Volume 5 [CAN - CLE]: Additional Authorities to Chalybaus


Tweet 9th Edition of Encyclopedia Britannica - free ninth edition online encyclopedia Britannica Volume 5 [CAN - CLE]: Additional Authorities to Chalybaus Additional Authorities ADDITIONAL AUTHORITIES.- HISTORY AND LITERATURE :- Douiat, Histoire the Droit Canonique, Paris, 1677 ; Bickeli, Geschichte des Kirchenrechts, vol. i. (never completed), Giessen, 1843 ; Rosshirt, Geschichte des Rechts int Mittelalter, vol. i. Kanonisches Becht, Mainz, 1846. The best bibliographical history when completed will be-Maassen, Geschichte der Quellen and der Literatur des Canonisehen Rech… Atube ATUBE, the bore of which is so small that it will only admit a hair (capilla), is called a capillary tube. When such a tube of glass, open at both ends, is placed vertically with its lower end immersed in water, the water is observed to rise in the tube, and to stand within the tube at a higher level than the water outside. The action between the capillary tube and the water has been called Capil… August Carpzov AUGUST CARPZOV (1612-1683), fourth son of the first Benedict, distinguished himself as a diplomatist. Benedict Ca BENEDICT CA.DPzov (1595-1666), second of the name, was the second son of the preceding, and like him was a great lawyer. Benedict Carpzov BENEDICT CARPZOV (1565-1624), first of this name, second son of Simon, was an eminent jurist. Bibliography BIBLIOGRAPHY. - In the following list we have included only the more important works bearing more or less directly upon the subjects treated of in the foregoing article. Canoi'us, Or Canobus CANOI'US, or CANOBUS, in ancient geography, a town of Lower Egypt, on the Mediterranean, a hundred and twenty stadia, or fifteen miles, to the east of Alexandria. Canon CANON, a person who possesses a prebend, or revenue ! on, and a catalogue or matricula, all which are applicable allotted for the performance of divine service in a cathedral �ˆŽ to them. or collegiate church. In time, the canons freed themselves from their rules, Canons are of no great antiquity. Gregory of Tours the observance relaxed, and at length they ceased to live in mentions a college of c… Canonical CANONICAL, as an adjective, is found associated with many substantives, and always implies dependence, real or supposed, upon the canons of the church. Thus we read of "canonical obedience," as signifying the obedience recog sized as due to a superior officer of the church from an Reformation, more especially by the Church of Rome, to offices of prayer and devotion. These were at first three only,… Canonization CANONIZATION, a ceremony in the Church of Rome, by which persons deceased are ranked in the catalogue of the saints. This act is preceded by beatification ; and after the merits of the individual have been duly tested and approved, the Pope decrees the canonization. The term was not introduced till the 12th century. The first person who availed himself of it was Udalric, bishop of Constance, in hi… Canosa, Or Canusium CANOSA, or CANUSIUM, a city of Italy, in the province of Terra di Bari, and district of Barletta, situated on the slope of an eminence on the right bank of the Aufidus or Ofanto, about 15 miles from the sea, and 6 miles from the battlefield of Canna:. Its most interesting buildings of modern date are a feudal castle on the top of the hill, and the church of St Sabinus the patron saint of the city,… Canova, Antonio CANOVA, ANTONIO (1757-1822), one of the leading sculptors of modern times, was born on the 1st of November 1757, at Passagno, an obscure village situated amid the recesses of the hills of Asolo, where these form the last undulations of the Venetian Alps, as they subside into the plains of Treviso. At three years of age Canova was deprived of both parents, his father dying and his mother remarrying… Canstatt, Cannstadt, Or Kanstatt CANSTATT, CANNSTADT, or KANSTATT, a town of Wiirtemberg, in the circle of the Neckar, about 2i miles N.E. of Stuttgart, in 48? 48' 22" N. lat. and 9? 12' 49" E. long. It is situated in the most fertile and populous part of the country, at a point where the high roads of the circle converge, and now forms one of the most flourishing towns in Germany. Its public buildings comprise a cathedral of the… Cantabria CANTABRIA, a district of Hispania Tarraconensis, lying on the south coast of the Bay of Biscay. By the more ancient geographers the name was applied to the entire country now occupied by the provinces of Asturias, Santander, Biscay, and Guipuzcoa. After the conquest of Spain by the Romans, the name of Cantabria was restricted to what is now the province of Santander and the eastern portion of Astu… Cantacuzenus, Johannes CANTACUZENUS, JOHANNES, emperor of the East, celebrated as a statesman, general, and historian, was born at Constantinople, of an ancient and opulent family, and under the reign of the elder Andronicus held the high office of Great Domestic. In the disputes that ensued between that emperor and his grandson, Cantacuzenus espoused the cause of the latter ; and when Andronicus II., on the abdication … Cantagallo CANTAGALLO, a town of Brazil, in the province of Rio de Janeiro, about 80 miles N.E. of the city of that name, on a small tributary of the Parahyba, with a station on the railway from Rio de Janeiro to Campos. Cant Al CANT AL, a department in central France, lying between 44? 37' and 45? 26' N. lat.., and between 2? 3' and 3? 18' E. long., bounded N. by the department of Puy-de-Dome, and E. by Haute-Loire and Lozere, S. by Aveyron and Lozere, and W. by Correze and Lot. Its area is 2208 square miles ; and its population in 1872 was 231,867. It is formed of the ancient province of Upper Auvergne, and received its… Cantemir CANTEMIR, A NTIOCIIUS (1700-1744), the father of Russian poetry, was the youngest son of Demetrius Cante? mir, noticed below. Under the ablest profess'rs, whom Peter the Great had invited to St Petersburg, he studied mathematics, physics, history, moral philosophy, and polite literature. When quite young he was elected a member of the Academy of St Petersburg ; and he wrote some satires at twenty,… Cantemir, Demetrius CANTEMIR, DEMETRIUS, son of a prince of Moldavia, was born in 1673, and died in 1723. Canterbury CANTERBURY, a city and borough in the county of Kent, distant from London 55 miles E.S.E., and situated in 51? 17' N. lat., 1? 15' E. long. It is approached from London by the South-Eastern and the London-Chathamand-Dover railways ; and a line, six miles in length, connects it with Whitstable, a small harbour on the north coast of Kent, which is its port for trade purposes. The corpora. lion (fro… Canterbury CANTERBURY, a province of New Zealand, occupying the central portion of the Middle Island on the eastern side of the great dividing range of the Southern Alps. It is bounded on the E. by the sea, and on the N., W., and S. by the provinces of Nelson, Westland, and Otago respectively. The area of Canterbury is about 8,693,000 acres. Physically, the province may be divided into two longitudinal secti… Cantharides, Or Spanish CANTHARIDES, or SPANISH. FLIES, are the common blister-beetles (Cantharis vesicatoria or Lytta vesicatoria) of European pharmacy. They are bright iridescent golden-green or bluish-coloured insects, with the breast finely punctured and pubescent, head and thorax with a longitudinal channel, and elytra with two slightly elevated lines. The insect is from half-an-inch to an inch in length, and from o… Canticles CANTICLES. The book of Canticles, or the Song of Solomon, is called in Hebrew Time Song of Songs (that i , the choicest of songs), or, according to the full title which stands as the first verse of the book, The choicest of the songs of Solomon. In the Western versions the book holds the third place among the so-called Solomonic writings, following Proverbs and Ecclesiastes. In Hebrew Bibles it st… Canton CANTON, a city of the -United States, in Stark county, Ohio, about 118 miles north-east of Columbus, on the Nimishillen Creek. Canton CANTON, or more correctly KWANG-ClIONV Foo, is a large and populous commercial city of China, in the province of Kwang-tung, situated on the eastern bank of the Pearl River, which at Canton is somewhat broader than the Thames at London Bridge, and is navigable 300 miles farther into the interior. The Pearl River has an additional course of 80 miles to the sea, the first part of which lies through … Canton, Johy CANTON, JOHY.`," (1718-1772). an able natural philosopher, was born at Stroud, Gloucestershire, in 1718. At the age of nineteen, he was articled for five years as clerk to the master of an academy in Spital Square, London, with whom at the end of that time he entered into partnership. In 1746 the science of electricity, which seems early to have engaged Canton's attention, gained a very important … Cantu, Or Canturio CANTU, or CANTURIO, a town of Italy, in the province of Como, about five miles south of the city of that name, in 45? 44' 24" N. lat. and 9? 7' 49" E. long. Canute, Or Cnut CANUTE, or CNUT (about 995-1035), was the son of Sweyn or Swend, king of Denmark and England. Though only nineteen years of age at his father's death, he was elected by the Danish armament to the English throne (1014). But the English, only recently subdued by Sweyn, did not acquiesce in this disposal of the crown, recalled their old king Ethelred from Normandy, and obliged Canute to withdraw from… Canvas CANVAS, a name applied to several kinds of stout cloth, made of hemp orlinen fibres, and used for the sails of vessels, the ground of oil paintings, and various other purposes. Cape CAPE Tows, the capital and seat of government of Cape Colony, lies at the head of Table Bay. on the northern side of the peninsula formed by Table Mountain, and 30 miles north of the Cape of Good Hope. It was founded in 1652 by Van Riebeeck, and at first consisted of a few houses under the shelter of a fort, at the mouth of the Zoeta or " Sweet Stream," on the site of which the still existing cast… Cape Breton CAPE BRETON, an island of British America, to the north-east of Nova Scotia, from which it is separated by a strait about fifteen miles long and a mile wide, known as the Gut of Canceau or Canso. It lies between 45? 27' and 47' 3' N. lat., and between 59? 47' and 61? 32' W. long. ; its length from north to south is about 110 miles, its width about 87 miles, and its area 2,650,000 acres. Except on… Cape Coast Castle CAPE COAST CASTLE, or CABO Cons?, a town of Western Africa, the capital of the British settlements on the Gold Coast, is situated in Upper Guinea, about 70 miles to the W. of Aera, in 5" 5' 24" N. lat. and I? 13' 38" W. long. It occupies a low bank of gneiss and micaceous slate, which runs out into the sea and protects the harbour from the violence of the surf. Besides the principal fortress there… Cape Colony CAPE COLONY is a large tract of country which forms the most southern part of the continent of Africa, a colony of Great Britain since 1806, named from the Cape of Good Hope, a small promontory on its southwest coast, from the neighbourhood of which the Dutch settlers of 1652 spread out over the land. It lies for the most part between 28? and 34? 50' S. lat., and 16? 30' and 29? 50' E. long. West … Capef1gue, Baptiste CAPEF1GUE, BAPTISTE HONORd RAYMOND (1801? 1872), a French historian and biographer, was born at Marseilles in 1801, At the age of twenty he left his native town in order to study law at Paris ; but he soon deserted law for journalism. He became editor of the Q uotidienne, and was afterwards connected, either as editor or leading contributor, with the Temps, the Messager des Chambres, the Revolutio… Cape Haytien, Or Cap Haitien CAPE HAYTIEN, or CAP HAITIEN, a town on the north coast of the island of San Domingo in the republic of Hayti, about 19? 46' N. lat. and 72? 14' W. long. Its original Indian name was Guarico ; and it has also been known at various times as Cabo Santo, Cap Francais, and Cape Henry, while it is familiarly designated as simply Le Cap. It is situated at the foot of a fixe range of mountains on a small… Capel, Author, Lord CAPEL, AUTHOR, LORD (C. 1600-1649), was the son of Sir Henry Capel. His birth year is not accurately known ; but it was about 1600. In 1640 he was chosen to represent the county of Hertford, and sat as a member of the Long Parliament, which was convened that year. He was elevated to the peerage by Charles I.; and on the breaking out of the revolutionary war he raised and maintained a troop in the … Capella, Maittianus M1neus Felix CAPELLA, MAItTIANUS M1NEUS FELIX, author of a curious encyclopeedic work on the liberal arts, was born in the north of Africa, and flourished probably towards the beginning of the bth century A.D., or at least during the 4th century. There is, however, no direct evidence as to the exact epoch at which he lived, and the few references to the author contained in the work itself are not sufficiently … Capercally, Or Caperkally CAPERCALLY, or CAPERKALLY,--th use the spelling of the old law-books', as given by Pennant, the zoologist, who, on something more than mere report, first included this bird among the British Fauna, - a word commonly derived from the Gaelic Capull, a horse (or, more -properly, a mare), and Calle, a wood, but with greater likelihood, according to the opinion of Dr McLauchlan, from Gather an old man … Capernaum CAPERNAUM (Karrepra0-6,u, that is, probably, the village of Nachum), an ancient city of Palestine, on the western shore of the Lake of Gennesareth, on the borders of the tribes of Zebulun and Naphtali. It was, more than any other place, the residence of Jesus after He commenced His mission, and thus became the scene of many of His most important miracles ; but the infidelity of the inhabitants bro… Capers CAPERS, the unexpanded flower-buds of Capp aris spinosa, prepared with vinegar for use as a pickle, which is much esteemed. Capet CAPET, the name of a family, to which, for nearly nine centuries, belonged the kings of France and many of the riders of the most powerful fiefs in that country, and which mingled with several of the other royal races of Europe. The first of the Capets known in history was Robert the Strong, a Saxon who received from Charles the Bald the county of Anjou, and, later, in 861, the duchy of the Ile de… Cape Verd Islands CAPE VERD ISLANDS. This group, situated in the Northern Atlantic Ocean, between the parallels of 14? 20' and 17? 20' N. lat., and 22? 20' and 25? 30' W. long., consists of ten islands, viz. : - Sant' Antao (commonly miswritten St Antonio), Sao Vicente, Santa Luzia, Sao Nicola?, Sal, BOa. Vista, Maio, San Thiago (the St Jago of the English), Fogo, and Brava, besides a few uninhabited islets. They f… Capgrave, John CAPGRAVE, JOHN (1393-1464), an English historian, was born at Lynn in Norfolk, 21st April 1393. At an early age he was sent to one of the English universities, - most probably Cambridge, - and at a later period of his life he was connected with both. In his twenty-fourth year ho entered the priesthood, and subsequently he prosecuted his studies in London, where he was residing at the time of the b… Capis, Or Capiz CAPIS, or CAPIZ, a town of the Philippine Islands, in a province of the same name, on the north coast of Panay, at the mouth of the rivers Panay, Panitan, and Ivisan, which are subject to inundations during the rainy season. Capistrano, Giovanni Di CAPISTRANO, GIOVANNI DI (1386-1456), was born at the little town of Capistrano in the Abruzzi. He was educated for the profession of law, and till about his thirtieth year was engaged in practice as an advocate. Ile then entered the Franciscan order, and became one of its most rigid and devoted adherents. At the same time he manifested very remarkable powers as a popular preacher, and was conseque… Capital CAPITAL, in social discussions sometimes treated as antithetical to Labour, is in reality the accumulated savings of labour and of the profits accruing from the savings of labour. It is that portion of the annual produce reserved from consumption to supply future wants, to extend the sphere of production, to improve industrial instruments and processes, to carry out works of public utility, and, i… Capitanata, Or Foggia CAPITANATA, or FOGGIA, a province of Southern Italy, formerly belonging to the kingdom of Naples. It has an area of 2955 square miles, and ? is bounded on the N. and E. by the Adriatic Sea, on the S.E. by the province of Bari, on the S. by Basilicata and Principato Ulteriore, on the W. by Benevento and Molise. The south-west of the province is occupied by the slopes and underfalls of the Apennines… Capito CAPITO, Or KOEPFLIN, WOLFGANG FABRICIUS (1478? 1541), a Reformed divine, was born of humble parentage at Hagenau in Alsace. He was educated for the medical profession, and he also devoted some time to the study of law, in which he gained the degree of doctor. At the same time he applied himself so earnestly to theology that he received the doctorate in that faculty also, and taught for some time a… Capitolinus CAPITOLINUS, Jumus, one of a number of historical writers who lived about the end of the 3d century. Capitularies CAPITULARIES are certain laws enacted under the auspices of kings of the Frankish race. They are called Capitularia, a name of no classical authority, but derived from capitolum, the diminutive of cupid ; and they are so described from the circumstance of their being enacted or digested capitulatim, by heads or chapters. The term is very frequently used in a general sense, but in other instances c… Capitulation CAPITULATION (the Pactum, deditionis of Grotius) is an agreement in time of war for the surrender to a hostile armed force of a particular body of troops, a town, or a territory. It is an ordinary incident of war, and therefore uo previous instructions from the captor's Government arc required before finally settling the conditions of capitulation, The most usual of such conditions are freedom of … Capmany, Antonio De Montpal CAPMANY, ANTONIO DE MONTPAL . v ( 1 743-1813), a Spanish historian and philosopher, was born at Barcelona, He'spent the early part of his life in military service, and after his retirement in 1770 removed to Madrid, where he was elected secretary of the Royal Academy of History. Capo D'istria CAPO D'ISTRIA, a fortified seaport town of Austria, in the government of Trieste and circle of Istria. It stands on a small island in the Gulf of Trieste, 8 miles south of that city, in 45? .32' 20" N, lat. and-13? 42' 29" E. long., and is connected with the mainland by a causeway half a mile in length. It is the seat of a bishopric, and has a cathedral and about thirty other churches, a citadel, … Capo Distria, John CAPO DISTRIA, JOHN, COUNT (1780-1831), was born at Corfu, where his father was a physician, in 1780. Cappadocia CAPPADOCIA, an extensive province of Asia Minor, that for a considerable period constituted an independent kingdom. It was originally a country of much greater extent; in the time of Herodotus, the Cappadocians occupied the whole region from the chain of Mount Taurus on the south to the shores of the Euxine. That author tells us that the name of Cappadocians was that applied to them by the Persian… Cappel CAPPEL, the name of a family of distinguished theologians, scholars, and jurisconsults, of whom the following are the most important. Guillaume Cappel, in 1491, as rector of the university of Paris, had the boldness to forbid the payment of the tithe demanded by Pope Innocent VIII. His son Jacques, jurisconsult and councillor of state under Francis I., is famous for the speech which he delivered i… Cappel CAPPEL, Louis, the most celebrated member of the above family, a learned Protestant theologian and scholar, was born at St Elien in 1585, and died at Saumur in 1658. He studied theology at Sedan, Oxford, and Saumur. At the age of twenty-eight he accepted the chair of Hebrew at Saumur, and twenty years after that of theology. As a Hebrew scholar, his greatest achievement is his demonstration, again… Capperonier, Claude CAPPERONIER, CLAUDE (1671-1744), a classical scholar, was the son of a tanner at Montdidior. Caprera, Or Cabrera CAPRERA, or CABRERA, a small island of Italy, in the Mediterranean, two miles off the north-east coast of Sardinia, in 410 12' 47" N. lat. and 9? 29' 14" E. long. Capri CAPRI, the ancient Caprece, a small island of Italy on the south side of the Bay of Naples, in 40? 32' N. lat. and 14? 11' E. long., and separated by a space of 3i miles from the promontory of Sorrento. It is a mass of limestone rock, with an area of about 20 square miles, rising into two distinct peaks or plateaus, with a little valley of great fertility between. The coast consists for the most p… Capstan CAPSTAN, an appliance used on board ship and elsewhere for heaving up the anchor or any heavy weight. Fig. 1 represents one of Harfield & Co.'s patent wrought iron capstans as used in the Royal Navy. It has a vertical spindle D, passing through sockets firmly secured in the deck, a drumhead E being keyed on to the spindle, and the capstan is turned round by means of bars inserted in holes made to… Capua CAPUA, a large and important city of ancient Italy, capital of Campania, was situated in the midst of a very fertile and valuable territory, two miles from the bank of the Vulturnus, and about half that distance from the mountain Tifata. Much diversity of opinion has prevailed as to the date of its foundation, and tile people by whom it was originally inhabited. It is now generally agreed that Cap… Capuchins CAPUCHINS. The Capuchin friars are one branch of the great Franciscan order, and their rule is in all essentials the same as that of the other friars minor, or Minorites. It was in the first decade of the 13th century that St Francis established his order; but it was not till 1528 that a bull of Clement VII. erected into a separate order the disciples of a certain minorite friar, who had conceived… Capybara CAPYBARA 'HydroclIcertts capybara), the largest of existing Rodents, measuring about 4 feet in length and 3 in girth, and weighing usually over 100 lb. It is also known as the water-hog from the resemblance which it bears when walking to a pig, although when sitting on its haunches it reassumes the characteristic appearance of the Cavy family, to which it belongs. In the coarseness and scantiness … Car1ni CAR1NI, a town in Sicily, in the province of Palermo, on a rivulet of the same name, 12 miles W.N.W. of Palermo. Caracal, Tile CARACAL, TILE (Felis caracal), belongs to a group of Lynxes characterized by comparative slenderness of body and length of tail and ears. It is somewhat larger than a fox, of a uniform reddish brown colour above, and whitish beneath, with two white spots above each of the eyes, and with a long black tuft of hair at the tip of the ears, the latter, according to Sir W. Jardine, being only present in… Caracas CARACAS, a large city of South America, capital of the United States of Venezuela and of the federal district, is situated on the declivity of a mountain 2880 feet above the level of the sea, 16 miles south-south-east of La Guayra, its port on the Caribbean Sea, in 10? 30' N. lat., 67?1' W. long. Population in 1873, 48,897. The city is finely-situated, and has a temperate and healthy though variab… Caracci, Lodovico, Agostino CARACCI, LODOVICO, AGOSTINO, and ANNI13.11,E, three celebrated Italian painters, were born at Bologna in 1555, 1558, and 1560 respectively. Lodovico, the eldest, son of a butcher, was cousin to the two younger, Agostino and Annibale, sons of a tailor, and had nearly finished his professional studies before the others had begun their education. From being a reputed dunce while studying under Tintor… Caramania, Or Karamania CARAMANIA, or KARAMANIA, is a name that has been frequently given by modern geographers to the south coast of Asia Minor, including the whole of the districts between Mount Taurus and the Mediterranean, known in ancient times as Lycia, Pamphylia, and Cilicia. It is in this sense that the term is used by Captain Beaufort, who, by the publication of his work (Karamania : a Description of the South?E… Caraman, Or Karaman CARAMAN, or KARAMAN, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in the vilayet of Konia in Asia Minor, 61 miles south-east of the city of Konia (/conium) on the border of an extensive plain at the foot of Mount Taurus, in 37? 13' N. lat. and 33? 28' E. long. It now contains about 1000 houses, three or four mosques, and an American church, and among other traces of its former importance are the ruins of a castle, t… Caravaca CARAVACA, a town of Spain, in the province of Murcia, near a stream of the same name, which is tributary to the Segura, in 33? 6' N. lat., 2? 2' W. long. Caravaggio, Micuelangelo Amerigiii CARAVAGGIO, MICuELANGELO AMERIGIII (or MERICI) DA (1569-1609), a celebrated painter, born in the village of Caravaggio, in Lombardy, from which he received his name. He was originally a mason's labourer, but his powerful genius directed him to painting, at which he worked with immitigable energy and amazing force. He despised every sort of idealism whether noble or emasculate, became the head of t… Ca Ravaggio, Polidoro Caldara Da CA RAVAGGIO, POLIDORO CALDARA DA (1495-1543), a celebrated painter of frieze and other decorations in the Vatican, whose merits were such that, while a mere mortar-carrier to the artists engaged in that work, he attracted the admiration of Raphael, then employed on his great pictures in the Loggie of the palace. Caravan CARAVAN, or to write it more correctly, KARAWAN, is a Persian word, adopted into the later Arabic vocabulary, but rarely employed in speech and never in writing within the limits of Arabia proper, where other designations of strictly A rabic origin such as " Rikb " (assembled riders) or " Kafileh" (wayfaring band) are in ordinary use. In common acceptance, then, throughout Syria, Mesopotamia, and … Caravanserai CARAVANSERAI, a public building, for the shelter of caravans and of wayfarers generally. It is commonly constructed in the neighbourhood, but not within the walls, of some town or village, and bears the form of a quadrangle, with a dead wall outside, only pierced below by a few narrow air-boles, but with small windows higher up. Within, a cloister-like arcade, surrounded by cellular storerooms, fo… Cara Vellas CARA VELLAS, a seaport town of Brazil, in the province of Espiritu Santo, on a river, and not far from a bay, to which it gives its name, in 17? 49' S. lat. and 39? 26' W. long. Caraway CARAWAY, the fruit, or so-called seed, of Carom carui, an umbelliferous plant growing throughout the northern and central parts of Europe and Asia. The plant has finely-cut leaves and compound umbels, and fruits laterally compressed and ovate, - the mericarps being subcylindrical, slightly arched, and marked with five distinct pale ridges. Caraways evolve a pleasant aromatic odour when bruised, an… Carbolic Acid, Or Phenol CARBOLIC ACID, or PHENOL (C5I1,0), an acid su' stance forming one of the numerous constituents of coal-tar, was first described by Runge in 1834. Its constitution was investigated by Laurent in 1841, who, regarding it as a hydrated oxide of the compound radical phenyl, termed it the hydrate of phenyl. Among other names it has received are phenic acid, phenyl alcohol, and creosote ; but though the … Carbon CARBON (symbol, C; atomic weight,12) is one of the most important of the chemical elements. It occurs pure in the diamond, and nearly pure as graphite or plurnbago ; it is a constituent of all animal and vegetable tissues and of coal ; and it also enters into the composition of many minerals, such as chalk and dolomite. Carbon is a solid substance, destitute of taste and odour ; but it occurs in s… Carbondale CARBONDALE, a city of the United States, in the county of Luzerne in Pennsylvania, near the source of the Lackawanna River, on the Delaware and Hudson Railway, about 110 miles N.N.W. of Philadelphia. Carbuncle CARBUNCLE is a name applied in modern times to the various kinds of garnet employed by jewellers when cut en cabochon, that is, with a smooth convex surface, and the back either fiat or hollowed out. On account of the deep red colour of most garnets it is necessary to adopt this kind of cutting, especially- when the stones are of any considerable size, in order to exhibit their rich hues by the li… Carbuncle CARBUNCLE, an acute local inflammation of the deeper layers of the skin, followed by sloughing. It is met with in those who are weakened by any cause, and in certain unhealthy constitutional states. It is accompanied by great constitutional disturbance ; in the early stages of the disease the pain is considerable. A hard flattened swelling of a deep red colour is noticed on the back, face, or extr… Carcassonne CARCASSONNE, the chief town of the department of Aude, in France, is situated on both sides of the River Aude, and in the immediate neighbourhood of the Canal du Sud, about 55 miles S.E. of Toulouse, on the railway between that city and -Narbonne, in 43' 12' 54" N. lat. and 2? 20' 55 E. long. On an abrupt elevation on the right bank of the river stands the old city, enclosed by a double line of ra… Cardamom CARDAMOM, the fruit of several plants of the genera Elettaria and Amonzum, belonging to the natural order Zingiberaceer, the principal of which is Elettaria Cardamomum, from which the true officinal or Malabar cardamom is derived. The Malabar cardamom plant has flag-like leaves, springing from an erect perennial stem, and rising to a height of from 6 to 12 feet. The fruit is an ovate-triangular th… Cardan CARDAN (or, in the Italian form of the name, CARDANO), GIROLAMO (1501-1576), famous as a mathematician, a physician, and an astrologer, born at Pavia, September 24, 1501, was the illegitimate son of Fazio Cardano, a learned jurist of Milan, himself distinguished by a taste for mathematics. After a sickly childhood and a stormy boyhood, during which he received a very irregular education, he was se… Cardenas CARDENAS, a maritime town of the island of Cuba, capital of a district in the western department, is situated 105 miles E. of Havana, on a bay of the northern coast, and has railway communication with Matanzas and Montalvo. Cardiff CARDIFF (the "Caer," or castle on the Taff), a municipal and parliamentary borough in the county of Glamorgan, 170 miles from London by the Great Western Railway, in 51? 28' N. lat. and 3' 10' W. long. This town is the chief emporium of the coal and iron trade of South Wales, and is remarkable for its rapid progress and development. The population of the parliamentary borough, by the census of 187… Cardigan CARDIGAN, a market town and municipal and parliamentary borough of England, the capital of the county of the same name, is situated on the south-east of Cardigan Bay, about 36 miles by rail from Carmarthen, at the mouth of the Teifi, which there divides the county from Pembrokeshire. The houses are mostly constructed of slate rock, and the streets are narrow, steep, and irregular. The principal st… Cardigan, County Of CARDIGAN, COUNTY OF, or CARDIGANSHIRE, a maritime county in South Wales, is bounded on the N. by Merioneth, on the E. by Montgomery, Radnor, and Brecon, on the S. by Carmarthen and Pembroke, and on the W. by the Irish Sea. Its greatest length from south to north is about 30 miles, and its greatest breadth from east to west about 40 miles ; but these dimensions give a very imperfect idea of its siz… Cardinal CARDINAL, the name of the highest dignity in the Roman Catholic hierarchy. Very varying statements are found in the ecclesiastical historians respecting the origin of the name, the period at which it was first used, and the persons to whom it was applied in the earliest time of its use. This uncertainty is easily explained by the fact that both the thing and the name were at no time appointed and … Cardona CARDONA (perhaps the ancient Udura), a fortified town of Spain, in the province of Catalonia, about 55 miles N.W. of Barcelona, in 410 57' N. lat. and 1? 37' E. long. It occupies the summit of a hill near the banks of the Cardonera, a branch of the Llobregat, and from the strength of its position has been able to bid defiance to repeated attacks. Besides its citadel and ramparts, it possesses the … Cards, Playing CARDS, PLAYING (xdprqs, paper, probably, as Chatto thinks, square paper), rectangular pieces of pasteboard, used at games. The invention of playing cards has been attributed to various nations. In the Chinese dictionary, Ching-tszetung (1678), it is said that cards were invented in the reign of Seun-ho, 1120 A.D., for the amusement of his numerous concubines. There is a tradition that cards have e… Carducci, Bartolommeo CARDUCCI, BARTOLOMMEO (1560-1610), better known as CARDUCHO, the Spanish corruption of his Italian patronymic, was born in Florence, where lie studied architecture and sculpture under Ammanati, and painting under Zucchero. The latter master he accompanied to Madrid, where he painted the ceiling of the Escorial Library, assisting also in the production of the frescos that adorn the cloisters of tha… Cardwell, Edward CARDWELL, EDWARD (1787-1861), a learned divine and ecclesiastical historian, was born at Blackburn in Lancashire in 1787. He was educated at Brasenose College, Oxford, where, in 1809. he took his degree of B.A. as first class in classics and second class in mathematics, and became a fellow of his college. He took his master's degree in 1812. After being for several years engaged as tutor and lectu… Care CARE Y, WILLIAM, D.D. (1761-1834), a Baptist missionary and Oriental scholar, was born at Paulerspury, Northamptonshire, in 1761. When a youth he worked with his father, who was a shoemaker ; but before he was twenty years of age he joined the Baptists, and devoted a large portion of his time to village preaching. In 1787 lie became pastor of a Baptist congregation in Leicester, and five years aft… Carew CAREW, Tuomas (1589-1639), an English poet, was born about the year 1589. He studied at Oxford, and on the completion of his course was made gentleman of the privy chamber to Charles I. At court he was highly esteemed for the vivacity of his wit and the elegance of his manners ; and his poetical tastes gained him the friendship of Ben Jonson, Sir William Davenaut, and other celebrated literary men… Carew, George CAREW, GEORGE (1557-1629), Earl of Totness, and Baron Carew of Clopton, Warwickshire, was born in 1557. After completing his studies at Oxford, he joined the army, and held an important command in the Irish wars against the Earl of Desmond and the rebels. He was successively appointed governor of Askeaton castle, lieutenant-general of artillery, and, after the successful expedition to Cadiz (1596)… Carew, George CAREW, GEORGE (died about 1613), second son of Sir Wymond Carew of Antony, was educated at Oxford, entered the Inns of Court, and passed some years in Continental travel. At the recommendation of Queen Elizabeth, who conferred on him the honour of knighthood, he was appointed secretary to Sir Christopher Hatton, and afterwards, having been promoted to a mastership in chancery, was sent as ambassad… Carey, Henry CAREY, HENRY (died 1743), a humorous poet and musi- cal composer, was an illegitimate son of George Savile, Marquis of Halifax, and was born towards the end of the 17th century. He studied music under Lennert, Roseingrave, and Geminiani, but never attained to excellence in the higher departments of composition. His ballads and songs, however, were exceedingly popular at the time. He wrote several … Cargill, Donald CARGILL, DONALD (1610-1681), one of the leaders of the Covenanters, was born in 1610. Caria CARIA, a maritime province of Asia Minor, forming the south-western angle of the whole peninsula. It was bounded on the N. by Ionia and Lydia, on the W. and S. by the .zEgean Sea, and on the E. by Lycia and a small part of Phrygia. Its limit to the north was the river Mmander, except near the mouth, where its cities of Miletus and Myus, with their territories, though on the south side of the Mmand… Cariaco, Or San Felipe De Austria CARIACO, or SAN FELIPE DE AUSTRIA, a town on the north coast of Venezuela, in the state of Cumana, situated at the east end of the gulf to which it gives its name, in 10? 27' 45" N. lat. and 63' 13' 21" W. long, The surrounding district produces cotton of the finest quality. Caribbean Sea CARIBBEAN SEA, that part of the Atlantic Ocean lying between the coasts of Central and South America and the islands of Cuba, Hayti, and Porto Rico, and the Leeward and Windward Islands. Caricature CARICATURE (Italian caricatura, "ritratto richcolo," from caricare, to load, to charge; French charge) may be defined as the art of applying the grotesque to the purposes of satire. The word "caricatura" was first used as English by Sir Thomas Browne (1605-1682), in his Christian Morals, a posthumous work ; it is next found, still in its Italian form, in No. 537 of the Spectator ; it was adopted b… Caries CARIES (in German Karaiben,), a people of Red Indian race, which, at the time of the discovery of America by Columbus, was the most important along the northern coast of the southern continent, and in a number of the islands of what is still known as the Caribbean Sea. They were a strongly built, warlike, and aggressive people, and offered a pertinacious resistance to the advances of the Europeans… Caries CARIES, ulceration of bone, is the result of inflammation, and resembles in its chief characteristics ulceration in soft tissues, as skin and muscle. Situated in a tissue largely composed of inorganic material, it is chronic in its course, and cured with difficulty. The exciting cause is generally an injury. It is frequently associated with scrofula. The cancellated tissue of bone is specially lia… Carimata Islands CARIMATA ISLANDS, a group in the East Indian Archipelago, lying to the West of Borneo, between that island and Billiton, in the channel to which they give their name. Carinola CARINOLA, a town of Italy, in the province of Terra di Lavoro, a district of Gaeta, in 41? 11' 16' N. lat. and 13? 58' 32' E. long. Carinthia CARINTHIA (in German, Krirnten or Kama/ten), a duchy, and since 1849 a crown-land of Austria, is bounded on the E. by Styria, on the N. by Styria and Salzburg, on the W. by Tyrol, and on the S. by Italy, Gortz, and Carniola. It has an area of 4006 English square miles, and the population in 1869 amounted to 336,400. The surface is for the most part mountainous, being occupied in the north by part … Caripe, Or Garibe CARIPE, or GARIBE, a town of Venezuela, in the state of Cumana, and about 40 miles from the city of that name, in 10? 10' 11" N. lat. and 28? 33' 54" W. long. Carisbrooke CARISBROOKE, a village in the Isle of Wight, about a mile S. of Newport, at the base of a steep conical hill crowned by the castle, to which its celebrity is principally due. It was at one time a considerable market-town, and under the independent lords of Wight it ranked as the capital of the island. The original fortress is supposed to have been built by the Saxons as early as the 6th century ; … Carissimi, Giacomo CARISSIMI, GIACOMO, one of the most celebrated masters of the Italian, or, more accurately, the Roman school of music. Of his life almost nothing is known, and Fetis, who has made his biography a subject of special study, has been able to do little snore than correct inaccurate or fictitious statements of previous writers. The only authenticated facts are the following. Carissimi was born about 16… Carleton CARLETON. WILLIAM (1798-1869), a popular Irish novelist, was born at Prillisk, Clogher, in the county of Tyrone. His father was a peasant tenant, and young Carleton passed his early life among scenes precisely similar to those he afterwards delineated with so much power and truthfulness. His parents, though of humble rank, were highly endowed by nature. The father was remarkable for his extraordin… Carli, Or Carli-rubbi CARLI, or CARLI-RUBBI, GIOvANNI RINALDO, COUNT OF, (1720-1795), a celebrated. Italian writer on antiquities and economics, was born at Capo d' Istria, in 1720. He Was early distinguished for the extent and variety of his acquirements, and at the age of twenty-four was appointed by the senate of Venice to the newly-established professorship of astronomy and navigation in the University of Padua, an… Carlisle CARLISLE, a town of the United States, capital of Cumberland county in Pennsylvania, about 2i miles south of the Conedogwinet Creek, and 18 miles west of Harrisburg by the Cumberland Valley Railway. Carlisle CARLISLE, a parliamentary and municipal borough, the capital of Cumberland, 301 miles N.N.W. from London ; 54? 54' N. lat., 2? 55' W. long. It is situated on an eminence enclosed by the three streams - the Eden, the Caldew, and the Petteril. The Eden, which is the principal river, is joined by the Petteril on the east side of the city; about a mile further west, as it flows through fertile holms, … Carlisle, Frederick Howard CARLISLE, FREDERICK HOWARD, FIFTH EARL OF (1748 - 1825), a statesman and author, was born in 1718. During his youth he was chiefly known as a man of pleasure and fashion ; and after he had reached thirty years of age, his appointment on a commission sent out by Lord North to attempt a reconciliation with the American colonies was received with sneers by the Opposition. The failure of the embassy w… Carlisle, George William Frederick Howard CARLISLE, GEORGE WILLIAM FREDERICK HOWARD, SEVENTH EARL OF (1802-1864), Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, was born in London, 18th April 1802. He was the eldest son of the sixth earl by his wife Lady Georgiana Cavendish, eldest daughter of the duke of Devonshire, and bore at first the courtesy title of Lord Morpeth. He was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, where he earned a reputation as a sch… Carlow CARLOW, an inland county of Ireland, in the province of Leinster, situated between 52? 26' and 52? 54' N. lat., and 6? 30' and 7? 12' W. long., and comprising an area of 346 square miles, or 221,342 acres. It is bounded N. by Kildare and Wicklow, E. by Wicklow and Wexford, S. by Wexford, and W. by Queen's County and Kilkenny, Excepting Louth it is the smallest county in Ireland. The surface of the… Carlow CARLOW, a parliamentary borough, and the capital of the county of Carlow, situated on the River Barrow, which is navigable for small craft to its junction with the Grand Canal at Athy, is 45 miles (56 by rail) south-west of Dublin. It is a neat and in some parts a well-built town, of modern aspect. The principal buildings are - the Roman Catholic College of St Patrick, a plain but spacious buildin… Carlowitz CARLOWITZ, a town of Hungary, in the former Slavonian military frontier and circle of Peterwardein, is situated on the right bank of the Danube, eight miles southeast of Peterwardein. Carlsbad, Or Kaiserkarlsbad CARLSBAD, or KAISERKARLSBAD, formerly WARY, a royal free town of Bohemia, on the Tepel, near its junction with the Eger, 70 miles W.N.W. of Prague. It is situated in a beautiful narrow valley between steep granite mountains, and consists chiefly of lodging-houses and hotels for the accommodation of visitors, but has also sonic good shops and private houses, a theatre, hospitals, as well as schools… Carlsburg CARLSBURG, a fortified town of Transylvania, capital of the county of Unter-Weissenburg, situated on the north bank of the Maros, 54 miles south of Clausenburg. Carlshaain, Or Karlshaven CARLSHAAIN, or KARLSHAVEN, a small seaport town of Sweden, in the lam of Carlskrona, on the Baltic, 27 miles west of Carlskrona. Carlskrona CARLSKRONA, the capital of the above province, a seaport on the Baltic, in 56? 10' N. lat., 15? 33' E. long., 55 miles east of Christianstadt. It is named from its founder Charles XI., and is built upon five small islands connected with each other and with the mainland by bridges. The town is well built, consisting partly of brick and stone, but principally of wooden houses, and has broad streets.… Carlskrona, Or Blekinge CARLSKRONA, or BLEKINGE, a laen or province of Sweden, bounded on the .N? by Kronoberg, N.E. by Calmar, E. and S. by the Baltic, and W. by Christianstadt. Carlsruhe CARLSRUHE, or K AR LSRU (Criarts's REST), a city of Western Germany, capital of the grand duchy of Baden. It stands on an elevated plain of the Hardwald (which nearly surrounds it), 380 feet above the level of the sea, 5 miles from the Rhine, and 39 miles W.N.W. of Stuttgart. The Frankfort and Basel Railway passes the city. Carla-rube takes its name from Charles William, margrave of Baden, who, o… Carlstad CARLSTAD, the capital of the above province, stands on the island of Tingvalla, at the mouth of the Clara-Elf, on the north shore of Lake Wener. Carlstad CARLSTAD, a province or Jaen of Sweden, also called Wermland's Laen. Carlstadt CARLSTADT, a royal free city of Austrian Croatia, in the comitat of Agram, the capital of the district of the same name, stands on the Kulpa, which here receives the Korana and the Dobra, 32 miles south-west of Agram. Carlstadt CARLSTADT (KARLSTADT), a district of Bavaria, in Lower Franconia, containing 29,014 inhabitants. The capital, of the same name, which is situated on the right bank of the River Main, has a population of 2210. CARLSTADT, KARLSTADT, Or KAROLOSTADT (14801541), whose real name was ANDREAS RUDOLF BODENSTEIN, one of the boldest of the German Reformers, first the friend and afterwards the opponent of Mar… Carluke CARLUKE, a burgh of barony, in the county of Lanark, Scotland, situated near the right bank of the Clyde, 5 miles north-west of Lanark. Carlyle, Joseph Dacre CARLYLE, JOSEPH DACRE (1759 -1801), a celebrated Orientalist, was born in 1759 at Carlisle, where his father was a physician. Having completed his education at the grammar-school, he went in 1775 to Cambridge, was elected a fellow of Queen's College in 1779, and in 1783 took a master's degree. During his stay at college, with the assistance of a native of Baghdad then resident at Cambridge, he had… Carmagnola CARMAGNOLA, a town of Italy, near the right bank of the Po, in the province of Turin, and 16 miles by rail to the south of that city. It was formerly fortified, and the older portion is still surrounded with walls, while a fragment of its ancient castle is preserved in the form of a tower to the church of San Filippo. It contains five parish churches, several convents, and a hospital. A considerab… Carmagnola, Francesco Bussone CARMAGNOLA, FRANCESCO BUSSONE, COUNT OF (1390-1432), one of the most celebrated Condotticri of the early part of the 15th century, was born at Carmagnola in 1390. Carmarthen CARMARTHEN, the capital of Carmarthenshire, is a parliamentary and municipal borough, and forms a county of itself with an area of 4996 acres. It is beautifully situated on the right bank of the Towy, about 5 miles from the sea. The river is navigable for small vessels ; but, owing to the better access to the neighbouring borough of Llanelly, and to the increased facilities of railway communicatio… Carmarthen, County Of CARMARTHEN, COUNTY OF, or CARMARTLIENSIIIRE (Welsh Caerfyrddin), a county in South Wales, bounded on the N. by Cardigan, on the E. by Brecon and Glamorgan, on the S. by Carmarthen Bay, an inlet of the Bristol Channel, and on the W. by Pembroke. Its greatest length is, from S.W. to N.E., about 40 miles ; its greatest breadth, S.E. to N.W., about 24 miles. IL possesses an area of 947 square miles, o… Carmel CARMEL, a mountain promontory of Palestine which runs out into the Mediterranean to the south of the bay of Acre, in 32? 50' N. lat. and 35? E. long. Gradually retiring from the coast it stretches south-east for a distance of sixteen or eighteen miles, and then sinks abruptly to form a conneetion with the mountains of Samaria. Composed almost ontirely of oolitic formations, it is furrowed external… Carmelites CARMELITES, one of the four orders of Mendicant Friars. It is perhaps difficult to say whether upon the whole the Franciscans or the Carmelites have invented and propagated the more monstrous fictions respecting their own commencements and subsequent story. But as regards the very tender point of their first foundation, the latter must be admitted to have distanced their competitors. For the histo… Carmichael CARMICHAEL, bERSII031 (1672-1729), a metaphysician of whom Sir William Hamilton has said that ho "may be regarded, on good grounds, as the real founder of the Scottish school of philosophy." He was born about the year 1672, probably in London, where his father, a Presbyterian minister who had been banished by the Scotch Privy Council for his religious opinions, was then living. Gershom was educate… Carmine CARMINE, a pigment of a bright red colour obtained from cochineal. It may be prepared by exhausting cochineal with boiling water and then treating the clear solution with alum, cream of tartar, or acid oxalate uf potassium ; the colouring and animal matters present in the liquid are thus precipitated. Or an aqueous decoction of black cochineal is made, and treated with stannic chloride : a. slow d… Carmona CARMONA, a town of Spain in the province of Seville, situated about 15 miles east of the city of that name, on a gentle elevation that overlooks an extensive plain. Its castle, now in ruins, was formerly the principal fortress of Peter the Cruel, and contained a spacious palace within its defences. The principal entrance to the town is an old Moorish gateway ; and the gate on the road to Cordova i… Carnac CARNAC, a village of France, in the department of Morbihan and arrondissement of L'Orient, about 9 miles south-west of Auray, which is the nearest railway station. It owes its celebrity to the rude stone monuments in its vicinity, which arc among the most extensive and interesting of their kind. The most remarkable consist of long avenues of maenhirs or standing stones ; but there is also a great … Carnarvon CARNARVON, the capital of the above county, a parliamentary and municipal borough, occupies an area of 1897 acres, and is pleasantly situated on the eastern shore of Carnarvon Bay, in the Irish Sea, at the mouth of the Seoint, 210 miles north-west of London. It stands very nearly upon the site of Caer Seoint, the ancient capital of the Segontiaci, and owes its origin to Hugh Lupus, earl of Chester… Carnatic CARNATIC, a large district of Southern India, now included in the presidency of Madras. Though no longer recognized as a political or administrative division, it is of great historic importance. It extended along the eastern coast about 600 miles in length, and from 50 to 100 miles in breadth. It was bounded on the N. by the Guntoor cirear, the limit being the small River Gundezama, which falls in… Carneades CARNEADES, a Greek philosopher, founder of the Third or New Academy, was born at Cyrene about 213 B.C. Little is known of his life. He learned dialectics under Diogenes the Stoic, and under Hegesinus, the third leader of the Academy in descent from Arcesilaus. The chief objects of his study, however, were the works of Chrysippus, opposition to whose views is the mainspring of his philosophy. " If … Carniola CARNIOLA (in German, Brain), a duchy and crown land of the Austrian empire, bounded on the N. by Carinthia, on the N.E by Styria, S.E. and S. by Croatia, and W. by Trieste, Gdrtz, and Istria. It has an area of 3857 English square miles, and the civil population in 1869 amounted to 463,273, of whom 220,000 were males and 243,261 females. It is occupied in the N. by the southern slopes and offshoots… Carnival CARNIVAL. This word is probably most commonly written in English as it is here given ; but it is extremely difficult to say what is the most correct orthography. Of course for the solution of any doubt upon the subject we turn immediately to the Italian vocabularies and practice. But on doing so we find ourselves at the beginning not at the end of our difficulty. Fanfani, whose dictionary is const… Carnivora CARNIVORA, or Flesh-eating Animals, is the name employed to designate the important order of Mammals which contains the dogs, cats, hynas, weasels, bears, badgers, and others. By some zoologists the Carnivore are divided into the Pinnipedia, or aquatic carnivora, as the seals and walrus, and the Fissipedi a, which are mostly terrestrial, as the dogs, cats, ikc. By others again the Pinnipedia are r… Carnuntum CARNUNTUM, an ancient town in Upper Pannonia, on the right bank of the Danube It was of Celtic foundation, but became at a somewhat early period a Roman post, and was raised to the rank of a colony and a municipium. Caro, Annibale CARO, ANNIBALE (1507-1566), poet, was born at Civita Nuova, in 1507 He became tutor in the family of Ludovico Gaddi, a rich Florentine, and then secretary to his brother Giovanni, by whom he was presented to a valuable ecclesiastical preferment at Rome. At Gaddi's death, he entered the service of the Farnese family, and became confidential secretary in succession to Pietro Ludo-vice, duke of Parma… Carolan, Turlogh CAROLAN, TURLOGH, the most famous of the modern Irish bards, was the son of John Carolan or O'Carolan, a respectable descendant of an ancient tribe of East Breifny, a district now forming part of the counties of Meath and Westmeath. He was born at a place called Newtown, near Nobber, in the county of Meath about the year 1670. His father, being reduced to a state of poverty, quitted his native cou… Caroline, --A CAROLINE, --A 1?TELIA AUGUSTA (1768-1821); wife of George IV. of Great Britain, second daughter of Charles William Ferdinand, duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel, was born on the 17th May 1768. She was brought up with great strictness, and her education did not fit her well for her after station in life. In 1795 she was married to George, the Prince of Wales, who disliked her, and separated from her af… Caroline Islands CAROLINE ISLANDS, a widely-scattered archipelago in the Pacific Ocean to the east of the Philippines and the north of New Guinea, between 3? and 11? N. lat., and 135? and 177? E. long. By the Spaniards, who lay claim to the whole, they are divided into the Western, the Central, and the Eastern Carolines. The Western, better known as the Pelew, Pellew, or Palau Islands, have a total area of 346 squ… Carora CARORA, a well-built town of Venezuela, in the province of Barquisimeto, 94 miles S.S.W. of the town of Coro, on the River Moreva or Tocuyo. Carouge CAROUGE, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Geneva, and about two miles south of that city, with which it is connected by a horse-railway. Carpathian Mountains, Or Krapacks CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS, or KRAPACKS, the eastern wing of the great central mountain system of Europe. They lie between 44? 30' and 49' 40' N. lat., and 17? and 26? E. long., enclosing Transylvania and Hungary, and form a curve 800 miles long, the concavity of which is towards the south-west. The south-eastern extremity of the curve is at Orsova on the Turkish frontier, where the Danube separates it … Carpathus CARPATHUS, the ancient name of the island of Scarpanto, about 30 miles south-west of Rhodes, in that part of the Mediterranean which was called, after it, the Carpathium blare, or Carpathian Sea. a.A.E.PENTARIA, GULF OF, an extensive arm of the sea deeply indenting the north coast of Australia, between 10' 40' and 17' 30' S. lat., and 136' and 142' E. long. It averages 350 miles in length and brea… Carpentras CARPENTRAS, the chief town of an arrondissment in the department of Vaucluse in France, is situated on the left bank of the Auzon, 15 miles north-east of Avignon, with which it is connected by means of a branch railway leaving the main line at Sorgues. It is well built, but the streets are narrow. Part of its old walls and towers are still standing, and the Porte d'Orange is a fine specimen of an … Carpet CARPET is the name applied in modern times to a woven or felted fabric, made generally of wool, which is used for covering the floors of chambers or for spreading on the ground. The term is probably connected with the Latin tapetes, whence also comes the word tapestry, which, though now distinctively applied to hangings, was in early times not clearly distinguished from carpeting. Carpets and rugs… Carpi CARPI, UGo DA (died 1536), a painter, was long held the inventor of the art of painting in chiaroscuro, afterwards brought to such perfection by Parmegiano and by Baltasar Peruzzi of Siena. Carpi CARPI, a town of Italy in the province of Modena, 10 miles north of that city, on a canal supplied by the Secchia. Carpi CARPI, Gritor,,uro DA (1501-1556), an historical anal portrait painter, born at Ferrara, was one of Benvenute Garofalo's best pupils. Carpini, Joannes De Plano CARPINI, JOANNES DE PLANO, author of a remarkable mediaeval work on Northern Asia. He appears to have been a native of Umbria, where a place formerly called Pian clel C'arpine, but now Piano della Magione, stands near Perugia, on the road to Cortona. He was one of the companions and disciples of his countryman St Francis of Assisi, and from sundry indications can hardly have been younger than the … Carpocrates CARPOCRATES, a Gnostic of the 2d century, about whose life and opinions comparatively little is known. He is said to have been a native of Alexandria and by birth a Jew. His family, however, seem to have been converted to Christianity. His Gnostic theory was for the most part founded upon Platonism, and he made especial use of the doctrines of reminiscence and pre-existence of souls. He regarded t… Carpzov CARPZOV (in Latin Carpzovies), the name of a family, many of whose members attained distinction in Saxony in the 17th and 18th centuries as jurists, theologians, and statesmen. Carra CARRA.NZA, BARTOLEMI1 DE (1503-1576), a Spanish primate and theologian, was born of noble family at Miranda in Navarre, in 1503. He studied at the university of Alcala, and entered the Dominican order. The only Spaniard who could pretend to rival him in learning was Melchior Canus, and as professor of theology at Valladolid lie gained so brilliant a reputation that students flocked thither from al… Carrara CARRARA, a town of Italy, in the province of Massa-Carrara, about 62 miles north-west of Florence, is situated not far from the coast of the Mediterranean, in a deep valley watered by the Avenza. Carrel, Armand CARREL, ARMAND, or more fully JEAN BAPTISTE NICOLAS ARMAND (1800-1836), a distinguished French publicist, was born at Rouen, 8th May 1800. His father was a merchant in good circumstances, and he received a liberal education at the college of his native town, afterwards attending the military school at St Cyr. He had an intense admiration for the great generals of Napoleon, and his uncompromising s… Carriage CARRIAGE, a term which in its widest signification includes all structures employed for the purposes of transport of merchandize and movable goods and of human beings. Such vehicles are generally mounted on wheels, but the sledge and the litter are types of the exception to this rule. Carriages, according to the definition above given, includes in these days a vast variety of forms, ranging from t… Carrickfergus CARRICKFERGUS, a maritime county of a town, and a co-extensive parliamentary borough of the same name, in the province of Ulster, in Ireland. It is enclosed by the county of Antrim, except on the S. where it is skirted by the Bay of Carrickfergus (Belfast Lough). It comprises an area of 16,702 acres, of which 129 are occupied by the town. The surface is in general hilly ; Lough Mourne, a lake of a… Carrick-on-suir CARRICK-ON-SUIR, a town of Ireland in the south riding of the county of Tipperary, province of Munster, is situated on the Suir, 14 miles east of Clonmel, with a station on the Waterford and Limerick railway. Carrier CARRIER, in its general acceptation, is a person who conveys the goods of another for hire. In its mere colloquial use it was applied to the class of men, now rendered comparatively obsolete by the railway system, who conveyed goods in carts or waggons on the public roads. In jurisprudence, however, the term is collectively applied to all conveyers of property, whether by land or water ; and in th… Carrier, Jean Baptiste CARRIER, JEAN BAPTISTE (1756-1794), French Revoluti onist, one of the actors most infamous for cruelty in the "Reign of Terror," was born at Yolai, a village near Aurillac in Upper Auvergne, in 1756. At the beginning of the Revolution (1789), he was merely an obscure attorney; and in 1792, with many others of the same class, he was chosen deputy to the National Convention. He was already known as … Carron CARRON, a small village of Scotland, in the county of Stirling and parish of Larbert, on the right bank of the Carron River, about two miles north-east of Falkirk. Carstares, William CARSTARES, WILLIAM (1649-1715), a Scottish clergyman, born at Cathcart, near Glasgow, on the 11th February 1649, was the son of the Rev. John Carstares, a member of the extreme Covenanting party of Protestors. He was educated at the university of Edinburgh, and then passed over to Utrecht, where he commenced his life-long friendship with the prince of Orange, and began to take an active part in th… Cartagena, Or Carthagena CARTAGENA, or CARTHAGENA, a seaport town on the northern coast of South America, in the United States of Colombia, in 10? 25' 48" lat. and 75? 34' W. long. It is situated on a low sandy island, which, with the island south of it, Tierra Bomba, forms the harbour of Cartagena. To the east of the town, and connected with it and the mainland by bridges, is the suburb of Xiximani, on another island. Th… Cartagena, Or Carthagena CARTAGENA, or CARTHAGENA, a fortified seaport of Spain on the Mediterranean Sea, in the province of Murcia, and 29 miles S. by E. of the town of that name, in 37? 36' N. lat. and 1? W. long.. The town stands on a hill separated by a little plain from the harbour ; towards the N. and E. it communicates with a fertile valley ; on the S. and W. it is hemmed in by high mountains. The harbour, the fine… Cart Ago CART AGO, an inland town of Costa-Rica, Central America, on a river of the same name, 60 miles from the Gulf of Nicoya. Carter, Elizabeth CARTER, ELIZABETH (1717-1806), a celebrated lady scholar, and translator of the works of Epictetus, was the daughter of the Rev. Dr Carter of Deal in Kent, and was born in that town, December 16, 1717. Her mother, Margaret Swayne of Bere, in Dorset, lost her fortune by investing it in the South Sea Stocks, and died of a decline when Elizabeth was about ten years old. Dr Carter educated his childre… Carte, Thomas CARTE, THOMAS (1686-1754), an English historian, was born at Dusmoon, near Clifton, in 1686. He was educated at Oxford, and was first brought into public notice by his controversy with D r Chandler regarding the Irish massacre, in which he defended Charles I. His attachment to the Stuarts also caused him to remain a non-juror, and on the discovery of the plot of Atterbury, whose secretary he was, … Carthage CARTHAGE was situated on the north coast of Africa, not far from the modern city of Tunis, just at that point where the coast approaches most nearly to the Island of Sicily. It lay in the heart of the Bay of Tunis, close to the mouth of the River Bagradas, and its site was so favourable to the natural development of a city that a hundred years after its entire destruction by the Romans it was chos… Carthusians CARTHUSIANS, a religious order founded by St Bruno in the year 1084. (See BRUNO.) This saint, disgusted with the world, and especially with the conduct of Manassas, archbishop of Rheims, determined to live, in some reunite and retired spot, a life dedicated to contemplation and religion. With six companions he went to consult Hugh, language in describing the awful and terrible nature and aspect of… Cartier, Jacques CARTIER, JACQUES, a French navigator, was born. ht St Malo, in Brittany, in 1494. According to the custom of the place, even his early youth was passed upon the sea ; and he was probably already acquainted with the coast of Newfoundland when he was appointed by Francis I. to the command of the two ships, which, on the 20th of April 1534, set sail from St Malo, for the purpose of exploring the dist… Cartoon CARTOON (Italian, cartone, pasteboard), in painting, is a design drawn on thick paper or other material, which is used as a model for a large picture in fresco, oil, or tapestry. It was also formerly employed in glass and mosaic work. When cartoons are used in fresco-painting, the back of the design is covered with black-lead or other colouring matter ; and, this side of the picture being applied … Cartwright CARTWRIGHT, Wimakm (1611-1643), an English poet, born at Northway near Tewkesbury, in September 1611, was the son of a gentleman, who, having wasted his fortune, was reduced to the necessity of keeping an inn. Cartwright, Edmund CARTWRIGHT, EDMUND, D.D., F.R.S. (1743-1823), inventor of the power-loom, was born at Marnham, Nottinghamshire, April 24, 1743, and educated at Wakefield grammar school. He began his academical studies at Oxford in University College, but in 1762 he was elected a demy of Magdalen College, where, in 1764, he succeeded to a fellowship. In 1770 he published Amine and Elvira, a legendary tale in verse… Cartwright, John CARTWRIGHT, JOHN (1710-1824), known as MAJOR CARTWRIGHT, one of the earliest and most honourable of English parliamentary reformers, was born at Marnham in Nottinghamshire, September 28, 1740. He received his education at Newark grammar school, and at Heath Academy in Yorkshire, and at the age of eighteen entered the navy. He was present, in his first year of service, at the capture of Cherbourg, … Cartwright, Thomas CARTWRIGHT, THOMAS (e. 1535-1603), a Puritan divine, was born in Hertfordshire about the year 1535. He studied divinity at St John's College, Cambridge, but during the reign of Mary was compelled to adopt the legal profession. On the accession of Elizabeth, he resumed his theological studies, and was soon afterwards elected fellow of Trinity College. In 1570, he was appointed Margaret divinity pro… Carupano CARUPANO, a seaport town of Venezuela, South America, in the province of Cumana, 65 miles north-east of the town of that name. Carus, Karl Gustav CARUS, KARL GUSTAV (17S9-1869), a German physiologist and psychologist, was born at Leipsic, on the 3d January 1789. He was educated at the Thomas School and the university of his native city, 'and devoted his attention first to chemistry, intending to enter upon the business of his father, who had a large dyeing establishment. But a course of lectures on anatomy which he attended caused him to al… Carving CARVING. To carve (Anglo-Saxon, ceorfan) is to cut, whatever the material ; in strict language carving is sculpture. The name of sculptor is commonly reserved for the great masters of the art, while that of carvers is given to the artists or workmen who execute subordinate decorations, e.g., of architecture in marble or stone. The word is also specially applied to sculpture in ivory and its substi… Carving And Gilding CARVING AND GILDING being two operations which formerly were the most prominent features in the important industry of frame-making, the craftsmen who pursued the occupation were known as carvers and gilders. The terms still continue to be the recognized trade name of frame-making, although very little of the ornamentation of frame-work is now accomplished by carving, and a great deal of the so-cal… Carvln CARVLN, a town of France, in the department of Pasde-Calais, 14i miles E.S.E. of Bethune. Cary, Henry Francis CARY, HENRY FRANCIS (1772-1844), translator of Dante, and miscellaneous writer, was born at Gibraltar, December 6, 1772. He was the son of a captain in the army, and was educated at Christ Church, Oxford, which he entered at the age of eighteen, having two years earlier made his appearance as an author, in a volume of Sonnets and Odes. In 1796 he took his master's degree, and having entered the ch… Caryl, Joseph CARYL, JOSEPH (1602-1673), a learned Nonconformist clergyman, was born in London in 1602. Cary, Sir CARY, SIR Lucius, second Viscount Falkland, was born at Burford, co. Oxon, in 1610 or 1611, and educated at Trinity College, Dublin, his father being at that time lord-deputy of Ireland. On leaving the university he served for a short time iu the Low Countries, but failing to attain promotion returned to England, and found a refuge from domestic troubles in the study of ancient literature and the … Casa CASA.LPUSTERLENGO, a town of Italy, in the province of Milan, about 30 miles south-east of that city, on the River Brembiolo. It carries on the manufacture of silk, linen, and earthenware, and is one of the chief seats of the trade in Parmesan cheese. Population, 6207. CASANOVA DE SEINGALT, GIOVANNI JACOPO (1725-1803), one of the most noted adventurers of the 18th century, was born at Venice in 17… Casa Calenda CASA CALENDA, a town of Italy, in the province of Molise and district of Larino, about 18 miles north-east of Campobasso. Casa, Giovanni Della CASA, GIOVANNI DELLA (1503-1556), an Italian poet, was born at Mugillo, in Tuscany, in 1503. He studied at Bologna, Florence, and Rome, and by his learning attracted the patronage of Alexander Farness, who, as Pope Paul III., made him nuncio to Florence, where he received the honour of being elected a member of the celebrated academy, and then to Naples, where his oratorical ability brought him co… Casale CASALE, a town of northern Italy, in the norch the province of Alessandria. It is situated in a plain on the right bank of the Po, 38 miles east from Turin, and at a height of 249 feet above sea-level. Its fortress, founded in 1590, was strengthened and improved in 1849 under the direction of General de la Marmara. The town has been frequently besieged. It was taken from the Spaniards in 1640, and… Casalmaggiore CASALMAGGIORE, a town of Italy in the province of Cremona, the capital of a circondario. Casas Grandes CASAS GRANDES (i.e., in Spanish, Great Houses), a town of Mexico, in the province of Chihuahua, situated on the Casas Grandes or San Miguel River, about 35 miles S. of Milos and 150 miles N.W. of the city of Chihuahua. It is celebrated for the ruins of early Mexican buildings still extant, about half a mile from its present site. They are built of " sun-dried blocks of mud and gravel, about 22 inc… Casaubon, Isaac CASAUBON, ISAAC (1559-1614), was born at Geneva, 18th February 1559, of French refugee parents. On the publication of the edict of January 1561, the family returned to France and settled at Crest in Dauphine, where Arnold Casaubon, Isaac's father, became minister of a Huguenot congregation. Till he was nineteen, Isaac had no other instruction than what could be given him by his father amid the dis… Casbin CASBIN, KAsviN, KAZBIN, a city of Persia, in the province of Irak, in 36? 12' N. lat. and 49? 53' E. long., and 108 miles W.N.W. of Teheran. It is built in a fertile plain, south of Mount Elburz, and is square in form, and surrounded by a wall of brick, with towers. Its extent is greater than that of Teheran ; but the place has been repeatedly shaken by earthquakes, and many of the streets are in … Casciano Dei Bagni CASCIANO DEI BAGNI, a village of Italy in the province of Siena and district of Mont-epulciano, in the valley of the Paglia. Caserta CASERTA, the capital of the district of Terra di Lavoro, in the province of Naples, and an episcopal see. It is situated on a rich alluvial plain, and has nearly 30,000 inhabitants. Caserta is mainly noticeable for its huge palace built by Vanvitelli for Charles III., which has a reputation that most architectural judges would probably deem to be superior to its merits. It is one of the stock sigh… Cashan CASHAN, or KAsuAN, a city of Persia, in the province of Irak, 92 miles north of Ispahan, in a dry and stony plain, in 33? 52' N. lat. and 51? 20' E. long. Cashel CASHEL, an inland city of Ireland, in the county of Tipperary, 108 miles south-west from Dublin, and within 5 miles of the Great Southern and Western Railway. The town, which lies at the base of the Rock of Cashel, consists for the most part of a wide and well-built main street, and contains several public buildings, such as a court-house, a market-house, a fever hospital, barracks, and an infirma… Cashew Nut CASHEW NUT, the fruit of the Cashew, Cadju, or Acajou tree, Anacardium occidentale (Nat. Ord. Anacardiacece), a native of the West Indian Islands. The fruit is kidney-shaped, about an inch in length, and the kernel is enclosed in two coverings, the outer of which is smooth, grey, and leathery. Inside this external rind is a dark-coloured layer, containing an excessively acrid juice. The kernels ha… Casiri, Michael CASIRI, MICHAEL (1710-1791), a learned Marmite, was born at Tripoli in 1710. He studied at Rome, where he afterwards for ten years taught Arabic, Syriac, and Chaldee, and gave lectures in philosophy and theology. In 1748 he went to Spain, and was employed in the royal library at Madrid. He was successively appointed a member of the Royal Academy of History, interpreter of Oriental languages to the… Casoria CASORIA, a town of Italy, five miles north-east of Naples, in one of the most fertile districts of the Terra di Lavoro. Caspe CASPE, a city of Spain, in the province of Aragon, about 55 miles south-cast of Saragossa on the banks of the River Guadeloupe, which runs into the Ebro a short distance below the town. Caspian Sea CASPIAN SEA. The Caspian Sea, which was known under that name to the Greeks and Romans (Herodotus having given a generally accurate account of it, stating that it is an inland sea having no connection with the ocean), is the largest of those salt lakes or closed inland seas which may be considered as "survivals" of former oceanic areas ; and it is the one whose physical and biological conditions h… Cassaba, Or Casaba CASSABA, or CASABA, a town of Asia Minor, in the sanjak of Manisa, 63 miles east of Smyrna, with which it is connected by rail. An abundant supply of water is conveyed to the town from a distance of two or three miles by an ancient aqueduct of very solid construction, which passes about 40 feet below the level of the soil, and is ventilated by air-shafts every 200 yards. Fountains are consequently… Cassander CASSANDER (c. 351-297 n.c.), king of Macedonia, was probably born about 354 B.C. He first appears in history at the court of Alexander, defending his father Antipater against the accusations of his enemies. Whether it be true or not that he brought himself into disfavour by manifesting his contempt for the Eastern customs with which the king had surrounded himself, it is certain that be conceived … Cassander, George CASSANDER, GEORGE (1515-1566), a Flemish theologian, was born at Cadzand (whence his name), a village in Zeeland, He was for some time professor of classics and theology at Bruges and Ghent ; but most of his life was spent in the endeavour to effect a reunion of the Roman Catholic and Protestant churches. In 1561 he published De Officio Pii Yiri in hoc Dissidio Religionis, in which he argues that … Cassandra CASSANDRA, in Grecian story, daughter of Priam and Hecuba, was beloved of Apollo, who promised to bestow on her the spirit of prophecy if she would comply with his desires. Cassano CASSANO, a town and bishop's seat of Italy, in the province of Calabria Citra, seven miles E.S.E. of Castrovillari. Cassava CASSAVA, NrccoLO (1659-1714), often called NICOLETTO an Italian painter, was born at Venice, and became A disciple of his father, Giovanni Francesco Cassana, a Genoese, who had been taught the art of painting by Bernardino Strozzi ("il Prete Genovese "). Cassava CASSAVA is the name given to the farinaceous root stocks of two species of Euphorbiaceous plants, the Bitter Cassava, illanihot utilissima, and the Sweet Cassava, Al. A ipi, both highly important sources of food starches. The plants are natives of South America, but the Bitter Cassava, which is the most important of the two in an economic sense, has been introduced into most tropical regions, and … Cassel CASSEL, a town of France, in the department of Nord, and arrondissement of Hazebrouck, is situated 28 miles N.W. of Lille, on an isolated hill, 800 feet high, which commands a most extensive view in all directions. Portions of the three kingdoms of France, Belgium, and England can be seen, with 32 towns and 100 villages, including St Omer, Dunkirk, Ypres, and Ostend. The public buildings comprise … Cassel, Or Kassel CASSEL, or KASSEL, the capital of the former electorate of Hesse Cassel, in Western Germany, and, since its annexation by Prussia in 1866, the capital of the province of Hesse Nassau, is pleasantly situated on both sides of the River Fulda, over which a stone bridge leads to the lower new town. The river is navigable, and railways connect the town with all parts of Germany. The streets of the old … Cassia Bark CASSIA BARK is the aromatic bark derived from various species of Cinnamonzum other than C. zeylanictint, which is the source of the true cinnamon of commerce. The greater part of the supply coining from China, it is sometimes termed Chinese cinnamon. The tree or trees which yield the Chinese supplies are very extensively cultivated throughout the southern provinces of that empire, and grow with li… Cassianus, Joannes Eremita CASSIANUS, JOANNES EREMITA, or JOANNES MASSILIENSIS, a celebrated recluse, and one of the first founders of monastic institutions in Western Europe, was probably born about 360, and is supposed to have died about the year 448. The place of his nativity has been much disputed, but he spent the early part of his life in the monastery of Bethlehem, with his friend Germanus. In company with that monk … Cassini CASSINI, the name of a family of distinguished astronomers, who succeeded one another as directors of the Observatory at Paris for four generations. Cassis CASSIS, a small seaport-town of France, in the department of Bouches-du-RhOne, stands in a narrow valley on the Mediterranean, 10 miles south-east of Marseilles. Cassius Longinus CASSIUS LONGINUS, Carus, is best known in history as one of the leaders in the assassination of Julius Cmsar. Little is known of his early life. In 53 B.C. he served in the Parthian campaign under Crassus, and displayed great courage and skill. He succeeded in bringing off a division of the army after the defeat of Carrhac, and in the following year, 52 B.C., the government of the province having … Cassowary CASSOWARY (Casuarius), a genus of Struthious Birds, only inferior in size to the ostrich, and, according to Professor Owen, approximating more closely than any other living birds to the extinct moas of New Zealand. Not many years ago only a single species of cassowary was known, but recent researches among the Australasian islands have led to the identification of at least other four species. They… Castagno, Andrea Del CASTAGNO, ANDREA DEL (1390-1457), a painter of the Florentine School, was born in 139G, probably at Castagao, in the district of !angelic), and died in August 1157. He imitated Masaccio and the naturalists of his time in boldness of attitude, but was deficient in grace and colouring. His name has for about four centuries been burdened with the heinous charge of inurdr ; it was said that he treache… Castalia, Or Fons CASTALIA, or FONS Casrauns, a celebrated fountain in Greece, now called the Fountain of St John, which rises at the foot of Mount Parnassus, in the neighbourhood of Delphi. It was sacred to Apollo and the Muses, and its water was used in the religions purifications of the " Pythian Pilgrims." From its connection with the Muses it is frequently referred to both by classical and by modern poets as a… Caste CASTE. There are not many forms of social organization on a large scale to which the name Caste has not been applied in a good or in a bad sense. Its Portuguese origin simply suggests the idea of family ; but before the word came to be extensively used in modern European languages, it had been for sonic time identified with the Brahmanic division of Hindu society into classes. The corresponding Hi… Castel CASTEL, Louis BERTRAND (1688-1757), a learned mathematician, was born at Montpellier in 1G88, and entered the order of the Jesuits in 1703. Castel-a-mare CASTEL-A-MARE, a seaport town of Sicily, on a bay to which it gives its name, in the province of Trapani, and about 30 miles west of Palermo. Castel-a-mare, Or Castellamare CASTEL-A-MARE, or CASTELLAMARE, a city and seaport of Italy, on the Gulf of Naples, 15 miles by rail southeast of the city of that name. It is situated on the lower slopes of Monte Sant' Angelo (the ancient Mons Gaurus), and along a sheltered beach, commanding an extensive view of the Bay of Naples from Vesuvius to Misenum. It stands near the site of the ancient Stabice, which was destroyed by Sul… Castell, Edmund CASTELL, EDMUND (c. 1606-1685), a learned English Orientalist, was born about 1606, at Hatley, in Cambridgeshire. At the age of fifteen he entered Emmanuel College, Cambridge, but be afterwards changed his residence to St John's, where he enjoyed the use of a valuable library. His great work was the compiling of his Lexicon Heptaglotton Hebraicum, Chaldaicum, Syriacum, Samaritanum, tEthiopicum, Ar… Castelli, Igicaz Friedricii CASTELLI, IGICAZ FRIEDRICII (1781-1862), an Austrian dramatist, was born on 6th March 1781, at Vienna. He completed his education at the university in his native town, and entered the profession of law, The leisure left him by his employment in a subordinate Government office he devoted to literary work, in particular to the composition and adaptation of dramatic pieces. Some of his war-songs beca… Castello CASTELLO, VALERio (1625-1659), was the youngest son of Bernardo Castello, noticed above. Castello, Bernardo CASTELLO, BERNARDO (1557-1629), a Genoese portrait and historical painter, born at Albaro near Genoa, was the intimate friend of Tasso, and took upon himself the task of designing the figures of the Gerusalemme Liberata, published in 1590 ; some of these subjects were engraved by Agostino Caracci. Castello, Giovanni Battista CASTELLO, GIOVANNI BATTISTA (1500-1569), an eminent Italian historical painter, was born in Bergamo, and is hence ordinarily termed Il Bergamasco. Castellon De La Plana CASTELLON DE LA PLANA, a town of Valencia, in Spain, the capital of a modern province, is situated about 4 miles from the sea, and 40 miles N.N.E. of Valencia, in 39? 57' N. lat. and 0' 4' W. long. Castelnaudary CASTELNAUDARY, tho chief town of an arrondissement in the department of Aude, in France, 21 miles northwest of Carcassonne. It is finely situated on an elevation in the midst of a fertile and well-cultivated plain ; and its commercial facilities are greatly increased by the Canal du_ Midi, which widens out, as it passes the town, into an extensive basin or reservoir, surrounded with wharves and wa… Castelnau, Michel De CASTELNAU, MICHEL DE, SIEUR DE LA MAUVISSItRE (c.1520-1592), a French soldier and diplomatist, ambassador to Queen Elizabeth, was born in Touraine about 1520. He was one of a large family of children, and his grandfather, Pierre de Castelnau, was equerry to Louis XII. Endowed with a clear and penetrating intellect and remarkable strength of memory, he received a careful education, and made rapid p… Castelo Branco CASTELO BRANCO (i.e., White Castle), a town and bishop's seat of Portugal, in the province of Beira, on a hill near the Liria, 64 miles east by south of Coimbra. Castel Sarrasin CASTEL SARRASIN, a town of France, capital of an arrondissement, in the department of Tarn et Garonne, situated on the Songuine or Azine, near its influx into the Garonne, 12 miles west of Montauban. Castel Vetrano CASTEL VETRANO, a town of Sicily, near the southeast extremity of the island, 12 miles east of Mazzara, in the province of Trapani. Casti, Giovanni CASTI, GIOVANNI 13ArnsTA (1721-1803), an Italian poet, was born of humble parents at Montefiascone, in the States of the Church, in 1721. He rose to the dignity of canon in the cathedral of his native place, but gave up his chance of church preferment to satisfy his gay and restless spirit by visiting most of the capitals of Europe. In 1782, on the death of Metastasio, he was appointed Poeta Cesar… Castiglione, Baldassare CASTIGLIONE, BALDASSARE (1478-1529), diplomatist and man of letters, was born at Casatico near Mantua, and was educated at Milan under the famous professors Merula and Chalcondyles. In 1496 he entered the service of Lodovico Sforza, duke of Milan, returning to Mantua in 1500 when Lodovico was carried prisoner into France. In 1504 he was attached to the court of Guidobaldo Malatesta, duke of Urbino… Castiglione, Carlo Ottavio CASTIGLIONE, CARLO OTTAVIO, COUNT (1784-1849), an Italian philologist of considerable reputation, was born at Milan of an ancient family. His principal work was done in connection with the Arabic and other Oriental languages ; but he also performed good service in several other departments. In 1819 he published Monete Cufiche del Museo di Milano, and assisted Cardinal Mai in his Ulphilce partium i… Castiglione Delle Stiviere CASTIGLIONE DELLE STIVIERE, a town of Italy, in the province of Brescia, 20 miles north-west of Mantua. Castiglione, Giovanni Benedetto CASTIGLIONE, GIOVANNI BENEDETTO (1616-1670), currently named in Italy Il Grechetto, and in France Le Benedette, a painter of the Genoese School, was born in Genoa, and studied for some time under Vandyck. He painted portraits, historical pieces, and landscapes, but chiefly excelled in fairs, markets, and rural scenes with animals. His paintings are to be found at Rome, Venice, Naples, Florence, an… Castile CASTILE (in Spanish, Castilla), an ancient kingdom of Spain occupying the central districts of the peninsula. For its history as a separate kingdom see the article SPAIN. The name Castile is derived from the existence of numerous forts (eastillos) erected on the frontiers to afford protection from enemies. The northern part of the old kingdom, which was first rescued from the Moors, is called Cast… Castillejo, Ciiristobal De CASTILLEJO, CIIRISTOBAL DE (1494-1556), was born, according to Moratin, in Ciudad-Rodrigo. Attached at an early age to the household of Ferdinand of Austria, afterwards king of Bohemia and Hungary, and eventually emperor, Castillejo rose in the prince's service to the post of secretary, taking orders on the departure of his master from Spain, in which country he remained some time. A letter writte… Castle CASTLE (Saxon castel, Latin castellum, diminutive from castrum, whence the French chateau and chalet, as in Neufchatel), an encampment, a fortress or place rendered defensible either by nature or art. The term is also often applied to the principal mansion of a prince or nobleman. The frequent and protracted wars between neighbouring tribes and peoples which took place in early times must soon hav… Castlebar CASTLEBAR, a town of Ireland, the capital of the county of Mayo, situated on the river of the same name, 159 miles west by north of Dublin. It consists chiefly of a main street upwards of half a mile in length and a square in which are the county courts and public offices. It also possesses a jail, an Episcopal church, a Roman Catholic chapel, a lunatic asylum, a county infirmary, a linen hall, ar… Castletown CASTLETOWN (in Manx, BULLY CASHTEL), the capital of the Isle of Man, and seat of the Manx Government, stands on the western side of Castletown Bay, 11 miles south-west of Douglas, on both banks of the Silverburn. It is neat and regularly built, and has a large square containing some handsome houses. In the centre of the town stands Castle Rushin, which owes its foundation to the Danish chief, Guth… Castor And Pollux CASTOR AND POLLUX, in Greek and Roman mythology, were twin gods, also known under the name of Dioscuri (Atc;o-Koupot, from Zeds, Alos, Jupiter, and poL, children) for, according to one myth, they were children of Jupiter and Leda, whose love the god had won under the form of a swan. In some versions Leda is represented as having brought forth two eggs, from one of which were born the mortal babes … Castor Oil CASTOR OIL, the fixed oil obtained from the Castor Oil Plant or Palina. Christi, Ricinus communis, belonging to the Natural Order Euphorbiacece. The plant is a native of the East Indies, but it has been introduced, and is now cultivated in most tropical and in the warmer temperate countries. In size it varies from a shrubby plant to a tree of from 30 to 40 feet in height according to the climate i… Castren, Matthias Alexander CASTREN, MATTHIAS ALEXANDER (1813-1853), one of the greatest authorities on the ethnology and languages of the Northern Asiatic nations, was born at Tervola, in the parish of Kemi iu Finland, on 20th November (2d December) 1813. His father, Christian Castr6n, parish minister at Rovaniemi, died in 1825 ; and Matthias passed under the protection of his uncle, Mathias Castr6n, the kindly and learned … Castres CASTRES, the chief town of an arrondissement in the department of Tarn, France, 23 miles south-east of Alby, stands in a pleasant and fertile valley, on both sides of the Agout, here crossed by two bridges. The town is ill built, and the streets are narrow and crooked ; but it has been much improved during the present century. The principal buildings are the town-hall, formerly the episcopal palac… Castro CASTRO, a seaport town of Italy, in the province of Otranto, and 10 miles south-west of the city of that name. Castro CASTRO, JoIco DE (1500-1548), called by Camoens Castro Forte, fourth viceroy of the Portuguese Indies, was the son of Alvaro de Castro, civil governor of Lisbon. A younger son, and destined therefore for the church, he became at an early age a brilliant humanist, discover-also a profound capacity for mathematics. The latter he studied under Pedro Nunez, in company with the Infante Dom Luis, son of… Castro Del Rio El Real CASTRO DEL RIO EL REAL, a town of Spain in the province of Cordova. Castro Giovanni CASTRO GIOVANNI, the ancient Enna, a town of Sicily, in the province of Caltanisetta, about a quarter of a mile south of Caltascibetta, which is situated on the railway between Catania and Girgenti. It lies almost in the centre of the island, and occupies a well-nigh impregnable position on the irregular but spacious summit of a hill which rises in precipitous cliffs to a height of 2790 feet, The … Castro, Guillen De CASTRO, GUILLEN DE (1569-1631), a Spanish dramatist of note, was a Valencian by birth, and early enjoyed a reputation as a man of letters. In 1591, with Aguilar and Artieda, he was a member of the Xocturnos, a brilliant Spanish imitation of the Italian Accademia. At one time a captain of horse, at another the protege of the munificent Benevente, viceroy of Naples, of whom he received the governors… Castro, Inez De CASTRO, INEZ DE (died 1355), called Collo de Garza, i.e., "Heron's Neck," was born in Spanish Galicia, in the earlier years of the 14th century. Tradition asserts that her father, Don Pedro Fernandez de Castro, and her mother, Doha Aldonca Soares de Villadares, a noble Portuguese lady, were unmarried, and that Inez and her two brothers were consequently of bastard birth. Educated at the semi-Orien… Castro Nuovo CASTRO NUOVO, a town of Sicily, in the province of Palermo, 25 miles north of Girgenti. Castro Reale CASTRO REALE, a city of the province of Messina, in the Island of Sicily, situated on a triangular and rocky mountain about 11 miles south of Milazzo. Castro Urdiales CASTRO URDIALES, a seaport town of Spain, in the province of Santander, well known to sailors for the shelter which it affords from storms in the Bay of Biscay: It was destroyed by General Foy in 1813. but has been rebuilt, fortified, and greatly improved. Castrovillari CASTROVILLARI, a town of Italy, in the province of Calabria Citra, 7 miles W.N.W. of Cassano. It stands on an eminence surrounded by lofty mountains, and the modern portion contains several handsome streets. The massive castle is supposed to belong to the Norman period. The town carries on a considerable trade in cotton, wine, silk, and fruits, and has about 9400 inhabitants. CASTRUCCI? CASTRA.CAN… Casuistry CASUISTRY is the application of general moral rules to particular cases, but the word is specially limited to the consideration of cases of possible dubiety, since it is only where difficulty exists that formal treatment is necessary. Any important development of casuistry can only take place under a government by laws expressed in definite precepts ; but the development may have its origin in eit… Caswall, Henry CASWALL, HENRY, D.D. (1810-1870), was born at Yateley, Hampshire, and educated chiefly at the grammar school of Chigwell, Essex. At the age of eighteen he went to the United States, and graduated in arts at Kenyon College, Ohio, After being engaged for several years as a parish minister and a professor of theology in America, he returned to England in 1842, obtained a private Act of Parliament rec… Catacomb CATACOMB, a subterranean excavation for the interment of the dead, or burial-vault. Iu this sense the word " Catacomb " has gained universal acceptance, and has found a place in most modern languages. The original term, catacumbce, however, had no connection with sepulture, but was simply the name of a particular locality in the environs of Rome. It was derived from the Greek Karp. and KU/A33n, " … Catalepsy CATALEPSY (from Karc1X771,Gis, a seizure) is a term applied to a nervous affection characterized by the sudden suspension of sensation and volition, accompanied with a peculiar rigidity of the whole or of certain muscles of the body. The subjects of catalepsy are in most instances females of highly nervous temperament. The exciting cause of an attack is usually mental emotion operating either sudd… Catalonia CATALONIA (in Spanish, Cataluna), an old province of Spain and principality of the crown of Aragon, triangular in shape, and forming the north-east corner of the peninsula, lies between 40? 30' and 42'51' N. lat., and, 0' 15' and 3? 21' E. long., and is bounded on the N. by the Pyrenees, W. by Aragon, S. by Valencia, E. by the Mediterranean. The greatest breadth is 130 miles, the greatest length 1… Catamarca CATAMARCA, or, in its full form, SAN FERNANDO DE CATAMARCA, the capital of the province of the same name in the Argentine Republic, is situated in 28? 20' S. lat. and 66? 25' W. long. It is pretty regularly built, has a large square, with an obelisk in memory of the achievement of national independence, and numbers among its public buildings a small townhouse, a fort, a Franciscan monastery, and a… Catania CATANIA, the ancient Catana, a city and seaport of Sicily and the chief town of a province, is situated on the east coast of the island, at the foot of the southern projections of Mount Etna, about GO miles by rail from Messina, in 37' 28' 20" N. lat. and 15? 5' 15" E. long. It is one of the most important and attractive cities in the island, and has a fine appearance from the sea. Its streets are… Catanzaro CATANZARO, a city of Italy, capital of the province of Calabria Ulteriore II., stands on the slope of a lofty and rocky hill near the Gulf of Squillace, 30 miles S.S.E. of Cosenza. Catapulta CATAPULTA, a military engine, employed by the ancient Greeks and Romans. Catarrh CATARRH (from KaraiWw, to flow down) is a term employed to describe a state of irritation of the mucous membrane of the air passages, or what is called in popular language a cold. This complaint, so prevalent in damp and cold weather, usually begins as a nasal catarrh or coryza, with a feeling of weight about the forehead and sonic degree of difficulty in breathing through the nose, increased on l… Catawbas CATAWBAS, an American Indian tribe in North and South Carolina, which has now become almost extinct, but was still able at the time of the War of Independence to furnish a valuable contingent to the South Carolina troops They then occupied a number of small towns on the river which still preserves their name ; but they afterwards leased their land and removed to the territory of the Cherokees, wit… Catechism CATECHISM, a word which originally signified instruction by word of mouth, being derived from the Greek K a-nix/GI But, as it was necessarily by oral instruction that, in the early church, catechumens (or converts in preparation for baptism) were instructed in the essential doctrines of Christianity, and as the catechist usually sought to produce clear comprehension by means of questioning, severa… Catechumen CATECHUMEN. The Catechumeni in the earliest ages of the church were those who were desirous of and candidates for baptism. The literal signification of the term, according to its etymology (Greek) is one who is caused to hear something. In ecclesiastical language, - and the word is no otherwise used, - a catechumen is one who is being instructed in the doctrines of Christianity in preparation for … Catechu, Or Cutcii CATECHU, or CUTCII, is an extract obtained from several plants, its chief sources being the wood of two species of Acacia (A. Catechu and A ,S"unta), both natives of India. The extract obtained from these plants is also known as black catechu, Pegn cutch, and Terra japonica. A similar extract, known in pharmacy as pale catechu (Catech a pallidum), and in general commerce as Gambir, is produced fro… Category CATEGORY (Gr. Karnyopia.), a term first introduced into the philosophical vocabulary by Aristotle, means etymologically an accusation. Even in the writings of Aristotle the word occurs once or twice in this its primary acceptation, but generally it has there a definite and technical signification. So also in Aristotle the verb Korn-pep/iv, to accuse, takes the specific logical sense, to predicate;… Catell, Edward CATELL, EDWARD (1713-1781), a well-known critic and annotator of Shakespeare, was born at Troston in Suffolk in 1713. Through the influence of the duke of Grafton he was early appointed to the office of deputy-inspector of plays, with a salary of ?200 per annum. Shocked at the inaccuracies which had crept into Sir Thomas Hanmer's edition of Shakespeare, he projected an entirely new edition, to be … Catgut CATGUT is the name applied to cord of great toughness and tenacity prepared from the intestines of sheep. Cathay CATHAY is the name by which the Chinese empire was known to mediaeval Europe, and is in its original form (Kitai) that by which China is still known in Russia, and to most of the nations of Central Asia. West of Russia the name has long ceased to be a geographical expression, but it is associated with a remarkable phase in the history of geography and commerce, of which we purpose under this head … Cathcart CATHCART, Sra GEORGE (1794-1854), British general, was born in London, May 12, 1794. He was the third son of the first Earl Cathcart, a distinguished general and diplomatist, commander-in-chief of the expedition to Copenhagen in 1807, and afterwards ambassador to Stockholm and St Petersburg. He received his early education at Eton College, and passed thence to the university of Edinburgh. In 1810 … Cathedral CATHEDRAL, more properly CATHEDRAL CHURCH (Ecclesia Cathedralis), the chief church of a diocese, in which the bishop has his official seat or throne, cathedra. The earliest example given of the use of the term Ecelesia Cathedralis is in the Acts of the Council of Tarragona, in 516. Another primitive designation was " Ecclesia mater " or " matrix," indicating the cathedral as the mother church of t… Catherine CATHERINE I., wife of Peter the Great of Russia, and after his death for two years (1725-27) empress of Russia, was the natural daughter of a country girl in Livonia. Being left utterly destitute when a mere child, she was brought up by a Lutheran pastor of Marienburg, named Gluck. About 1702, at a pretty early age, she was married to a Swedish dragoon, from whom, however, site was almost immediat… Catherine De' Medici CATHERINE DE' MEDICI (1519-1589), the wife of one French king, and the mother of three, was born at Florence in 1519. She was a daughter of Lorenzo de' Medici, that ruler of Florence for whom Machiavelli wrote the Prince. Having lost both her parents at an early age, Catherine was sent to a convent to be educated ; and she was only fourteen when she was married (1533) to the duke of Orleans, after… Catherine Of Braganza CATHERINE OF BRAGANZA (1638-1705), queen of Charles II. of England, was born at Villa Vicosa in Portugal, 25th November 1638. Her father, John, duke of Braganza, who was rightful heir to the crown of Portugal, then under Spanish sway, headed the revolt of 1640, which after many years' fighting succeeded, and became king of Portugal. Her mother was a woman of great ability, and governed Portugal af… Catherine Of Valois CATHERINE OF VALOIS (1401-1437), consort of Henry V. of England, was born at Paris in 1401. She was most unfortunate in her early years ; for her father, Charles VI., king of France, was subject to prolonged fits of insanity, and her mother, one of the most abandoned women of her time, neglected her children to such an extent that they were often without suitable food and clothes. At last, in one … Catherine Or Aragon CATHERINE or ARAGON (1485-1536), the first queen of Henry VIII., and the youngest child of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, was born the 15th December 1485, while her mother was on her way to Toledo from the Spanish army, then engaged in the conquest of Granada. The first four years of her life were passed in the camp before Granada ; after the taking of the city it became the capital and the resi… Catherine, Saint CATHERINE, SAINT. The Roman hagiology contains the record of no less than six saints of this name, viz. : - 1. St Catherine, virgin and martyr, whose day of commemoration recurs on the 25th of November ; 2. St Catherine of Sweden, who died abbess of Watzen, on the `4th March 1381, and is commemorated on the 21st of that month ; 3. St Catherine of Siena, born in 1347, whose festal day is observed o… Catholic CATHOLIC (Gr. Catholic Apostolic Church CATHOLIC APOSTOLIC CHURCH, a religious community often called " Irvingites," but not itself acknowledging any other name than that of " the Catholic Apostolic Church," which, the members say, belongs to them in common with the whole of baptized Christendom. The relation of the celebrated preacher Edward Irving to this community was, as they state it, somewhat similar to that of John Baptist to the… Catilina CATILINA, Lucius SERGIUS, a member of an ancient patrician family of Rome, first appears in history during the proscription of Sulla, conspicuous among the ruthless band of murderers, slaying his inoffensive brother-in-law with his own hand, and torturing and mutilating the much-loved Gratidianus. His foul vices were unconcealed ; he was believed to have made away with his wife and his son to win … Catlin, George CATLIN, GEORGE (1796-1872), a writer on the North American Indians, was born at Wilkesbarre, Luzerne Co., Pennsylvania, in 1796. He was brought up to the law, and practised that profession in Philadelphia for two years ; but art was his favourite pursuit, and forsaking the law he established himself at New York as a portrait painter. In 1832, his attention having been called to the fact that the p… Cato CATO, M. PORCIUS, surnamed Sapiens, PrISCUS, Censorius, or Major, was born at Tusculum in the year 234 B. c. of an ancient plebeian family, noted for some military services, but not ennobled by the discharge of the higher civil offices. This man may be taken as a type of the genuine Roman character at the critical moment when the free state was in its fullest vigour, but was threatened with sudden… Cato CATO, M. Porccms (conunonly distinguished from his great-grandfather, Cato the Censor, by the title of Uticensis, from the place of his death and the renown attending upon it),. furnishes a remarkable specimen of the effect of Hellenic training upon the hard and narrow but determined spirit of the old Latin race. While he inherited from his illustrious ancestor, and from the general discipline of … Cato, Dionys1us CATO, DIONYS1US, a name concerning which it is doubtful whether it be the name of the author, or merely part of the title, of the Dionysii Catonis Disticha de Aforibus ad Filium, a small work, consisting of moral apophthegms, chiefly in hexameters. The name usually given is simply Cato, but Dionysius is added on the authority of a MS. declared by Scaliger to be of great antiquity. Other titles by … Cats, Jacob CATS, JACOB (1577-1660), one of the oldest, and long the most popular, of Dutch poets and humourists, was born at Brouwershaven in Zeeland. Deprived of his mother at an early age, and adopted with his three brothers by an uncle, Cats was sent to school at Zierikzee. At school he was an idle boy, and learned but little ; removed, however, to the young and thriving university of Leyden, he seems to … Catskill Or Kaatskil Mountains CATSKILL or KAATSKIL MOUNTAINS, a group of moderate elevation belonging to the great Appalachian system of North America. Cattack CATTACK, the most important town in the above district., and the capital of the province, is situated in 20? 28' N. lat. and 85? 55' E. long, on the tongue of land where the Mahanadi first bifurcates, throwing off the bliatjurf on its southern and the Birdpd on its northern bank. Cattack city formed one of the five royal strongholds of ancient Orissa, and was founded by a warlike prince who reigne… Cattack CATTACK [CuTriicK], a district of British India, in the province of Orissa, under the jurisdiction of the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal, in 20?N. lat., and 85? to 87? E. long. It is bounded on the N. by the district of Balasor, from which it is separated by the Baitaranf and Dhainra rivers ; on the E. by the Bay of Bengal, on the S. by the district of Puri, and on the W. by the Orissa Tributary St… Cattaro CATTARO, the chief town of a circle in the Austrian kingdom of Dalmatia, situated on a narrow ledge between the mountains of Montenegro and the Bocca di Cattaro, a winding and beautiful inlet of the Adriatic. It is strongly fortified towards both the sea and land, - towards the sea by the fortress of Castelnuovo, at the mouth of the gulf, and towards land more especially by the Castle of San Giova… Cattolica CATTOLICA, a town of Sicily, in the province of Girgenti, and 15 miles north-west of the town of that name. Catullus CATULLUS, C. VALERIUS, one of the most brilliant and original among Latin authors, belongs to the Ciceronian age, and is one of the two poets whose works adorn and Illustrate the last years of the Roman republic. Our knowledge of his life is almost entirely derived from his own writings. The few statements concerning him which have been received on external evidence require to be confirmed or corr… Caucasia CAUCASIA, a governor-generalship of the Russian empire, which extends from about 38? 40' to 46' 40' N. lat., and includes the whole range of the Caucasus, the vast steppes that lie to the north of the mountains between the Sea of Azoff and the Caspian, and all the Russian territory to the south. Caucasus CAUCASUS, a great chain of mountains, extending from the Black Sea to the Caspian. It has a general direction from W.N.W. to E.S.E., which it preserves with great uniformity for so extensive a chain, having a range of nearly 700 English miles in length, from its commencement near Anapa on the Black Sea, till it sinks into a range of low hills, as it approaches Baku on the Caspian. Its width on the… Caudete CAUDETE, a town of Spain, in the province of Albacete, about 80 miles north of Cartagena. Caudine Forks CAUDINE FORKS (Furculce Caudince), the name of an Italian valley, famous in Roman history on account of the disaster which there befell the Roman army during the second Samnite war, in 321 B.C. Livy describes the pass as an open space, grassy, and well-watered, completely surrounded by lofty and thickly-wooded mountains, except where a passage is afforded by two narrow gorges, situated opposite to… Cavaignac CAVAIGNAC, Louis Etia.LNE (1802-1857), dictator at Paris during the insurrection of June 1848, was born there in 1802. His father was a member of the National Convention, and the family was marked by republican proclivities. After going through the usual course of study for the military profession, he entered the army in 1824, and served in the Morea in 1828. When the revolution of 1830 broke out,… Cavaillon CAVAILLON, a town of France and important railway junction in the department of Vaucluse, on the right bank of the Durance, about 13 miles south-east of Avignon. The town is ill-built and dirty, and carries on a considerable trade in dried fruits, madder, and other productions of the fertile district in which it is situated. It has a fine townhouse, an old church of the 12th century, dedicated to … Cavalcanti, Guido CAVALCANTI, GUIDO, an Italian poet and philosopher of the 13th century, who died in 1300. He was the son of a philosopher whom Dante, in the Inferno, condemns to torment among the Epicureans and Atheists ; but he himself was a friend of the great poet. By marriage with the daughter of Farinata Uherti, he became head of the Ghibellines ; and when the people, weary of continual brawls, aroused thems… Cavalier, Jean CAVALIER, JEAN (c. 1680-1740), the famous chief of the Camisards, was born at Ribaute, near Anduse, in Lower Languedoc. The date of his birth is variously given between 1679 and 1685. It could hardly be so late as the last-named year, and may probably be assigned to the period between 1679 and 1681. He was the son of a peasant, and in boyhood was employed first in keeping sheep, and afterwards as … Cavallini, Pietro CAVALLINI, PIETRO (C. 1259-1344), born in Rome towards 1259, was an artist of the earliest epoch of the modern Roman School, and was taught painting and mosaic by Giotto while employed at Rome ; and it is believed that he assisted his master in the mosaic of the Navicella, or ship of St Peter, in the porch of the church of that saint. Lanzi describes him as an adept in both arts, and mentions with… Cavallo, Tiberius CAVALLO, TIBERIUS (1749-1809), an electrician and natural philosopher, son of a physician established at Naples, was born in that city, March 30, 1749. His father died when he was only eleven years old, but he received a liberal education through the kindness of his friends, and com pleted his studies at the university of Naples. He was originally destined for commerce, and came to England in 1771… Cavalry CAVALRY. From the earliest dates, at which there is any record of armed men being systematically trained and organized, cavalry has always formed an integral part of every army, although the relative size and importance of the arm has varied, according to the nature of the country and the peculiarities of its inhabitants. Egypt probably affords the earliest historical records of any distinct attem… Cavan CAVAN, an inland county in the province of Ulster, in Ireland, situated between 53? 43' and 5-1? 7' N. lat., and 6? 45' and 7' 47' W. long., is bounded N. by Fermanagh and Monaghan, E. by Monaghan and Meath, S. by Meath, \\restmeath, and Longford, and W. by Longford and Leitrim. It has an area of 746 square miles, or 477,391 acres. The surface of the country is uneven, consisting of hill and dale,… Cavan CAVAN, the capital of the above county, and, previous to the Union, a parliamentary borough, but now placed under the Towns Improvement Act, is situated near the centre of the county. It is 68 miles N.W. from Dublin (851- by rail), on one of the tributary streams of the Annalee River, in a large valley surrounded on every side by elevated ground, with picturesque environs, adorned by the mansions … Cavanilles, Antonio Jose CAVANILLES, ANTONIO JOSE (1745-1804), a Spanish ecclesiastic who devoted himself to botany, was born at Valencia in 1715. Cava, Or La Cava CAVA, or LA CAVA, a town of Italy in the province of Principato Citreriore, 28 miles by rail south-east of Naples, with a communal population of 19,500. It is the seat of a bishopric, has a cathedral and a diocesan seminary, and carries on the manufacture of silk, cotton, and woollen stuffs. In the vicinity is the famous Benedictine abbey of La Trinita della Cava, which was founded in the 11th cen… Cave CAVE (Latin cavea), a hollow extendinff? beneath the surface of the earth. Caves have excited the awe and wonder of mankind in all ages, and have been the centres sound which have clustered many legends and superstitions. They were the abode of the sibyls and the nymphs in Roman mythology, and in Greece they were the temples of Pan, Bacchus, Pluto, and the [Ikon, as well as the places where the or… Cavedone, Jacopo CAVEDONE, JACOPO (1577-1660), an Italian painter, born at Sassuolo in the Modenese, was educated in the school of the Caracci, and under them painted in the churches of Bologna. Cave, Edward CAVE, EDWARD (1691-175-0, an English printer, was famous school of that town, but being accused of robbing a weekly paper. In this undertaking lie met with some he had acquired in the publication of the Gentleman's Magazine, a periodical which procured a fortune for the projector, and survived almost all its competitors. It is as the founder of this magazine, and as the first to give literary empl… Cavendish, Henry CAVENDISH, HENRY (1731-1810), a chemist and natural philosopher, was the son of Lord Charles Cavendish, brother of the third duke of Devonshire, and of Lady Anne Grey, daughter of the duke of Kent. He was born at Nice on the 10th October 1731. Little is known about his early education. He was for some time at Newcombe's school at Hackney, and afterwards went to Cambridge. Probably his taste for ex… Cavendish, Sir William CAVENDISH, SIR WILLIAM, the second son of Thomas Cavendish of Cavendish in Suffolk, clerk of the pipe in the reign of Henry VIII., was born about the year 1505. Having received a liberal education, he was taken into the family of Cardinal Wolsey, whom he served in the capacity of gentleman-usher of the chamber. Cavendish was with Wolsey when he died, and delayed going to court till he had seen his… Cavendish, Thomas CAVENDISH, THOMAS (1560-1592), the third circumnavigator of the globe, was born at Trimley St Mary, in Suffolk, in 1560. For a short time he studied at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, but quitting the university without a degree, he followed the court, and in a few years squandered away nearly all his inheritance. Turning his attention to maritime adventure with a view to repairing his fortune,… Cavite CAVITE, a fortified seaport town of the Philippines, capital of a province of the same name in the Island of Luzon, nine miles south of the city of Manilla, on a tongue of laud in the bay. Cavore, Or Cavour CAVORE, or CAVOUR, a town of Italy in the province of Turin, 25 miles south-west of the city of that name. Cavour, Count CAVOUR, COUNT (1810-1861). Camillo Benso di Cavour, the regenerator of Italy, and one of the greatest of modern statesmen, was born at Turin on the 1st of August 1810. The family of the Bensi was a very ancient one. The founder of it, a Saxon warrior named Hubert, after following Barbarossa in his Italian wars, and making a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, married a Piedmontese heiress about the middl… Cavy CAVY, a name common to several species of Rodents belonging to the family Caviche, all of which, at least in the wild state, are confined to the South American continent. They are small creatures, seldom exceeding a foot in length, burrowing in the ground, and feeding entirely on fruits and herbs. There are several species. (1.) The Patagonian Cavy (Dolithotispatagonica), larger than a hare, but s… Cawnpur CAWNPUR [Claws:roRE], a district of British India within the jurisdiction of the Lieutenant-Governor of the North-Western Provinces, lies in 25? and 26? N. lat., and 79? and 80' E. long. It is bounded on the. N. by the province of Oudh, the Ganges Paver forming the boundary line; on the E. by Fathipur district, on the S. by the Jammi, separating it from Hamirpur and Jalaun districts, and on the W.… Cawnpur City CAWNPUR CITY, the administrative headquarters of the district of the same name, and a large military cantonment, situated on the right or south bank of the Ganges, in 26? 29' N. lat. and 80? 25' E. long. The river here is about 500 yards wide in summer, but when swollen by the rains increases to about a mile in breadth, with a strong and rapid current. It is navigable southwards to the sea, a dist… Caxamarca, Or Cajamarca CAXAMARCA, or CAJAMARCA, a city of Peru, capital of a province of the same name, in the department of Truxillo, in 7' 7' S. lat. and 78? 31' W. long. It is situated on the east side of the Western Andes, in a fertile valley on the Eriznejas, at an elevation of about 9060 feet above sea-level, 72 miles N.N.E. of Truxillo. The streets are regular and wide ; but the houses are mostly built of clay. T… Caxton, William CAXTON, WILLIAM (1422 - c. 1491), the introducer of printing into England, was born, as he tells us himself, in " Kent in the Weide." The date of his birth is uncertain ; Oldys places it in 1412, while his most recent biographer, Mr Blades, shows that it could not have been much later than 1423. The latter, however, fixes upon 1422-3 as the approximate date ; and this appears to be as near correct… Cayenne CAYENNE, a seaport town, and the capital of French Guiana, on the north-west extremity of the island of Cayenne, and near the mouth of the river of that name, in 4? 56' 5" N. lat. and 52' 20' W. long. The town forms an almost perfect square, and has clean and well-macadamized streets. The houses, mostly- of two stories, are of wood, strengthened on the first and ground floors by brickwork. In the … Cayenne Pepper, Guinea CAYENNE PEPPER, GUINEA. PEPPER, SPA NISH PEPPER, CHILLY, a preparation from the dried fruit of various species of Capsicum, a genus of the Natural Order Solanacece, to which belong also the potato, tomato, and bittersweet. The true peppers are members of a totally distinct order, the Piperacece. The fruits of plants of the genus Capsicum have all a strong pungent flavour. The capsicums bear a gree… Caz Alla De La Sierra CAZ ALLA DE LA SIERRA, a town of Spain, in the province of Seville, 36 miles north of the city of that name, on the Sierra Morena. Cazembe CAZEMBE is properly the hereditary name of an African chief, whose territory is situated to the south of Lake Moero and the north of Bangweolo, between 11? and 9? S. lat. In the end of the last century the authority of the Cazembe was recognized over a very extensive district, but the prestige of the dynasty has greatly diminished, and the present representative does not even rank first among the … Cazorla CAZORLA, a town of Spain, in the province of Jaen, on the Vega. Cazotte, Jacques CAZOTTE, JACQUES (1720-1792), a French author, was born at Dijon in 1720. He was educated by the Jesuits, and at twenty-seven he obtained a public office at Martinique, but it was not till some years after, on his return to Paris, that he appeared as an author. His first attempts, a mock romance and a coarse song, gained so much popularity, both in the court and among the people, that he was encou… Ccesarean Era Of Antioch CCESAREAN ERA OF ANTIOCH. Ceara, Or Fortaleza CEARA, or FORTALEZA, or VILLA DO FORTE, a town of Brazil, in a province of the same name, situated at the mouth of the River Ceard, on an open bay between the promontory of Mararanguape and Cape Mocoripe, in 3' 42' S. lat. and 33? 30' W. long. Cebes CEBES of Thebes, a disciple of Socrates, mentioned by Plato in the Plualo, and by Xenophon as distinguished both for his virtue and for his love of truth, was the author of a once popular didactic dialogue, the 11i.ve.$ or Tabula Cebetis. This work, which professes to be an explanation of an allegorical picture, commences with the Platonic doctrine that men enter the earth from a pre-existent stat… Cebu CEBU, a city of the Philippine Islands, on the eastern side of an island of the same name, about 400 miles S.E. of Manilla. Cecco D'ascoli CECCO D'ASCOLI (1257-1327) is the popular name of FRANCESCO DEGLI STABILI, a famous mediaeval encyclopaedist and poet, - Cecco being the diminutive of Francesco, caul Ascoli, in the marshes of Ancona, the place of the philosopher's birth. He devoted himself to the study of mathematics and astrology, and in 1322 was made professor of the latter science at the university of Bologna. It is alleged th… Cecilia, Saint CECILIA, SAINT. A passing word in the very apocryphal legend of this saint has caused her name to be one of the best known in the calendar, and oftenest in the mouths of men. It is related, among other circumstances purely legendary, that Cecilia often united instrumental music to that of her voice in singing the praises of the Lord. On this all her fame has been founded, and she has become the sp… Cecil, Robert, Earl Of Salisbury CECIL, ROBERT, EARL OF SALISBURY (1550-1612), was the son of Lord Burghley, whose character and ability he inherited, and by whom he was carefully educated for political life. After residing at Cambridge and representing Westminster in parliament, he received a post in the French embassy, and was next made Secretary of State under Walsingham. He was also appointed Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancas… Cecrops CECROPS, probably a Pelasgian hero, was, according to Athenian tradition, the first king of Attica, and the founder of its political life. Cedar CEDAR, a name applied to several members of the Natural Order Coniferoe. The word Cedar (the Greek Key3oc) is probably derived from the Arabic Kedr, worth or value, or from Kedrat, strong. The name has been supposed by some to have taken its origin from the brook Cedron, in Judaea. The Abies Cedrus or Cedrus Libani, the far-famed Cedar of Lebanon, is a tree which, on account of its beauty, stateli… Cefalu CEFALU, a seaport town on the north coast of Sicily, in the province of Palermo, and 39 miles E.S.E. of the town of that name, in 38? 0' N. lat. and 14? 4' E. long. The new town, founded by Roger I. of Sicily in 1131, is situated at the base of a steep promontory 1191 feet in height, which overlooks the magnificent Bay of Cefalu. The houses are tolerably well built; and the cathedral, commenced in… Cehegin CEHEGIN, perhaps the ancient Segisa, a town of Murcia in Spain, four miles east from Caravaca. Celano CELANO, a town of Italy, in the province of Abruzzo Ulteriore and district of Avezzano, about seven miles east of the town of that name. It is finely situated on a hill about four miles from the former bed of Lake Celano, and has an interesting mediwval castle of the 15th century, celebrated for its connection with the unfortunate Countess Covella. Though the town never recovered from the vengeanc… Celebes CELEBES, an island of the East Indian Archipelago, separated from Borneo on the W. by the Strait of Macassar and bounded on the E. by the Strait of Molucca. It stretches from 118? 30' to 125? 40' E. long., and from 5? 45' S. to 1? 45' N. lat., and its area is approximately estimated at about 70,000 square miles. Its general outline is extremely irregular, and has been compared to that of a starfis… Celery CELERY (Apiunz graveolens), a biennial plant belonging to the Natural Order Umbelliferw, which, in its native condition, is known in England as smallage. In its wild state it is common by the sides of ditches and in marshy places, especially near the sea, producing a furrowed stalk and wedge-shaped leaves, the whole plant having a coarse, rank taste, and a peculiar smell. By cultivation and blanch… Celestine CELESTINE I. was a Roman, and is supposed to have been a near relative of the Emperor Valentinian. Various portions of the liturgy are attributed to him, but without any certainty on the subject. He held the Council of Ephesus in which the Nestorians were condemned, in 431. Four letters written by him on that occasion, dated all of them 15th March 431, together with a few others, to the _African b… Celestine CELESTINE V. was known before his election as Peter di Morone. Born in 1215, the son of a peasant in the Neapolitan district, named Angelario, he became a Benedictine m ink at Faifoli iu the diocese of Benevento when he was seventeen. lie showed from the first an extraordinary disposition to asceticism and solitude, and in 1239 retired to a solitary cavern on the mountain Morone, whence his name. … Celestine Ii CELESTINE II. was elected in 1113, governed the church only five mouths and thirteen days, died 9th March 1114, and was buried at the Lateran. Celestine Iii CELESTINE III., Giacinto Bobone Orsini, of that noble race, was elected Pope 30th March 1191, being then only a deacon, received priest's orders on the 13th of April, ruled the church six years, nine months, add nine days (though believed to have been ninety when elected), died 8th Jana cry 1193, and was buried at the Lateran. Celestine Iv CELESTINE IV., Godfrey Castigliuni of Milan, a nephew of Urban III., became a moult at Idautecombe in Savoy, there wrote a history of Scotland, and was elected Pupe by seven cardinals only, in the midst of troubles caused by the vicinity and violence of the Emperor Frederick II., on the 22d September 1211. Celestines CELESTINES, a branch of the great Benedictine monastic order. At the foundation of the new rule, they were called Hermits of St Dainiano, or Moronites (or Murronites), and did not assume the appellation of Celes tines till after the election of their founder to the Papacy as Celestine Y. The fame of the holy life and the austerities practised by that saintly hermit (as noticed above) in his solitu… Celibacy CELIBACY is the condition of those who are living a single life. The word is derived from code's, which means, not necessarily, as is very commonly supposed, a bachelor, but one who has no existing wife, whether he be a bachelor or a widower. (For authorities on this point, see Faeciolati, Totins Latinitatis Lexicon.) Scaliger and Voss derive the word from xoirsi, a bed, and Xthrw, to leave. Souse… Cellini, Benvenuto CELLINI, BENVENUTO (1500-1569), was born at Florence, where his family, originally landowners in the Val d'Ambra, had for three generations been settled. His father, Giovanni Cellini, was a musician, and artificer of musical instruments ; he married Maria Lisabetta Granacci, and eighteen years elapsed before they had any progeny. The father designed Benvenuto for the same profession with himself, … Celsits CELSITS is the first writer against Christianity of whose objections we have any record. His history is involved in complete uncertainty. Our knowledge of his treatise is derived from Origen's work written against it. We should have expected some information from the Alexandrian in regard to the writer whose book he refutes. But when we examine Origen's statements carefully, we are led to the conc… Celsius, Anders CELSIUS, ANDERS (1701-1744), a Swedish astronomer, was born at Upsala in 1701. Cements CEMENTS, substances employed to unite together by their solidification from a soft or liquid state, and without mechanical rivets, things of the same or of different kinds. Stony cements may be natural, as the lime employed for mortar, and the so-called Roman cements ; or they may be artificial, as Portland cement, made by calcining mixtures of chalk with clay or river-mud (see BUILDING, vol. iv. … Cenci, Beatrice CENCI, BEATRICE (1583-1599), called " The Fair Parricide," was the daughter of Francesco Cenci (1527? 1598), a Roman gentleman, no less notorious for his wealth and talents than for the shameless depravity of his life and character. Born during the sack of Rome by the troops of the Constable Bourbon, Francesco Cenci began early to be talked of as a man who eared little for law and less for public … Ceneda CENEDA, a district in the province of Treviso, Northern Italy, so called from the city of the same name. Its population has varied as follows :-1807, 22,718; 1844. 18,986; 1855, 37,510 ; 1862, 38,443. It is a highly picturesque region at the foot of the Alps, fertile in corn and wine, the white kind of which has considerable local celebrity. The olives which formerly abounded have ahnost disappear… Censor CENSOR (from censere, to estimate), the title of two magistrates of the highest importance in the Roman republic. It was their duty to take a census of the citizens, to estimate their property and impose taxes in proportion to what each possessed, and to punish offences not only against morality, but against the conventional requirements of Roman custom. They took cognizance of bad cultivation of … Census CENSUS is now almost solely used to denote that enumeration of the people made at intervals in most European countries, and in the United Kingdom and the British Colonies decennially. The term had its origin in Rome, where a group of the many functions performed by the high officer called censor received the name of census. Au enumeration of the people was only one of them, but they were chiefly o… Centaurs CENTAURS (Ki.vraepot), in Greek mythology, were beings part horse part man, i.e., a horse had its neck and head replaced by the head and body of a man down to the waist. The oldest form was that of a man altogether in front with the body and hind legs of a horse attached to his back. In peopling solitary and wild places with imaginary beings it was usual to assign to these beings a bodily form in … Centipedes And Millepedes CENTIPEDES AND MILLEPEDES, the popular names of the two orders of Articulate animals which until lately formed the entire class Myriapotht. They were formerly classed with insects, which they resemble in their jointed limbs and antennae, and in their respiratory system, but they have also points of contact with annelid worms, with crustaceans, and with spiders, by which they are marked as a transi… Centlivre, Susanna CENTLIVRE, SUSANNA (1667 ?1723), a dramatic writer, was born in 1667, or perhaps a year or two later, probably in Ireland, whither her father, Mr Freeman, a Lincolnshire gentleman, had been forced to flee at the Restoration on account of his Parliamentarian principles. Being left an orphan about the age of eleven she came to London, where, at the age of sixteen she married a nephew of Sir Stephen … Cento CENTO (Greek dvrpow, Latin cento, patchwork), a composition made up of passages from other works. The Byzantine Greeks manufactured several out of the poems of Homer, among which may be mentioned the life of Christ by the famous Empress Eudoxia, and a version of the Biblical history ofEden and the Fall. The Romans of the later empire and the monks of the Middle Ages were fond of constructing poems… Cento CENTO, a town of Italy, in the province of Ferrara, 16 miles north by west of Bologna, situated in a fertile plain near the Reno. Centorbi, Or Centuripe CENTORBI, or CENTURIPE, the ancient Centuripa, a town of Sicily, on a rugged mountain, in the province of Catania, and 20 miles W.N.W. of the city of that name. Central America CENTRAL AMERICA, as a geographical division, would naturally include the whole stretch of territory from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec to the Isthmus of Darien, which forms the nexus between the two great masses of North and South America ; but political arrangements have so affected the use of the name that it only includes the portion corresponding to the five independent North American republics o… Central India Political Agency CENTRAL INDIA POLITICAL AGENCY, the official name for a group of feudatory states in the middle of India. Central Provinces CENTRAL PROVINCES, a Chief-Commissionership of British India, situated between 17? 50' and 24? 30' N. lat., and between 76? and 85? E. long., comprising an area of 84,078 square miles, and a population returned by the census of 1872 at 8,201,519. The Chief-Commissionership was constituted in 1861, when the territories previously known as the Nagpur Province and the Sagar and Nerbudda Territories w… Centumviri CENTUMVIRI, among the Romans, were judges appointed to decide common causes among the people, of whom three were chosen out of each tribe. Centurion CENTURION, among the Romans, an officer in the infantry who commanded originally a hundred men (whence the name), but afterwards an indefinite number-the sixtieth part of a legion. Ceos CEOS (.1(as), the modern Zea or Tzia, an island in the Agean Sea, belonging to the group of the Cyclades and the eparchy of Syra, 14 miles off the coast of Attica. Its greatest length is about 13 miles, and its breadth about 8. It gradually rises towards the centre, where it culminates in Mount Elias, 1860 feet high. Among its natural productions are lemons, citrons, olives, wine, and honey ; said… Cephalonia, Or Cefalonia CEPHALONIA, or CEFALONIA, the ancient Cephallenia, an island belonging to the kingdom of Greece, and the largest of those known as the Ionian Islands, is situated on the west side of the mainland, almost directly opposite the Gulf of Corinth. Its extreme length is 31 miles, and its breadth varies from about 20 miles in the southern portion to three or less in the projecting part, which runs parall… Cer 1go CER 1GO, the ancient Cythera (1(1;077pa), one of the Ionian islands, situated at a distance of not less than 150 miles from Zante, but only about 8 miles from Cape Malea on the southern coast of Greece. Its length from N. to S. is nearly 20 miles, and its greatest breadth about 12 ; its area is 114 square miles. The general character of the surface is rocky and broken ; but streams abound, and the… Ceram CERAM, or SinANG, an island of the East Indian Archipelago, situated to the west of New Guinea, and belonging to the Dutch Government of the Moluccas. It lies between 2? 45' 30" and 3? 30' 30" S. lat., and extends from 128? to 131? 10' E. long. ; its greatest length is about 200 miles, its greatest breadth about 50, and its area upwards of 6000 square miles. It is divided into two parts, Great Cer… Cerberus CERBERUS (1(4113 Epos), in Greek mythology, the dog which guarded the entrance to Hades, not against incomers, but against whoever might seek to escape. Cerdonians CERDONIANS, a Gnostic sect, founded by Cerdo, a Syrian, who came to Rome about 140, but concerning whose history little is known. They held that there are two first causes - the perfectly good and the perfectly evil. The latter is also the creator of the world, the god of the Jews, and the author of the Old Testament. Jesus Christ is the son of the good deity ; he was sent into the world to oppose… Ceres CERES, in Mythology, was the Roman goddess of seed and harvest, worshipped jointly with Liber (Bacchus) and Libera (Proserpine). No special myth or personal history is known to have been attached to her. But early in the times of the Republic, when Greek deities were introduced into Rome on the advice of the Sibylline books, Demeter, the Greek goddess of seed and harvest, whose worship was largely… Cerignola CERIGNOLA, a town of Italy, in The south of the Neapolitan province of Capitanata, 24 miles S.E. of Foggia, pleasantly situated on an eminence which commands an extensive view. Cerigotto CERIGOTTO, an island of Greece, belonging to the Ionian group, and situated between Cerigo and Crete in 35? 50' N. lat. and 23? 20' E. long. Cerinthus CERINTHUS was the founder. of one of the earliest heretical sects of the Christians. He was brought up in Egypt (Theod. Iier. Fab. ii. 3), but removed to Asia Minor, where he propagated his doctrines. He flourished, according to Eusebius (Mist. Eccl. iii. 28) in the time of Trajan (98-117). Tremens relates a story which represents him as a contemporary of the apostle John (Contra Hcer. iii. 3, 4).… Cerreto CERRETO, a town of Italy, in the Neapolitan province of Benevento, on the Cusano. Cerro De Pasco CERRO DE PASCO, a town of Peru, in the department. of Junin, on the table-land of Bombon, 14,280 feet above sea-level. Certaldo CERTALDO, a market-town of Tuscany, on the right bank of the Elsa, in the province of Florence, and 15 miles south-west of that city. It was the birthplace of Boccaccio, whose house, repaired in 1823 by the Marchesa Lenzoni Medici, is still to be seen. One of the rooms contains, besides some of the ancient furniture, the remnants of the poet's tomb, his autograph, and his picture. Not far from the… Cervantes-saavedra, Miguel De CERVANTES-SAAVEDRA, MIGUEL DE (1547-1616), the author of Don Quixote, was born at Alcald de Henares, the ancient Complutum, a small town in the province of New Castile, in 1547. The day of his birth is not known, but as he was baptized on the 9th of October it is conjectured from his Christian name that he was born on St Michaelmas day preceding. The place of his nativity also remained in doubt un… Cervia CERVIA, an episcopal town of Italy, with a port on the Adriatic, in the district of Ravenna, and 12 miles S.E. of the city of that name. Cesari, Giuseppe CESARI, GIUSEPPE, called Il Cavaliere d'Arpino (being born in or about 1568 at Arpino, and created a " Cavaliere di Cristo" by Pope Clement VIII.), also named Il Giuseppino, an Italian painter, much encouraged at Rome and munificently rewarded. Cesari is stigmatized by Lanzi as not less the corrupter of taste in painting than Marino was in poetry ; indeed, another of the nicknames of Cesari is " 1… Cesarotti, Melcitiore CESAROTTI, MELCITIORE (1730-180S), an Italian poet, born at Padua in 1730, of a noble but impoverished family. At the university of his native place his literary progress procured for him at a very early age the chair of rhetoric, and in 1768 the professorship of Greek and Hebrew. On the invasion of Italy by the French, he gave his pen to their cause, received a pension, and was made knight of the… Cesena CESENA (Lat. Ccesena, or Ccesenia), an episcopal city of Emilia, in the province of Forli, a station on the railroad between Bologna and Ancona, gives its name to a " circondario" and to two subdivisions or " mandamenti" of the same. Population of circondario in 1862, 77,489. A very fertile region, it makes good white wine of some reputation, rears silk-worms to some extent, and has some sulphur m… Cetacea CETACEA (from the Greek word K.;)-roc, a whale) is the name employed by zoologists to characterize the important order of Mammals which contains the whales and dolphins.. These mammals are aquatic in their habits, and possess a fish-like form. They differ from fishes in breathing by lungs and not by gills, in being viviparous and not, oviparous, and in suckling their young with a pair of milk-secr… Cette CETTE, a fortified seaport in the department of HoranIt, in 43? 23' 48" N. lat. and 3? 42' 15"E. long., and 15 miles S.W. of Montpellier. After Marseilles it is the principal commercial port on the south coast of France. It occupies the foot and slope of a hill, the ancient Mons Setiu,s, situated on a tongue of laud that lies between the Mediterranean and the Lagoon. of Thau. The town is well buil… Cettinje, Cetinje, Zetinje CETTINJE, CETINJE, ZETINJE, CETTIGNO, Or CETTIN, the capital of the principality of Montenegro, is situated on the left of a small river in a narrow plain deeply sunk in the heart of the mountains, at a height of 2470 feet above the sea. It consists of two streets of whitewashed stone houses, and, according to Mr Tozer, has very much the appearance of a Dartmoor village. The principal buildings ar… Ceuta CEUTA, or (in the local Moorish form) SEBTA, a town and fortress belonging to Spain on the coast of Marocco, on a peninsula opposite Gibraltar, in 35? 54' N. lat., 5? 18' W. long. It derives its name from its seven hills, the most important of which, the Monte del Hacho (the ancient Abyla, one of the pillars of Hercules), has a considerable elevation. The town is well built, and is chiefly importa… Ceva CEVA, the ancient Celia, a town of Italy, in the province of Cuneo and 11 miles east of Mondovi, at the confluence of the Cevetta with the-Tanaro. Cevennes CEVENNES, a mountain 'chain in the south of France, dividini,b the valleys of the Lower Saone and Rhone from those of the Loire and the Carmine. On the N. the Cevennes arc a continuation of the Lyonnais mountains ; and they end on the S. at the Canal du Midi, which separates them from the Pyrenees. They are divided into two parts, - the south consisting of the Montagnes Noires (in Aude and Hdrault… Ceylon CEYLON, an island in the Indian Ocean, separated on the N.W. from continental India by the Gulf of is 137 miles ; and its area, including that of its dependent islands, amounts to 25,742 miles, or about one-sixth smaller than Ireland. In its general outline the island resembles a cone, the apex of which points towards the north. The Coast. - The coast is beset on the N.W. with numberless sandbank… Chablis CHABLIS, a town of France, on the Seray or Serein, in the department of Yonne, 10 miles east of Auxerre. Chabrias CHABRIAS, a celebrated Athenian general, who first assumed the command about the year 392 B.c. He defeated the Spartans at ./Egina (388), and again at Naxos (376). With Iphicrates and Callistratus he commanded at Corcyra, and repulsed Epaminondas before the walls of Corinth. In 366, together with Callistratus, he was accused of treachery in advising the surrender of Oropus to the The-bans, and was… Chaderton, Laurence CHADERTON, LAURENCE (1536-1640), a Puritan divine, was born at Lees Hall, in the parish of Oldham, Lancashire, September 14, 1536, being the second son of Edmund Chaderton, a gentleman of an ancient family, and a zealous Catholic. Under the tuition of Laurence Vaux, a priest, he became an admirable scholar. In 1562 he entered Christ's College, Cambridge, where, after a short time, he formally join… Chaffinch CHAFFINCH (Frin9illa ccelebs), a Conirostral Bird, belonging to the family Fringillida? or Finches, and distinguished, in the male sex, by the deep greyish blue of its crown feathers, the sulphur yellow of its rump, the white of the wing coverts, so disposed as to form two conspicuous bars, and the reddish brown passing into vinous red of the throat and breast. The female is less conspicuous in it… Chagres CHAGRES, a seaport of Colombia, in the state of Panama, situated on the northern side of the Isthmus of Panama, about 12 miles W.S.W. of Colon or Aspinwall, at the mouth of a river of its own name. Chalcedon CHALCEDON, or rather CALCHEDON, an ancient maritime town of Bithynia, in Asia Minor, called also Procerastis and Colpusa, almost directly opposite Byzantium, to the south of the present town of Scutari. It was founded by a colony from :N.1egara, on a site so obviously inferior to that which was within their view on the opposite shore, that it received from the oracle the name of "The City of the B… Chalk CHALK (Ang.-Sax. cealc ; Lat. calx, lime), an earthy limestone of the Upper Cretaceous group of rocks. It has a specific gravity of from 2.4 to 2.6, is rough to the touch, is friable, and presents an uneven fracture; it has an insipid taste, and adheres slightly to the tongue ; it is usually white, and imparts its colour to surfaces over which it is rubbed. On microscopical examination, chalk is f… Challoner, Eichard CHALLONER, EICHARD (1691-1781), an eminent Roman Catholic prelate, born at Lewes, Sussex, 29th September 1691. After the death of his father, who was a rigid Dissenter, his mother sought refuge with sonic Roman Catholic families, the consequence being that the son was brought up in their religion, chiefly at the seat of Mr Holman at Warkworth, Northamptonshire, where the Rev. John Gother, a celebr… Chalmers, Alexander CHALMERS, ALEXANDER (1759-1834), was born in Aberdeen. Chalmers, George CHALMERS, GEORGE (1742-1825), an antiquarian and political writer of considerable eminence, was born at Fochabers, a village in the county cf Moray, in the year 1742. His father, James Chalmers, was a grandson of George Chalmers of Pittensear, a small estate in the parish of Lhanbryde, now St Andrews-Lhanbryde, in the same county, possessed by the main line of the family from about the beginning o… Chaloner CHALONER, Sin THOMAS (1515-1565), a statesman and poet, of a noble Welsh family, was born in 1515. Under Henry VIII. he was sent as ambassador to Charles V., whom he accompanied on his unfortunate expedition against Algiers in 1541. On his return he was appointed to the office of first clerk of the council. He gained the friendship of the duke of Somerset ; but after his fall he was obliged to liv… Chalons-sur-marne CHALONS-SUR-MARNE, a town of Franco, capital of the department of Marne, is situated mainly on the right bank of the river, here crossed by a fine stone bridge, 107 miles E. of Paris on the railway to Strasburg, and 25 S. of Rheims by another line, in 48? 57' 21" N. lat. and 4? 21' 27" E. long. It occupies a considerable area for its population, and is rather irregularly laid out ; many of its str… Chalon-sur-saone CHALON-SUR-SAONE, a town of France, capital of an arrondissement in the department of SaOne-et-Loire, 81 miles by rail north of Lyons. It is a neat and well-built town, situated in an extensive plain on the right bank of the Saone, at the junction of the Canal du Centre, and connected by a fine stone bridge with the suburb of St Laurent on an island in the river. Its principal buildings are the ca… Chalybaus, Heinrich Moritz CHALYBAUS, HEINRICH MORITZ (1796-1862), a distinguished German writer on philosophy, was born on the 3d July 1796. The facts of his life are few and unimportant. For some years after completing his university education he acted as lecturer in the Kreuz-Schule at Dresden, and while there his lectures on the history of philosophy in Germany, delivered before large audiences, drew attention to his ra… Volume 6 [CLI-DAY]: Albert* to Coustou [next] [back] Volume 4 [BOK-CAN]: Acalendar to Bugenhagen Copyright © 2013 Net Industries and its Licensors – All Rights Reserved – Terms of Use Share this page: Tweet More To Explore	Contact & About Privacy Policy