Animal ParasitismANIMAL PARASITISM - the problems suggested by the occurrence of parasite.s not only in the intestines or the kidneys but even in flesh and blood, in eye or. brain, have occupied alike physician and naturalist from the earliest times. From ancient Egyptian and Jewish sanitary and religious codes we may perhaps infer considerable knowledge of the distri-bution and clanger of parasites, - unelean ani… ApterygesAPTERYGES. Eaterculus, MarcusEATERCULUS, MARCUS 2 VELLEIUs, a Roman historian, was probably born about 19 R. c. His father, a cavalry officer, belonged to a good Capuan family, several members of which had risen to some military or magisterial distinc-tion. The historian himself served as military tribune in Thrace, Macedonia, Greece, and the East, and in 2 A.n. was present at the interview on the Euphrates between C. Clesar … Faros, Or ParFAROS, or PAR?, an island in the JEgean Sea, one of the largest of the group of the Cyclades, with a population of 8000. It lies to the vt-est of Naxos, from which it is separated by a, channel about 6 iniles broad, and with which it is now grouped together, in popular language, under the common name of Paronaxia. It is in 37? N. lat. and 25? 10' E. long. Its greatest length from north-east to sou… Fung1FuNG1. - The absence of chlorophy-11 from all fungi, and the necessity thus thrown upon them of taking up the carbon compounds assimilated by other organisms, deter-mines their mode of life, which is therefore either parasitic or saprophytic. The parasitic organ of the fungal thallus FOr the life-histories of the following groups the student is referred to the article FUNGUS (VOL IX. p. 827), and … GianfrancescoGIANFRANCESCO (1488-1528), Italian painter, surnamed "II Fattore," from the relation in which he stood to Raphael, whose favourite disciple he was after Giulio Romano, was a native of Florence, but spent the latter years of his life in Naples. Gospels, VoiGOSPELS, VOI. Il Isaac OstadeIL ISAAC OSTADE (1621-1649) was christened on the 2d of June 1621, at Haarlem. He began his studies under Adrian, with whom he remained till 1641, when he started on his own account. At an early period he felt the influence of Rembrandt, and this is apparent in a Slaughtered Pig of 1639, in the gallery of Augsburg. But he soon reverted to a style more suited to his pencil. He produced pictures in … LlteratureLlTERATURE. - Proellaska, Functions of the Nervous System. (tr. by Layei,A, Sydenhain Society's series, 1851); Gall, Recherches sur le Systeme Nerveux, &c. (Paris, 1809), Anatomic et Physiologie du Systeme ,,Nerveux, Sze. (l'aris, 1810-19), Traite des Dispositions innees de l'Aine et de l'Esprit (Paris, 1811), and Sur les Eonctions (ZIG Cerveau (6 vols., 1825) ; Beryk, Benierkungen 21. Zweifel iib… LunarLUNAR PARALLAx. - The constant of the lunar parallax may be determined by a method precisely sinfilar to that followed in the meridian declination observations of Mars. Our knowledge of the parallax of the moon de-pends at present entirely- on such observations made nearly simultaneously at the Royal Observatories of Greenwich and the Cape of Good Hope. The resulting values of the parallax, found … Medo-persian EmpireMEDO-PERSIAN EMPIRE - the Babylonian Berosus, writing soon after Alexander the Great, states that at a very early time, which we must place somewhat over two thousand years before Christ, the Medes conquered Babylonia, and that eight Median kings reigned thereafter in Babylonia for a space of 224 years.3 This is an early instance of the occupation of the rich lowlands by warlike tribes of the neig… Nature Of Vegetable Parasitis3lNATURE OF VEGETABLE PARASITIS3L - It has been seen. that the dependence of parasites upon their hosts for the means of subsistence varies considerably in degree, but it is equally manifest that underlying this condition of existence there are certain facts which char-acterize every case. The most important of these is the absence or the ina.dequate supply of chlorophyll and the conAequent loss or … NesomyodiNESOMYODI, HoNcEomEnT, Tracheoplionie, Fu ;war i frIa3, Pteroptodadte, Dendrocolapadir, Coup?. phay idte, Formleariithe. Haploophothe, Tyramaithe, Rupieola, Piltidx, Plailepiltidx, _Yolk ithr. IIETEnommu, Coticigidx, Piprida". DES .110DA C T YL Euryliemida. It will be seen that no attempt is here made to separate the Normal Acromyodians into Families. Already, in The . Ibis for 1874 (pp. 406-416),… OrneORNE, a department of the north-west of France, about half of which formerly belonged to the province of Normandy and the rest to the duchy of Alencon and to Perche, lies between 48? 10' and 48? 58' N. lat., and between 1? E. and 0? 50' W. long., and is bounded N. by Calvados, N.E. by Eure, S.E. by Eure-et-Loir, S. by Sarthe and Mayenne, and W. by Manche. The greatest length from east to west is 8… OrnithologyORNITHOLOGY' in its proper sense is the methodical study and consequent knowledge of Birds with all that relates to them; but the difficulty of assigning a limit to the commencement of such study and knowledge gives the word a very vague meaning, and practically procures its application to much that does not enter the domain of Science. This elastic application renders it impossible in the followi… OropusOROPUS, a Greek seaport, on the Euripus, in the district II EtpaIK7j, opposite Eretria. Orosius, PaulersOROSIUS, PAULErS, author of the once widely read was scarcely to be hoped for amongst Orientals who did not understand Latin, and whose sense of reverence was unshocked by the question of Pelagius "et pis est milli Augustinus ? " All that ()rosins succeeded in obtaining was John's consent to send letters and deputies to innocent of Rome ; and, after having waited long enough to learn the unfavoura… OrpheusORPHEUS, a very important figure in Greek legend. The name is an ancient Indo-European one ; the original Aran can be traced in the leibleu of the Rigvecla and the Alp or Elf of Teutonic folklore. It is, however, impossible to establish any connexion between the Orpheus legend in the highly developed form which alone has come down to us and the beliefs entertained about Ribhu and Elf. In Greece, O… OrpimentORPIMENT ((awl pifpnentum), the trisulphide of arsenic, As5S3, or yellow realgar, occurs in small quantities as a native mineral of a brilliant golden-yellow colour in Bohemia, Peru, &c. Orris-rootORRIS-ROOT consists of the rhizomes or underground stems of three species of Iris, I. germanica, I. florentina, and I. pallida, closely allied plants growing in subtropical and temperate latitudes, but principally identified with North Italy. The three plants are indiscriminately cultivated in the neighbourhood of Florence as an agricultural product under the name of "ghiaggiuolo." The rhizomes fo… Orsini, FeliceORSINI, FELICE (1819-1858), Italian patriot, was born in December 1819 at a small town in the Roman states not far from Forli. He was educated for the church, but soon abandoned that career, and joined Mazzini's Young Italy Society in 1838. For engaging in revolutionary projects lie was arrested 1st May 1814, and sentenced at Rome to the galleys for life, but by the amnesty proclaimed on the acces… OrskORSK (Konan-?ala of the Kirghiz), a district town of Orenburg, Russia, 155 miles to the east-south-east of the capital of the government, on the right bank of the Ural, was originally founded in 1735 as the principal Russian fort against the attacks of the Kirghiz. Ortelius, Ortell, Or OertelORTELIUS, ORTELL, or OERTEL, ABRAHAM, next to Mercator the greatest geographer of his age, was born at Antwerp in 1527, and died in the same city on June 2S, 1598. He visited various parts of the Netherlands and Germany (1575), England and Ireland (1577), and Italy on several occasions. His Theatrum Orbis Terr'trum (published at Antwerp in 1570, and reissued in a revised form five times during his… OrthonyxORTHONYX, the scientific name given in 1820, by Temminck, to a little bird, which, from the straightness of its claws, - a character somewhat exaggerated by him, - its large feet and spiny tail, he judged to be generically distinct from any other form. Concerning its affinities much doubt has long prevailed, and this has been only lately set at rest. The typical species, 0. spinim Oa, is from sout… OrtolanORTOLAN (French, Ortolan), the Emberiza hortulana of Linniuus, a bird so celebrated for the delicate flavour of its flesh as to have become proverbial. A native of most European countries - the British Islands (in which it occurs but rarely) excepted - as well as of western Asia, it emigrates in autumn presumably to the southward of the Mediterranean, though its winter quarters cannot be said to b… OrvietoORVIETO, a town in Umbria, Italy, on the main road from Florence to Rome, situated on an almost , isolated volcanic rock, about 770 feet above the plain. It. is now the capital of a province, the seat of a bishop, and in 1881 had a population of 8626. The town is of Etruscan origin, and is said to have joined the Volscians in their war against Rome ; it is the Urbibentum of Procopius (with which t… Oryekhoff-zijyeff, Or Oryekhovskiy PogostORYEKHOFF-ZIJYEFF, or ORYEKHOVSKIY POGOST, a village of European Russia, in the Pokroff district of the Vladimir government, 12 miles west of Pokroff by rail, on the Klyazma, a subtributary of the Volga. Osbo1in, SheraedOSBO1IN, SHERAED (1822-1875), English admiral and explorer, was the son of Lieutenant-Colonel Osborn of the Madras army, and was born 25th April 1822. Entering ? 0 S the navy as a first?class volunteer in 1S37, he was in the following year entrusted, though only a midshipman, with the command of a gunboat, the " Emerald," at the attack on Kedah. He was present at the reduction of Canton in 1841, a… Oscans, Or OpicansOSCANS, or OPICANS, was the name given both by Greeks and Romans to one of the ancient nations of central Italy. There can be no doubt that the original form of the name was Opscus, which, as we learn from Festus, was still used by Ennius. This the Greeks softened into Opicus, while the Latin writers always used Oscus as a national appellation, though they occasionally employ the term " ?piens " i… OshkoshOSHKOSH, a city of the United States, capital of Winnebago county, Wisconsin, stretches from the west side of Lake Winnebago for about 3 miles up Fox River to Lake Buttes des ports, and covers an area of about S square miles. Osiander, AndpOSIANDER, ANDP,EAS (1498-1552), German Reformer, was born at Gunzenhausen, near Nuremberg, on December 19, 1498. His German name was Heiligmann, or, according to others, Hosemann. After studying at Leipsic, Altenburg, and Ingolstadt, he was ordained in 1520 to the priesthood, when he became Hebrew tutor in the Augus tinian convent at Nuremberg. Two years afterwards ho was appointed preacher in the… OskaloosaOSKALOOSA, a city of the United States, capital of Mahaska county, Iowa, about 55 miles ? south-east of Des Moines. OsmanOSMAN. OsnabruckOSNABRUCK, a prosperous manufacturing town of Prussia, the see of a Roman Catholic bishop, and the capital of a district of its own name in the province of Hanover, is pleasantly situated on the Hase, 70 miles to the west of the town of Hanover. The older streets are narrow and crooked, containing many interesting examples of Gothic and Renaissance domestic architecture, while the substantial hous… OsorOSOR,I0, GERONYMO (1506-1580), "the Cicero of Portugal," belonged to a noble family, and was born at Lisbon in 1506. After studying languages at Salamanca, philosophy at Paris, and theology at Bologna, he rose through successive ecclesiastical dignities to the bishopric of Sylves. He evaded the necessity of accompanying Dom Sebastian on his first African expedition (which he did all in his power t… OspreyOSPREY, or ?SPRAY, a word said to be corrupted from " Ossifrage," in Latin 0.s.$)7rva or bone-breaker. The Ossifraga of Pliny (//. N., x. 3) and some other classical writers seems, as already said, to have been the LAAIMER.GEYER (vol. xiv. p. 244); but the name, not inapplicable in that case, has been transferred - through a not uncommon but inexplicable confusion - to another bird which is no bre… Ossian, Or OisinOSSIAN, or OISIN. Ossoli, Sarah Margaret FullerOSSOLI, SARAH MARGARET FULLER, MARCHIONESS, (1810-1850), an American authoress, was the eldest child of Timothy Fuller, a lawyer and politician of seine eminence, and was born at Cambridge Port, Massachusetts, 23c1 May 1810. Her education was conducted by her father, who, she states, made the mistake of thinking to "gain time by bringing forward the intellect as early as possible," the consequence… OstadeOSTADE. The Ostades are Dutch painters of note, whose ancestors were settled at Eyndhoven, near the small village of Ostaden, from which they took their name. Early in the 17th century Jan Hendricx, a weaver, moved with his family from Eyndhoven to Haarlem, where he married and founded a large family. The eldest and youngest of his sons became celebrated artists. I. ADRIAN OSTADE (1610-1685), the … OstashkoffOSTASHKOFF, a town of Tver, Russia, 163 miles by rail south-east from the capital of that government, on Lake Seliger, has a population of 12,500. OstendOSTEND, a seaport of Belgium, in the province of West Flanders, 70 miles west-north-west from Brussels, is surrounded on the north and west by the sea ; its site is an extensive plain, lying below high-water level, the town and surrounding country being protected by a sea-wall built of granite with a brick revetment, upon which the waves generally exhaust their force even in the roughest weather, … Ostervald, JeanOSTERVALD, JEAN IWnimc (1663-1747), Swiss Protestant theologian, was born at Neufchatel on November 25, 1663, was educated at Zurich and at Saumur (where he graduated), studied theology at Orleans, Paris, and Geneva, and was ordained to the ministry in his native place in 1683. As preacher, pastor, lecturer, and author, he attained a position of great influence in his day, lie and his friends J. A… OstiaOSTIA, a city of ancient Latium, situated at the mouth of the Tiber, from which circumstance it obviously derived its name. Owing to this position it became from an early period the port of Rome, but its foundation as a regular colony of that city is ascribed by ancient authors to Ancus Marcius, who is said to have at the same time established there extensive salt-works, which long continued to su… Ostiaks, Or OstyaksOSTIAKS, or OSTYAKS, a tribe of Finnish origin, who. inhabit the basin of the Obi in western Siberia ; a few them on the flat lands of the Obi, and the best investigators (Castren, Lerberg, A. Scluenck) consider the trans-Uralian Ostiaks and Samoyedes as identical with the Yugra of the Russian annals During the Russian conquest their Obdorsk, and elsewhere. The total number of the Ostiaks may be e… OstrichOSTRICH (Old English, Estridge; French, Autrucke; Spanish, Avestruz; Latin, Avis struthio). Among exotic birds there can be hardly one better known by report than the strange, majestic, and fleet-footed creature that "seorneth the horse and his rider," or one that from the earliest times to the present has been oftener more or less fully described; and there must be few persons in any civilized co… OstuniOSTUNI, a city of Italy, in the province of Lecce, 23 miles by rail north-west of Brindisi. OsunaOSUNA, a town of Spain, in the province of Seville, distant 48 miles by road and 57 by rail east-south-east from that city, is built in a semicircular form on the slope of a hill, at the edge of a fertile plain watered by the Salado, a sub-tributary of the Guadalquivir. On the top of the hill, which commands an extensive view, stands the collegiate church, a mixed Gothic and cinquecento building, … OswaldOSWALD (c. 604-642), "most Christian king of the Northumbrians," was the son of King Ethelfrith, and was born about 604. On the death of his father on the battlefield in 617, he and his brothers were compelled to take refuge among the northern Celts, where they are said to have received baptism. The fall of King Edwin in 633 permitted their return, and after the death of Eanfrid, who had received … OswaldtwistleOSWALDTWISTLE, a township of Lancashire, England, is situated on the Leeds and Liverpool Canal and the East Lancashire Railway, 3.1 miles east-south-east of Blackburn and 24 north of Manchester. OswegoOSWEGO, a city and port of entry of the United States, capital of Oswego county, New York, stretches between 2 and 3 miles along the south-east shore of Lake Ontario, on the low bluffs and hilly ground near the mouth of the Oswego river, which divides it into two nearly equal portions, and is spanned by three iron drawbridges. By the Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western Railroad it is 305 miles from … OswestryOSWESTRY, a market-town and municipal borough in Shropshire, England, on the borders of Wales, on two railway lines and near the Shropshire Canal, 18 miles northwest of Shrewsbury and 16 north from Welshpool. It is a well-built town with wide and regular streets, although sonic of the old wooden houses still remain. There are still some traces of the ancient castle erected in the reign of Stephen.… Otaheite, Or TahitiOTAHEITE, or TAHITI. See SOCIETY ISLANDS. OTHO, :MARCUS SALVILTS, Roman emperor from family, settled at Ferentinum in Etruria. His grandfather had been a senator and held the prcetorship ; his father had added to the family honours the dignity of a consulship. Otho himself first appears in history as one of the most reckless and extravagant of the young nobles who surrounded Nero and shared his re… OthoOTHO I. (912-973), called The Great, Holy Roman emperor, was born in 912. After the death of his father, Henry, king of Germany, he was elected and crowned king in 936 at Aix-la-Chapelle; and he occupied the throne upwards of thirty-six years. His reign was one of the most momentous in mediawal history, its chief incident being his assumption of the imperial crown, whereby he rendered impossible t… OthoOTHO or FumsPia, German historian, was the son of Leopold IV., margrave of Austria, and of Agnes, the daughter of the emperor Henry IV. Otho IiOTHO II. (955-983), Holy Roman emperor, son of Otho I. and Adelaide, was born in 955. In the lifetime of his father he was twice crowned, in 961 as king of Germany, and in 967 (at Rome) as emperor. He became sole ruler after the death of Otho I. in 973. Early in his reign he had to suppress a great conspiracy organized by his cousin, Duke Henry of Bavaria; and at the same time he was repeatedly at… Otho IiiOTHO III. (980-1002), Holy Roman emperor, son of Otho II. and Theophano, was born in 980, and crowned king of Germany at Aix-la-Chapelle in 983. After his coronation his kinsman, Duke Henry of Bavaria, who had been imprisoned by Otho II. in Utrecht, made his escape and seized the young king, in whose name he proposed to govern the empire. His pretensions were resisted, however, and he agreed to su… Otho IvOTHO IV. (c. 1174-1218), Holy Roman emperor, the second son of Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony and Bavaria, of the house of Guelph, was born about 1174. After the banishment of his father to England in 1180, Otho was educated at the court of Richard I., whose sister Matilda was Otho's mother. Otho distinguished himself in the war between England and France, and in 1196 Richard 1. made him duke of A… Otis, JamesOTIS, JAMES (1724-1783), was born at Barnstable, Massachusetts, U.S., on February 5, 1724 (o.s.). He graduated with honours at Harvard in 1743, and for a year or two afterwards devoted himself to the study of literature before reading law. He had been a dozen years at the bar, and had risen to professional distinction, when in 1760 he published a Rudiments of Latin, Prosody, a book long ago out of… OtleyOTLEY, a market-town in the West Riding of Yorkshire, is picturesquely situated on the south bank of the Wharfe, at the foot of the precipitous Chevin Hill, 10 miles north of Bradford and 9 south-west of Harrogate. The river is crossed by a stone bridge of seven arches. The church of All Saints contains what is said to be a Saxon doorway belonging to the original building, and several interesting … OtrantoOTRANTO, a city of Italy in the province of Lecce (Terra d'Otranto), 53 miles by rail south of Brindisi on the coast of the Adriatic, within sight on a clear day of the mountains of Albania. Though at present a small place with a communal population of only 2333 (1881), it was formerly one of the most celebrated cities of southern Italy, and the seat of an archbishop who bore the title of primate … OttawaOTTAWA, the capital of the Dominion of Canada, the seat of the supreme court, and the residence of the governor-general, of the Church of England bishop of Ontario, and of the Roman Catholic bishop of Ottawa, is situated in 45? 25' 59" N. lat. and 75? 42' 4" W. long., in the province of Ontario, on the south bank of the Ottawa (which forms the boundary between Ontario and Quebec), about 90 miles a… OttensenOTTENSEN, a town of Prussia; in the province of Schleswig-Holstein, lies on the right bank of the Elbe, immediately below Altona, of which it practically forms a part. OtterOTTER, a group of animals belonging to the family Alustelidw, of the order Carnivore (see MAMMALIA, vol. xv. p. 439), distinguished from their allies by their aquatic habits. The true otters constitute the genus Lutra of zoologists, of which the common species of the British Isles, L. rulyaris, may be taken as the type. It has an elongated, low body, short limbs, short broad feet, with five toes o… OttumwaOTTUMWA, a city of the United States, capital of Wapello county, Iowa, lies on the Des Moines river (here spanned by a bridge), 75 miles north-west of Burlington by the main line of the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railroad. Otway, ThomasOTWAY, THOMAS (1651-1685), the best English tragic poet of the classical school, was the son of the I1ev. Humphrey Otway, rector of Woolbeding, near Midhurst in Sussex, and was born at the adjoining village of Trotton, March 3, 1651. He acknowledges his obligations to the care and education of his parents. He went to school at Wickham, near Winchester, and in 1669 proceeded to Christ Church, Oxfor… Oudenarde, Or OudenaerdeOUDENARDE, or OUDENAERDE, a small town of Belgium, in the province of East Flanders, on the Scheldt, 17 miles south-south-west from Ghent, with a population (1880) of 5880. It has manufactures of cotton and woollen fabrics, lace, tobacco, and starch, dyeing and bleaching establishments, salt refineries, distilleries, and so on. The town-hall, built in 1530 by Van Pede, is remarkable for the elegan… OudhOUDH, a province of British India, now under the political administration of the lieutenant-governorship of the North-Western Provinces, but in respect of its land and courts still a distinct chief-commissionership. Lying between 25? 34' and 28? 42' N. lat. and between 79? 44' and 83? 9' E. long., it is bounded on the N.E. by Nepal, on the N.W. by the Rohilkhand division, on the S.W. by the Ganges… Oughtred, WilliamOUGHTRED, WILLIAM (1574-1660), an eminent mathematician, was born at Eton in 1574, and educated there and at King's College, Cambridge, of which he became fellow. Ouro PretoOURO PRETO, a city of Brazil, the chief town of the extensive province of Minas Gcraes, lies 170 miles north by west of Rio de Janeiro, in the upper part of the Rio Sao Francisco basin, at a height of 3757 feet above the sea. A steep hill to the north of the peak of Itacolumi (5740) is broken up by ravines into a number of distinct plateaus ; ? and it is round these plateaus, generally crowned by … Ouseley, Sir WilliamOUSELEY, SIR WILLIAM (1769-1842), Orientalist, was the eldest son of Captain Ralph Ouseley, of an old Irish family, and was born in Monmouthshire in 1769. After a private education he went to Paris, in 1787, to perfect himself in French, and in the following year became cornet in the 8th regiment of dragoons. After obtaining the grade of lieutenant he, on the conclusion of the campaign of 1794, so… Ousel, Or OuzelOUSEL, or OUZEL, Anglo-Saxon Oslo, equivalent of the German Amsel (a form of the word found in several old English books, and perhaps yet surviving in some parts of the country), apparently the ancient name for what is now more commonly known as the Blackbird, the Turdus merulcz of ornithologists, but at the present clay not often applied to that species, though, as will immediately be seen, used … OutlawOUTLAW, in English law, is a person put out of the protection of the law by process of outlawry. Outram, Sir JamesOUTRAM, SIR JAMES (1803-1863), English general, was the son of Benjamin Outram of Butterley Hall, Derbyshire, civil engineer, and was born 29th January 1803. His father died in 1805, and his mother, a daughter of Dr James Anderson, the Scottish writer on agriculture, removed in 1810 to Aberdeenshire. From Udny school the boy went in 1818 to Marischal College, Aberdeen; and in 1819 an Indian cadets… OvarOVAR, a town of Portugal, in the district of Aveiro (Beira), with a station on the railway 20 miles south of Oporto, lies at the northern end of the Aveiro lagoon, - an extremely unhealthy position. OvationOVATION, an honour awarded in Rome to victorious generals. OvenOVEN, a close chamber or compartment in which a considerable degree of heat may be generated either from internal or from external sources. Overbeck, Johann FriedrichOVERBECK, JOHANN FRIEDRICH (1789-1869), the reviver and leader of " Christian art" in the 19th century, was born in Lubeck 4th July 1789. His ancestors for three generations had been Protestant pastors ; his father was doctor of laws, poet, mystic pietist, and burgomaster of Liibeck. Within stone's throw of the family mansion in the Konigstrasse, stood the gymnasium, where the uncle, doctor of the… Over DarwenOVER DARWEN, a municipal borough of Lancashire, is situated in the vale of the Darwen river, shut in by heath-covered hills, and on the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway, 3 miles south from Blackburn and 9 north from Bolton. There are four ecclesiastical parishes, each of which has a handsome church ; and among the other public buildings are the market-house, the Liberal and Conservative club-house… OvertureOVERTURE. See Music, vol. xvii. p. 95 sq. OVERYSSEL, or OVERIJSSEL, a province of Holland, bounded N.W. by the Zuyder Zee, N. by Friesland and Drenthe, N.E. by Hanover (Prussia), S.E. by Westphalia (Prussia), and S. and S.W. by Guelderland, with an area of 1291 square miles. The southern district belongs to the basin of the Yssel ; the northern is watered by the Vecht and various small streams fal… OvidOVID (P. OVIDIIIS NAso) was the last in order. of time of the poets of the Augustan age, whose works have given to it the distinction of ranking among the great eras in the history of human culture. As is the case with most other Roman writers, his personal history has to be gathered almost entirely from his own writings. The materials for his life are partly the record of the immediate impression… OviedoOVIEDO, a city in the north of Spain, capital of a province of the same name,1 stands on a gentle northern slope, about 72 miles by rail and diligence to the north of Leon, and 14 miles to the south of the Bay of Biscay. About a mile to the north-west is the Sierra de Naranco, a Red Sandstone hill 1070 feet above the sea and about 470 above the town, which is thus sheltered from the north wind, bu… OviedoOVIEDO V VALDEZ, GONZALO FERNANDEZ Did (1478-1557), an early historian of Spanish America, was born at Madrid, of noble Asturian descent, in 1478. He was brought up at the court of Ferdinand and Isabella as one of the pages of Prince John ; in this capacity he was present at the surrender of Granada in 1492, and saw Columbus at Barcelona on his first return from America in 1493. In 1514 he was sen… OwegoOWEGO, a post village and township of the United States, capital of Tioga county, New York, lies at the mouth of Owego Creek, on the north side of the Susquehanna (here crossed by a bridge), 237 miles northwest of New York by the New York, Erie, and Western Railroad, which here connects with the Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western and the Southern Central Railroads. Owen, JohnOWEN, JOHN (Ovenu.s or Audoenus) (1560-1622), a writer of Latin epigrams, once very popular all over Europe, was of Welsh extraction, and was born at Armon, Caernarvonshire, in 1560. He was educated under Dr Bilson at Wykeham's School, Winchester, and afterwards studied at New College, Oxford, where he received a fellowship in 1584, and took the degree of bachelor of laws in 1590. Throwing up his … Owen, JohnOWEN, JOHN (1616-1683), theologian, was born of Puritan parents at Stadham in Oxfordshire in 1616. At twelve years of age he was admitted at Queen's College, Oxford, where he took his B.A. degree in 1632 and M.A. in 1635. During these years he worked with such diligence that he allowed himself but four hours sleep a night, and damaged his health by this excessive labour. In 1637 he was driven from… Owen, RobertOWEN, ROBERT (1771-1858), philanthropist, and founder of English socialism, was born at the village of Newtown, 'Montgomeryshire, in North Wales. His father had a small business in Newtown as saddler and ironmonger, and there young Owen received all Ins school education, which terminated at the age of nine. At ten he went to Stamford, where he served in a draper's shop for three or four years, and… OwensboroughOWENSBOROUGH, a city of the United States, capital of Daviess county, Kentucky, on the Ohio, 160 miles below Louisville. It engages extensively in the manufacture of whisky and the curing of tobacco, and has waggon factories, flour-mills, and foundries. The population, 6231 in 1880, exceeded 11,000 in 1883. OWL, the Anglo-Saxon Ole, Swedish Uggla, and German Eule - all allied to the Latin Pula, an… Oxalic AcidOXALIC ACID, an organic acid of the formula (C0011)2, which, in a general scientific sense, excites our interest chiefly by its almost universal diffusion throughout the vegetable kingdom. Traces of oxalates are contained in the juices of, probably, all plants at certain stages of their growth ; but so are lime-salts, which, in solutions, can coexist with the former only in the presence of free ac… Oxenstierna, Axel, CountOXENSTIERNA, AXEL, COUNT of (1583-1651), Swedish statesman, was born at Fano in Upland on the 16th of June 1583. He studied theology at Rostock, Wittenberg, and Jena ; and in 1602, having spent sonic time in visiting German courts, he returned to Sweden to take the oath of allegiance to Charles IX., whose service Liitzen, the responsibility for the maintenance of the Protestant cause fell chiefly … OxfordOXFORD, or OxoN, an inland county of England, is bounded N.E. by Northamptonshire, N.W. by Warwickshire, W. by Gloucestershire, S.S.W. and S.E. by Berks, and E. by Bucks. In shape it is very irregular, its breadth varying from about 7 to 27:- miles, and its greatest length being about 52 miles. The total area is 483,621 acres, or about 756 square miles. The character of the scenery varies greatly … OxfordOXFORD, the county town of Oxfordshire, a cathedral city, a municipal and parliamentary borough, and the scat of a famous university, is situated at a distance of 45 miles west-north-west front London, in the centre of the south midland district. It lies for the most part on a low ridge between the rivers Thames (locally called the Isis) and Cherwell, immediately above their junction. The soil is … Oxford, Robert HarleyOXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, FIRST EARL OF (1 661 - 1724), the eldest son of Sir Edward Harley, a prominent landowner in Herefordshire, was born in Bow Street, Covent Garden, London, 5th December 1661. His school days were passed near Burford, in Oxfordshire, in a small school which produced at the same time a lord high treasurer, a lord high chancellor, and a lord chief justice of the common pleas. The… OxusOXUS. This river rises in the lofty table-lands which are intercepted between the two great mountain ranges of central Asia, the Thian Shan and the Hindu Knsh, in the region where they approach each other most closely. It flows westwards through a broad valley, receiving numerous affluents from the mountain ranges on either side ; then bending to the north-west it traverses the arid deserts of wes… OxygenOXYGEN. See CuEmrsmv, vol. v. p. 479 sq. OXYHYDROGEN FLAME. Hydrogen gas readily burns in oxygen or air with formation of vapour of water. The quantity of heat evolved, according to Thomsen, amounts to 34116 units for every unit of weight of hydrogen burned, which means that, supposing the two gases were originally at the temperature of, say, 0? C., to bring the hot steam produced into the conditi… OxynotusOXYNOTUS, the name of a genus of birds now ascertained to be peculiar to two of the Mascarene Islands - Mauritius and Reunion (Bourbon) - where the name of Cuisinier is applied to them, and remarkable for the fact, almost if not quite unique in Ornithology,' that, while the males of both species are almost identical in appearance, the females are wholly unlike each other. Though the habits of the … Oyer And TerminerOYER AND TERMINER, in English law, is one of the commissions by which a judge of assize sits (see AssizE). By the commission of over and terminer the commissioners (in practice the judges of assize, though other persons are named with them in the commission) are commanded to make diligent inquiry into all treasons, felonies, and misdemeanours whatever committed in the counties specified in the com… OysterOYSTER. The use of this name in the vernacular is equivalent to that of Ostrea in zoological nomenclature; there are no genera so similar to Ostrea as to be confounded with it in ordinary language. Ostrea is a genus of Lamellibranch Molluscs, belonging to the third order Mononiya, the valves of its shell being closed by a single large adductor muscle. The degeneration produced by sedentary habits … Oyster-catcherOYSTER-CATCHER, a bird's name which does not seem to occur in books until 173], when Catesby (Nat. Mist. Carolina, i. p. 85). used it for a species which he observed to be abundant on the oyster-banks left bare at low water in the rivers of Carolina, and believed to feed principally upon those molluscs. In 1776 Pennant applied the name to the allied British species, which he and for nearly two hun… Ozaka, Or OsakaOZAKA, or OSAKA, one of the three imperial cities of Japan (Kioto and Tokio or Yedo being the other two), is situated in a plain in the province of Setsu or Sesshiu, measuring about 20 miles from north to south and from 15 to 20 miles east and west, and bounded, except towards the west, where it opens on Idzuminada Bay, by hills of considerable height. It lies on both sides of the Yodogawa, or rat… Ozanam, Antoine FredericOZANAM, ANTOINE FREDERIC (1813-1853), the greatest name, as far as literary and historical criticism is concerned, of the Neo-Catholic movement in France during the first half of the 19th century, was born at Milan on April 13, 1813. His family is said (as the name suggests) to have been of Jewish extraction, and has a circumstantial though possibly fabulous genealogy of extraordinary length. At a… Ozocerite, Or OzokeriteOZOCERITE, or OZOKERITE (quiv, odour-emitting, and trqp6s, wax; smelling wax, mineral wax), is a combustible mineral which may be designated as crude native PARAFFIN' (q.v.), found in many localities in varying degrees of purity. The only commercial sources of supply however are in Galicia, principally at Boryslaff and Dzwieniasz. Hofstiidter in 1854 examined an ozocerite from "Boristoff near Droh… OzoneOZONE has been defined and to some extent discussed under the heading CHEMISTRY, VOL v. p. 481. From the time of Van Mum (1785) at least it was known that the passage of electric sparks through air is accompanied by the production of a peculiar smell ; but the cause of this remained unknown until 1810, when Schonbein observed that a similar smell is exhibited by electrolytic oxygen (as obtained in… Pacific OceanPACIFIC OCEAN - the ancient world was ignorant of the existence of the vast expanse of water now known as the Pacific Ocean. In Ptolemy's map of the world, constructed in the 2d century of our era (see MAP, vol. xv. Pl. VIT.), this fact is clearly brought out, for the only space which might possibly represent the Pacific is the Magnus Sinus, ; a sea so limited in extent, and represented in such a … Pacific Ocean Coral IslandsPACIFIC OCEAN CORAL ISLANDS - the origin of coral islands was specially studied by Darwin during the voyage of the " Beagle " in 1831-36, and lie shortly afterwards published a theory on the subject which has been fully detailed in the article CORAL (vol. vi. r. 377). This theory was so simple, and it appeared so complete, that it acquired universal acceptance; and the continuous action of subside… Pacific Ocean DepositsPACIFIC OCEAN DEPOSITS - the explorations of the "Challenger," "Tuscarora," and other surveying ships have in recent years given a great amount of information respecting the nature of the deposits now forming over the floor of the ocean, and the specimens collected by these expeditions have been made the subject of a careful investigation by Messrs Murray and Renard. The greet extent and depth of … Pacific Ocean IslandsPACIFIC OCEAN ISLANDS - the Pacific Ocean is distinguished from the Atlantic by the greater number of small island groups that diversify its surface. The continental islands, lying along the coasts of America and Asia, have been referred to in speaking of the coasts; the islands of the Malay Archipelago, Australia, New 'Zealand, and probably New Caledonia belong to the formation. The fauna and flo… Pacuvius, MarcusPACUVIUS, MARCUS (219-129 B.c.), was the second in order of time of the three tragic poets who wrote for the Roman stage in the 2d century B.C. His life was so long that he might be described as a contemporary of all the writers who flourished during the first period of Roman literature. He was born in 219 B.C., when Livius Andronicas and Nasvius were introducing their imitations of the Greek trag… PaderbornPADERBORN, an ancient town of Prussia, the seat of a Roman Catholic bishop, is situated in the province of Westphalia and district of Minden, 60 miles to the southwest of Hanover. It derives its name (Latin, Padem Fontes) from the-springs of the Fader, a small affluent of the Lippe, which rise in or close to the town under the cathedral to the number of nearly two hundred, and with such force as t… PadihamPADIHAM, a township of Lancashire, is situated in a wild and dreary district on the precipitous banks of the Calder, and on the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway, 5 miles south-east from Whalley and 4 north-east from Accrington. Padilla, Juan Lopez DePADILLA, JUAN LOPEZ DE, insurrectionary leader in the "guerra de las comunidades" in which the commons of Castile made a futile stand against the arbitrary policy of Charles V. and his Flemish ministers, was the eldest son of the commcndator of Castile, and was born in Toledo towards the close of the 15th century. After the cities, by their deputies assembled at Avila, had vainly demanded the king… PaduaPADUA (Lat., Patavium ; Ital., Padova), a city of north Italy, in 15? 24' N. lat. and 11? 50' E. long., on the river Bacchiglione, 25 miles W. of Venice and 18 miles S.E. of Vicenza, with a population in 1881 of 70,753. The city is a picturesque one, with arcaded streets and many bridges crossing the various branches of the Bacchiglione, which once surrounded the ancient walls. The Palazzo della … PaducahPADUCAH, a city of the United States, the capital of M'Cracken .county, Kentucky, on the south bank of the Ohio, at the mouth of the Tennessee river, is, next to Louisville, the most important commercial point in Kentucky. Paez, PedroPAEZ, PEDRO (1564-1622), Jesuit missionary to Abyssinia, was born at Olmedo in Old Castile in 1564. Having entered the Society of Jesus, he was set apart for foreign mission service, and sent to Goa in 1588. Within a year he was despatched from that place along with a ? fellow missionary to Abyssinia, but having fallen into the hands of pirates at Ormuz he was detained in that neighbourhood for se… PaganiniPAGANINI, AricoLO (1784-1840), the most extraordinary of executants on the violin, past or present, was born at Genoa, February 18, 1784. His father, a clever amateur, imbued him with a taste for music at a very early age. He first appeared in public at Genoa, in 1793, with triumphant success. In 1795 he visited Parma for the purpose of taking lessons from A. :Rolla., who, however, said that lie h… Pahlavi, Or PehleviPAHLAVI, or PEHLEVI, the name given by the followers of Zoroaster to the character in which are written the ancient translations of their sacred books and some other works which they preserve. The name can be traced back for many centuries ; the great epic poet Firdausi (second half of the 10th Christian century) repeatedly speaks of Pahlavi books as the sources of his narratives, and he tells us … PainPAIN E, .THomas (1736-1809), the author of The Rights of Man and The Age of Reason, would have had a very different kind of reputation if he had never written these works. Most of those whO know him by name as a ribald scoffer against revealed religion are not aware that he has any other title to fame or infamy. But if he had never meddled with religious controversy, his name would have been remem… PaintingPAINTING. A general examination of the place of painting among the FINE ARTS will be found under that heading. The main ScnooLs OF PAINTING (q.v.) will form the subject of a separate article. For the history of the art, see also ARCHEOLOGY (CLASSICAL) and the notices of individual painters. The present article is limited to a few practical notes on the methods of painting in oil and water colour, … Paisiello, Or PaesielloPAISIELLO, or PAESIELLO, GIOVANNI (1741-1815), one of the most talented precursors of Rossini in the Italian school of musical composition, was born at Tarento, May 9, 1741. The beauty of his voice attracted so much attention that, in 1754, he was removed from the Jesuit college at Tarento to the Conservatorio di S. Onofrio at Naples, where he studied under Durante, and in process of time rose to … PaisleyPAISLEY, a municipal and parliamentary burgh of Renfrewshire, Scotland, is situated on both sides of the White Cart, 3 miles from its junction with the Clyde, and on the Caledonian and the Glasgow and South-Western Railways, 7 miles west-south-west of Glasgow and 17 east-south-east of Greenock. In 1791 the river was at great expense made navigable to the town for sloops of about 50 tons burden. Th… Pa Iz OdPA IZ OD Y (7rapySia, literally a song sung beside, a comic parallel) inay be defined as an imitation of the form or style of a serious writing in matter of a, meaner kind so as to produce a ludicrous effect. The lowest savages show a turn for comic mimicry, and it is almost as old in European literature as serious writing. The Batracho-myomachia, or "Battle of the Frogs and Mice," a travesty of t… Pajou, AugustinPAJOU, AUGUSTIN (1730-4809), born at Paris on 19th September 1730, was a member of the Academy and a leading sculptor of the French school during the reigns of Louis XV: and Louis XVI. Pakhoi, Or PeihaiPAKHOI, or PEIHAI, a city and port of China, in the west of the province of Kwang-tung, situated on a bay of the Gulf of Tong-king, formed by a peninsula running south-west from the fu city of Lien-chow, in 21? 30' N. lat. and 109? 10' E. long. Dating only from about 1820-30, and at first little better than a nest of pirates, Pakhoi rapidly grew into commercial importance, owing partly to the comp… Pa LackPA LACK Y, FlIANTIEK (PnAxcfs) (1798-1876), the Bohemian historian, was born in the year 1798 in the villaL,e, of Hodslavice, in the north-eastern corner of Moravia, where his father was a schoolmaster. His ancestors had secretly remained Protestants through all the persecutions of the 17th century, and only declared themselves as such on the publication of the edict of toleration by the emperor J… PaladinPALADIN (Lat., palatinus) literally means a courtier, a member of a royal household, one connected with a palace. PalafoxPALAFOX Y MELZI, JosE DE (1780-1847), duke of Saragossa, was the youngest son of an old Aragonese family. Brought up at the Spanish court, he entered the guards at an early age, and in 1808 he accompanied Ferdinand to Bayonne, but made his escape after the king's abdication. While he was living in retirement at his family seat near Saragossa, the inhabitants proclaimed him governor of that city an… PalajologusPALAjOLOGUS, a Byzantine family name which first appears in history about the middle of the 11th century, when George Palmologus is mentioned among the prominent supporters of Nicephorus Botaniates, and afterwadrs as having helped to raise Alexius I. Comnenus to the throne in 1081 ; he is also noted for his brave defence of Durazzo against the Normans in that year. Michael Palmologus, probably his… PalanpurPALANPUR, a native state in Guzerat, Bombay, lying between 23' 57' and 24- -11' N. lat., and between 71? 51' and 72' 45' E. long., with an area of 3510 square miles, and a population of 231,402. Palatinate, ThePALATINATE, THE (German, Pfiti.), included for some time (from the middle of the 17th to the latter part of the 18th century) two distinct German districts, the Upper or Bavarian Palatinate, and the Lower Palatinate or the Palatinate on the Rhine. The Upper Palatinate, a duchy, belonged to the Nordgau and Bavarian circle, and was bounded by Baireuth, Bohemia, Neub erg, Bavaria, and the territory o… PalazzoloPALAZZOLO (often P.-Acreide to distinguish it from several other places of the same name), a city of Italy, in the province of Syracuse, Sicily, 28 miles west of Syracuse, with a population of 11,069 according to the census of 1881. Paleario, AonioPALEARIO, AONIO (c. 1500-1570), Italian humanist and Reformer, was born about 1500 at Veroli in the Roman Campagna. Other forms of his name are Antonio Della Paglia, A. Degli Pagliaricci. In 1520 he went to Rome, where, during the years immediately following, lie made lasting friendships among the scholars and men of letters whom Leo X. had gathered to his brilliant court. Driven from Rome by the … PalenciaPALENCIA, capital of the above province, occupies a level site on the left bank of the river Carrion, here crossed by a good stone bridge and by another called Los Puentecillos. Palencia is the junction of the lines from Asturias and Galicia, and is 7 miles from Yenta de Banos on the Madrid and Irun Railway. The distances north-north-east from Valladolid and south-east from Leon are 23 and 82 mile… PalenciaPALENCIA, an inland province of Spain, one of the eight into which Old Castile is divided, is bounded on the N. by Santander, on the E. by Burgos, on the S. by Valladolid, on the W. by Valladolid and Leon, and has an area of 3127 square miles. In shape it is an irregular parallelogram, measuring 83 miles from north to south with a maximum breadth of 48 miles, sloping from the Cantabrian chain to t… Palenque, Ruins OfPALENQUE, RUINS OF, in Chiapas, Mexico. PaleographyPALEOGRAPHY is the study of ancient handwriting from surviving examples. While epigraphy (see INSCRIPT[ONS) is the science which deals with inscriptions engraved on stone or metal or other enduring material as memorials for future ages, paheography takes cognizance of writings of a literary, economical, or legal nature, written generally with stile, reed, or pen, on tablets, rolls, or books. The b… Paleography Greek WritingPALEOGRAPHY GREEK WRITING - the period which has to be traversed in following the history of Greek palaeography begins with the 2d century B.C. and ends at the close of the 15th century. For all this long period the subject is illustrated by a fair amount of material, more or less connected in chronological sequence. Greek writing in MSS., as far as we know it from extant remains, passed through t… Paleography Latin WritingPALEOGRAPHY LATIN WRITING - in writing a history of Latin palaeography, it will be first necessary, as with the Greek, to follow its development in two main divisions - the set book-hand and the cursive. Under the former head will be first ranged the capital, uncial, and half-uncial hands found in early MSS.; on the other side will be traced the course of Roman cursive writing in the waxen tablets… Paleography National WritingPALEOGRAPHY NATIONAL WRITING - Roman writing - capital, uncial, half-uncial, and cursive - became known to the Western nations, and in different ways played the principal part in the formation of the national styles of writing. In [reland and England it was adopted under certain restrictions. On the Continent it had a wider range ; and from it were constructed the three kinds of writing which in m… PaleontologyPALEONTOLOGY. PalephatusPALEPHATUS, the author of a treatise 7rcpi Curio-Tow, " On Incredible (Narratives)," which has been preserved. PalermoPALERMO (Greek, Ht vop,ao; Latin, Panhorm as, Pa nor-new), the capital of the Sicilian kingdom as long as it kept its separate being, now capital of a province of the same name in the kingdom of Italy, and the see of an archbishop. The population numbered 205,712 in 1881. .The city stands in the north-west part of the island, on a small bay looking eastwards, the coast forming the chord of a semic… PalesPALES, an old Italian deity, worshipped in the festival of the Pa/it/a at Rome on the 21st April. PalestinePALESTINE. As Palestine, geographically considered, p forms the southernmost third of SYRIA, its general geographical relations, as well as its geological structure, its botany, J-c., will be treated under that heading. In the matter of climate, on the other hand, it holds a snore or less independent position; and this is more strikingly the case with its ethnographic characteristics, at least so … PalestrinaPALESTRINA, G1ovANx1 PIERLEIIGI DA (e. 1524 - 1594), now universally distinguished by the honourable title rinceps Music, occupies a more important position in the history of art than any other composer, ancient or modern ; for it is to his transcendent genius that music is indebted for its emancipation from pedantic trammels, which, ignoring beauty as its most necessary element, were fast tending… Paley, WilliamPALEY, WILLIAM (1743-1805), was born in 1743 at Peterborough, where his father was one of the minor canons of the cathedral. The Paley family belonged to the West Riding of Yorkshire, and in 1745 Paley's father was appointed head master of the grammar school of Giggleswick, his native parish. Here Paley received his early education under his father's care. In 1759 he proceeded to Cambridge, where … PalghatPALGHAT, a town in Malabar district, Madras, India, situated in the gap or pass of the same name in the Western Ghats, in 100 45' 49" N. lat. and 76' 41' 48" E. long., 74 miles south-east of Beypur, with a population in 1881 of 36,339. PalgrayePALGRAYE, Sun FRANCIS (1788-1861), historian, was born in London in July 1788, the son of Meyer Cohen, a Jew, and a wealthy member of the stock exchange. lie was privately educated, and such was his capacity for languages that at the age of eight he translated the Latin version of the Frogs and Nice into French, which his father published in 1797 with a short preface. On account of the failure of … PaliPALI (pronounced Bali by the Siamese) is the name of the literary language of the Buddhists in Ceylon, Burmah, Siam, and Cambodia. Laloubere (Rel. de .S'iant) is the first European writer who mentions the name, towards the end of the 17th century. Various opinions have been advanced as to the etymology - from path., to read (Mason, Minayeff), or yAli = pea + au (J. D'Alwis, E. Kuhn) - and original… Palilinus, St, Of NolaPALILINUS, ST, OF NOLA. Pontius Meropius Anicius Paulinus, who was successively a consul, a monk, and a bishop, was born at Bordeaux in 353 A.D. His father, priefectus prmtorio in Gaul, was a man of great wealth, so that Augustine could speak of Paulimis, who inherited it, as " opulentissimus dives," and Ansonius, himself a man of property, could speak of his estates as " regna." The literary educ… PalimpsestPALIMPSEST, a term applied to any material from which writing has been removed to make room for another text, and which has thus been prepared or scraped a second time (71-caipAllwros). PalindromePALINDROME (;7(i'Aty, again, and 8pUittbs, a course), a verse or sentence which runs the same when read either backwards or forwards. Palissy, BernardPALISSY, BERNARD (1510-1589), was bora in 1510 at La Chapelle Biron, a village in the province of Perigord, France. His parents were poor, and at an early age he was thrown upon his own resources for even the most elementary education. With indomitable energy he read all the books within his reach, and, aided by naturally keen powers of observation, gained a knowledge, remarkable for that time, of… PalitanaPALITANA, a " second class " native state of India, in KATHL(w.kR (q.v.), Bombay presidency, lying between 21" 23' 30" and 21? 42' 30" N. lat., and between 71? 31' and 72? 0' 30" E. long., with an area of 305 square miles, and a population (18S1) of 49,27]. PalladiumPALLADIUM, an archaic wooden image (6;arov) of Pallas, preserved in the citadel of Troy as a pledge of the safety of the city. PalladiusPALLADIUS, Rcrnmus TAURUS AlturiAAN-us, a writer of the 4th century after Christ, author of a poem on agriculture (Dc Re Rustica) in fourteen books. Pallas, Peter SimonPALLAS, PETER SIMON (1741-1811), naturalist and traveller, was born in Berlin, September 22,1741, the son of Simon Pallas, surgeon in the Prussian army, and professor of surgery in Berlin. Pallas was carefully educated by his father, being accustomed from boyhood to the use of several languages, among them English and French. He was intended for the medical profession, and his progress was such th… Pallavicino, FerrantePALLAVICINO, FERRANTE (1618-1644), a writer of pasquinades, who is now known chiefly for his early and tragical end, was a member of the old and widely ramified Italian family of the Pallavicini, and was born at Piacenza in 1618. Ile received a good education at Padua and elsewhere, and early in life entered the Augustinian order, residing chiefly in Venice. For a year he accompanied Ottavio Picco… Pallavicino, Or PaltavicaniPALLAVICINO, or PALTAVICANI, SFoRzA (1607-1667 ), cardinal, representative of another branch of the same family, was born at Rome in 1607. Having taken holy orders in 1630, and joined the Society of Jesus in 1638, he successively taught philosophy and theology in the Collegio Romano ; as professor of theology he was a member of the congregation appointed by Innocent X. to investigate the Jansenist… Pallium, PallaPALLIUM, PALLA. These articles of Roman dress, corresponding to the Greek kiniation, are described in the article COSTUME (vol. vi. pp. 453, 456-57), where also the ',album, as an ecclesiastical vestment peculiar to archbishops in the Roman Church, has been spoken of (pp. 461, 163). In the East the pallium is worn by all bishops, and one or two instances have occurred in the Western Church also in… PalmPALM. From their noble aspect, and perhaps from the surpassing utility of several of the members of the group, the Palms (Palmacem) have been termed the princes of the vegetable kingdom. Neither the anatomy of their stems nor the conformation of their flowers, however, entitles them to any such high position in the vegetable hierarchy. Their stems are not more complicated in structure than those o… PalmaPALMA, distinguished since 1861 as Palma Campania, a city of Italy, in the province of Caserta, 4-i miles south of Kola. PalmaPALMA, distinguished since 1861 as Palma di Montechiaro, a city of Italy, in the province of Girgenti, Sicily, 13 miles S.E. of Girgenti. PalmaPALMA, the chief town of the Spanish province of Baleares, the residence of a captain general, a bishop's see, and a flourishing seaport, is situated 13.5 miles from Barcelona, on the south-west coast of Majorca, at the head of the fine Bay of Palma, which stretches inland for about 10 miles between Capes Cala Figue?a and Regana. It is the meeting place of all the highways in the island, and the t… Palma, JacopoPALMA, JACOPO, a painter of the Venetian school, was born at Serinalta near Bergamo, towards 1480, and is said to have died at the age of forty-eight, or towards 1528. He is currently named Palma Vecchio (Old Palma) to distinguish him from Palma Giovane, his grandnephew, a much inferior painter. About the facts of his life little is known. He is reputed to have been a companion and competitor of L… Palmer, Edward HenryPALMER, EDWARD HENRY (1840-1882), Orientalist, was born at Cambridge, August 7, 1840. He lost his parents when he was a mere child, and was then brought up by an aunt. As a schoolboy he showed the characteristic bent of his mind by picking up the Romany tongue and a great familiarity with the inner life of the Gipsies. He was not, however, remarkably bookish, and from school was sent to London as … Palmer, SamuelPALMER, SAMUEL (1805-1881), landscape painter and etcher, was born in London on the 27th January 1805. He was delicate as a child, and received his education, in which a study of the classics--English as well as Greek and Latin - played a notable part, at home under the wise and genial care of his father. In 1819 we find him exhibiting both at the Royal Academy and the British Institution ; and sh… Palm SundayPALM SUNDAY (Dominica ire Palmis), the Sunday immediately before Easter (see Huy WEEK), in the Roman Catholic communion is characterized by a striking ceremonial which takes place in church at the beginning of the high mass of the day. Branches of palms and olives or other trees having previously been laid in sufficient quantity in front of the high altar, the anthem Hosanna is sung by the choir, … PalmyraPALMYRA is the Greek and Latin name of a famous city of the East, now sunk to a mere hamlet, but still an object of interest for its wonderful ruins, which its ' Semitic inhabitants and neighbours called Tadmor. The latter name, which is found in the Bible (2 Chron. viii. 5), and is written in-tr, and -00-tn in Palmyrene inscriptions, has survived to the present day, and is now locally pronounced … Palomino 14PALOMINO 14)E CASTRO Y VELASCO, AciscLo ANTomo (1653-1726), Spanish painter and writer on art, was born of good family at Bujalance, near Cordoba, in 1653, and studied philosophy, theology, and law at that capital, receiving also lessons in painting from Valdes Leal, who visited Cordoba in 1672, and afterwards from Alfaro (1675). After taking minor orders he removed to Madrid in 1678, where he ass… PaltPALT.,ADIO, ANDREA (151S-1580), a native of Vicenza in the north of Italy, one of the chief architects of his spent several years in making drawings of the buildings of ancient Rome. In 1547 he returned to his native city Vicenza, where he designed a very large number of fine buildings - among the chief being the Barbarano, Porti, and Chieregati palaces, as well as many others for various nobles o… PalwalPALWAL, in Gurgdon district, Punjab, India, with a population in 1881 of 10,635, is a town of great antiquity, supposed to figure in the earliest Aryan traditions under the name of Apelava, part of the Pdndava kingdom of Indraprdstha. PamiersPAMIERS, capital of an arrondissement, an episcopal see, and the most populous town (10,478 inhabitants) of the department of Ariege, France, lies on the right bank of that river, 40 miles south of Toulouse, in the middle of a fertile and well-watered valley. Its wines were at one tine in high repute. Its industrial establishments at present comprise flour mills, spinning-mills, serge factories, a… PamphilusPAMPHILUS, an eminent promoter of learning in the early church, is said to have been born, of good family. at Berytus, in the latter half of the 3d century. After studying at Alexandria under Pierius, the disciple of Origen, he was ordained presbyter at Caesarea in Palestine, where the remainder of his life was spent. There he established a theological school, and warmly encouraged students ; he a… PamphletsPAMPHLETS. The earliest appearance of the word is in the Philobiblon (1344) of Richard de Bury, who speaks of " panfletos exiguos " (chap. viii.). In English we have Chaucer's "this lend pamflet" (Test. of Love, bk. iii.), Occleve's "go litil pamfilet " (Mason's ed., 1796, p. 77), and Caxton's "paunflettis and bookys" (Book of Eseeydos, 1490, Prologue). In all these examples pamphlet is used to in… PamphyliaPAMPHYLIA, in ancient geography, was the name given to a region in the south of Asia Minor, between Lycia and Cilicia, extending from the Mediterranean to Mount Taurus. It was bounded on the N. by Pisidia, a rugged mountain tract, while Pamphylia occupied only the district between this and the sea. It was therefore a country of small extent, having a coast-line of only about 75 miles with a breadt… PamplonaPAMPLONA (Pampeluna, Fr. Pampelune), a city of Spain, capital of the province of Navarre, and an episcopal see, is situated 1378 feet above sea-level, on the left bank of the Agra, a tributary of the Ebro, ' on a height commanding a wide view of the hill-encircled plain known as the " cuenca " or " bowl " of Pamplona. It is a station on the Ebro railway connecting Alsasua with Saragossa. The clima… PanamaPANAMA, a state and city of Colombia., in the extreme north of South America. The city, which is the capital of the state and the seat of a 'bishop, is situated on the coast of the Pacific at the head of the Gulf of Panama, a few miles cast of the mouth of the Rio Grande, occupying partly a tongue of coral and basaltic rock and partly a gentle rise towards Mount Ancon, an eminence 560 feet in heig… Panati1enieaPANATI1ENiEA, the most splendid and brilliant of all the Athenian festivals, with perhaps the exception of the Great Dionysia. The mythic foundation is ascribed to Erechtheus; and Pausanias declares that the Olympia, the Lyczea, and the Panathentea were the three oldest feasts in Greece. It was originally a religious celebration in honour of the patron goddess of the city, celebrated by-her own wo… PancsovaPANCSOVA, a town of Hungary, near the Servian frontier, is situated on the river Temes, just above its junction with the Danube, which it reaches 9 miles above Belgrade. PandarusPANDARUS, son of Lycaon, led the people of Zeleia in the Troad as allies of the Trojans against the Creeks. Panderpur, Or PandharpuePANDERPUR, or PANDHARPUE, a town in Sholapur district, Bombay, India, situated on the right bank of the Blifma river, in 17? 40' 40" N. lat. and 75? 22' 40" E. long., with a population in 1881 of 16,910. PangolinPANGOLIN. In Africa, India, and Malayana are found certain curious Mammals known to the Malays as Pangolins, to the English as Scaly Anteaters, and to naturalists by the scientific name of Mantis. These animals, which, by a superficial observer, might be taken for reptiles rather than maiamials, belong to the order Edentata, otherwise almost wholly confined to the New World, and containing, beside… PanipatPANIPAT, a decayed historical town in Karnal district, Punjab, India, situated on the Grand Trunk Road, 53 miles north of Delhi, in 29? 23' N. lat. and 77' 1' 10" E. long. The town is of great antiquity, dating back to the great war of the Afalabharata between the Pandavas and Kaurava brethren, when it formed one of the tracts demanded by Yudishthira, from Duryodhatia as the price of peace. In mod… Panizzi, Sir AnthonyPANIZZI, SIR ANTHONY (1797-1879), principal librarian of the British Museum, was born at Brescello in the duchy of Modena, September 16, 1797. After taking his degree at the university of Parma, he became an advocate, and speedily obtained considerable practice. Always a fervent patriot, lie was almost of necessity implicated in the movement set on foot in 1821 to overturn the miserable Government… Panna, Or PunnaiiPANNA, or PUNNAII, a native state in Bundelkhand, India, situated for the most part on the table-lands above the Vindhyan Ghats, and containing much hill and jungle land, with an area of 2568 square miles, and a population in 1881 of 227,306. PannoniaPANNONIA, in ancient geography, is the country bounded N. and E. by the Danube from a point 9 or 10 miles north of Vindobona (Vienna) to Singidunum (Belgrade) in Mmsia, and conterminous westward with Noricum and Italy and southward with Dalmatia and Mtesia Superior. It thus corresponds to the south-west of Hungary with portions of Lower Austria, Styria, Carniola, and Croatia and Slavonia. Partiall… PanoramaPANORAMA is the name given originally to a pictorial representation of the whole view which is visible from one point by an observer who in turning round looks successively to all points of the horizon. In an ordinary picture only a small part of the objects visible from one point is included, far less being generally given than the eye of the observer can take in whilst stationary. The drawing is… PansyPANSY (Viola sp.). This flower has been so long cultivated that its source is a matter of uncertainty. As we now see it, it is a purely artificial production, differing considerably from any wild plant known. By some it is supposed to be merely a cultivated form of Viola tricolor, a corn-field weed, while others 'assert it to be the result of hybridization between V. tricolor and other species suc… PantPANT.ENUS, head of the eatechetical school at Alexandria at the close of the 2d Christian century, is known chiefly as having been the master of Clement, who succeeded him. Pantellaria, PantalamaPANTELLARIA, PANTALAMA, or officially PANTELT,ERIA (the ancient Cossyra or Cosyra), an island in the Mediterranean, which, though only 45 miles from the African coast to the south of Cape Bon, and 75 miles from the coast of Sicily, is included in the Italian province and circondario of Trapani. It is of volcanic origin, and its area is estimated at 58 square miles. Its principal summit reaches a h… PantographPANTOGRAPH is an instrument for making a reduced, an enlarged, or an exact copy of a plane figure. One of the simplest forms is represented in fig. 1. Four links of wood or metal are jointed together so as to form a parallelogram ABCS. On two sides BA and BC produced points P and P' are taken in a line with 5, so that the triangles PSA and SP'C are similar, as the sides of the fixed in a plane, an… PantomimePANTOMIME is a term which has been employed in different senses at different times in the history of the drama. Of the Roman pantomimes, a spectacular kind of play in which the functions of the actor were confined to gesticulation and dancing, while occasional music was sung by a chorus or behind the scenes, some account has been given elsewhere (vol. vii. p. 412). To speak of the Western drama on… PanyasisPANYASIS, of Halicarnassus, a poet of the early half of the 5th century B.C. Paoli, PasqualePAOLI, PASQUALE Did (1725-1807), generalissimo of Corsica, was the son of Giacinto Paoli, a Corsican patriot, and his mother was descended from the old family of the Caporali. He was born in the village of La Stretta in the district of Rostino, 25th April 1725. After the hopes of the Corsicans were overthrown by the French in 1738, he accompanied his father to Naples, where he entered the military… PaperPAPER - In the second half of the 14th century the use of paper for all literary purposes had become well established in all western Europe; and in the course of the 15th century it gradually- superseded vellum. In MSS. of this latter period it is not unusual to find a mixture of vellum and paper, a vellum sheet forming the outside leaves of a quire while the rest are of paper. With regard to the … Paper ManufacturePAPER MANUFACTURE - Paper is a thin tissue composed of vegetable fibres (rarely of woollen fibres), resulting from their deposition on wire-cloth while suspended in water. At first it was entirely made by hand, but the invention in 1798 of the paper machine by- Louis Robert, a clerk in the employment of :Messrs Didot, of the celebrated Essonnes paper-mills, near Paris, gave a new impetus to the in… PaphlagoniaPAPHLAGONIA, in ancient geography, was the name given to a province of Asia Minor, situated on the Euxine Sea, and adjoining Bithynia on the west and. Pontus on the east, while towards the south it was separated from Galatia by a range of mountains which may be considered as a prolongation to the east of the Bithynian Olympus. According to Strabo, whose authority is generally followed upon this po… PaphosPAPHOS, the name of two cities near the west coast of Cyprus. . Old Paphos was on the river Bocarus, about 10 stadia from the coast, near the promontory Zephyrium ; it had a harbour at the mouth of the river. The city was distinguished by a temple of Aphrodite, to which an oracle was attached ; the priest exercised a, sort of hieratic supre-macy over the whole island. Paphos was the favourite city… PapiasPAPIAS, bishop of the Phrygian Hiera,polis in the first half of the 2d century, is mentioned by Irenzeus as " an ancient man," " the hearer of John and the com-panion of Polycarp." According to the Chronicon Pascale, Papias suffered martyrdom at Pergamum in the year of that of Polycarp at Smyrna, (163 A.D., or, according to other reckonings, 156). Papier MachePAPIER MACHE (mashed or pulped paper) is a term embracing numerous manufactures in which paper pulp is employed, pressed and moulded into various forms other than uniform sheets, such as ordinary paper a,nd millboards. In the East the art has long been practised, especially in Kashmir, where, under the name of kar-i-kalamdani, or pen-tray work, the manufacture of small painted boxes, trays, and ca… Papin, DenisPAPIN, DENIS (1647 - c.1712), French physicist, and one of the inventors of the steam-engine, was a native of Blois, where he was born in 1647. In 1661 or 1662 lie entered upon the study of medicine at the university of Angers, where he graduated in 1669, with the intention apparently of settling as a practising physician in that city. Some time prior to 1674 he removed to Paris and assisted Huyge… PapinianPAPINIAN, the most celebrated of Roman jurists, was magi:4er libellorum and afterwards prietorian prefect under Septimius Severus. He was an intimate friend of the emperor, whom he accompanied to Britain, and befOre his death Severus specially- commended his two sons to his charge. Papinian WaS faithful to his trust, and tried to keep peace between the brothers, but with no better result than to e… PappenheimPAPPENHEIM , GOTTFRIED I TEINRICH, GRA F ZII (1594-1632), imperialist general in the Thirty Years' War, was born on the 29th May 1594. He attended the high schools of Altdorf and Tfibingen, but did not seem to profit much by the instruction he received at either institution. In his twentieth year he joined the Roman Catholic Church ; and zeal for his new faith induced him to enter the military ser… Pappus, Of AlexandriaPAPPUS, OF ALEXANDRIA, a geometer of a very high order, belongs to a time when already the Greek mathematicians of great original genius had been succeeded and replaced by a race of learned compilers and com-mentators, who confined their investigations within the limits previously attained, without adding anything to the development of ma,thernatics. To the general medio-crity Pappus must be consi… Papuan LanguagesPAPUAN LANGUAGES. The languages spoken in NEW GUINEA (q.v.) and other islands peopled by Papuas differ more widely from the 3Ialayo-Polynesian languages than those of the Negritos in the Philippine Islands do froin the dialects of the contiguous Malayan tribes. In fact, they form a,s separate a class by themselves as the Melanesian languages do as contradistinguished from the Polynesian group. Fro… PapyrusPAPYRUS, the paper reed, the Cyperus Papyrus of Linmeus, was in ancient times widely cultivated in the Delta of Egypt, where it was used for various purposes, and especially as a writing material. As, however, the plant is now extinct in Lower Egypt, it is believed that it was not indigenous there, but wa,s probably introduced from Nubia, where it is found at the present time, as well as in Abyssi… ParacelsusPARACELSUS (c. 1490-1541). It seems now to be established that Paracelsus was born near Einsiedeln, in the canton Schwyz, in 1490 or 1491 according to some, or 1493 according to others. His father, the natural son of a grand-master of the Teutonic order, was Wilhelm Bombast von Hohenheirn, who had a hard struggle to make a subsistence as a physician. His niother wa.s superintendent of the hospital… ParadisePARADISE is an old Persian word (l'airida6za in the Vendidad) moaning an enclosure, a park. The Greeks use the word in the form flapacuros of the parks of the Persian kings, and it was borrowed also by- the Hebrews in the form DTIP: (Cant. iv. 13; Eccles. ii. 5 ; ii. 8 ; A. V., orchard, forest"). The Se.ptuagint chose the Greek form to translate the "garden " of Genesis ii.; other Greek and Latin … ParaffinPARAFFIN. In the course of his classical investiga-tion on the tar produced in the dry distillation of wood, Reichenbach in 1830 discovered in it, amongst many other things, a colourless wax-like solid which he called paraffin (parum aginis) because he found it to be endowed with an extraordinary indifference towards all reagents. A few years later he isolated from the same material a liquid oil c… ParaguayPARAGUAY, a South American republic situated in the basin of the Parana-Paraguay system, between 22? and 27? 35' S. lat. and 54? 35' and 61? 40' IV. long. It is conterminous with Brazil, Bolivia, and the Argentine Rep- blic, and its boundaries were long under dispute. The Argentine Republic especially laid claim to a portion of the Gran Chaco to the north-east of the Pilcomayo; but in 1878 the pre… Parahyba, Or ParaibaPARAHYBA, or PARAIBA, distinguished as Parahyba do Norte from Parahyba do Sul or S. ParaienioPARAiENIO (Ilapp.Eviow), a distinguished Macedonian general, born about 400 B.C., was the son of Philotas, a.nd first appears in history as a favourite counsellor of Philip, in the course of whose reign he obtained great victory over the Illyrians (356 me.), successfully upheld, at the head of an army, the Macedonian influence in Eubcea (342), and was appointed one of the commanders of the force that was sent to secure a footing in Asia, and to prepare for the future reduction of that country (336 B.c.). ParallaxPARALLAX may be defined, generally, as the change produced in the apparent place of an object when it is viewed from a point other than that of reference. Parallels, Tiieory OfPARALLELS, TIIEORY OF. The fundamental princi-ples of mathematics have not in general received from mathematicians the attention which they deserve. Mathe-matical science might in fact be compared to a building far advanced in construction. As to the firmness of its foundations there can be no doubt, to judge by the weighty superstructure which they- carry; but the aspect of the building is not a … ParamariboPARAMARIBO, the administrative ancl commercial capital of Dutch Guiana or Surinam, is situated in 5? 44' 30" N. lat. and 55? 12' 54' W. long., on the right bank of the Surinam, which, though at that point 20 miles from the sea, is a tidal river nearly a mile broad and IS feet deep. Built on a plateau about 16 feet above low-water level, Paramaribo is well-drained, clean, and in general healthy; th… Para, Or Santa Maria De Belem Do GraPARA, or SANTA MARIA DE BELEM DO GRA.0 PARA., one of the most flourishing cities of Bra,zil, capital of the province of Para or Gra? Para, lies on a point of land with sandy porous soil at the junction of the Guama with the Rio Para or eastern arm of the Amazons, about 75 miles from the sea. The main river is about 20 miles wide opposite the town, but, is broken by numerous islands. Para is regula… Parasitism In MedicinePARASITISM IN MEDICINE - only a limited number of the para.sitic diseases of man are included in the present article. Under TAPEWORM will be found all that medically relates to that important parasitic group, and under SCIIIZOMYCE'PES Will be dis-cussed the significance of the parasitic micro-organisms (Bacterium, B?cillus, &c.) in morbid procertain diseases caused by various species of nematodes,… ParchmentPARCHMENT consists of skins of various animals, unhaired, cleaned, and dried so as to form sheets of uniform thickness suitable for writing upon and for the numerous other purposes to which such preparations are devoted (see PAL,EOGRAPHY, 1). 144). The skins employed for parchment are principally, those of sheep, lambs, and calves; but goat and ass skins are similarly dressed for special purposes.… PardonPARDON is the remission, by the power entrusted with the execution of the laws, of the penalty attached to a crime. The right of pardoning is coextensive with the right of punishing. In a, perfect legal system, says Beccaria, pardons should be excluded, for the clemency of the prince seems a tacit disapprobation of the laws (Dei Delitti e delle Pene, ch. xx.).1 In practice the prerogative is extre… Pare, AmbroisePARE, AMBROISE, the father of French surgery, was born at Laval, in the province of Maine, in 1509, and died in 1590. Par Eja, Juan DePAR EJA, JUAN DE (1606 -1670), Spanish painter, was a mestizo, born in the West Indies about 1606, and in early life passed into the service of Velazquez, who employed him in colour-grindingand other menial work of the studio. By day lie closely watched his master's methods, and by night stealthily practised with his brushes until he bad attained considerable manipulative skill. The story goes tha… ParenzoPARENZO, a city on the west coast of Istria (Austria-Hungary), 30 miles south of Trieste, with about 3000 in-habitants (2825 in 1879), has considerable historic and architectural interest. It is built on a peninsula nowhere more than 5 feet above the sea-level; and from the fact that the pavements of tlie Roman period are 3 feet below the present surface it is inferred that this part of the coast … PargaPARGA, a town on the Albanian coast, in the Turkish vilayet of Janina, beautifully situated in the midst of orchards devoted to the cultivation of the larger citron, with a rock-built citadel and a harbour formed by a mole constructed by' the Venetians in 1572. Its population does not now exceed 1500, but its imports and exports (citrons, wool, oak bark, and skins) reach a value of X42,000 (1880),… Parian ChroniclePARIAN CHRONICLE. This famous Chronicle is contained in the ARUNDELIAN MARBLES (q.v.) now at Oxford. It originally' embraced an outline of Creek history from the reign of Cecrops, king of Athens (1582 n.c.), down to the archonship of Diognetus at Athens (264 n.c.), but the remaining portion extends no farther than 35;5 B.C. The Chronicle seenis to have been set up by a private person, but, as the … Parini, GiuseppePARINI, GIUSEPPE (1729-1799), Italian poet, was born in the district of Bosisio in the Milanese, on the 22d of May 1729. His parents, who possessed a sntall farm on the shore of Lake I'usiano, sent him to Milan, where lie studied under the Ea.rnabites in the Academy Arcimboldi, maintaining himself latterly by copying manu-scripts. In 1752 he published at Lugano, under the pseudonym of Ripano Eupil… ParisPARIS, the son of Priam, king of Troy. Before he was born his mother Hecuba dreamed that she was delivered of a firebrand. The dream was interpreted that her child would ruin his country-, and when Paris was born he wa-s exposed on Mount Ida. His life was saved by the herds-men, and he grew up among them, distinguished for beauty and strength, till he was recognized and received by his parents. Wh… ParishPARISH. In England the parish may be rega,rcled as essentially an ecclesiastical institution, being defined as the township or cluster of townships which was assigned to the ministration of a single priest-, to whom its tithes and other ecclesiastical dues were paid ; and it has been decided that if a place has not a church, churchwardens, and sacramen-talia it is not a parish in this original sen… Paris HistoryPARIS HISTORY - at its first appearance in history there was nothing to foreshow the important part which Paris was to play in Europe and in the ?-orld. An island in the Seine, now alinost lost in the modern city, and then much smaller than at present, was for centuries the entire site. The sole importance of the town lay in its being the capital of a, similarly insignificant Gallic people, which … ParkerPARKER, jOHN HENRY (1806-1884), architectural archwologist, was thci son of a London merchant, and was born in 1806. He was educated at Manor Houso School, Chiswick, and in 1821 entered business as a bookseller. Succeeding his uncle Joseph Parker as a bookseller at Oxford in 1832, lie conducted the business with great success, the most important of the firm's publications being perhaps the series … Parker, MatthewPARKER, MATTHEW' (1504-1575), archbishop of Canterbury, the eldest surviving son of William Parker and Alice Monins, his wife, was born at Norwich 6th August 1504. His father was an artisan, a calenderer of woollen stuffs, but through his mother he could afterwards trace his descent from the earls of Nottingham. He was instructed in reading by Thomas Benis, rector of St Clement's, Norwich, and in … ParkersburgPARKERSBURG, a city of the United States, next to Wheelina. the largest city in West Virginia, is the capital of Wooicounty, and lies on the left bank of the Ohio, at the mouth of the Little Kanawha. Parker, TheodorePARKER, THEODORE (1810-1860), a distinguished American rationalistic preacher and social reformer, born at Lexington, Afassachusetts, August 24-, 1810, was the youngest of eleven children. His father, John Parker, a small farmer and skilful mechanic, was a typical New England yeoman, a man of sterling moral worth, of strong intellect, meditative, and fond of reading, - a strict dis-ciplinarian in … Park, MungoPARK, MUNGO (1771-1806 ?), a celebrated African traveller, was born in Selkirkshire, Scotland, on the 20th September 1771, at Fowlshiels on the Yarrow, - the farm which his father rented from the duke of 13uccleuch. He was the seventh in a family of thirteen. Having received a good education (at home from a private tutor, and afterwards at the grammar school of Selkirk), Ile was apprenticed to a s… Parliament HistoryPARLIAMENT HISTORY - an inquiry into the early growth and later development of this powerful institution presents at once an interesting historical study and profound- political instruction. Its great antiquity, its continuous but ever-chanoing life, and the social and political causes which have Skied its pre-sent constitution and authority- are themes which can never fail to attract the historia… Parliament Powers And PrivilegesPARLIAMENT POWERS AND PRIVILEGES - such being the history- and constitutional character cf parliament, this survey would be incomplete without a more detailed view of the powers and privileges of each of its constituent parts, and of its ordinary proceedings. Prerogatives tf tIte Crown.--The crown, pre-eminent rank and dignity, is also the legal source of parliamentary authority. The Queen virtual… ParmaPARMA, onc of the finest cities of northern Italy, is situated in 44? 48' N. lat. and 10? 20' E. long., 35i- miles by ra,i1 south-ea,st of Piacenza and 32i north-west of l!ffodena, in a fertile tract of the Lombard plain within view of the Alps, and sheltered by the Apennines. From south to north it is traversed by the channel of the Parma, crossed here by three bridges; and from east to west for … ParmigianoPARMIGIANO (150,1-1540). The name of this cele-brated painter of the Lombard school was, in full, Girolamo brought up by two uncles, also painters, Michele and Pier-Ilario Mazzola. His faculty for the art developed at a very boyish age, and he addicted himself to the style of Correggio, who visited Parma in 1519. He did not, how-ever, become an imitator of Correggio ; his style in its maturity may… ParnassusPARNASSUS, a. mountain of Greece, in the south of Phocis, rising over the town of Delphi. It had two proCastalian fountain, and the Corycian cave were all situated among the clefts in its densely wooded sides. PARNELL, TITOMAS (1679-1718), bas a place in literature among the minor Queen Anne poets. He was a inaii of some private fortune, being the head of an English family settled in Ireland, and … Parny, Evariste Desire De ForgesPARNY, EVARISTE DESIRE DE FORGES, VICOMTE nE (1753-1814), was born in the Isle of Bourbon on 6th February 1753. He was sent to France at nine years old, was educated at Rennes, and in 1771 entered the army. He was, however, shortly recalled to Bourbon, where lie fell in love with a young lady whom lie, celebrated poetically as El6onore. His earlier biographers state her to have been called Esther … Parque'fryPARQUE'FRY is a kind of mosaic of wood used for ornamental flooring. ParrPARR. This name was originally applied to small Salmonoids which are abundant in British rivers, and were for a long time considered to constitute a distinct species (Salm? scdmitlus). They possess the broad head, short snout, and large eye characteristic of y-oung Salmonoids, and are ornamented on the sides of the body and tail with about eleven or more broad dark cross-bars, the so-called parr-m… ParramattaPARRAMATTA, a town of New South Wales, at the head of the navigation of the Parramatta river, and 14 miles to the west of Sydney, with which it is connected by railway, was one of the earliest inland settlements, and the seat of many of the public establishments connected with the working of the convict sy-stem. Many of these still remain in another form (the district hospital, the lunatic asylum,… ParrhasiusPARRHASIUS, of Ephesus, was one of the greatest painters of Greece. He settled in Athens, and may be ranked among the Attic artists. The period 6f his activity is fixed by the anecdote which Xenophon records of the conversation between him and Socrates on the 8ubject of art ; he was therefore distinguished as a painter before 399 B.c. Seneca relates a tale that Parrhasius bought one of the Olynthi… ParrotPARROT, according to Prof. Skeat (Etyma. Dictionary, p. 422), from the French Perrot or Pierrot, a proper name and the diminutive of Pierre,1 the name given generally to a large and very natural group of Birds, which for more than a score of centuries have attracted attention, not only from their gaudy plumage, but, at first and chiefly, it would seem, from the readiness with which many of them le… Parrot-fishesPARROT-FISHES, more correctly called PARROT-WRA6SES, are marine fishes, belonging to the Wrasse family, and referred to four closely-allied genera, viz., Scants, Sectrielititys, Callgodon, and Pseudosearus. They are easily-recognized by their large scales, of which there are from twenty-one to twenty-five in the lateral line, by having invariably nine spines and ten rays in the dorsal fin and two … Parr, SamuelPARR, SAMUEL (1747-1825), the son of Samuel Parr, surgeon at Harrow-on-the-Hill, was born there 15th January 1747. At Easter 1752 he was sent to Harrow School as a free scholar, where he made the acquaintance of many pupils, such as Bishop Bennet, Sir William Jones, and Warburton Lytton, who became eminent in after life. They read in the same class, they shared in the same sports, and their friend… Parry, Sir William EdwardPARRY, SIR WILLIAM EDWARD (1790-1855), arctic navigator, was the fourth son of Dr Caleb Hillier Parry, a physician of wme celebrity in Bath, and was born there 19th December 1790. He was educated at the Bath Grammar School, and was intended for the medical pro-fession, but through the intervention of a lady friend of the family he was permitted, through the kindness of Admiral Cornwallis, to join … Parsis, Or ParseesPARSIS, or PARSEES. The resident in Bombay who wanders to the Back Bay beach at sunset to inhale the fresh sea-breezes from Malabar Hill will there observe a congregation of the most interesting people of Asia. They are the Parsis, the followers of Zarathustra, and the descendants of the ancient Persians who emigrated to India on the conquest of their country by the Arabs, about the year 720 A.D. … ParsonPARSON is a, technical term of English law, and is a corruption of personct, the parson being, as it were, the persona eeclesite, or representative of the church in the parish. Parsons, Or PersonsPARSONS, or PERSONS, ROBERT (1546-1610), a cele-brated Jesuit, was the son of a blacksmith, and was born at Nether Stowey, near 13ridgwater, England, in 1546. His precocity attracted the attention of the vicar of the parish, who gave him private instruction, and procured his entrance in 1563 as an exhibitioner to Balliol College, Oxford. He graduated B.A. in 1568, and M.A. in 1572, He was fellow, … ParsonstownPARSONSTOWN, formerly BIRR, a market-town of King's County, Ireland, is situated on an acclivity rising above the Birr, and on a branch of the Great Southern and Western Railway, IV,. miles north of Roscrea and 7.1 south of Banagher. Cutaerland Square, in which there is a Doric column, surmounted by a statue of the duke of Cum-berland to commemorate the battle of Culloden, contains a number of goo… PartheniusPARTHENIUS, Bithynian poet, said to have been captured in the Mithradatic war and carried to Rome. PartinicoPARTINICO, a town of Sicily, in the province of Palermo, and 28.- miles W. of Palermo by rail, has a good trade in wine and oil, and in 1881 had 21,000 inhabitants. PartitionPARTITION, in law, is the division between several persons of land or goods belonging to them as co-pro-prietors. It was a maxim of Roman law, follower] in modern systems, that in conzmunione vel societate nemo potest invitus cletineri. Partition was either voluntary- or was obtained by the actio communi dividendo. In English law the term partition applies only to the division of lands, tenements,… PartnershipPARTNERSHIP, in law, is a voluntary association of two or more peisons for the purpose of gain. This is of course not an exhaustive definition, but will serve to include most of the definitions of partners.hip which have been attempted.' The word partner is a contracted form of partit ioner. The partnership of modern legal systems is based upon the societas of Roman law. Societas is not defined by… Paryabgarh, Or PertabgitrhPARYABGARH, or PERTABGITRH, a, native state in RajputAna, India, lying between 23? Pt' and 24'' 14' N. lat., and between 74? 27' and 75? E. long., and entirely surrounded by native territory, has an estimated area of 1460 square miles, and an estimated population (1881) of 80,568, mostly Bbils and other aboriginal tribes. Pascal, BlaisePASCAL, BLAIsE (1623-1662), was born at Clermont Ferrand on the 19th June 1623. His father was Etienne Pascal, president of the Court of Aids at Clermont; his mother's name was Antoinette Begon. The Pascal family were Auvergnats by- extraction as well as residence, and they bad for many generations held posts in the civil service. They were ennobled by Louis XI, in 1478, but, as in many other case… PaschalPASCHAL I., pope from 817 to 824, a native of Rome, was raised to the pontificate by popular acclamation, shortly after the death of Stephen IV., and before the sanction of the emperor (Louis the Pious) had been obtained - a circumstance for which it was one of his first cares to apologize. His relations with the imperial house, however, never became cordial ; and lie was also unsuccessful in reta… Paschal IiPASCHAL II., pope from 1099 to 1118, was the successor of Urban II. Of his early history nothing is known except that his proper name was Rainieri, that he was of Tuscan origin, and that in early life he became a monk, probably of Cluny. He, was raised to the cardin-alate by Gregory VII. about 1076, and was elected to the papal chair on August 13, 1099. In the long struggle with the imperial power… Pas De CalaisPAS DE CALAIS, a maritime department of northern France, formed in 1790 of nearly the whole of Artois and the northern maritime portion of Picardy, including the Boulonnais, Calaisis, Ardresis, and the districts of Langle and Bredenarde, lies between 50? 2' and 51? N. lat. and r 35' and 3? 10' E. long., and is bounded N. by the Straits of Dover (" Pas de Calais"), E. by the department of Nord, S. … PasiphaePASIPHAE. Pasquier, EtiennePASQUIER, ETIENNE (1529-1615), one of the glories; of the French bar, and one of not the least remarkable men of letters of the 16th century, was born at Paris on the 7th June 1529 by his own account, according to others a year earlier. Nothing is known of his family, and hardly anything of his youth, but he seems to have inherited a small property at Chlitelet in the district of 13rie. He certain… PasquinadePASQUINADE is a variety of libel or lampoon, of which it is not easy to give an exact definition, separating it from other kinds. It should, perhaps, more especially-deal with public men and public things. The distinction, however, has been rarely observed in practice, and the chief interest in the word is in its curious and rather legendary origin. According to the received tradition, Pasquino wa… PassauPASSAU, an ancient town and episcopal see of Tiavaria, lies in the district of Lower 13avaria, and occupies a highly picturesque situation at the confluence of the Danube, the Inn, and the Tlz, 90 miles to the north-east of Munich, and close to the Austrian frontier. It consists of the town proper, on the rocky tongue of land between the Danube and the Inn, and of the three suburbs of Innstadt, on… Passerat, JeanPASSERAT, JEAN (1534-1602), a poet of merit and a contributor to the Satire 31(1n;pp&, was born at Paris in 1534. He was well educated, but is said to have played truant from school and to have had some curious adven-tures - at one time working in a mine. He was, however, a scholar by natural taste, and after a time he returned to his studies. Having finished them he became in his turn a teacher a… PassionflowerPASSIONFLOWER (Passr:rfora) is the typical genus of the order to which it gives its name. The species are mostly- natives of western tropical South America; others are found in various tropical and subtropical districts of both hemispheres. The tacsonias, by some considered to form part of this genus, inhabit the Andes at considerable elevations. They are mostly climbing plants (fig. 1) having a w… Passion PlaysPASSION PLAYS. Passion WeekPASSION WEEK, the fifth week in Lent, begins with Passion Sunday (Dominica Passionis or de Passione Domini), so called from very early times because with it begins the more special commemoration of Christ's passion. Passover And Feast Of Unleavened BreadPASSOVER AND FEAST OF UNLEAVENED BREAD. It is explained in the article PENTATEUCH (p. 511) that the ancient Israelites were accustomed to open the harvest season by a religious feast. No one tasted the new grain, not even parched or fresh ears of corn, till the first sheaf had been presented to Jehovah, and then all hastened to enjoy the new blessings of divine goodness by eating unleavened cakes,… PassportPASSPORT. A passport or safe conduct in time of war is a document granted by a belligerent power to protect persons and property from the operation of hostilities. In the case of the ship of a neutral power, the passport is a requisition by the Government of the neutral state to suffer the vessel to pass freely with her crew, cargo, passengers, &c., without molestation by the belligerents. The req… Paston LevfersPASTON LEVFERS. This invaluable collection of documents consists of the correspondence of the principal members of the Paston family in Norfolk between the years 1424 and 1506, including several state papers and other documents accidentally in their possession. 'lite papers appear to have been sold by William Paston, second earl of Yarmouth, the last representative of the family, to the antiquary … PastoralPASTORAL is the name given to a certain class of modern literature in which the "idyl" of the Greeks and the " eclogue" of the Latins are imitated. It was a growth of humanism at the Renaissance, and its first home was Italy. Virgil had been imitated, even in the Middle Ages, but it was the example of THEOCRITIIS (q.v.) that was originally followed in pastoral. Pastoral, as it appeared in Tuscany … Pastoral EpistlesPASTORAL EPISTLES, the name given to three epistles of the New Testament which bear the name of St Paul, and of which two are addressed to Timothy and one to Titus. The reason of their being grouped together is that they are marked off from the other Pauline epistles by certain common characteristics of language and subject-matter ; and the reason of their special name is that they consist almost … Pastoral LetterPASTORAL LETTER, a letter addressed, in his pastoral capacity, by a bishop to his clergy, or the laity of his diocese, or both. In the Church of Rome it is usual for every bishop to issue at least one pastoral annually, the Lenten Mandates or Instructions, containing exhortations relating to that fast, and enumerating the dispensations granted and devotions prescribed. Others are issued in connexi… PatarenesPATARENES, a name apparently first used in Afilan about the middle of the llth century to denote the party most extreniely opposed to the marriage of priests ; besides Patareni, the forms Paterini, Patarelli, Patarcei occur among others. PatentsPATENTS. Patents for inventions, instruments which formerly bore the great seal of the United Kingdom, are now issued at the Patent Office in London under the seal of that office. By their means inventors obtain a monopoly in their inventions for fourteen years, a term which, if insufficient to remunerate the inventor, can be extended. This inonopoly is founded on exactly the same principle as the… PaternoPATERNO, a town of Sicily, in the province of Catania, stands at the south-west foot of Mount /Etna, 10 miles north-west of Catania near the railway fthin that city to Leonforte. Paterso NPATERSO_N, the "Lyons of America," a city of the United States, capital of Passaic county, New Jersey, is situated on the Passaic river and the Morris Canal, 17 miles north-west of New York by the Erie and the Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western Railroads. As the river, which forms the boundary of the city for a distance of 9 miles, has at one place a sbeer fall of 50 feet, it is an unfailing source… Paterson, WilliamPATERSON, WILLIAM (1658-1719), founder of the Bank of England, projector of the Darien scheme, and a voluminous writer on subjects connected with finance, was born in April 1658 at the farmhouse of Skipmyre, parish of Tinwald, Dumfriesshire. His parents occupied the farm there, and with them he resided till he was about seven-teen. A desire to escape the religious persecution then raging in Scotla… Pathology CancerPATHOLOGY CANCER - the popular estimate of the nature of cancer is so well founded that a definition is superfluous. Cancer in patho-logical anatomy differs from cancer as commonly under-stood in being restricted to the malignant tumour-diseases of secreting structures and epitheliated surfaces generally, to the exclusion of a. certain number of equally- malignant tumours which grow from the perio… Pathology Errors In Regulation Of Bodily HeatPATHOLOGY ERRORS IN REGULATION OF BODILY HEAT - The constancy of the bodily temperature under all circum-stances of external heat and cold - of torrid and arctic zones, of summer and winter, of sunshine and darkness - is not the least remarkable insta,nce in nature of a self-adapting me-chanism. The average internal heat of the human body- or of the blood is from 98? to 99? Fahr., and the healthy … Pathology Errors Of Blood Making In Mature LifePATHOLOGY ERRORS OF BLOOD MAKING IN MATURE LIFE - The words quoted above from Sir William Jenner "Whatever depresses the mother's powers of forming good blood tends to produce rickets in an offspring " - are a special application of a general doctrine of blood-making which has been held empirically by the medical profession at all times. It is not easy to discover with scientific pre-cision the fa… Pathology Errors Of Development And GrowthPATHOLOGY ERRORS OF DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH - The more usual departures from the normal type in the embryological rudiments or in the growth of particular organs and parts of the body have been already described in the article MONSTER. The present section will be devoted to those errors of development and growth which amount practically to constitutional diseases. Rickets% - We have hitherto consid… Pathology Errors Of MetabolismPATHOLOGY ERRORS OF METABOLISM - In the foregoing sections metabolic functions have been claimed for the placenta, for the suprarenal, and for the thyroid. Connected with tbese obscure and hitherto al-most unregarded metabolic functions are several important morbid conditions, which are mostly of the so-called con-stitutional sort ; with errors of the placental metabolism we connect such defective…
More To Explore
|
Contact & About
|
