu… Clough, Arthur Hugh CLOUGH, ARTHUR HUGH (1819-1861), a minor English poet, was born at Liverpool in 1819, and belonged to a family of old Welsh descent. His father, a cotton merchant, having removed to the United States about 1823, Arthur spent a number of years at home in Charleston ; but in 1623 he was brought back to England and sent to school. From Rugby, where he was a favourite pupil of Dr Arnold's, he passed i… Cloves CLOVES are the unexpanded flower-buds of Caryophyllus aromaticus, a tree belonging to the natural order 11I yrtacece. They are so named from the French word don, on account of their resemblance to a nail. The clove tree is a beautiful evergreen which grows to a height of from 30 to 40 feet, having large oblong leaves and crimson flowers in numerous groups of terminal cymes. The flower-buds are at … Clovio CLOVIO, Ginuo (1498-1578), by birth a Croat and by profession a priest., is said to have learned the elements of design in his own country, and to have studied afterwards with intense diligence at Rome under Giulio Romano, and at Verona under Girolamo de' Libri. Cloyne CLOYNE (in Irish Cluain-Uamha, or the Meadow of the Cave), a market town and formerly an episcopal see of Ireland, in the county of Cork, and about four miles from the east side of Cork harbour. It is now a small place of 1200 inhabitants, but it still gives its name to a Roman. Catholic diocese. The cathedral, which was founded in the 6th century by Colman, a disciple of Fin-Bane of Cork, is stil… Club CLUB. The records of all nations agree in attributing the institution of clubs and private companies to the earliest, or one of the earliest, rulers or legislators of whom they have retained any memory. Indeed such associations seem, as Addison has said, "to be a natural and necessary offshoot of men's gregarious and social nature." In the infancy of national existences, they are almost essential … Club-foot CLUB-FOOT (Talipes). The pathology and treatment of the various deformities of the foot, which are included under the above general title, come strictly under orthopredic surgery. Several forms of clubfoot have been recognized by surgeons There are four primary forms : - (1) Talipes equines, in which the heel does not touch the ground, the child resting on the toes ; (2) Talipes yarns, in which th… Cluny, Or Clugni CLUNY, or CLUGNI, a town of France, in the department of Saone-et-Loire, about twelve miles by rail north-west of Macon, on the left bank of the GrOne, a tributary of the Saone, crossed there by two bridges. It is a place of upwar:1s of 4000 inhabitants, and carries on a considerable agricultural trade, and the manufacture of pottery, paper, and vinegar. The main interest in the town is due to its… Cluver, Philip CLUVER, PHILIP (1580-1623), a German geographer still regarded as an authority, was born at Danzig in 15S0. After travelling in Poland and Germany, he commenced the study of law at Leyden , but he soon turned his attention to geography, which was then taught there by Joseph Scaliger. Displeased with his desertion of the law, his father refused to support him ; and he was forced to enter the army, … Clyde CLYDE, the most important river of Scotland, and the third in point of magnitude, has its origin from numerous small streams rising at a height of about 1400 feet above the level of the sea, in the mountains which separate Lanarkshire from the counties of Peebles and Dumfries. It flows first in a northerly direction, with a slight inclination eastward as far as Biggar, where, in time of floods, a … Clyde, Lord CLYDE, LORD (1792-1863), better known as Sin COLIN CAMPBELL, was born at Glasgow on the 16th of October 1792. He received his education at the high school of that city, and when only sixteen years of age obtained an ensigncy in the 9th foot, through the influence of Colonel Campbell, his maternal uncle. The youthful officer had an early opportunity of engaging in activo service. He fought under Si… Cnidus CNIDUS, now TEKIR, an ancient city of Caria, in Asia Minor, situated at the extremity of the long peninsula that forms the southern side of the Sinus Ceramicus, or Gulf of Cos. It was built partly on the mainland and partly on the Island of Triopion, or Cape Krio, which anciently communicated with the continent by a causeway and bridge, and-is now permanently connected by a narrow sandy isthmus. B… Coanza, Or Quanza COANZA, or QUANZA, an important river of Western Africa, in the country of Angola. Coatbridge COATBRIDGE, a town of Scotland, in the county of Lanark, and parish of Old Monkland, ten miles east of Glasgow by rail, and about two miles west of Airdrie. Cobalt COBALT, a metal of the iron group. The name is derived from the German Kobold, a miner's term for gnome, or evil spirit, akin to the English goblin, which was applied to a mineral found associated with silver ores, and often replacing them in the mines of Schneeberg in Saxony. The use of the oxide of cobalt in colouring glass was only discovered in 1510 by Scheurer, and till then the metal had bee… Coban, Or Santo Domingo Conan COBAN, or SANTO DOMINGO COnAN, a city of Central America, in the republic of Guatemala, and the department of Vera Paz, situated about 90 miles north of the city of Guatemala, on the direct route to Flores, not far from the source of the Rio de Cajabon, which flows into the Golfo Dolce. It occupies the slopes of a rounded hill, on the top of which is the central square or plaza, with the cathedral… Cobbett, William COBBETT, WILLIAM (1766-1835), one of the most vigorous of English political writers, was born near Farnham in Surrey, according to his own statement, on the 9th March 1766. He was the grandson of a farm-labourer, and the son of a small farmer ; and during his early life he worked on his father's farm. At the age of sixteen, inspired with patriotic feeling by the sight of the men?ofwar in Portsmout… Cobden, Richard COBDEN, RICHARD (1804-1865), was born at a farmhouse called Dunford, near Midhurst, in Sussex, on the 3d of June 1804. The family had been resident in that neighbourhood for many generations, occupied partly in trade and partly in agriculture, Formerly there had been in the town of Midhurst a small manufacture of hosiery with which the Cobdens were connected, though all trace of it had disappeared… Cobija COBIJA, or, as it is officially called in honour of the first president of the republic, PUERTO LA MAR, is the principal port of Bolivia, and the chief town of the province of Atacama or Cobija. It is situated on the coast of the Pacific, about 800 miles north of Valparaiso in Chili, in 22' 32' 50" S. lat. and 70' 21' 2" W. long. ; and it occupies a low-lying position on the beach, at the foot of … Coblentz COBLENTZ (German, Coblenz), the capital of Rhenish Prussia, is pleasantly situated at the confluence of the Rhine and Moselle. From this circumstance it derived its ancient name of Confluentes, of which Coblentz is a corruption. This city is still of consequence from a military point of view, since it commands the junction of two great rivers. Its fortifications, which are very extensive, not only… Cobra COBRA (Naja tripudians), a poisonous Colubrine Snake, belonging to the family Elapidce, known also as the Hooded Snake, or Cobra di Capello. In this species the anterior ribs are elongated, and by raising and bringing forward these, the neck, which otherwise is not distinct from the head, can be expanded at will into a broad disc or hood, the markings on which bear a striking resemblance to a pair… Coburg COBURG, or, in German Koburg, the capital of the duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha and, alternately with Gotha, the residence of the duke and the seat of the administration, is situated on the left bank of the Itz, an affluent of the Regen, and on the southern slope of the Frankenwald, 40 miles S.S.E. of Gotha. The town is for the most part old, and contains a large number of remarkable buildings. The du… Cocceius COCCEIUS, or Com, JOHANN (1603-1669), a Dutch theologian, was born at Bremen. After studying at Hamburg and Franecker he became in 1629 professor of Hebrew in his native town. In 1636 he was transferred to Franecker, where he held the chair of Hebrew, and from 1643 the chair of theology also, until 1650, when he became professor of theology at Leyden. He died on the 4th November 1669. Cocceins was… Cochabamba COCHABAMBA, a city and bishop's see of Bolivia, capital of a province and department, is situated about 8370 feet above the level of the sea, on both banks of the Rio de la Rocha, a sub-tributary of the Rio Grande, to the south of a considerable Cordillera. It is about 122 miles N.N W. of Sucre, its latitude is 17? 27' S., and its longitude 65? 46' W. The streets are broad, and the houses for the … Cochin COCHIN, a feudatory state of Southern India, situated within the presidency of Fort St George or Madras, between 9? 48' and 10? 50' N. lat.. and between 76? 5' and 76? 58' E. long. The state, which is of irregular shape, is bounded on the W., N., and E. by the districts of South Malabar and Coimbatore, and for some distance on the W. by the Indian Ocean ; on the S. it is bounded by the state of Tr… Cochin China COCHIN CHINA, a name applied to the eastern division of the Indo-Chinese peninsula, composed of the territories of Anam proper, Tong-king, and the French colony of Cochin China. It forms a long strip of country which stretches in an are of a circle along a coast-line of 1240 miles from 8? 30' to 23? N. lat. With a breadth of 372 miles in the north of Tong-king, it is afterwards narrowed by a chain… Cochineal COCHINEAL, a dye-stuff used for the production of scarlet, crimson, orange, and other tints, and for the preparation of lake and carmine. It consists of the females of Coccus cacti,.an insect of the order Henripttra, which feeds upon various species of the Cactacew, more especially the nopal plant, Opuntia coccinellifera, a native of Mexico and Peru. The dye was introduced into Europe from Mexico,… Cockatoo COCKATOO (Cacatuicke), a family of Scansorial Birds, distinguished from other Old World parrots by their greater size, by a crest of feathers on the head, which can be raised or depressed at will, and by their enormously developed bills. They inhabit the Indian Archipelago, New Guinea, and Australia, and are gregarious, frequenting woods and feeding on seeds, fruits, and the larva; of insects. The… Cockatrice COCKATRICE, a fabulous monster, the existence of which was firmly believed in throughout ancient and mediseval times, - descriptions and figures of it appearing in the natural history works of such writers as Pliny and Aldrovaudus, those of the latter published so late as the beginning of the 17th century. Produced from a cock's egg hatched by a serpent, it seas believed to possess the most deadly… Cockburn, Henry Dundas COCKBURN, HENRY DUNDAS (1779-1854), known as Lord Cockburn, was born in Edinburgh, October 26,1779. He was educated at the High School and at the university of Edinburgh; and he was a member of the famous Speculative Society, to which Scott, Brougham, and Jeffrey belonged. He entered the faculty of advocates in the year 1800, and attached himself, not to the party of his relatives, who could have … Cockburn, Mrs Ali50n COCKBURN, MRS ALI50N (1712-1794), justly celebrated for having written one of the most exquisite of Scottish ballads, the " Flowers of the Forest," was the daughter of a border laird, Robert Rutherford of Fairnalce, and was born in the heart of the Southern Highlands in the autumn of 1712. Her education was slight. She spent her youth in rambling and riding about the countryside, and in paying vis… Cockburn, Sir George COCKBURN, SIR GEORGE (1772-1853), admiral, was of Scottish extraction, and was born in London. He entered the navy in his ninth year. After serving on the home station, and in the East Indies and the Mediterranean, he assisted, as captain of the " Minerve," at the blockade of Leghorn in 1796, and a year afterwards he fought in the battle of Cape St Vincent. In 1809, in command of the naval force o… Cockermouth COCKERMOUTH, a parliamentary borough and market-town of England, in the county of Cumberland, 25 miles by rail from Carlisle, at the confluence of the Derwent and the Cocker, both of which are crossed by bridges in the immediate vicinity. The town is irregularly built, but is clean and well paved. It has remains of an old castle, built soon after the Conquest, a town-hall, a free grammar school, a… Cockle COCKLE (Cardium), a genus of Acephalous Mollusks belonging to the family Cardiadce, and comprising about 200 species, nearly a third of which are said to occur in the Indian Ocean, while only a few, but these exceedingly abundant in individuals, and widely distributed, are found in northern and temperate latitudes. The shells of cockles are highly convex, and almost invariably show a ridge-andfurr… Cockroach COCKROACH (Matilda?), a family of Orthopterous Insects, distinguished by their flattened bodies, long thread-like antennae, and shining leathery integuments. Cockroaches are nocturnal creatures, secreting themsels,Is in chinks and crevices about houses, issuing from their retreats when the lights are extinguished, and moving about with extraordinary rapidity in search of food. They are voracious a… Cocles, Horatius COCLES, HORATIUS, a Roman hero, who, with Spurius Lartius and Titus Herminius as sole companions, defended the Sublician bridge against Lars Porsena and the whole army of the Etruscans. Cocoa COCOA, or more properly CACAO, is a valuable dietary substance yielded by the seeds of several small trees belonging to the genus Theobroma, of the natural order Sterculiacece. The whole genus, which comprises nine or ten species, belongs to the tropical parts of the American continent ; and although the cocoa of commerce is probably the produce of more than one species, by far the greatest and mo… Cocoa-nut Palm COCOA-NUT PALM (Cocos nucifera), sometimes, and perhaps more correctly, called the coconut palm, is a very beautiful and lofty palm-tree, growing to a height of from 60 to 100 feet, with a cylindrical stem which attains a thickness of 2 feet. The tree terminates in a crown of graceful waving pinnate leaves. The leaf, which may attain to 20 feet in length, consists of a strong mid-rib, whence numer… Cocytus COCYTUS, a tributary of the Acheron, a river of Tilesprotia, which flows into the Ionian Sea. Its modern name is the Vuvo. The name is also applied, in classical mythology, to a tributary of the Acheron, a river in Hades. The etymology suggested is from K(OICIELV, to wail. COD (Itlm-Thu(1 vulgaris), a well-known species of G. adidcz, a family of Anacanthine Fishes, possessing, in common with the o… Code CODE. A code is a complete and systematic body of law, or a complete and exclusive statement of some portion of the law. Such, at least, is the sense in which the word is used when it is proposed to recast the laws of a country like England in the form of a code. Many collections of laws, however, which are commonly known as codes, would not correspond to this definition. The Code of Justinian, th… Cod-liver Oil COD-LIVER OIL is an oil of great medicinal value, obtained from the liver of the common eod (tlfoerktta vatqaris), and also to some extent from the ling (Lola molva), the whiting Oferlang us vulgaris), the pollack Oferlangus pollachins), as well as other members of the Garlidce. The oil obtained from the livers differs in quality from a very pure pale-coloured liquid to a dark evil-smelling produc… Codogno CODOGNO, a town of Italy, in the province of Milan, and district of Lodi, with a station at the junction of the railway from Milan to Piacenza with that between Cremona and Pavia, about 20 miles from the last-named city. Codrington, Sir Edward CODRINGTON, SIR EDWARD (1770-1851), admiral, belonged to an old Gloucestershire family. He entered the navy in 1783. Iu 1794 he served as lieutenant on board Hoee's flagship in the actions off Brest, and was sent home with despatches announcing the result. In 1805 he received the command of the " Orion," a seventy-four, in which he fought at Trafalgar, receiving a gold medal for his conduct in the… Codrus CODRUS, the hero of an early Athenian legend, was the last king of Athens, and belongs to the 11th century B.C. Cods Ana CODS ANA, an ancient city of Pontus in Asia Minor, said to have been colonized from Comana in Cappadocia. It stood on the River Iris (or Tocat-su), not far from its source, and from its central position was a favourite emporium of the Armenian and other merchants. The moon-goddess was worshipped in the city with a pomp and ceremony in all respects analogous to those employed in the Cappadocian cit… Coello, Alonso Sanchez COELLO, ALONSO SANCHEZ (151 5-1590), painter, according to some authorities a native of Portugal, was born, according to others, at Benifacio, near the city of Valencia. Coen, Jan Pieterszoon COEN, JAN PIETERSZOON (1587-1630), the founder of Batavia, was born at Ifoorn, and was sent when a youth to Rome to be instructed in the principles of commerce. Coffee COFFEE (French, Cafe; German, Kafee). This important and valuable article of food is the produce chiefly of Cofeaarabica, a Rubiaceous plant indigenous to Abyssinia, which, however, as cultivated originally, spread outwards from the southern parts of Arabia. The name is probably derived from the Arabic KIFtwah, although by some it has been traced to Caffa, a province in Abyssinia, in which the tre… Coffer-dams COFFER-DAMS have from very early times been employed as useful, and in some cases indispensable, structures in executing works of marine and river engineering. By excluding the water from the area they enclose, the work can be carried on within them with nearly the same case as on dry land. Whether used on a small or a large scale - whether as low-tide dams of clay or concrete of only a few feet i… Cognac COGNAC, a town of France, at the head of an arrondissement in the department of Charente, on the left bank of the River Charente, about 32 miles by rail west of Angouleme. It has a tribunal of commerce, a communal college, a prison, a hospital, a church of the 12th century dedicated to St Leger, and an old castle, now used as a wine-store, in the park of which is a bronze statue of Francis I., mar… Cohoes COHOES, one of the most important manufacturing centres in the United States, is situated in Albany County, in the State of New York, at the confluence of the Mohawk with the Hudson, just below the famous Cohoes fall on the former river, to which it is indebted for its prosperity. It contains seven churches and twenty-two public schools, the most remarkable of the churches being the Roman Catholic… Coimbatore COIMBATORE, a district of British India, in the Presidency of Fort St George or Madras, situated between 10' 45' and 11? 48' N. lat. and between 76? 50' and 78? 10' E. long. It is bounded on the N. by Mysore, on the E. by the district of Salem, the Cauveri River marking the entire boundary line, on the S. by Madura and Travancore State, and on the W. by Cochin State, Malabar District, and the Nilg… Coimbra COIMBRA, a city of Portugal, capital of the province of Beira, on the north bank of the Mondego, 115 miles N.N.E. of Lisbon, in 40? 14' N. lat. and 8? 24' W. long. It is built for the most part on rising ground, and presents from the other side of the river a picturesque and imposing appearance ; though in reality its houses have individually but little pretension, and its streets are, almost with… Coire COIRE (the German Chvr, Italian Coira, and quera of the Romance language spoken in the district), the capital of the Swiss canton of the Grisons or Graubiinden, at the foot of the valley of the Plessur, a short distance above the confluence of that river with the Rhone, in 46? 50' 54" N: lat. and 9? 31' 26" E. long. It lies 1830 feet above the level of the sea, and is overshadowed by the Mittenber… Cojijtepec COJIJTEPEC, a town of Central America, in the republic of San Salvador and the department of Cuscatlan, about 15 miles east of the capital. Coke COKE, the carbonaceous residue produced when coal is subjected to a strong red heat, out of contact with the air, until the volatile constituents are driven off It consists essentially of carbon, the so-called fixed carbon, together with the incombustible matters or ash contained in the coal from which it is derived. In addition to these it almost invariably contains small quantities of hydrogen, … Coke, Sir Edward COKE, SIR EDWARD (1552-1633,, one of the must erudite of English lawyers, was born at Mileham, in Norfolk, on February 1, 1552. When only ten years old he lost his father, who was a benchcr of Lincoln's Inn. From the grammar-school of Norwich he passed to Trinity College, Cambridge ; and after a course of three years, in 1572 he entered the Inn to which his father had belonged. To the study of law… Colberg, Or Kolberg COLBERG, or KOLBERG, a fortified seaport town of Prussia, in the former province of Pomerania, and the government of Koslin, on the right bank of the Persante, which falls into the Baltic about a mile below the town. It has a handsome market-place, adorned since 1864 with a statue of Frederick William IV. ; and there are several pretty extensive suburbs, of which the most important is the 'Amide, … Colbert, Jean Baptiste COLBERT, JEAN BAPTISTE (1619-1683), one of the greatest among the great statesmen of France, was born on the 29th of August 1619, at Rheims, where his father and grandfather were merchants. He claimed to be the descendant of a noble Scottish family, but those who have investigated the matter have almost without exception decided against the pretension. His youth is said to have been spent in a Jes… Colchester COLCHESTER, a market-town, municipal and parliamentary borough, and river-port of England, in the county of Essex, 51 miles from London by the Great Eastern Railway, on the Collie, which is there crossed by three bridges. The town within the walls forms an oblong of about 109 acres; but new streets stretch far beyond these limits. Large alterations have taken place since the accession of Queen Vic… Colchester, Charles Abbot COLCHESTER, CHARLES ABBOT, LORD (1757-1829), born at Abingdon, was the son of Dr John Abbot, rector of All Saints, Colchester, and, by his mother's second marriage, half-brother of the famous Jeremy Bentham. From Westminster School, Charles Abbot passed to Christ Church College, Oxford, where he gained the chancellor's medal for Latin verse and the Vinerian Scholarship. In 1795, after having pract… Colchicum COLCHICUM, the Meadow Saffron, or Autumn Crocus (Colchicum autumnale), is a perennial plant of the natural order Melanthacece or Colchicacece, found wild in rich moist meadow-land in England and Ireland, in Middle and Southern Europe, and in the Swiss Alps. It has pale-purple flowers, rarely more than three in number ; the perianth is funnel-shaped, and produced inferiorly into a long slender tube… Colchis COLCHIS, in ancient geography, a nearly triangular district of Asia Minor, at the eastern extremity of the Black Sea, was bounded on the N. by the Caucasus, which separated it from Asiatic Sarmatia, E. by Iberia and the Montes Moschici, S. by Armenia and part of Pontusy and W. by the Euxine. The ancient district is represented by the modern province of Mingrelia, and part of Abasia. The name of Co… Coldstream COLDSTREAM, a town of Scotland, in Berwickshire, 15 miles west of Berwick, on the north bank of the Tweed, there crossed by a bridge of five arches. It is situated on the principal thoroughfare between England and Scotland, and in the neighbourhood of the ford by which the Scotch and English armies were wont to cross the river in olden times. In the period before the Reformation it was the seat of… Colebrooke, Henry Thomas COLEBROOKE, HENRY THOMAS (1765-1837), an eminent Oriental scholar, the third son of Sir George, the second baronet of that name, was born in London. He was educated at home ; and when only fifteen lie had made considerable attainments in classical and mathematical studies. From the age of twelve to sixteen he resided in France, and in 1782 was appointed to a writership in India. About a year after… Coleoptera, Or Beetles COLEOPTERA, or BEETLES, a vast and remarkably homogeneous order of Insects, characterized, as the name implies (KoXcis, a sheath, and 7rTEpa, wings), by the structure of the upper wings, or elytra, as they are called, which are so modified as to form shields for the protection of the under wings - the true organs of flight in those insects. The name was given, and the principal characters of the o… Coleraine COLERAINE, a municipal and parliamentary borough and market-town of Ireland, in the county of Londonderry, on the Bann, four miles from its mouth, and 145 miles north of Dublin. The town stands upon both sides of the river, which is there crossed by a handsome stone bridge of three arches, 288 feet in length by 32 in breadth. The principal part is on the east bank, and consists of a central square… Coleridge COLERIDGE, HARTr.EY (1796-1849), the elder son of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, was born on the 19th of September 1796, at Clevedon, a small village near Bristol. His early years were passed at Keswick, where his education was conducted in a somewhat desultory manner. He gave promise of great mental power, but derived less advantage from systematic studies than from intercourse with S. T. Coleridge, Wo… Coleridge, Samuel Taylor COLERIDGE, SAMUEL TAYLOR (1772-1834), one of the most remarkable of English poets and thinkers, was born, on the 21st of October 1772, at his father's vicarage of Ottery St Mary's, Devonshire. His father was a man of some mark. He was known for his great scholarship, simplicity of character, and affectionate interest in the pupils of the grammar school, where he reigned until his promotion to the … Coleridge, Sara COLERIDGE, SARA (1802-1852), was the fourth child and only daughter of Samuel Taylor Coleridge and his wife Sarah Flicker of Bristol. She was born December 22, 1802, at Greta Hall, Keswick, the residence of her parents, where they were shortly afterwards joined by Southey and his wife, who was Mrs Coleridge's sister, and by Mrs Lovell, a third sister, and widow of the young quaker poet, Robert Lov… Cole Ridge, Sir John Taylor COLE RIDGE, SIR JOHN TAYLOR (1700-1876), nephew of S. T. Coleridge, was born at Tiverton, and was educated, with Arnold and Keble, at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. In 1810 he won the Latin verse prize ; in 1812 he obtained a first class in classics ; and in 1813 both the English and Latin essay prizes were awarded him. He was soon after made a fellow of Exeter ; in 1819 he was called to the bar,… Colet COLET, LoursE REYOIL (h08-1876), French poetess and novelist, belonged to a Provencal family, and was born at Aix. In 1834 she came to Paris ; and in 1836 appeared her nears die Midi, a volume of verse, of literal tendency, which made some noise, and gained her the friendship of Teste and Cousin. It was followed in 1839 by Poestrosa, a second volume of verse ; by le Arus"t:e de rersailles, poem cr… Colet, John COLET, JOHN (1466-1519) dean of St Paul's, the eldest son of Sir Henry Colet, was born at London in 1466. His education commenced in St Anthony's school in that city, from which, in 1483, he was sent to Magdalen College, Oxford. After seven years' study of logic and philosophy, he took his degree in arts. About the year 1493 he went to Paris, and thence to Italy, in order to improve himself in the… Colic COLIC (from I: (11 X o v , the large intestine). By this term is generally understood an attack of pain in the abdomen, usually seated in the neighbourhood. of the navel,of spasmodic character, and attended for the most part with constipation of the bowels. Various forms of this complaint are described by medical writers. The most important are simple or flatulent colic and lead colic. The former … Coligni, Gaspaiid De COLIGNI, GASPAIID DE (1517-1572), admiral of France, was son of the Marshal Gaspard de Coligni and Louise de Montmorency, and was born at Chatillon-sur-Loing, the hereditary domain of his house. At twenty-two he came to court, and there contracted a friendship with Francis of Guise. In the campaign of 1543 Coligni distinguished himself greatly, and was wounded at the sieges of Montmidy and Brans. … Colima COLIMA, the capital of the state of Colima, Mexico, in 19? N. lat. and 1030 7' W. long. The town is situated in a fertile and well-watered plain. It has regular streets, mostly paved, a Government house, a college, several schools and churches, and two squares, and is a place of considerable trade in linens, woollens, cotton goods, and hardware. The population exceeds 31,000. Colima was founded by… Colin, Alexander COLIN, ALEXANDER (1526-1612), a Flemish sculptor, was born at Mechlin. In 1563 he went, at the invitation of the emperor Ferdinand I., to Innsbruck, to work on the magnificent monument which was being erected to Maximilian I. in the ?lave of the Franciscan church. Of the twenty-four marble alti-rilievi, representing the emperor's principal acts and victories, which adorn the sides of this tomb, tw… Collaert, Hams COLLAERT, HAMS, a Emma engraver, was the son of Adrian Collaert, a draughtsman and engraver of repute, and was born at Antwerp about 1545. Colle, Charles COLLE, CHARLES (1709-1783), dramatist and songwriter, was the son of a notary, and was born at Paris. At a very early age he began to study the writings of Marot and La Fontaine, of Chapelle and Moli6re, to take delight in the theatre, and to be specially interested in the rhymes of Jean Heguanier, then the most famous maker of couplets in Paris. From a notary's office Colle, who seems to have had… College COLLEGE (Colleginin),in Roman law signified a number of persons associated together by the possession of common functions, - a body of colleagues. Its later meaning applied to any union of persons, and Collegiunt was the equivalent of gratpda. In many respects, e.g., in the distinction between the responsibilities and rights of the society and those of individual members thereof, the collegium was… Colle, Rafaelle Del COLLE, RAFAELLE DEL, painter, was born at Colle, near Berge San Sepolcro, in Tuscany, about 1490. Collier, Artiiur COLLIER, ARTIIUR (1680-1732), metaphysician and divine, was born at the rectory of Langford Magna, near Sarum, on 12th October 1680. There is no account of his childhood and early youth ; but it is probable that, after receiving some rudimentary instruction at home, he went to one of the grammar schools at Salisbury. He entered at Pembroke College, Oxford, in July 1697. and remained there till Oct… Collier, Jeremy COLLIER, JEREMY (1650-1726), a learned English nonjuring divine, born at Stow-cum-Quy, Cambridgeshire, in 1650, and was educated at Caius College, Cambridge. His first appointment was to the small rectory of Ampton, near Bury St Edmunds, which, after six years, he resigned in order to proceed to London, where in 1685 he was made lecturer of Gray's Inn. The change of Government at the Revolution, h… Collingwood, Cuthbert COLLINGWOOD, CUTHBERT (1750-1810), the first Baron Collingwood, a celebrated naval commander, was born at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, on the 26th of September 1750. He was early sent to school ; and when only eleven years of age he was put on board the " Shannon," then under the command of Captain (afterwards Admiral) Brathwaite, a relative of his own, to whose care and attention he was in a great measur… Collins COLLINS, WitaaAat (1787-1847), painter, was the son of an Irish picture dealer and man of letters, the author of a Life of George Morland, and was born in London. He studied under Etty in 1807, and in 1809 exhibited his first pictures of repute - Boys at Breakfast, and Boys with a Bird's Nest. In 1815 he was made associate of the Royal Academy, and was elected P.A. in 1820. For thi next sixteen ye… Collins COLLINS, MonTimEn (1827-1876), novelist and writer of lyrics, was born at Plymouth, and was educated at a private school. After some years spent in tuition and some contributions in verse to the Bristol newspapers, he repaired to London, and devoted himself to journalism in the Conservative interest. In 1855 he published a volume of verse ; and in 1865 appeared his first story, Who ms the Heir ? A… Collins, Anthony COLLINS, ANTHONY (1676-1729), an English writer on theology and philosophy, born at Heston, near Hounslow in Middlesex, on the 21st June 1676, was the son of a country gentleman of good fortune. After being educated at Eton, and at King's College, Cambridge, he was entered at the Middle Temple, but he did not pursue the profession of the law. The most interesting episode of his life was his intima… Collins, William COLLINS, WILLIAM (1721-1759), who divides with Gray the glory of being the greatest English lyrist of the 18th century, was born on the 25th of December, 1721, at Chichester, of which city his father, a rich hatter, was the mayor. After some childish studies in his native town, he was sent, in January 1733, to Winchester College, where Whitehead and Joseph Warton were his schoolfellows. When he ha… Collodion COLLODION (from KrUct, glue), a colourless, viscid fluid, made by dissolving gun-cotton and the other varieties of pyroxylin, or cellulotrinitrin, C011,02(NO,)? , iii a mixture of alcohol and ether. It was discovered 311 I848 by Maynard in Boston. The quality of collodion differs according to the proportions of alcohol and ether and the nature of the pyroxylin it contains. Collodion in which there… Collot D'herbois, Jean Marie COLLOT D'HERBOIS, JEAN MARIE (1750-1796), a prominent actor in the French Revolution, was a Parisian actor. After figuring for some years at the principal provincial theatres of France and Holland, he became director of the playhouse at Geneva. He had from the first a share in the revolutionary tumult ; but it was not until 1791 that he became a figure of importance. Then, however, by the publicat… Colman, George COLMAN, GEORGE (1762-1836), the Younger, son of the preceding, passed from Westminster School to Christ Church, Oxford, and King's College, Aberdeen, and was finally entered as a student of law at the Temple, London. While at Aberdeen he published a poem in honour of` Charles James Fox, called The Man of the People ; and in 1782 he produced, at his father's playhouse in the Haymarket, his first pl… Colman, George COLMAN, GEORGE (1733-1794), essayist and dramatist, usually called the Elder, and sometimes George the First, to distinguish him from his son, was born at Florence, where his father was stationed as resident at the court of the grand duke of Tuscany. After a preliminary course of study at a private academy in INIarylebone, he was sent to Westminster School, which he left in due course for Christ C… Colmar, Or Kolmap COLMAR, or KOLMAP., till 1870 the chief town of the department of Haut Rhin in France, hut now of the district of Upper Alsace, in the German empire, is situated on the Lauch and the Fecbt, tributaries of then. It communicates by a canal with the Rhine, and has a station on the railway from Basel to Strasburg, being about 40 miles S.S.W. of the latter city. It is the seat of the administrative off… Colne COLNE, a market town of England, in the county of Lancaster, 26 miles north of Manchester, on a small affluent of the Calder, near the Liverpool and Leeds Canal, with a station on a branch of the Midland line. Colocynth, Coloquintida, Or Bitter COLOCYNTH, COLOQUINTIDA, or BITTER, APPLE, Citrullus or Cocamis Colocynthis, a plant of the natural order Cucurbitaceee or Gourds. The flowers are unisexual ; the male blossoms have five stamens and sinuous anthers, the female have reniform stigmas, and a 3 to 6 celled ovary.. The fruit is round, and about the size of an orange; it has a thick yellowish rind, and a light, spongy, and very bitter p… Cologne COLOGNE, German KiiriN or COLN, the chief city of Rhenish Prussia, and a fortress of the first rank, capital of a government of the same name, is situated in the form of a half circle on the left bank of the Rhine, 45 miles N.N.W. of Coblentz, in 50? 56' 29" N. lat., 6? 57' 52" E. long. It is connected with the suburb of Deutz, on the opposite side of the Rhine, by a bridge of boats nearly 1400 fe… Colombia COLOMBIA., or, according to the official title, the Republic of the United States of Colombia, is a modern confederation in South America, consisting' of the nine states of Antioquia, Bolivar, Boyaca, Cauca, Cundinamarca, Magdalena, Panama, Santander, and Tolima, and comprising a considerable portion of the territory of the old Spanish vice-royalty of New Granada. It is bounded on the N. by the Ca… Colombo COLOMBO, the capital and principal seaport town of Ceylon, on the west coast of the island, in 6? 55' N. lat. and 79? 45'E. long. The municipal limits include an area of 6415 acres, which is divided into the nine wards of The Fort and Galle Face, Pettah, St Sebastian's, St Paul's, Cottanchina, New Bazaar, Marandana, Slave Island, and species of Hibiscus planted by the Dutch ; and the most of the o… Colonna, Giovanni Paolo COLONNA, GIOVANNI PAOLO, chapel-master of St Petronio at Bologna, and president of the Philharmonic Academy there, was born at Brescia about the middle of the 17th century. Colonna, Vittoria COLONNA, VITTORIA (1490-1547), the daughter of Fabrizio Colonna, grand constable of the kingdom of Naples, and of Anna da Montefeltre, daughter of the " Good Duke" Frederick of Urbino, was born at Marino, a Roman fief of her father's house. Betrothed when four years old, at the instance of Ferdinand of Aragon, to Francisco D'Avalos, son of the marquis of Pescara, she received the highest education… Colony COLONY. The term colony, often loosely applied, is most commonly used to denote a settlement of the subjects of a sovereign state in lands beyond its boundaries, owning no allegiance to any foreign power, and retaining a greater or less degree of dependence on the mother country. The founding and the growth of such communities furnish matter for an interesting chapter in the history as well of anc… Colophon COLOPHON, an ancient city of Asia Minor, situated a short distance from the coast, and about eight miles north of Ephesus. It was founded by the Ionians' but did not take part in the great political festival of the Apaturia, The principal facts in its history are its capture by the Persians and its depopulation by Lysimachus. At a later date the name was not unfreluently applied to the contiguous … Colorado COLORADO, one of the United States of North America. Boundaries : N., Wyoming and Nebraska ' ? E., Nebraska and Kansas ; S., the Indian Territory and New Mexico ; and W., Utah. Latitude, between 37? and 41? N.; longitude, from 102? to 109? W. Breadth N. to S. about 280 miles, length E. to W. about 380. Area estimated at 106,500 square miles, or 68,160,000 acres. Population, 120,000. Mountains. - T… Colorado River COLORADO RIVER, or Rio Cotorteno,. a large river of North America, which rises in the Rocky Mountains and falls into the Gulf of California. The main stream, known as the Green River, has its source in Fremont's Peak on the western borders of Wyoming, so that the whole extent of its course must be upwards of 2000 miles. After receiving the waters of the Yampuh and the White River, it flows south f… Colossians, The Epistle To The COLOSSIANS, THE EPISTLE TO THE, belongs to the third of the four groups under which the Pauline epistles may be chronologically arranged, - a group which occupies a midway position between the letters sent to Corinth, Galatia, and Rome, in the apostle's third missionary journey, and the letters known as the Pastoral Epistles. By similarity of language and matter the epistle to the Colossians is in… Colossie COLOSSIE, a once large and important city of Asia Minor, in Phrygia Major, on the Lycus, a branch of the Mmander. The notices of Colosste in ancient history are few and brief. Xerxes passed through it on his way to Greece, 481 B.C., and at the close of the same century it was visited by Cyrus the younger. It is described by Xenophon in the Anabasis as being at that period a large and flourishing c… Colossus COLOSSUS, in antiquity, a term applied generally to statues of great size, and in particular to the bronze statue of Helios, in Rhodes, which for its size came to be reckoned among the wonders of the world. It was made from the spoils left by Demetrius Poliorcetes when he raised the prolonged siege of Rhodes. The sculptor was Chares, a native of Lindus, and of the school of Lysippus, under whose i… Colston COLSTON, EuwAnn (1639-1721), was the spn of William Colston, a Bristol merchant of good position. He is generally understood to have spent some years of his youth and manhood as a factor in Spain, with which country his family was long connected commercially, and whence, by means of a trade in wines and oil, great part of his own vast fortune was to come. On his return he seems to have settled in … Colt, Samuel COLT, SAMUEL (1814-1862), the inventor of the revolver, was born at Hartford, Connecticut, where his father possessed a manufactory of silks and woollens. At ten years old he left school for the factory, and at fourteen he made a runaway voyage to India, during which he made a wooden model, yet existing, of what was afterwards to be the revolver. 011 his return he learned chemistry from his father… Columbanus COLUMBANUS (?. 550-615), an Irish monk, was born in Leinster about the year 550, and was educated in the monastery of Bangor. Ile left the monastery in 590, together with twelve youths whom he was training, and established himself in the Vosges, among the ruins of an ancient town called Anagratis. Crowds quickly flocked round them, and the monasteries of Luseuil and Foutenay were erected, But the … Columba, St COLUMBA, ST, was born on the 7th of December 521, and the place of his birth is supposed to hive been tartan, in the county of Donegal. Both on the father's and on the mother's side he was descended from princely families in Ireland, and Conal, king of the Scots in Northern Britain, was his kinsman. Some writers are of opinion that his original name was Crimthan, and that he received the surname o… Columbia COLUMBIA, the capital of South Carolina, United States of North America, is a city of nearly 10,000 inhabitants. It lies on the east bank of the Congaree River, just below its junction with the Broad and Saluda, and is 124 miles N.N.W. of Charleston, the principal seaport of the State. It is noted for its salubrity and the natural beauty of its site and surroundings. As the capital and political c… Columbia, British COLUMBIA, BRITISH, the first of the Canadian provinces organized on the Pacific, was admitted into the Dominion in 1871. Including Vancouver's Island, it embraces an area of 233,000 square miles, of bold sea-coast, lofty mountain ranges, and rugged picturesque river courses, as well as rich fertile valleys. Unlike the great river system to the east of the Rocky Mountains, the rivers of British Col… Columbus COLUMBUS, a city of the United States of America, capital of the State of Ohio, in Franklin county, is situated on the Scioto, a tributary of the Ohio, about 100 miles northeast of Cincinnati. It is well laid out on a level site in the midst of an extensive plain, and possesses very broad and handsome streets pleasantly shaded with elm-trees. High Street is its principal thoroughfare, and Capitol … Columbus COLUMBUS, a city of the United States, capital of Muscogee county, in Georgia, is situated on the east bank of the Chattahochee, opposite the town of Girard, 8 I miles southwest of Macon. The river, which here separates the States of Georgia and Alabama, is navigable from Macon to the Gulf of Mexico during the greater part of the year, and affords ready communication with the neighbouring cotton-g… Columbus, Christopher COLUMBUS, CHRISTOPHER (a. 1136-1506), was the eldest son of Dominic? Colombo and Snzanna Fontanarossa, and was born at Genoa in 1435 or 1436, the exact date being uncertain. His father was a wool-comber, of some small means, who was yet living two years after the discovery of the West Indies, and who removed his business from Genoa to Savona in 1469, His eldest boy was sent to the university of Pa… Columella COLUMELLA, Lucius JUNIUS MODERATUS, the author of the most complete classical treatise on agricultural affairs, was born at Gades (Cadiz), and belongs to the 1st century A.D., being contemporary with Seneca. He possessed an estate called Ceretanum, perhaps near the Pyrenees, perhaps in Sardinia, and he also travelled extensively, but he principally resided at Rome. His extant works treat with grea… Colz COLZ A. Comana COMANA (frequently called CHRYSE, or Auxax, i.e., the golden, to distinguish it from Comana in Pontus), a city of Cappadocia, in a deep valley of the Anti-Taurus range, through which the River Sarus (Sihun) flows. Comanches COMANCHES, a tribe of North American Indians, so called by the Spaniards, but known to the French as Padouques, and among themselves as Naiini. Comayagua COMAYAGUA, a city of Central America, capital of the republic of Honduras, and of the department of Comayagua, is situated in 14? 28' N. lat. and 87? 39' W. long., about half way between the Pacific and the Atlantic, on the right bank of the Hnmuya or Ulua River, and near the southern edge of a wide and fertile valley to which it gives its name. It lies 2060 feet above the level of the sea; and th… Comb COMB, a toothed implement for arranging and dressing hair and other fibrous substances. Worsted wools, waste silk, and other long fibres are dressed and prepared for spinning by a process called combing, performed formerly by hand-combs, but now by an elaborate combing machine. This process of combing will be described iu connection with the manufactures to which it belongs. Here we have only to d… Combe, George COMBE, GEORGE (1788-1858), was born in Edinburgh, 21st October 1788. As the first advocate in this country of the phrenological doctrines of Gall and Spurzheim, and as the author of The Constitution of Man Considered in Relation, to External Objects, he attracted much attention in Britain, on the Continent, and in America. His father was a brewer, - a man of shrewd business qualities, and of a ben… Combe, Nndrew COMBE, NNDREW, M.D. (1707-1847), was born in Edinburgh, 27th October 1797. His name holds an honoured place in the roll of sanitary reformers. Instead of waiting till disease was developed, he sought its prevention by the adoption of a careful system of hygiene. lie served an apprenticeship in a surgery, and in 1817 passed at Surgeons' Hall. He proceeded to Paris to complete his medical studies, a… Combermere, Stapleton Cotton COMBERMERE, STAPLETON COTTON, FIRST VISCOUNT (1773-1865), was the second son of Sir Robert Salusbury Cotton of Comberniere Abbey, Cheshire, and was born, 14th November 1773, at one of the family estates in Denbighshire. As a boy he was distinguished for his vivacity, courage, and fondness of field sports. He was educated at Westminster School, and when only sixteen, obtained through his father. a … Combe, William COMBE, WILLIAM (1741-1823), an anonymous back writer of great fertility and of some merit, was born at Bristol in 1751. The circumstances of his birth and parentage are soinewhat doubtful, and it is questioned whether his father was a rich Bristol merchant, or a certain William Alexander, a London alderman, who died in 1763. Be this as it may, it is certain that Combe was educated at Eton, with Fo… Comines COMINES, a town of France, in the departmerrt of Nord and the arrondissement of Lille, on the River Lys, which there divides Belgium from France. Comines, Philippe De COMINES, PHILIPPE DE (1445-1509), called the father of modern history, was born at the castle of Comines. He lost both father and mother in his earliest years. In 1463 his godfather, Philip of Burgundy, summoned him to court, and soon after transferred him to the household of his son, afterwards known as Charles the Bold. He speedily acquired considerable influence over the mind of Charles, and in… Comitan, Or Comitlan COMITAN, or COMITLAN, a town of Mexico, in the state of Chiapas, on the River Orijalva, a tributary of the Tabasco, about forty miles south-east of San Cristobal, the capital of the state. Comitia COMITIA, derived from con and ire, was employed by the Romans to denote an assembly of the people, called for the purpose of accepting or rejecting some proposition submitted to them by the heads of the state. It was a fundamental principle of the Roman constitution that the supreme power was inherent in the citizens, though it might be delegated by them to hereditary or to elected magistrates. Al… Commercy COMMERCY, a town of France in the department of Meuse, at the head of an arrondissement, on the left bank of the Meuse, twenty miles east of Bar-le Duc. It possesses a castle built in 1708 and now used as cavalry barracks, a Benedictine convent' occupied by the prefecture, a hospital rebuilt in the 18th century, and a cloth-market. Its public walks are very fine, and lead out in various directions… Commodus COMMODUS, Lucius AURELIUS (161-192), emperor of Rome from 180 to 192, was born at Lannvium in 161, and was the son of the philosopher-emperor M. Aurelius, and of the younger Faustina. His teachers were carefully selected ; but all the pains bestowed on his education did not prevent him from choosing the society and the pursuits of profligate favourites and common gladiators. Blind to his faults, h… Common Law COMMON LAW, like civil law, is a phrase with many shades of meaning, and it is probably safest to define it with reference to the various things to which it is opposed. It is contrasted with statute law, as law not promulgated by the sovereign body ; with equity, as the law prevailing between man and man, unless when the Court of Chancery assumes jurisdiction; with local or customary law, as the g… Common Pleas, Court Of COMMON PLEAS, COURT OF (Communia Placita), was one of the three common law courts at Westminster-- the other two being the Queen's Bench and Exchequer. Commons COMMONS. ? It is a well-known result of the application of the historical method to laws and institutions, that it has reversed many of our leading conceptions of the natural or original forms of property. That the primitive form of property in land was not severalty but commonalty, that land was held not by individuals but by communities, and that individual ownership was slowly evolved out of co… Commune COMMUNE, the smallest administrative division of France, corresponding in its main features to the municipal borough of England. Communes constitute legal corporations of elaborate organization, capable of holding property, contracting debts, and appearing as persons in court. The chief magistrate of a commune is the moire, who is assisted by one or more adjoints, and a deliberative assembly, call… Communism COMMUNISM is the name that has been given to the schemes of social innovation which have for their starting-point the attempted overthrow of the institution of private property. It is not to be wondered at that so stupendous an undertaking should have failed, except in a very few instances, in its immediate object. The principle of private property has been called by one who was by no means a blin… Como COMO, a city of Italy, capital of the province of its own name, at the south-west corner of the Lake of Como, in a beautiful valley surrounded by richly-clad mountains. It lies in 45? 48' 26" N. lat. and 9' 4' 45" E. long., and is distant twenty-eight miles by rail from Milan. The city proper is still surrounded by its ancient walls and towers : but two pretty extensive suburbs, known as Vico and … Como, Lake Of COMO, LAKE OF, or, in Italian, Lago di Congo, known to the Romans as Laois Larius, is, from the beauty of its scenery and the mildness of its climate, one of the most celebrated of all the Italian lakes. It is situated in the province of Como, in that part of the country which belonged to the kingdom of Lombardy, and it occupies the bottom of a great valley, which, stretching south from the neighb… Comores Or Comoro Islands COMORES or COMORO ISLANDS, a group in the Mozambique Channel, between Madagascar and Cape Delgado, on the east coast of Africa, discovered by 11 outman in 1598, and consisting of the four main islands of Augaziya, Angazeeha, or Great Comoro, Anzuan or Johanna, Mohilla, and Mayotta, and a considerable number of diminutive islets, I. Comoro, the largest, has a length of about thirty -five miles, wit… Company COMPANY is one of the many words used to denote the association of individuals in the pursuit of some common purpose. Partnership, union, society, club, corporation, and company, all have this shade of meaning in common, although they differ from each other in many particulars. The suggested derivation of the word company (from cum panis) may be compared with the original meaning of gild. A gild w… Comparative Anatomy COMPARATIVE ANATOMY is the term employed to express that branch of anatomy in which the construction, form, and structure of two or more animals are compared with each other, so as to bring out their features of similarity or dissimilarity. It is sometimes used, in contrast with the term human anatomy, to signify the anatomy of the lower animals, but. this is an imperfect and inexact use of the te… Compass, The Mariner's COMPASS, THE MARINER'S, consists of three principal parts, - the card, the needle on its lower surface, and the case. The whole is enclosed in the compass-box, or binnacle. The term compass is said to have been applied to the instrument because the card involves or compasses the whole plane of the horizon, or because the needle indicates the whole circle of possible variations of direction. The su… Compiegne COMPIEGNE, it town of France, at the head of an arrondissement, in the department of Oise, situated on the N. lat. and 2? 49' 35" E. long. It is famous as the occasional residence of the French kings from a very early period ; and it possesses a considerable number of fine edifices. Among these may be mentioned the church of St Jacques, of the 13th century ; Saint Antoine, of the 15th and 16th ; t… Compostella COMPOSTELLA, a city of Spain in the Galician province of Coruna, more frequently ealled Santiago, iu honour of its patron saint, St James, whose shrine was long one of the principal places of pilgrimage in Christendom. Compton Henry COMPTON HENRY (1632-1713), bishop of London, was the youngest son of the earl of Northampton. After the restoration of Charles II. he became cornet in a regiment of horse, but he soon quitted the army for the church. He was made bishop of Oxford in 1674, and in the following year was translated to the see of London. Ile was also appointed a member of the Privy Council, and intrusted with the educa… Comte, Augusts COMTE, AUGUSTS,the most eminent and important of that interesting group of thinkers whom the overthrow of old institutions in France turned towards social speculation. Vastly superior as he was to men like De Maistre on the one hand, and to men like Saint Simon or Fourier on the other, as well in scientific acquisitions as in mental capacity, still the aim and interest of all his thinking was also… Concan, Or Koncan CONCAN, or KONCAN, a maritime tract of Western India, situated within the limits of the Presidency of Bombay, and extending from the Portuguese settlement of Goa on the S. to the territory of Daman, belonging to the same nation, on the N. On the E. it is bounded by the Ghats, and on the W. by the Indian Ocean. This tract comprises the two British districts of Tannah and Ratnagiri, and may be estim… Concepcion CONCEPCION, a city of Chili, the capital of the province of the same name. Founded by Pedro de Valdivia, it was originally situated where the small village of 1'enco now stands, on the Bay of Talcahuano ; but having been first pillaged and destroyed by the Araucanians, and in 1730 levelled to the ground by an earthquake, the town was removed to its present site, 36? 49' S. lat., 72? 50' W. long., … Conch, Sebastiano CONCH, SEBASTIANO (1676-1764), a painter of the Florentine school, was born at Gaeta, and studied at Naples under Francesco Solimena. Conclave CONCLAVE. The word conclave is used to signify any company of persons gathered together in consultation ; its proper meaning is any such gathering of persons locked up together (from the preposition cum, and clavis, a key) ; and the technical meaning, which has superseded all other uses of the word, save where some other significance is specially indicated, is the meeting of the members of the Sac… Concord CONCORD, a town of the United States, in Middlesex county, Massachusetts, is 20 miles north-west of Boston by railroad. Concord CONCORD, a city of the United States of America, capital of New Hampshire, is situated near the centre of the State, on the Merrimack River, 42 miles N.W. of Portsmouth and 75 miles N.N.W. of Boston by railroad It is pleasantly laid out, for the most part on the west side of the river ; and its principal streets are lined with trees. The State-house, which is a handsome edifice built of granite, o… Concordance CONCORDANCE, a verbal index, in which all the leading words used by an author are alphabetically arranged, with a reference to the place where each occurs. The want of such a work first made itself felt in the department of biblical interpretation, and the earliest con. cordances were those of the Scriptures. Hence the application of the term has been generally limited to a Biblical index. The fir… Concordat CONCORDAT is an agreement between the Pope, as representing the Catholic Church, and a temporal sovereign, with reference to the rights of the church within the territory of the latter. It must be borne in mind that the pretensions of Hildebrandism (1074 to 1300 A.D.) were very great ; they included a power of absolving sovereigns and subjects from their oaths, a large feudal revenue collected abr… Concordia CONCORDIA, a village of Italy in the province of Venice, 35 miles N.E. of the city of that name, and in the immediate neighbourhood of the town of Portogruaro, of importance as preserving the name and marking the site of a famous Roman city of the later empire. It was probably founded by Augustus, on the pacification of his dominions, and consequently bears the full title of Colonia Julia Concordi… Concordia CONCORDIA, the goddess of concord, a Roman divinity, in whose honour several temples were erected at Rome. Concrete CONCRETE, an artificial conglomerate or rubble masonry, consisting of a mixture of coarse pieces of stone, gravel, shingle, broken brick, or crushed slag with sand and Portland or other cement. It is employed for laying the foundations of bridges and of buildings on soft or wet ground, as also in the construction of moles and breakwaters, and of houses and churches ; for the backing of wharves, of… Concubina Ge CONCUBINA GE, the state of a man and woman cohabiting as married persons without the sanction of a legal marriage. In a scriptural sense, it denotes cohabiting lawfully with a wife of second rank, who enjoyed no other conjugal right but that of cohabitation, and whom the husband could repudiate and dismiss with a small present (Gen. xxi.) In like manner he could, by means of presents, exclude his … Conde CONDE, Louis DE BOURBON, PRINCE OF (1621 -1686 ), called during the lifetime of his father Due dEnghien, but usually known as Condo the Great, was a distinguished French general, and one of the leaders of the Fronde. He was the son of Henry-, prince of Conde, and Charlotte de Montmorency, and was born at Paris on the 7th September 1621. As a boy, under the careful supervision of his father, he stu… Conde CONDE, Louts HENRY JOSEPH (1756-1830), duke of Bourbon, and last prince of Conde, was the son of Louis Joseph, prince of Conde. Conde CONDE, a town of France, in the department of Nord, arrondissement of Valenciennes, is situated at the confluence of the Scheldt and the Haiue, and at the terminus of the Mons canal, two miles from the Belgian frontier. Conde CONDE, Louis DE BOURBON, PRINCE of (1530-1569), fifth son of Charles de Bourbon, duke of Vendome, younger brother of Anthony, king of Navarre, was the first of the famous House of Conde. Brave though deformed, gay but extremely poor for his rank, Conde was led by his ambition to a military career. He fought with distinction in Piedmont under Marshal de Brissac ; in 1552 he forced his way with rein… Conde CONDE, JosA ANTONIO (1765-1820), a distinguished Spanish Orientalist, was born at Paraleja, in the province of Cuenca, and was educated at the university of Aleala. Intended by his father for the law, he found means to learn not only Greek, but even Hebrew and Arabic. A subordinate post in the royal library enabled him at an early age to abandon his legal studies, and to devote himself entirely to… Condei1 CONDEI1, JosIAH, an English litterateur, was born in Falcon Street, Aldersgate, London, on 17th September 1789, and belonged to an old nonconformist family, proud of its hereditary piety and nonconformity, Leaving school at the age of thirteen, he began to assist his father in his business as a bookseller at Bucklersbury ; and in this situation he found abundant pabulum for the literary tastes whi… Conde, Princes Of CONDE, PRINCES OF. The title of prince of Conde, (assumed from the ancient town of Conde, noticed above) was borne by a branch of the House of Bourbon. The first who assumed it was the famous Huguenot leader, Louis do Bourbon, the fifth son of Charles de Bourbon, duke of Vendome (see next article). His son, Henry, prince of Conde (1552-1588), also belonged to the Huguenot party. Fleeing to Germany… Conde Sur Noireau CONDE SUR NOIREAU, a town of France, in the department of Calvados, and arrondissement of Vire, is situated at the confluence of the Noireau and the Drouance, 28 miles south of Caen. The town is the seat of a civil tribunal, and its manufactures are not unimportant, comprising cotton and woollen weaving, dyeing, and tanning. The two old churches of St Sauveur and St Martin are worthy of remark, th… Condillac, Etienne B0nn0t De CONDILLAC, ETIENNE B0NN0T DE (1715-1780), Abb6 de Mureaux, a distinguished writer in logic, psychology, and economic science, was born at Grenoble. Very little is known about the particulars of his life. He was the younger brother of the Abb6 de Mably, and associated in his youth with Rousseau, Diderot, Duclos, and other philosophers, but afterwards allowed the intimacy to die out. He was of a ser… Condom CONDOM, a town of France, at the head of an arrondissement, in the department of Gers, 26 miles from Auch, on the Bayse, a tributary of the Garonne, there crossed by two stone bridges. The church of St Peter, formerly a cathedral, is included among the historic menumeats of France, and deserves notice for the height of its vaulted roof. The manufactures of the town include woollen fabrics and porc… Condor CONDOR (Sarcorhampluts grypluts), a New World vulture, and the largest of existing birds, although by no means attaining the dimensions attributed to it by early writers. It usually measures about 4 feet from the point of the beak to the extremity of the tail, and 9 feet between the tips of its wings, while it is probable that the expanse of wing never exceeds 12 feet. The head and neck are destit… Condorcet, Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas Caritat CONDORCET, MARIE JEAN ANTOINE NICOLAS CARITAT, MARQUIS DE, was born at Ribemont, in Picardy, on the 17th of September 1743. He descended from an ancient family who took their title from the castle of Condorcet, near Nion, in Dauphiny. He was educated at the Jesuit College in Rheims and at the College of Navarre in Paris, and early displayed the most varied mental activity. His first public distinc… Condottieri CONDOTTIERI. The condottieri (Italian, condottiere, captain, from condotta, conduct, condurre, to lead ; Latin, cow/were) were leaders of military companies, often numerous enough to constitute a large army, which they used to like out to carry on the wars of the Italian states. The condottieri played a very important part in Italian history during the 14th and 15th centuries, especially from the … Conecte CONECTE, Tuomns, a French Carmelite monk and preacher, was born at Rennes. Conegliano CONEGLIANO, a town of Italy, in the province of Treviso, on the River Mutega, with a station on the railway from Venice to Trieste, about 36 miles north of the former city. Confarreatio CONFARREATIO, a ceremony observed among the ancient Romans at the nuptials of those persons more particularly whose children were destined to be vestal virgins or .flamines diales. Confectionery CONFECTIONERY, a term of rather vague application, but which may be held to embrace all preparations which have sugar for their basis or principal ingredient, In this way it may be said to include the preservation of fruits by means of sugar, the manufacture of jams and jellies, the art of preparing fruit-syrups and pastes, ices, and sweetened beverages, in addition to the various manufactures in … Confession CONFESSION is a verbal acknowledgment of sin. Among the Jews it was the custom, on the annual feast of expiation, for the high priest to make confession of sins to God in the name of the whole people. Besides this general confession, the Jews were enjoined, as a first principle of their religion, to confess their sins individually to God. Herein, indeed, lay one marked and leading feature of diffe… Confirmation CONFIRMATION, an ecclesiastical term denoting the laying on of hands, in the admission of baptized persons to the enjoyment of full Christian privileges. The antiquity of this ceremony is, by all the older writers, carried as high as the apostles, and founded upon their example and practice. In the primitive church the ceremony was performed immediately after baptism, if the bishop were present at… Confucius CONFUCIUS, the famous sage of China (550 or 5514i8 me.) They are very few among all the millions of the Chinese people who would not heartily repeat the lines with which the first paragraph in a popular history of the sage concludes :- " Confucius ! Confucius ! How great was Confucius Before him there was no Confucius, Since him there has been no other. Confucius ! Confucius ! How great was Confuc… Congleton CONGLETON, a market-town and municipal borough of England, in the county of Cheshire, near the border of Staffordshire, 2t miles south of Manchester by rail. It is finely situated in a deep valley, on the banks of the Dane, a tributary of the Weaver. Its main streets are well built, and its western suburb consists of handsome villas and gardens. Though a place of considerable antiquity, it makes … Congleton, Henry Brook Partell CONGLETON, HENRY BROOK PARTELL, FIRST BARON (1776-1842), was the second son of Sir John Parnell, chancellor of the Irish Exchequer, and was educated at Eton and Cambridge. In 1801 lie succeeded to the family estates, and married a daughter of the earl of Portarlington ; and in 1802, by his father-in-law's interest, he was returned for Portarlington to Parliament, but he speedily resigned the seat.… Congo CONGO, a country of Western Africa, extending along the coast of the Atlantic for about 185 English miles, from the River Zaire, or Congo (see AFRICA, vol. i. p. 254), which separates it from. Cacongo and Loango on the north, to the Dande, which marks the boundary of Angola on the south. No very definite limit can be assigned on the eastern side ; but it is hardly to be regarded as Congo territory… Congregationalism -CONGREGATIONALISM, a designation assumed of late years by the religious denomination formerly known as Independents. This change of name has arisen from no radical alteration in the particular doctrinal or ecclesiastical opinions of that sect (see INDEPENDENTS), but in order to express more definitely the positive aspects of their church life and organization. The negative term Indepenbrought int… Congress CONGRESS, in diplomacy, a term applied to an assemblage of sovereigns or ambassadors of the highest rank, convoked for the purpose of concluding a general peace, or of treating the general political interests of Europe. In this latter sense a modern congress may be regarded as a representative council of states or nations, by which differences may be adjusted, and the rules of international law de… Congreve, Sir CONGREVE, SIR WILLIArri, Bart. (1772-1828), the inventor of the Congreve rocket, was the eldest son of Sir William Congreve, Bart., of Walton in Staffordshire. Congreve, William CONGREVE, WILLIAM (1670-1729), the greatest English master of pure comedy, was born, according to the latest and likeliest accounts, in 1670, according to the inscription on his monument, in 1672 ; and whether in England or in Ireland, at Bardsey near Leeds or at some place unknown beyond St George's Channel, has likewise been matter of doubt and dispute ; but wo may presumably accept the authorit… Coni CONI (Italian, CurrEo), the capital of the province of the same name, is situated on an eminence at the junction of the Stura. and Gesso, 46 miles south-west by rail from Turin and 86 miles north-east from Nice by the Col di Tenda. It was famous in Piedmontese warfare as a place of great strength ; but in 1801, after the battle of Marengo, it was dismantled by the French. It is the seat of a bisho… Conington CONINGTON, Join; (1825-1869), the first occupant of the "Corpus " chair of Latin literature in the University of Oxford, was born on the 10th August 1825 at BostOn in Lincolnshire, his father, the Rev. Richard Conington, being incumbent of the chapel of ease in that town. He was a remarkably precocious child, knowing his letters when fourteen months old, and being able to read well at three and a … Conjeveram CONJEVERAM, a town of South-Eastern India, in the district of Chingleput, situated in the valley of the Wegawati, about 45 miles south-west of Madras, on the route to Arcot. Connaught CONNAUGHT, one of the four provinces of Ireland, occupying the western quarter of the island. It comprises the counties of Galway, Mayo, Sligo, Leitrim, and Roscommon, and contains an area of 6862 square miles, or 4,392,085 acres, of which 2,889,000 are under cultivation. The annual value of property, which, however, is based on a lower scale of prices than now obtains, is estimated at ?4,188,631 … Connecticut CONNECTICUT (Indian, Quonektacat, i.e., Long River), one of the six New England, and one of the thirteen original, States of the American Union, lies between 41? and 42? 3' N. lat., and 71? 55' and 730 50' W, long. Physical Description. - It is bounded N. by Massachusetts about 88 miles ; E. by Rhode Island, 45 miles; S. by Long Island Sound, 100 miles ; W. by New York about 68 miles (in a direct… Connemara CONNEMARA, a wild and picturesque district in the west of Galway, Ireland, indented by numerous bays from the Atlantic, whence it derives its name. Conolly, John CONOLLY, JOHN (1794-1867), physician, studied medicine at Edinburgh, where he took the degree of M.D. in 1821, He settled in practice at Chichester, whence he removed to Stratford-on-Avon. In 1827 he was appointed, when only thirty-three years of age, professor of practice of physic in University College, London. This chair he resigned. after holding it four years. Subsequently he practised medici… Conon CONON, an Athenian general. Having already commanded on several occasions, he was chosen as one of the ten generals who superseded Alcibiades in 406 B.C. He was not present-at the battle of Arginus, and consequently he was allowed to remain in command. In 405, however, the Athenian fleet was surprised by Lysander, at Agospotami, and Conon fled to his friend, Evagoras, king of Cyprus. On the outbre… Conradin CONRADIN (1252-1268), son of the Emperor Conrad IV. and Elizabeth of Bavaria, was at the death of his father an infant some two years old. Conrart, Or Conrard CONRART, or CONRARD, VALENTIN (1603-1675), one of the founders of the French Academy, was born at Paris in 1603, and was educated, under Calvinist parents, for a commercial life. After his father's death, however, he turned his attention to literature, made himself proficient in his own language, and in those of Italy and Spain, and being brought into contact with men of letters, soon acquired a r… Consalvi CONSALVI, or GoNsaivr, ERCOLE (1757-1824), cardinal and statesman, was born at Rome on the 8th of June 1757, of a noble family originally belonging to Pisa. His boyhood was sickly, and presents nothing remarkable: From the college at Urbino, he passed to the Frascati College and the religious academy at Rome, studying theology, politics, music, and literature. Entering the Pontifical court as page… Consanguinity, Or Kindred CONSANGUINITY, or KINDRED, is defined by the writers on the subject to be vinculum personarum ab eodem stipite descendentium, that is, the connection or relation of persons descended from the same stock or common ancestor. This consanguinity is either lineal or collateral. Lineal consanguinity is that which subsists between persons of whom one is descended in a direct line from the other, while co… Consecration CONSECRATION, the act of devoting anything to sacred uses. The Mosaic law ordained that all the firstborn both of man and beast should be consecrated to God. We find also that Joshua consecrated the Gibeonites, as Solomon and David did the Nethinims, to the service of the Temple ; and that the Hebrews sometimes consecrated their fields and cattle to the Lord, after which they were no longer in the… Conservatory CONSERVATORY (Ital. Conservatorio, Fr. Conservatoire, Ger. Conservatorium), a name applied first in Italy, and afterwards throughout the Continent, to institutions for training in music and for preserving the true theory and practice of the art. They arose out of the necessity of providing trained choristers for the service of the church, and were generally maintained upon some charitable foundati… Consistory CONSISTORY, a term applied originally to an antechamber or outer-room of the palace of the emperors of Rome, where the petitioners for justice assembled and awaited the presence of the emperor, who upon his entrance into the consistory took his seat upon a tribunal, whilst the others stood around him (consistebant). The word " consistory," as a term of ecclesiastical law, in which sense it is for … Consolidation Acts CONSOLIDATION ACTS. The practice of legislating for small portions of a subject only at a time, which is characteristic of the English Parliament, produces as a necessary consequence great confusion in the statute law. The Acts relating to any subject of importance or difficulty will be found to be scattered over many years, and through the operation of clauses partially repealing or amending form… Consols CONSOLS, an abbreviation of Consolidated Annuities, had their origin in 1751, and now form the larger portion of the funded debt of the United Kingdom. In the progress of the national debt it was deemed expedient, on grounds which have been much questioned, instead of borrowing at various rates of interest, according to the state of the market or the need and credit of the Government, to offer a f… Conspiracy CONSPIRACY, in English law, is an agreement between two or more persons to do certain wrongful acts, which may not, however, be punishable when committed by a single person, not acting in concert with others. The following are enumerated in text-books as the things, an agreement to do which, made between several persons, constitutes the offence of conspiracy : - (1) Falsely to charge another with … Constable CONSTABLE, in England, an ancient officer of the peace. The name, as well as the office, are, according to Blackstone, borrowed from the French. In the Middle Ages there was a great officer of this name, whose duties related to matters of chivalry. " The office of Lord High Constable," says Blackstone, "bath been disused in England, except only upon great and solemn occasions - as the king's coron… Constable, Archibald CONSTABLE, ARCHIBALD (1774-1827), the well-known Edinba'igh publisher, was born in the parish of Carnbee, Fifeshire, on the 24th February 1774. Having been educated at the parish school, he was, at his own request, apprenticed to a bookseller in Edinburgh, named Peter Hill. From the first he took a great interest in books ' ? and he obtained permission from his master to attend book sales, and pur… Constable, Henry CONSTABLE, HENRY, one of the most considerable of the Elizabethan sonneteers, was born about 1556, in Yorkshire, as it is supposed, and certainly of a Roman Catholic family. He was sent to St John's College, Cambridge, where in 1579 he took his degree of B.A. In the same year there appeared a volume entitled The Forest of Fancy by H. C., which has been attributed to Henry Chettle, but may with far… Constable, John CONSTABLE, JOHN (1776-1837), landscape painter, was born at East Bergholt, in the Stour valley, Suffolk, June 11, 1776. Under the guidance of a certain John Dunthune, a plumber, he acquired in early life some insight into the first principles of landscape art, together with a habit of studying in the open air that was afterwards of much service to him. His father, who was a yeoman farmer, did not … Constance, Lake CONSTANCE, LAKE or (German, BODENSEE), a large sheet of water on the confines of Switzerland, surrounded on the S.W. by the cantons of Thurgau and St Gall, E. by Tyrol, N.E. and N.W. by Wiirtemberg and Baden re:pectively. Constance, Or Costnitz CONSTANCE, or COSTNITZ, a city of the grand duchy of Baden, and the chief town of a circle of its own name, formerly called the See Kreis, or Lake Circle, is situated on the southern or Swiss side of the Rhine, at its exit from the Lake of Constance, 30 miles east of Schaffhausen by railway. It stands 1298 feet above the level of the sea. The older portion of the city is still surrounded by its an… Constant De Rebecque CONSTANT DE REBECQUE, HENRI BENJAMIN, an eminent French statesman and publicist, was born at Lausanne, 25th October 1757, and died at Paris 10th December 1830. His family was French, and had taken refuge in Switzerland during the religious persecutions. Till the age of thirteen he lived in his father's house at Lausanne ; he afterwards studied. at Oxford, Erlangen, and Edinburgh successively. It w… Constantine CONSTANTINE, the capital of the French province of the same name in Algeria, situated in the richest and most populous part of the country, about 50 miles inland from the port of Philippeville, in 36? 22' 21" N. lat. and 6? 36' 36" E. long. It holds a highly romantic position on a rocky plateau, cut off on all sides but the west by a deep but beautiful ravine, through which the Rummel finds its wa… Constantine CONSTANTINE I. (274-337). Flavius Valeriug, Aurelius Constantinus, surnamed Magnus, or the Great, was born at Naissus VissaP, in upper Mcesia, in February 274. He was the son of Constantius Chlorus and Helena, the wife of obscure origin (a stabularia, or innkeeper, according to St Ambrose) whom her husband was compelled to repudiate on attaining the dignity of Caesar in 292.2 The part of the empir… Constantine Pavlovich CONSTANTINE PAVLOVICH (1779-1831), second son of the Czar Paul I. of Russia, was born at St Petersburg on the 8th May 1779. His ?name was chosen by his grandmother, the Empress Catherine, on account, it was believed, of the tradition according to which an emperor Constantine was to reign at Constantinople. At the age of seventeen the prince was married to the Princess Juliana of Saxe-Coburg, but a… Constantine Vii CONSTANTINE VII., FLAVIUS fORPF1YROGENITUS (905-959), emperor of the East, author, and patron of literature, born in 905 A.D., was the only son of Leo VI. The Eastern Church sanctioned no marriage beyond the second, and when Leo, being childless by three wives, had a son by his concubine Zoe, his attempt to legitimize his wife and his son was inflexibly resisted by the Patriarch Nicholas, and his … Constantinople CONSTANTINOPLE, the capital of Turkey and of the Ottoman empire, is situated at the junction of the Bosphorus and the Sea of Marmora, in 41? 0' 16" N. lat. and 28? 59' 14" E. long. It may be said to stand upon two promontories rather than upon two continents, since the quarter now called Galata was reckoned in the time of Arcadius the 13th Region, whereas Kadikeui (Chalcedon) and Iskudar or Scutar… Constantius CONSTANTIUS, FLAvnis VALEntus, commonly called CONSTANTIUS CIILORUS, or the Pale (an epithet first applied by the Byzantine historians, though with doubtful accuracy, for there. is evidence to show that ho was, like his son, ruddy), Roman emperor and father of Constantine the Great, was born of noble Dalmatian family about 250 A.D. Constitution And Constitutional Law CONSTITUTION AND CONSTITUTIONAL LAW. The word Constitution in the time of the Roman empire signified a collection of laws or ordinances made by the emperor. We find the word used in the same sense in the early history of English law, e.g., the Constitutions of Clarendon. In its modern use constitution has been restricted to those rules which concern the political structure of society. If we take t… Constitution Of Bodies CONSTITUTION OF BODIES. The question whether the smallest parts of which bodies are composed are finite in number, or whether, on the other hand, bodies are infinitely divisible, relates to the ultimate constitution of bodies, and is treated of in the article ATOM. The mode in which elementary substances combine to form compound substances is called the chemical constitution of bodies, and is trea… Consuegra CONSUEGRA, a town of Spain, on the Amarguilla, in the province of Toledo, and 36 miles south-east of the city of that name. Consul CONSUL karr;), the highest magistrate of the republic of ancient Rome. It is probable that the word is compounded of con and salio, so that consoles signifies those who go together. They were in early times called pratores, imperatores, or judices. From the abuse of the power which had been vested in the kings, the Romans Were induced not only to expel the hated Tarquins from the city, but even to… Consul CONSUL, a public officer authorized by the state whose commission he bears to manage the commercial affairs of its subjects in a foreign country, and formally permitted by the Government of the country wherein he resides to perform the duties which are specified in his commission, or lettre de provision. A consul, as such, is not invested with any diplomatic character, and he cannot enter on his o… Consulate Of The Sea CONSULATE OF THE SEA, celebrated collection of maritime customs and ordinances in the Catalan language, published at Barcelona in the latter part of the 15th century. Its proper title is The Book of the Consulate, or in Catalan, Lo Libre de Consolat. The earliest extant edition of the work, which was printed at Barcelona in 1494, is without a title-page or frontispiece, but it is described by the … Contempt Of Court CONTEMPT OF COURT is any insult offered to a court of justice, or any defiance or resistance to its authority. "If the contempt be committed in the face of the court, the offender may be instantly apprehended and imprisoned at the discretion of the judges, without any further proof or examination." In other cases if the judges have reason to believe, from an affidavit, that a contempt has been com… Conti, Prince Of CONTI, PRINCE OF, the title assumed by a younger branch of the House of Condo. Armand do Bourbon, prince of Conti (1629-1666), one of the princes of the blood who took part in the wars of the Fronde, was son of Henry, prince of Condo, and brother of the Great Conde. Originally destined for the church on account of the weakness of his health and the deformity of leis person, he received several? ri… Contraband CONTRABAND (Low Latin, contrabannum) means, according to Ducauge, "merces banno interdicts," and was originally applied to a prohibited domestic trade in time of peace, such as that in salt. The term does not occur in the Guidon de la Mer, Or in Grotius, and is first used to denote a prohibited neutral trade with a belligerent in the Treaty of Southampton (17th September 1625) between Charles I. a… Contract CONTRACT is a bargain or agreement enforceable by of law. The follawing definitions are taken from the Indian Contract Act, 1872 :- When one person signifies to another his willingness to do or abstain from doing anything with a view to obtaining the assent of that other to such act or abstinence, he is said to make a proposal. When the person to whom the proposal is made signifies his assent ther… Conversano CONVERSANO, an episcopal city of Italy, in the province of Terra di Bari, and 20 miles south-east of the city of Bari, with about 10,000 inhabitants. Conveyancing CONVEYANCING, the art of preparing writings to effect the transference or conveyance from one person to another of any piece of property or valuable right. It is sometimes applied in a restricted sense to the cumbrous forms which the feudal system has rendered necessary for the transference and tenure of landed property. When left to shape itself by individual practice, without legislative interve… Convocation CONVOCATION, an assembly of the spirituality of the realm of England, which is summoned by the metropolitan archbishops of Canterbury and of York respectively, within their ecclesiastical provinces, pursuant to a royal writ, whenever the Parliament of the realm is summoned, and which is also continued or discharged, as the case may be, whenever the Parliament is prorogued or dissolved. This assemb… Conway, Or Aberconway CONWAY, or ABERCONWAY, a town of Carnarvonshire, in North Wales, at the mouth of the Conway, four miles south of Llandudno and forty-five miles west of Chester by railway. It is situated on the western bank of the river, and is inclosed by a lofty wall, which approaches the form of a triangle, and is a mile in circumference. The style of this ancient and highly interesting wall is Saracenie ; it i… Conybeare, John CONYBEARE, JOHN (1692-1755), a learned English divine, was born at Pinhoe, near Exeter, January 31, 1692. At the age of sixteen he entered Exeter CAlege, Oxford, of wild] he was elected in 1710 probationary fellow. He graduated B.A. in 1713, and M.A. in 1716, and in the latter year was ordained priest. After holding a country curacy for about a year he returned to Oxford, and becanle tutor in his … Cook, Captain James COOK, CAPTAIN JAMES (1728-1779), the celebrated navigator, was born on October 28, 1728, at the village of Marton, Yorkshire, where his father was first an agricultural labourer and then a farm bailiff. At thirteen years of age he was apprenticed to a haberdasher at Straiths, near Whitby, but having quarrelled with his master, he went as an apprentice on board a collier belonging to the port, and … Cookery COOKERY. In the condition in which man finds most of the natural substances used as food they are difficult of digestion. By the application of heat he can change the character of his food, and make it more palatable and more easily digestible. The application of heat to animal and vegetable substances for the purpose of attaining these objects constitutes the science and art of cookery. Innumerab… Cook's Islands COOK'S ISLANDS, or the HERVEY ARCHIPELAGO, a considerable cluster of islands in the South Pacific, lying between the Friendly Islands and the Society Islands, in 160? W. long. and. about 20? S. lat. Coolie, Or Cooly COOLIE, or COOLY, a word applied to designate an Asiatic labourer not belonging to the skilled or artizan class. Its derivation is far from certain. Dr Engelbert Kampfer, in his History of Japan (London, 1727), describes as " coolies " the dock labourers, or, as they are called in England, "lumpers," who unloaded the Dutch merchant ships at Nagasaki. At Canton to this day a labourer in any Europea… Coomassie COOMASSIE, or KulwAssr, the capital of Ashantee, in Guinea, West Africa, in 6? 31' 50" N. lat. and 2? 12' W. long., and 130 miles N.N.W. of Cape Coast Castle, is situated on a low rocky eminence, from which it extends across a valley to the hill opposite, and occupies an area of about 1 miles in length and over 3;- miles in circumference. It lies in the midst of a thick and jungly forest, and is n… Cooper COOPER, Sin ASHLEY PASTON (1768 ? 1841), a celebrated surgeon, was born at the village of Brooke, in Norfolk, August 23, 1768. His father, Dr Cooper, was a clergyman of the Church of England ; his mother was the author of several novels. At the age of sixteen he was sent to London and placed under Mr Cline, surgeon to St Thomas's Hospital. From the first he devoted himself to the study of anatomy,… Cooper, Abraham COOPER, ABRAHAM (1787-1868), an animal and battle painter, was the son of a tobacconist, and was born in London, in 1787. At the age of thirteen he became an employai at Astley's amphitheatre, and was afterwards groom in the service of Sir Henry Meux. When he was twenty-two, wishing to possess a portrait of a favourite horse under his care, he bought a manual of painting, learned something of the … Cooperage COOPERAGE, the art of making casks, barrels, and other rounded vessels, the sides of which are composed of separate staves, held together by hoops surrounding them. The art is one of great antiquity, being mentioned by Pliny, who ascribes its invention to the inhabitants of the Alpine valleys. The cask or barrel form is at once the strongest, tightest, and most convenient form into which wood can … Co-operation CO-OPERATION, a term in social economics, which, though of generic significance in the science of industry and trade, has a specific and technical sense, implying the association of any number of individuals or societies for mutual profit, whether in the purchase and distribution of commodities for consumption, or in the production of commodities, or in the borrowing and lending of capital among w… Cooper, Charles Henry COOPER, CHARLES HENRY (1808-1866), the historian of Cambridge, was born at Great Marlow, 20th March 1808, being descended from a family formerly settled at Bray, Berkshire. He received his education at a private school in Reading. In 1826 he fixed his residence at Cambridge, and in 1836 was elected coroner of the borough. Four years later lie was admitted a solicitor, and in course of time he acqu… Coo Per, James Fenimore COO PER, JAMES FENIMORE (1789-1851), an American novelist, was born at Burlington, New Jersey, on the 15th September 1789. Reared in the wild country round the Otsego Lake, on the yet unsettled estates of his father, a judge and member of Congress, be was sent to school at Albany and at New Haven, and entered Yale College in his thirteenth year, remaining for some time the youngest student on the … Coorg COORG, a province of Southern India, near the centre of the Western Ghats, between 11? 56' and 12? 45' N. lat. and 75? 25' and 76? 13' E. long., is bounded by Mysore, Malabar, and South Kanara, and has an area of 2000 square miles. It is a mountainous district, presenting throughout a series of wooded hills and deep valleys ; the lowest elevations are 3000 feet above sea-level. The loftiest peak, … Coot COOT, a well-known British water-fowl, the Felice atra of Linnaeus, belonging to the family Rallidce or Rails. The word Coot, in some parts of England pronounced Cute, or Smite, is of uncertain origin, but perhaps cognate with Scout and Scoter - both names of aquatic birds - a possibility which seems to be more likely since the name " Macreuse," by which the Coot is known in the south of France, b… Coote COOTE, Sin EYRE (1726-4 783), a celebrated general, born at Limerick in 1726, was the son of a clergyman. Ile served against the Pretender in 1745, and in 1754 sailed for India to join the army of Clive. In 1760, having attained the rank of colonel for his services at Massy and Calcutta, he was sent to the Carnatic, where he took Wandewash and defeated Lally. For these exploits he received on his … Copal COPAL, a hard lustrous resin, varying in hue from an almost colourless transparent mass to a bright yellowish brown, having a conchoidal fracture, and, when dissolved in alcohol, spirit of turpentine, or any other suitable menstruum, forming one of the most valuable varnishes. Like many other commercial substances, copal is obtained from a variety of sources ; the term is not uniformly applied or … Copan COPAN, a village of Central America, in the republic of Honduras, famous for the remarkable ruins in its neighbourhood. It is situated not far from the frontier of Guatemala, on the right bank of the Rio Copan, a tributary of the Motagua, about thirty miles east of Chiquimula, in 11? 45' N. lat. and 90' 52' W. long. The ruins occupy a rectangular area of about 1600 feet in length and 900 feet in b… Copenhagen COPENHAGEN (Danish, Kibbenhavn, ; Latin, Hufnia or Haunia), the capital of Denmark, is situated at the southern extremity of the Sound, at that part about 20 miles broad, 180 miles north-east of Hamburg, in 55? 40' 52" N. lat. and 12? 35' 46" E. long. The main portion of the city is built on low-lying ground on the east coast of the island of Seeland between the sea and a series of freshwater lake… Copiapo COPIAPO, an inland town of Chili, capital of the province of Atacama, is situated on a stream of the same name about 35 miles from the sea, in 27? 36' S. lat., 70? 23' W. long. The streets of the town, which was founded in 1734 by Count Jose de Manso, are straight and wide, with side pavements ; but the houses are low and of timber, excepting in the streets Chafiarcillo and Atacama, where they are… Copley, John Singleton COPLEY, JOHN SINGLETON (1737-1815), historical painter, was born of Irish parents at Boston, Massachusetts. He was self-educated, and commenced his career as a portrait-painter in his native city. The germ of his reputation in England was a little picture of a boy and squirrel, exhibited at the Society of Arts in 1760. In 1774 lie went to Rome, and thence in 1775 came to England. In 1777 he was ad… Coplunna COPLUNNA. (Spanish, La Coruiia ; French, La Corogne ; English, formerly often The Groyne), a city and seaport of Spain, the capital at one time of Galicia, and now of a province of its own name, is situated on the north-west coast, 43 miles north of Santiago de CompostelD, in 43? 23' N. lat. and 8? 27' W. long. It is of first rank both as a fortress and a port, and is the scat of a superior court … Copper COPPER is a metal which has been known to and used by the human race from the most remote periods. Its alloy with tin (bronze) was the first metallic compound in common use by mankind, and so extensive and characteristic was its employment at an early stage in pre-historic times that the epoch is known in archeological chronology as the Bronze Age. Metallic relics of that age in the form of arms, … Copperas COPPERAS (French, couperose ; Latin, csipri rosa, the flower of copper), melanterite, green-vitriol, or ferrous suloxygen. When heated to 114? C. it loses six molecules of water, but the last molecule is not given up at a temperature of 280' C. Copperas is frequently found in metalliferous mines, being produced by the oxidation of marcasite and iron-pyrites, FeS,, in a damp atmosphere. The oxidati… Copper Assaying COPPER ASSAYING. - In the Cornish method of assaying there are five operations, - the fusion for regulus, the roasting of the regulus, fusion for coarse copper, refining, and the cleaning of the slags. (1) The sample of ore is first inspected to ascertain its quality, and is then reduced to powder. If too much sulphur is present it may be expelled by roasting the ore, or by using nitre in the fusi… Coprolites COPROLITES (from seirpos, dung, ?uOoc, stone), the fossilized excrements of extinct animals. The discovery of their true nature was made by Dr William Rockland, who observed that certain convoluted bodies occurring in the Lias of Gloucestershire had the form which would have been produced by their passage in the soft state through the intestines of reptiles or fishes. These bodies had long been kn… Coptos COPTOS, the modern Kobt or Koft, a town of Egypt, a short distance from the right bank of the Nile, about 25 miles north-east of Thebes. Copts COPTS, the name given to the descendants of the native inhabitants of Egypt after the Mahometan conquest, supposed by some to be descended from the ancient Egyptians or else from the mixed race which inhabited the country under the Roman empire. They are Christians, and are said to comprise less than one fourteenth of the whole population. Although numerous, their numbers continuo to dwindle, and … Copyhold COPYHOLD, in English law, is an ancient form of land tenure, legally defined as a " holding at the will of the lord according to the custom of the manor." Its origin is to be found in the occupation by villani, or non-freemen, of portions of land belonging to the manor of a feudal lord. In the time of the Domesday survey the manor was in part granted to free tenants, in part reserved by the lord h… Copyright COPYRIGHT is the exclusive right of multiplying for sale copies of works of literature or art, allowed to the author thereof or his assignees. As a recognized form of property it is, compared with others, of very recent origin, being in fact the result of the facility for multiplying copies created by the discovery of printing and kindred arts. Whether it was recognized at all by the common law of… Copyright In Foreign States COPYRIGHT IN FOREIGN STATES. - France. - Copyright I in France is recognized in the most ample manner. Two distinct rights are secured by law - lst, the right of reproduction of literary works, musical compositions, and works of art ; and 2d, the right of representation of dramatic works and musical compositions.? The period is for the absolute manlier in the forms and within the limits of the 425… Coquerel, Ateianase COQUEREL, ATEIANASE Jostr (1820-1875), son of A. L. C. Coquerel, noticed below, a minister of the French Protestant Church, was born at Amsterdam in 1820. At an early age he succeeded his father as editor of Le Lien, and he held this post till 1852. In that year ho took part in establishing the Nouvelle Revue de TRologie, which had the distinction of being the first periodical organ of scientific … Coques COQUES, or Cocx, GONZALEZ (1614-1684), the son of Peeter Willemsen Cocx, a respectable Flemish citizen, and not, as his name might imply, a Spaniard, was born at Antwerp. At the age of twelve he entered the house of Peeter, the son of " Hell " Brueghel, an obscure portrait painter, and at the expiration of his time as an apprentice, became a journeyman in the workshop of David llyckaert the second… Cora CORA, an ancient city of Italy, about seven miles southeast of Rome by the Appian Way. Various traditions about its origin are found in the Roman writers ; but all agree in acknowledging its great antiquity, and for a long period it ranked as one of the most important cities of Latium. After being lost sight of in history for about twelve hundred years it reappears in the 13th century, and under t… Corals CORALS (CORALLIARIA). Under the general name of "Coral-Animals" are included all those members of the Actinozoa which have the power of secreting hard structures of the nature of a skeleton. Whether this skeleton be continuous or discontinuous, of conspicuous dimensions or simply of microscopic spicula, it constitutes what is known properly as the " coral " or " corallum ; " and the animals which … Coray, Adamantiiis CORAY, ADAMANTIIIS (1748-1833), a Greek scholar, was the son of a merchant of Smyrna. His grandfather, Professor Rhysius, had left a library to whoever of his grandsons should distinguish himself most at school in the study of ancient Greek. Adamantius won the prize, and a strong interest in literature was thence awakened in him. For a time, however, he devoted himself to commerce, carrying on the… Corbeil CORBEIL, a town of France at the head of an arrondissement in the department of Seine-et-Oise, is situated at the confluence of the Essonne with the Seine, about 18 miles S.S.E. of Paris. A bridge across the larger river unites the ma'n part of the town with a suburb on the other side, and a continuous line of houses leads to the village of Essonnes. The church of St Spire was rebuilt in the 15th … Corday D'armans, Marie-anne-charlotte CORDAY D'ARMANS, MARIE-ANNE-CHARLOTTE, born in 1768, at St Saturnin near Se ez in Normandy, was descended from a noble family, and numbered among her ancestors the dramatist Corneille. She was educated in a convent, and then sent to live with an aunt at Caen. Here she saw hardly any one but her relative, and passed her lonely hours in reading the works of the philosophes, especially Voltaire and t… Cordeliers CORDELIERS, the name given to the Franciscans in France, from the cords which they wore round their waists ; and also the name of a notorious club of the time of the French Revolution, so called because it met in a Franciscan chapel. Corderius CORDERIUS, the Latinized form of name used by MATH TIRIN CORDIER (1478-1564), the author of the well-known Colloquia, a native in Normandy. Cordova CORDOVA (Latin, Cordoba ; French, Cordoue), a city of Spain, capital of a province of its own name in Andalusia, is situated on the southern declivity of the Sierra Morena and the right bank of the Guadalquivir, 75 miles north-east of Seville, and not far from one of the junctions on the railway system of Spain. Its walls, erected on Roman foundations, and principally Moorish in their superstructu… Cordova CORDOVA, a town of Mexico, with cloud 6500 inhabitants, in the province of Vera Cruz, and 57 miles inland from the city of that name. Cordova, Or Cordoba CORDOVA, or CORDOBA, the chief town of a province of the same name in the Argentine Republic, 246 miles by rail from Rosario, in 31? 21' S. lat. and 61? 9' W. long. It lies in the very heart of the country, and occupies the bottom of a considerable depression to the south cf the River Primero. The streets, which cut each other at right angles, are for the most part unpaved, but are furnished with … Corea COREA, a kingdom of. Eastern Asia, the greater part of which occupies a peninsula stretching south from the northS. by the strait to which it gives its name, and W. by the Yellow Sea, and extends from about 34? to 42? 25' N. lat., and from 124? 35' to 130? 50' E. long. The natives assert that it has a length of 3000 lys, or about 1000 English miles, and a breadth of 1300 lys, or about 460 miles ; … Corelli CORELLI,sr.Cs~Glrr.o (1653-1713), a celebrated violin player and composer for that instrument, was born at Fusignano near Imola. Of his life little is known. His master on the violin was Bassani. Matteo Simonelli, the well-known singer of the Pope's chapel, taught him composition. His talent as a player on the violin seems to have been acknowledged at an early period, but his first decided success… Corenzio, Belisario CORENZIO, BELISARIO (c. 1558-1643),a Greek, studied at Venice under Tintoretto, and then settled at Naples, where he became famous for unscrupulous conduct as a man and rapid execution as an artist. Though careless in composition and a mannerist in style, he possessed an acknowledged fertility of invention and readiness of band ; and these qualities, allied to a certain breadth of conception, seem… Core, William CORE, WILLIAM (1747-1828), archdeacon of Wilts, traveller, and historian, was born at London in 1747. He was elected fellow of King's College, Cambridge, in 1768, and afterwards went abroad on a visit to the different Continental states, where he prosecuted the researches which were afterwards incorporated into his historical works. On his final return to England he was appointed to the rectory of… Corfu CORFU, the ancient Corcyra, an island of Greece, in the Iowan Sea, off the coast of Albania or Epirus, from which it is separated by a strait varying in breadth from less than two to about fifteen miles. In shape it is not unlike the sickle or drepane, to which it was compared by the ancients, - the hollow side, with the town and harbour of Corfu in the centre, being turned towards the Albanian co… Corfu CORFU, the capital of the above island, stands on the broad part of a peninsula, whose termination in the citadel is cut from it by an artificial fosse formed in a natural gullet', with a salt-water ditch at the bottom. Seen from the water, or from a height, it is picturesque in masses, but in detail it is not to be praised for either beauty or comfort. Having grown up within fortifications, where… Coriander CORIANDER, the fruit, improperly called: seed, of an Umbelliferous plant (Corialtdrunt satirum), a native of tho south of Europe and Asia Minor, but naturalized and cultivated in the south of England. Corigliano CORIGLIANO, a town of Italy, in the province of Calabria Citeriore and the district of Rossano, situated on a river of the same name, about four miles from the coast, on a steep hill, which is surmounted by an ancient castle and fringed at the foot by orange and lemon plantations. Coringa CORINGA, a seaport town of British India, in the collectorate of Godavery and presidency of Madras, is situated in 82? 19' E. long. and 16? 49' N. lat., on the estuary of a branch of the Godavery River. The harbour is protected from the swell of the sea by the southward projection of Point Godavery, and affords a shelter to vessels during the south-west monsoon. Across its entrance is a bar, which… Corinna CORINNA, a Greek poetess, born at Tanagra in Bceotia, of interest for the influence which she exerted on Pindar. The fragmentary traditions which have been preserved represent her now as the poet's friend and instructress, and again as his rival and competitor. By her he is said to have been advised to adorn his poems with the Greek myths, and then when he employed them too lavishly, to have been … Corinth CORINTH (now-corrupted into Gortho) was originally called Ephyre, but the name KOptvOos is as old as Homer. This most populous and thriving of Greek cities was situated at the southern end of the isthmus which connects Peloponnesus with the mainland of Hellas. The citadel, Acrocorinthus, occupied the summit of a precipitous rock, 1886 feet in height, which is iu fact an offshoot from the Oneion, a… Corinthians CORINTHIANS, ErismEs TO THE. These two letters of St Paul occupy a unique position among the Pauline epistles. They are remarkable as being in their primary aspect historical rather than doctrinal, while, at the samo time, all the fundamental doctrines of Christianity, as connected with the miraculous facts on which they rest, are suggestively implied. These epistles, too, together with those to t… Coriolanus CORIOLANUS, Cmus (Or CNEIUS) MARCIUS7 a Roman patrician, said in the legend to have belonged to the 5th Veturia (or, as Plutarch calls her, Volumnia), Coriolanus developed into the foremost warrior of his time, and it was from his prowess at the siege of Comb, when he took the town single-handed, that he received his cognomen. But his hatred of the plebs lost him the consulship, and when he ventur… Corioli CORIOLI, an ancient Latin city, celebrated as giving a surname to C. Cork CORK, a city and port, is a county in itself, 138 miles south-west of Dublin direct and 165 by rail, and 11 miles north-west of the port of Queenstown, in 51? 53' 39"?3 N. lat and 8? 20' W. long. Until lately it ranked as the second city in Ireland, but of late Belfast has far surpassed it in population, wealth, and commerce. The original site of the city seems to have been located in the vicinity… Cork CORK (perhaps from cortex, bark) is the outer layer of the bark of an evergreen species of oak (Querces Suter). The tree reaches the height of about 30 feet, growing in the south of Europe and on the North African coasts generally ; but it is principally cultivated in Spain and Portugal. The outer layer of bark in the cork oak by annual additions from within gradually becomes a thick soft homogene… Cork CORK, a maritime county in the south-west of Ireland, province of Munster, bounded on the S. by the Atlantic, E. by Waterford and Tipperary, N. by Limerick, and W. by Kerry. It is the largest county in Ireland, and contains an area of 1,849,686 acres, or 2890 square miles. The outline of the county is irregular ; its sea margin is for the most part bold and rocky, and is intersected by the Bays of… Corleone CORLEONE, a town of Sicily, in the province of Palermo, about 23 miles south of the city of that name, on the slope of a hill near the head waters of the Belici. Cormenin, Louis Marie De La Hays CORMENIN, LOUIS MARIE DE LA HAYS, VISCOUNT' DE (1788-1868), a French jurist and political pamphleteer, was born at Paris, January 6, 1788. His father and his grandfather both held the rank of lieutenant-general of the admiralty. In consequence of the suppression of the colleges he received his early education at a private school at Paris, and afterwards studied in the school of law. At the age of … Cormontaigne CORMONTAIGNE, Louis DE (1696-1752), a French military engineer, was born at Strasburg. He was present as a volunteer at the sieges of Friburg and Landau, and in 1715 he entered the Engineers. From 1733 to 1745 he took part in several of the most important sieges in the Polish and Austrian wars. having gained the rank of marechal de camp he received charge of the line of fortifications from Calais … Cormorant CORMORANT - from the Latin corms marinus, through the French (in some patois of which it is still " cor marin," and in certain Italian dialects "corvo rnarin " or"corvo marino ") - a large sea-fowl belonging to the genus Phalacrocorax2 (Cctrbo, 'Miens, and Graculus of some ornithologists), and that group of the Linnman Order Anseres, now partly generally recognized by Illiger's term Staganopodes, … Cornaro CORNARO, LuiGt (1467-1566), a Venetian nobleman, famous for his treatises on a temperate life. From seine dishonesty on the part of his relatives he was deprived of his rank, and induced to retire to Padua, where he acquired the experience in regard to fool and regimen which he has detailed in his works. In his youth he lived freely, but aftar a severe illness at the age of forty, be began under 5… Corneille, Pierre CORNEILLE, PIERRE (1606-1684), was born at Rouen, in the Rue de la Pie, on the 6th of June 1606. The house, which was long preserved, was destroyed a few years ago. His father, whose Christian name was the same, was avocat du roi a la Table de Marbre dim Palais, and also held the position of maitre des eaux et forets in the vicomte of Rouen. In this latter office he is said to have shown him self … Corneille, Thomas CORNEILLE, THOMAS (1625-1709), was nearly twenty years younger than his brother, the day of his birth being August 20, 1625. His skill in verse-making seems to have shown itself early, as at the age of fifteen he composed a piece in Latin which was represented by his fellow pupils at the Jesuits' College of Rouen. He soon followed' his brother's steps, and his first piece, Les Engagements da Hasar… Cornelia CORNELIA, one of the greatest women in Roman history, was the younger daughter of Scipio Africanus the Elder, the conqueror of Carthage, and mother of the two great tribunes, Tiberius and Caius Gracchus, and of Cornelia, the Wife of Scipio Africanus the younger. On the death of her husband, refusing numerous offers of marriage, including even one from King Ptolemy, she devoted herself to the educa… Cornelius, Peter Von CORNELIUS, PETER VON, the leader of the German art revival, was born in Dusseldorf in 1784, and died in Berlin, March 6, 1867. Cornelius, like other great painters, is reported to have manifested his artistic talent at a very early age. His father, who was inspector of the Dusseldorf Gallery, dying whilst the painter was yet a boy, the young Cornelius was stimulated to extraordinary exertions. The… Corneto CORNETO, a town of Italy with about 4000 inhabitants, in the province of Rome and district of Civita Vecchia, on the River Marta, two miles from the railway between Civita Vecchia and Leghorn. Dating probably from about the 8th century, and fortified in the 14th or 15th, it still presents a distinctly inedival aspect. Among its more interesting buildings are the now ruinous cathedral of St Maria d… Cornhert, Theodore CORNHERT, THEODORE (1522-1590), a Dutch writer on politics and theology, was born at Amsterdam of a good Dutch family. While a child he was for some years in Spain and Portugal. On returning to Holland, having married a wife without fortune in defiance of the provisions of his father's will, he was obliged to accept a situation as major-domo to the father of the Henty Broderode who took so promine… Corn Laws CORN LAWS. Legislation on corn was early applied both to the home and foreign trade in this essential produce. Roads were so bad, and the chain of home trade so feeble, that there was often scarcity of grain in one part, and plenty in another part of the same kingdom. Export by sea or river to some foreign market was in many cases more easy than the carriage of corn from one market to another with… Corn Trade CORN TRADE. The effect of the opening of the ports of the United Kingdom freely to the agricultural produce of all parts of the 'world has been to extend the foreign trade in corn, both more rapidly in point of time and more largely in measure than could have been pre-conceived. This result was promoted by the more liberal policy which began at the same time to be generally adopted with respect to… Cornutus CORNUTUS, L. ANN,Eus, was a Stoic philosopher of great repute, who flourished in the reign of Nero. He was a native of Leptis, a city of Libya, but resided for the most part of his life in Rome. He is best known as the teacher and friend of Persius, who dedicated his fifth satire to him, and in it describes in glowing terms his affection for him. The youthful poet at his death left a large sum of … Cornwall, Barry CORNWALL, BARRY. See PROCTER. CORNWALLIS, CHARLES, SECOND EARL AND FIRST MARQuas (1738-1803), was the eldest son of Charles, the first earl Cornwallis. Having been educated at Eton and St John's College, Cambridge, he entered the army For some time he was member of Parliament for Eye ; in 1761 served a campaign in Germany, and was gazetted to a lientenant-coloneley in the 12th Foot. In 1762 he suc… Corollary COROLLARY. A perpendicular drawn from the focus to the directrix is bisected at the vertex of the axis. A straight line terminated both ways by the parabola, and bisected by a diameter, is called an ordinate to that diameter. The segment of a diameter between its vertex and an ordinate, is called an abscissa. A straight line meeting the parabola in two points P, Q, is called a chord. The focal cho… Corollary COROLLARY 2. - If the circle of curvature of a conic at a point P intersect the conic again in Q, then the chord PQ and the tangent to the conic at P are equally inclined to the axis of the conic. Coromandel Coast COROMANDEL COAST, the eastern seaboard of India between Cape Calimere, in 10? 17' N. lat. and 70? 56' E. long., and the mouths of the Kistnah or Krishnah. Corona CORONA, in astronomy, the name given to the phenomenon seen round the sun during a total eclipse. This phenomenon is doubtless a complex one, and comprises effects due (1) to the sun's surroundings or the various layers of its atmosphere, (2) to the sunlight falling on something between us and the sun, and (3) to certain physiological effects in the eye. These effects will be discussed under the h… Coronation CORONATION, literally a crowning, a placing of a crown on the head. The word is restricted, in use, to the ceremony or solemnity of placing a crown on the head of an actual or future king or emperor to signify his accession or his formal recognition as actual or future sovereign. The custom of marking the commencement of a king's reign by some special rite is a very ancient one. The Jewish kings, … Coronelli, Vincenz10 CORONELLI, VINCENZ10 (1650-1718), an Italian geographer, was born at Venice. Coroner CORONER, an ancient officer of the common law, so called, according to Coke, because he had principally to do with pleas of the Crown. The lord chief justice of the Queen's Bench is said to be the principal coroner of the kingdom, and may in any place exercise the jurisdiction of the coroner. The duties of the office are now practically confined to holding inquests in case of violent or sudden dea… Coro, Or Santa-ast'a De CORO, or SANTA-AST'A DE Cono, a maritime town of Venezuela., South America, and capital of the province of Falcon, is situated in a sandy plain at the inner angle of a peninsula, dividing the Gulf of Venezuela from the Caribbean Sea, 155 miles W. N.W. of Valencia. It is ill built, the streets are unpaved, and there are no public buildings of consequence except two churches. The climate is hot but … Corot, Jean Baptiste Camille COROT, JEAN BAPTISTE CAMILLE (1796-1875), French landscape painter, was born at Paris in July 1796. He received an ordinary school education at Rouen, and was then apprenticed to a Faris draper. From childhood it was evident that he was a born artist ; but prudential motives induced his father sternly to repress the strivings and utterances of his genius. He continued therefore to drudge at the dr… Corporation CORPORATION. A corporation is an association of persons which the law treats in many respects as if it were itself a person. It has rights and duties of its own which are not the rights and duties of the individual members thereof. Thus a corporation may own land, but the individual members of the corporation have no rights therein. A corporation may owe money, but the corpora-tors as individuals … Corpulence, Or Obesity CORPULENCE, or OBESITY, is a condition of the body characterized by the over-accumulation of fat under the skin and around certain of the internal organs. In all healthy persons a greater or less amount of fat is present in these parts, and serves important physiological ends, besides contributing to the proper configuration of the body. Even a considerable measure of corpulence, however inconveni… Corpus Christi CORPUS CHRISTI, a festival of the Church of Rome observed on the first Thursday after Trinity Sunday, in honour of the doctrine of the Eucharist. It was instituted by Pope Urban IV., in 1264, and is still celebrated as one of the greatest feasts of the church. CORREA DA SERRA, Jos. FRANCISCO (1750-1823), a Portuguese politician and man of science, was born at Serpa, in Alemtejo, in 1750. Having b… Correggio, Or Coreggio CORREGGIO, or COREGGIO, is the name ordinarily given to Antonio Allegri (1494-1534), one of the most celebrated Italian painters, of the most vivid and impulsive inventors in expression and pose, and of the most con. summate executants. The external circumstances of his life have been very diversely stated by different writers, and the whole of what has been narrated regarding him, even waiving th… C'orreze C'ORREZE, an inland department of France, formed from the southern portion of the old province of Limousin, is bounded N. by the departments of Haute-Vienne and Crense, E. by Puy-de-Mime and Cantal, S. by Lot, and W. by Dordogne, and lies between 44? 55' and 45? 40' N. lat. The surface of the country is in general hilly, but in the south-west there are some plains. In the north an offshoot of the … Corrientes, Or San Juan De Corrientes CORRIENTES, or SAN JUAN DE CORRIENTES, a towo of the Argentine Republic, South America, and capital of the province of Corrientes, is situated on the left bank of the Parana, below its junction with the Paraguay, in 27? 27' 31" S. lat. and 58? 46' W. long. Corry CORRY, a city of 6800 inhabitants, in Erie County, Pennsylvania, which owes its existence and its prosperity-to the petroleum wells discovered in 1861. Corsica CORSICA (Greek, Ki5pvos; Latin, Corsys and Corsica ; French, Corse), a large island of the Mediterranean, belong_ing to France, is situated immediately to the north of Sardinia (from which it is separated by the narrow strait of Bonifacio), between 41? 20' and 43' N. lat., and 8? 30' and 9? 30' E. long. Population, 258,507. It lies within 5 t miles west of the coast of Tuscany, 98 miles south of G… Corssen, Wilheul CORSSEN, WILHEUL Palm (1820-1875), a distinguished German philologist, was born at Bremen, January 20, 1820, and received his school education in the Prussian town of Schwedt, to which his father, a merchant, had removed. After spending some time at the Joachimsthal Gymnasium in Berlin, where his interest in philological pursuits was awakened by the Rector Meinike, lie proceeded to the uni?ersity,… Cort, Cornelius CORT, CORNELIUS (1536-1578), was born at Horn in Holland, and studied engraving under Jerom Cockx of Antwerp. About 1565 he went to Venice, where Titian employed him to execute the well-known copper-plates of St Jerome in the Desert, the Magdalen, Prometheus, Diana and Actieon, and Diana and Calisto. From Italy he wandered back to the Netherlands, but lie returned to Venice soon after 1567, procee… Corte-real CORTE-REAL, the name of a noble Portuguese family. In 1500 Gaspard Corte-Real sailed from Lisbon, handed on the coast of Labrador, and, having named the country, returned home with some of the natives whom he had captured. In 1501 he undertook a second voyage to the Arctic seas, from which he did not return. In the following year his brother Miguel led an expedition for the purpose of discovering … Cortes, Hernan, Or Hernando CORTES, HERNAN, or HERNANDO (1485-1547), conqueror of Mexico, was born at Medellin, a small town of Estremadura, in 1485.. He belonged to a noble family of decayed fortune, and, being destined for the bar, was sent, at fourteen years of age, to the university of Salamanca ; but study was distasteful to him, and he returned home in 1501, resolved to enter upon a life of adventure. He arranged to ac… Cortona CORTONA, a city of Italy, in the province of Arezzo, and about thirteen miles south of the city of that name, occupying the summit and slope of a steep hill that, from a height of 2000 feet above the sea, overlooks the fertile valley of the Chiana or Clanis. Its ancient fortifications, which are well preserved in almost their total circuit, present not only portions of Roman and medireval works, b… Corvey CORVEY, a famous Penedictine abbey in Saxony, situated on the Weser, in the neighbourhood of Illixter, with which it communicates by en avenue about three-quarters of a mile in length. It was founded by Louis the Pious in 813, and received its name from the fact that the first body of monks by w hein it was held came from Corbie in Picardy. Raised to the rank of a bishopric in 1793, it was secular… Corvus CORVUS, M. Coryatt, Thomas CORYATT, THOMAS (1577-1617), was born at Odcombe, Somersetshire, where his father, the Rev. George Coryatt, prebendary of York Cathedral, was rector. Educated in Westminster School and Gloucester Hall, Oxford, he entered the household of Prince Henry, the eldest son of James I. In 1611 he published a curious account of a walking tour, under the title of Coryatt's Crudities hastily gobbled up in Fi… Corybantes CORYBANTES, in Greek mythology, were associated with the Phrygian goddess Rhea Cybele as her first worshippers and priests. They were of the same class of beings as the Curetes, Cabiri, and Dactyls of Mount lda in Crete, and were of the nature of dcenzones, supposed by some to have sprung from the earth like trees (SErSposbu?10. The wild orgiastic d Ince with clangour of music, which was part of 0… Cosenza COSENZA, a city of Italy, the seat of an archbishopric, and the capital of the province of Calabria Citra, is situated in a deep glen at the junction of the Busento with the Crati, twelve miles east of the Mediterranean. It is intersected by the Busento, which is there crossed by two bridges. The streets are generally narrow and crooked, and the lower part of the town is said to be unhealthy. The … Cosin, John COSIN, JOHN (1594-1672), bishop of Durham, was born at Norwich, November 30, 1594. From the grammar school of his native city he passed, at the age of sixteen, to Caius College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. After a few years he took holy orders and was appointed domestic chaplain to the bishop of Durham. At the close of 1624 he was made a prebendary of Durham, and in the following year archd… Cosmas COSMAS, surnamed from his maritime experiences Indicopleustes, a writer of the 6th century. We know nothing of his history except what can be gathered from one of his works which has come down to us, a book which is in itself a mere bank of mud, but is remarkable on account of certain geographical fossils of considerable interest which are found imbedded in it. The first part of the work, embracin… Cosmogony COSMOGONY, a theory of the origin of the world and its inhabitants. Such a theory is never found on the lowest stage of human culture, Thus, " it never occurred to the Eskimos," says Dr Brintun, "that the earth had a beginning ; " and the Abipones of South America " never troubled themselves about what went on in the heavens" (Sir J. Lubbock). And even when d theory of the world's origin is formed… Cosne COSNE, a town of France in the department of Nievre, at the head of an arrondissement on the right bank of the Loire, 35 miles N.N.W. of Nevers. Cossacks COSSACKS, certain Russian tribes originally settled on the southern frontiers of Russia in Europe, but now distributed through various parts of the empire, and largely modified by successive intrusions of alien blood. They probably derive their name, which in Russian appears as Razak, from a word synonymous in Tartar with a freebooter and in Turkish with a light-armed soldier. Ethnographically and… Costanzo, Angelo Di COSTANZO, ANGELO DI (about 1507-1591), an Italian historian and poet, was born at Naples about 1507. Costa Rica, The Republic Of COSTA RICA, THE REPUBLIC OF, the most southern of the five states of Central America, occupies the isthmus between about 8? and 11? N. lat., and 82? and 86? W. long. It is bounded on the N. by Nicaragua, the frontier claimed on this side running from the Pacific coast at the stream called La Flor, immediately north of Salinas Bay, to the Lake of Nicaragua, and along its southern shore to the Rio S… Costello, Dudley COSTELLO, DUDLEY (1803-1865), a journalist, novel- ist, and miscellaneous writer, was born in Ireland in 1803. He was the son of Colonel J. F. Costello, and choos ing his father's profession, was educated at Sandhurst College, and served for a short time with his regiment in Canada and the West Indies. His literary and artistic tastes led him to quit the army, and he then passed some years (1822-1… Costello, Louisa Stuart COSTELLO, LOUISA STUART (1799-1870), an historical and miscellaneous writer, elder sister of the preceding, was born in Ireland in 1799. Her father dying while she was young, during the occupation of France by the allies, she aided in the support of her mother and brother by her skill as an artist. At the age of sixteen she published a volume of verse entitled The Maid of the Cyprus Isle, and othe… Costs COSTS. When a person brings an action in law against another and succeeds, it is only fair that the defendant, besides paying the sum which he ought to have paid, should also recoup the expenses incurred by the plaintiff in prosecuting a rightful claim. On the other hand, when the action fails, the defendant is justly entitled to be repaid the expenses he has incurred in defending a wrongful claim… Costume COSTUME, as defined for the present inquiry, is limited to personal attire, but with the exclusion of armour, which has been dealt with under a separate heading. The inquiry begins with Greek costume, as to which, so far as it consists of dress, the general remark may be made that its history is for the most part free from what is known as the changes of fashion, for this reason that the Greeks di… Cota COTA, RoDnrGo, a Spanish poet of the 15th century, said to have been born at Toledo. Cote D'or COTE D'OR, a department in the east of France, formed of the northern region of the old province of Burgundy. It is bounded N. by the department of Aube, N.E. by Haute-Marne, E. by Haute-Saone and Jura, S. by Saone-et-Loire, and W. by Nievre and Yonne, and lies between 46? 55' and 48' 2' N. lat. The surface is mostly rugged. A chain of hills runs from north-east to south-west through the centre of… Cotes-du-nord COTES-DU-NORD, a maritime department of the north-west of France, formed from the northern part of the province of Brittany, is bounded on the N. by the English Channel, on the E. by the department of Ille-et-Vilaine, on the S. by Morbihan, and on the W. by Finistere, and is situated between 48? 3' and 48? 57' N. lat. To the north the country is flat, but to the south it is rugged and undulating. … Cotes, Roger COTES, ROGER (1682-1716), an English mathematician and philosopher, born at Burbage, Leicestershire, of which place his father was rector. Cotopaxi COTOPAXI, a volcano of the Andes, in Ecuador, 35 miles S.S.E. of Quito, remarkable as the loftiest in the world. The earliest outbursts on record took place in 1532 and 1533 ; and since then the eruptions have been both numerous and destructive. Among the most important are those of 1744, 1746, 1766, 1768, and 1803. In 1744 the thunderings of the volcano were heard at Honda on the Rio Magdalena, a… Cottabus COTTABUS (Greek, KArap305, roicro-al3os, or CiTrafl05), a game of skill for a long time in great vogue in ancient Greece, frequently alluded to by the classical writers of the period, and not seldom depicted on the ancient vases. The object of the player was to cast a portion of wine left in his drinking cup in such a way that without breaking bulk in its passage through the air, it should reach a… Cottin, Sophie COTTIN, SOPHIE (1773-1807), site RESTAUD, was born at Tonneins, Lot-et-Garonne, and was educated at Bordeaux. Cotton COTTON, an indigenous product of all intertropical. regions, consists of the down or fine cellular hair attached to the seeds of plants belonging to the genus Cossypium, natural order Halvacece. The plants which supply the raw material for one of our greatest industries, and for the clothing of all nations, may claim to be ranked amongst the most valuable of nature's productions. The genus has occ… Cotton, Charles COTTON, CHARLES (1630-1687), an English translator, poet, and wit, was born at Beresford in Staffordshire. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, and afterwards spent some time on the Continent. At the age of twenty-eight he succeeded to an estate greatly encumbered through his father's extravagance, and the rest of his life was that of a country gentleman. He gained the friendship of Izaa… Cotton, George Edward Lynch COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813-1866), headmaster of Marlborough School and bishop of Calcutta, metropolitan in India and Ceylon, was born at Chester, October 29, 1813. He was the son of an officer who was killed at the battle of the Nivelle a fortnight after his son's birth, and grandson of Dr Cotton, formerly dean of Chester. He received his education at Westminster School, whence he passed in… Cotton, Sir Robert Bruce COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE (1570-1631), the founder of the Cottonian Library, born at Denton in Huntingdonshire in 1570, was a descendant, as he delighted to boast, of Robert Bruce. He was educated at Jesus College, Cambridge, where he took his B.A. degree at the age of fifteen. His antiquarian tastes were early displayed in the collection of ancient records, charters, and other manuscripts, which h… Cotys COTYS, a name common to several kings of Thrace. Coulomb, Charles Augustin COULOMB, CHARLES AUGUSTIN (173G-1806), a distinguished French natural philosopher, was born. at Animprovements in the construction of compasses, and two years later he obtained the prize of the Academy by his Theory of Simple Machines, comprehending the Ejects of Friction, and the Stiffness of Ropes. In 1781 he was scheme, and his opinion caused him to be thrown into the estates, who showed their … Council COUNCIL. Early in its history the Christian church gave outward expression to a sense of the mutual dependence of its members by summoning Councils, or Synods, where on common ground the spokesmen of the Christian community sought, with zeal and acumen, but often not without passion, prejudice, and diplomacy all too human, to discover the mind of the Spirit. There prevailing practices were approve… Council Bluffs COUNCIL BLUFFS, a town of the State of Iowa, United States, near the left bank of the Missouri, opposite to Omaha in Nebraska, and on the line of the great continental railroad from Chicago to San Francisco. Count, Countess COUNT, COUNTESS (Latin, Comes, Comitissa). In the peerage of Great Britain and Ireland the Continental title count, in its highest and most dignified acceptation, is represented by earl, - an earl's wife, however, being styled countess. In the times of the Roman commonwealth, personages of different degrees of rank, who in various capacities officially accompanied the proconsuls and proprietors in… County COUNTY is the chief of the administrative areas into which England is divided. This is an ancient division, and, according to the popular manner of accounting for the origin of social institutions, is attributed to the wisdom of our early kings, and more particularly of King Alfred. It is tolerably clear, however, that this theory is a reversal of the natural process, and that, instead of counties… Cour Ayer, Pierre Francois Le COUR AYER, PIERRE FRANCOIS LE (1681-1776), a Episcopal succession in England, which supplied him with material for his work Olb the Validity of English Ordinations, published in Holland in 1727, in which he tries to prove that there has been no break in the line of ordination from the apostles to the English clergy. Courier, Paul COURIER, PAUL Louis (1773-1825), French Hellenist and political and miscellaneous writer, was born at Paris, when, in consequence of a serious quarrel with a duke, ho was compelled to leave Paris. The son, still in his childhood, imbibed a bitter aversion to the nobility, which seemed to strengthen with time. He would never take the a proficiency- that he was complimented by German scholars. Desti… Courland, Or Kurland COURLAND, or KURLAND, one of the Baltic provinces of Russia, lying between 56? and 57? 45' N. lat. and 21? and 27? E. long., is bounded on the N.E. by the River Diina, separating it from the governments of Vitebsk and Livonia, N. by the Gulf of Riga, W. by the Baltic, and S. by the government of Kovno. The area is 10,535 square miles, of which 101 square miles are occupied by lakes. Population (18… Coursing COURSING may be defined as the hunting of game by clogs solely by means of the organs of sight. From time to time the sport has been pursued by various nations against various animals, but the recognized method has generally been the coursing of the hare by greyhounds. Such sport is of great antiquity, and is fully described by Arrian in his C pier:Mims about 150 A.D., when the leading features ap… Court COURT. This name is now usually restricted to judicial tribunals, almost the only exception being the household of the king, which is still called the Court. All courts are not even now purely judicial in character ; the County Court, for instance, is still the assembly of the freeholders of the county in which representatives and certain officers are elected. Such assemblies in early times exerci… Court, Antoine COURT, ANTOINE (1696-1760), who has been designated the " Restorer of Protestantism in France," was born at the village of Villeneuve-de-Berg, in the province of the Vivarais, in 1696. His parents were poor, belonging to the peasant class, and were unable to give him what was considered a good education. But they were pious folk, adherents of the Reformed Church, against which the most ruthlessly … Court De Gebelin COURT DE GEBELIN, ANTOINE (1725-1784), a celebrated French scholar, was the son of the preceding, and was born at Nimes in 1725. He received a good education, and became, like his father, a pastor of the Reformed Church. This office, however, be soon relinquished, to devote himself entirely to literary work. He had conceived the project of a work which should set in a new light the phenomena, espe… Courtois, Jaques And Guillaume COURTOIS, JAQUES AND GUILLAUME (1621-76 and 1628-79). The two French painters who bore these names are also called by the Italian equivalents Giacomo (or ? Jacopo) Cortese and Guglielmo Cortese. Each of the brothers is likewise named, from his native province, Le Bourguignon, or 11 Borgognone. Jaques Courtois was born at St IIippolyte, near Besancon in 1621. His father was a painter, and with him … Courtrai COURTRAI, in Flemish KORTRYK, a manufacturing and fortified town of Belgium, capital of the arrondissement of Courtrai, province of West Flanders, 26 miles southwest of Ghent. It is a neat well-built town, situated on both sides of the Lys or Leye, and connected by railways with most of the principal places in Belgium. Among its remarkable public buildings are the hOtel de vile, a Gothic edifice, … Cousin, Victor COUSIN, VICTOR (1792-1867), was, like another eminent Frenchman, Jean Jacques Rousseau, the son of a watchmaker. He was born in Paris, in the Quartier St Antoine, on the 28th November 1792. The year of his birth was a critical one for France and for Europe. The ruins of the Bastille, which adjoined the place of his birth, already symbolized the wreck of the ancient order of things. The National As… Coustou COUSTOU, the name of a famous family of French sculptors. Nicholas Coustou (1658-1733) was the son of a wood-carver at Lyons, where he was born. At eighteen he removed to Paris, to study under Coysevox, his uncle, who presided over the recently-established Academy of Painting and Sculpture ; and at three-and-twenty he gained the Colbert prize, which entitled him to four years education at the Fren… Volume 7 [DEA - ELD]: 01'1110permitime* to Dorogobush [next] [back] Volume 5 [CAN - CLE]: Additional Authorities to Chalybaus Copyright © 2013 Net Industries and its Licensors – All Rights Reserved – Terms of Use Share this page: Tweet More To Explore	Contact & About Privacy Policy