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Volume 10 [G-GOT]: Bailyta Class to Geta | |
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Bailyta ClassBAILYTA CLASS. - The high price of red lead, and various disadvantages connected with its use, have given rise to many efforts to find an efficient substitute for it ,in the manufacture of table and ornamental glass. Barium compounds, principally the native sulphate (common baryta or heavy spar) and the artificially prepared carbonate, have been more or less experimentally tried ever since ; but o… Basilides, Marcion, YalentinusBASILIDES, MARCION, YALENTINUS, &c. (J. T.) GNU (Catoblepas), a genus of ruminant mammals constituting the equine group of the antelope family, and containing two species - the gnu or kokoon (Catoblepas gnu) and the brindled gnu (Catoblepas gorgon). Owing to their singular appearance, which has been aptly compared to that of a creature compounded of a bison's head, a horse's body, and an antelope'… BritainBRITAIN. - In no part of the European area are these ancient rocks better seen than in the north-west of Scotland. Their position there, previously- indicated by MacCulloch and Hay Cunningham, was first definitely established by Murchison, who showed that they possess a dominant strike to N.N.W., and are unconformably overlaid by all the other rocks of the Scottish Highlands. They consist of a tou… BritainBRITAIN. - The Purbeck beds bring before us evidence of a great change in the geography of England towards the close of the Jurassic period. They show how the floor of the sea in which the thick and varied formations of that period were deposited came to be gradually elevated, and how into pools of fresh and brackish water the leaves, insects, and small marsupials of the adjacent land were washed … BritainBRITAIN. - In England the Coal-measures are unconformably overlaid by a series of red sandstones, conglomerates, breccias, and marls, which at one time were grouped ill one great formation as the New Red Sandstone, in contradistinction to the Old Red Sandstone lying below the Carboniferous system. They were likewise known as the Poikilitic series, from their mottled or variegated colours. They are… Carat, Dominique JosephCARAT, DOMINIQUE JOSEPH (1749 ? 1833), was born at Bayonne, 8th September 1749. After receiving a good education under the direction of a relation who was a curd, , he came to Paris, where he obtained introductions to the most distinguished writers of the time, and became a contributor to the Encgclop'edie .111(.:thodifitte and the Nercure de France. He gained considerable reputation by an (loge o… Care-fowlCARE-FOWL' (Icelandic, Geilfuyl ; Gaelic, Gearbhul), the Anglicized form of the :Hebridean name of a large sea-bird, formerly a visitor to certain remote Scottish islands, the GREAT AUK of most English book-writers, and the Alca impennis of Linnieus. Of this remarkable creature mention has been already made at some length (Bilins, vol. iii. pp. 731, 735), but since the species has a mournful hist… CeeiwitzCEEIWITZ, a town in the Prussian province of Silesia, chief town of the circle of Tost-akiwitz, government district of Oppeln, is situated on the Klodnitz, and on time railway between Oppeln and Cracow, 40 miles S.E. of the former town. Chemical GildingCHEMICAL GILDING embraces those processes in which the gold used is at some stage in a state of chemical combination. Of these the following are the principal: - Cold Gildiny. - In this process the gold is obtained in a state of extremely fine division from a chemical compound, and applied by mechanical means. Cold gilding on silver is performed by a solution of gold in aqua-regia, applied by dipp… Coloured ClassCOLOURED CLASS. - When to the ordinary materials in the melting pot small quantities of various metallic oxides and other mineral substances arc added, coloured but still transparent glass is produced. The colours yielded vary in intensity according to the proportion of oxides used ; and the temperature at which the fusion is effected, the length of time the molten glass remains in the melting pot… ComerCOMER, the eldest son of Japhet (Gen. x. 2), and an ally of Gog (Ezek. xxxviii. 6), has usually, since Calmet's time, been identified with those Cimmerii who, originally inhabiting the districts to the N.E. and N. of the Black Sea and Sea of Azoff, at an early period began to penetrate as far as to Asia Minor, and in the 7th century B.C. overran Lydia, though without leaving permanent traces of th… ContinentalCONTINENTAL EmcorE. - The two types of the Permian system presented by the east and west sides of England reappear in different areas on the mainland of Europe. The eastern or Durham type is found in enormous masses of strata flanking the Harz Mountains, also in Thuringia, in Saxony, and in Bohemia. The western or Salopian type is found over many thousands of square miles in the north and east of … ContinentalCONTINENTAL E UROPE. --The Cretaceous system in many detached areas covers a large extent of the Continent. Front the south of England it spreads southward across the north of France up to the base of the ancient central plateau of that country. Eastwards it ranges beneath the Tertiary and post-Tertiary deposits of the great plain, appearing on the north side at the southern end of Scandinavia and… Continental EuropeCONTINENTAL EUROPE. - As in Britain so on the Continent the Carboniferous system occupies many detached areas or basins--the result partly of original deposition, partly of denudation, and partly of the spread and overlap of more recent formations. There can be no doubt that the English Carboniferous Limestone once extended continuously eastward across the north of France, along the base of the Ar… Continental EuropeCONTINENTAL EUROPE. - Devonian rocks occupy a large area in the centre of Europe, extending from the Ardennes through the south of Belgium across Rhenish Prussia to Darmstadt. They are best known from the picturesque gorges which have been cut through them by the Rhine below Bingen and by the Moselle below Treves. They have been arranged into the following groups in the Eifel region, where their t… Continental EuropeCONTINENTAL EUROPE. - On the continent of Europe numerous areas of ancient gneiss rise from under the oldest fossiliferous formations. In Scandinavia the structure of part of the country resembles that of the north-west of Scotland : the fundamental-gneiss (Urgneiss), covering a large area, is overlaid unconformably by red sandstones which underlie the most ancient strata containing organic remain… Continental EuropeCONTINENTAL EUROPE. - The records of the Miocene period in Europe bring before us a scene very different from that which the region presented during the Eocene ages. The least amount of change took place in the north-west and north. It consisted chiefly in the upraising of the floor of the shallow sea which had stretched eastwards across the north of France, and the formation of numerous fresh-wat… Continental EuropeCONTINENTAL EUROPE. - According to the classification adopted by M. Barrande, the older Palaeozoic rocks of Europe suggest an early division of the area of this continent into two regions or provinces, - a northern province, embracing the British Islands, and extending through Nortit Germany into Scandinavia., on the one hand, and into Russia on the other, and a central-European province, includin… Continental EuropeCONTINENTAL EUROPE. - Geologists on the continent of Europe, finding it impossible to carry out the principle of percentage of recent species, as originally formulated by Lyell in his terminology of the Tertiary series, have made various modifications of this nomenclature. By some the three terms Eocene, Miocene, and Pliocene are retained, but, following Beyrich, they subdivide the Miocene into tw… Continental EuropeCONTINENTAL EUROPE. - Jurassic rocks cover a vast area in central Europe. They rise from under the Cretaceous formations in the north-east of France, whence they range southwards down the valleys of the Saone and Rhone to the Mediterranean. They appear as a broken border round the old crystalline nucleus of Auvergne. Eastwards they range through the Jura INIonntains up to the high grounds of Bohem… Continental EuropeCONTINENTAL EUROPE.--The Trias is the most compactly distributed of all the geological formations of Europe. Its main area extends as a great basin from Basel down to the plains of Hanover, traversed along its centre by the course of the Rhine, and stretching from the flanks of the old high grounds of Saxony and Bohemia on the east across the Vosges mountains into France. This must have been a gre… Flint Glass Or CrystalFLINT GLASS OR CRYSTAL - The name flint glass originated in the circumstance that at first the silica used in the manufacture of this variety of glass was in the form of ground flints. The industry belongs characteristically to the United Kingdom, where it was first established on a large scale, and to the present day flint glass is much more extensively manufactured in England than in any other c… Gabelentz, Hans Conon Von DerGABELENTZ, HANS CONON VON DER (1807-1871), distinguished linguist and ethnologist, born at Altenburg, October 13, 1807, was the only son of Hans Karl Leopold von der Gabelentz, chancellor and privy-councillor of the duchy of Altenburg. From 1821 to 1825 he attended the gymnasium of his native town, where he had Matthice (the eminent Grecist) for teacher, and Hermann Brockhaus and Julius Lobe for s… GabiiGABII, an old, and at one time important, city of Latium, on the Via Pmnestina, or road to Prmneste, between 12 and 13 miles E. of Rome. Long before the foundation of Rome, Gabii appears to have been one of the largest of the Latin cities ; and, according to an old tradition noticed by Dionysius and Plutarch, Romulus and Remus were educated there. During the greater part of the regal period of Rom… Gabler, Georg AndreasGABLER, GEORG ANDREAS (1786-1853), a German philosophical writer of the school of Hegel, was born at Altdorf, in Bavaria, where his father was professor, on the 30th of July 1786. In 1804, when his father was translated to Jena, he accompanied him to that university, where he completed his studies in philosophy and law, and became one of the most enthusiastic of the hearers and disciples of After … Gabler, Johann PhilippGABLER, JOHANN PHILIPP (1753-1826), a learned Protestant theologian of the school of Griesbach and Eichborn, was born at Frankfort-on-the-Main, June 4, 1753. He had already acquired an extensive acquaintance with the ancient languages and their literatures, as well as with the philosophy of Wolf and the theology of Baumgarten, when, in his nineteenth year, he entered the university of Jena as a di… GablonzGABLONZ, the chief town of a circle in Bohemia, is situated in a hilly country on the river Neisse, about 6i miles-S.E. of Reichenberg. Gaboon River, Or Rio De GabioGABOON RIVER, or RIO DE GABIO, called Ole' Mpongwe by the Mpongwe natives, and Aboka by the Fan, is, in reality, not a river but an estuary on the west coast of Africa. It lies immediately north of the equator, disemboguing in 0? 21' 25" N. lat. and 9? 21' 23" W. long. At the entrance, between Cape Joinville, or Santa Clara, on the N., and Cape Pangara, or Sandy Point, on the S., it has a width of… GabrielGABRIEL (1 '1 i.e., man of God, PappojX) is the name of the heavenly messenger (see ANGEL) who was sent to Daniel to explain the vision of the ram and the he-goat, and to communicate the prediction of the Seventy Weeks (Dan. viii. 16 ; ix. 21). He was also employed to announce the birth of John the Baptist to Zechariah, and that of the Messiah to the Virgin Mary (Luke i. 19, 26). Both Jewish and C… Gad 00GAD 00 in Hebrew and Chaldee means " luck" ; hence, in the Phoenician and Babylonian cultus, the god of luck, who is mentioned in isa. lxv. 11 (where for "that troop" should be read " Gad "), and whose name appears in several names of places, such as Baal-Gad (Josh. xi. 17, xii. 7); possibly also in Dibon-Gad, Migdol-Gad, and Nahal-Gad. Gad was the name given by Leah, the wife of Jacob, to the pat… Gadames, Gi AdGADAMES, GI AD or RHADAMES, the chief town of an oasis of the same name, in that part of the Sahara which belongs to the regency of Tripoli, not far from the frontier of Algeria. According to Dr Rohlfs, the last form of the word more correctly represents the Arabic pronunciation ; but the other forms are more usual in European books. The whole oasis is surrounded by a dilapidated wall varying in h… GadaraGADARA, -an ancient city of Syria, in the Decapolis, about 6 miles S.E. of the Sea of Galilee, on the banks of the Hieromax. The site, now called Um Deis, is marked by extensive ruins, which are quite in keeping with the statements of Josephus and Polybius that Gadara was the capital of Puma, and one of the most strongly fortified places in the country. The walls can still be traced in a circuit o… GaddiGADDI. Four painters of the early Florentine school - father, son, and two grandsons - bore this name. I. GADDO GADDI (1239 to about L312) was, according to Vasari, an intimate friend of Cimabue, and afterwards of Giotto. He was a painter and mosaist, is said to have executed the great mosaic inside the party of the cathedral of Florence, representing the coronation of the Virgin, and may with mor… GadiatchGADIATCH, a town of Russia, at the head of a district in the government of Poltava, situated on the elevated banks of the Grun and the Psel, 73 miles N.N.W. of Poltava, in 50? 22' N. let. and 34? 0' E. long. It is a plain wood-built town, with four Greek churches and two synagogues, deriving its main importance from its four annual fairs, one of which, lasting for three weeks, was, up to 1S57, hel… GadwallGADWALL, a word of obscure origin,' the common English name of the Duck, called by Linnaeus Anna strepera, but considered by many modern ornithologists to require removal from the genus Anna to that of Chaidelasmus or Ctenorhynchns, of either of which it is not only the typical but the sole species. Its geographical distribution is almost identical with that of the common Wild Duck or Mallard (see… Gaelic Language And LiteratureGAELIC LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. Until recently there was doubt as to the family of languages to which the Gaelic belonged ; indeed, with many scholars the impression existed that it belonged to the Semitic branch, and that its relations must all be traced among some one or other of its varieties. This view arose very much from the neglect with which the language had been treated by-scientific men.… GaetaGAETA, at one time the "Gibraltar of Italy," a strongly-fortified seaport town in the province of Caserta, at the_extremity of a peninsula forming the N.W. boundary of the Gulf of Gaeta, with a station on the railway 40 miles N.W. of Naples. The citadel occupies the heights of the peninsula, and the town stretches below in a long thin line. To the east lies the harbour, one of the safest on the wh… GageGAGE, TflomAs (1720-1787), governor of Massachusetts, second son of the first Viscount Gage, was born in England in 1720. He entered the army at an early age, became lieutenant-colonel of the 44t11 regiment of foot in 1750, was made major-general and governor of Montreal in 1761, and in 1763 succeeded Amherst in the command of the British forces in America. In 1774 he was appointed governor of Mas… Gagern, Hans Christopii ErnstGAGERN, HANS CHRISTOPII ERNST, BARON VON (1766-1852), a German statesman and political writer, was born at Kleiuniederheim, near Worms, January 25, 1766. After completing his studies at the universities of Leipsic and Gottingen, he entered the service of the prince of Orange-Nassau, whom in 1791 lie represented at the imperial diet. He was afterwards appointed ambassador to Paris, where he remaine… Gaha, Vasco DaGAHA, VASCO DA ((% 1460-152t), the celebrated Portuguese navigator and discoverer, was born at Sines, a small sea-town in the province of Alemtejo. No one will deny that his name deservedly stands high in the roll of naval heroes ; yet it cannot be doubted that lie owes the brilliancy of his reputation to his country's illustrious poet, Luiz de Camoens, by whom his discoveries in India and their r… Gai1daia, Or GhardayaGAI1DAIA, or GHARDAYA (in the local documents Taghardcit), a town of North Africa in the Algerian Sahara, situated on a hill in the middle of the Wadi Mezab, on the route between Morocco and Tripoli, about 3G miles W.N.W. of \Vargla, in 32? 28' N. lat., and 4? 39' E. long., at a height of 1755 feet above the sea-level. Gardaia is well built of limestone, and defended by a bastioned wall pierced wi… GaillGAILL A.C, the capital of an arrondissement in the department of Tarn, France, is situated on the right bank of the Tarn, 12 miles W. of MN. Gaillard, GabrielGAILLARD, GABRIEL Hzxni (1726-1806), a French historian, was born at Ostel, Picardy, in 1726. He was educated for the bar, but after finishing his studies adopted the literary profession, ultimately devoting his chief attention to history. In 1801 he was chosen a member of the French Academy, and he was also one of the original members of the Institute. For forty years he was the intimate friend o… GainsboroughGAINSBOROUGH, a market-town and port of Lincolnshire, is situated on the right bank of the Trent, 21 miles above its junction with the estuary of the Humber, and 16 miles N.W. of Lincoln. It consists chiefly of one long well-paved street running parallel to the river, which is here crossed by a fine stone bridge of three arches. The parish church, a fine building in the Grecian style, was rebuilt … Gainsborough, ThomasGAINSBOROUGH, THOMAS (1727-1788), a painter famous for the truth and elegance of his portraits, and for the simple beauty of his landscapes, was born at Sudbury, Suffolk, in the year 1727. His father, who carried on the business of a woollen crape-maker in that town, was of a respectable character and family, and was noted for his skill in fencing ; his mother excelled in flower-painting, and enco… Gaissin, GaicynGAISSIN, GAICYN, or HAisoix, a town of Russia, at the head of a district in Podolia, 178 miles E, of Kamenetz Podolski or Podolian Kamenetz, in 48? 39' N. lat. and 29? 23' E. long., near the river Sop, a tributary of the Bug. GaiusGAIUS, a celebrated Roman jurist. Of his personal history very little is known. It is impossible to discover even his full name, Gains or Caius being merely a personal name (prmnomen) very common in Rome, From internal evidence in his works it may be gathered that he flourished in the reigns of the emperors Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius, and Commodus. His works were thus composed betwee… Galabat, Galla BatGALABAT, GALLA BAT, or METEMME, a town in the frontier district of Egypt and Abyssinia, near one of the western sub-tributaries of the Atbara, about 100 miles W. of Gondar, in 13? N. let, and 36? E. long. Most of the houses are built in the Abyssinian style, with conical roofs of grass, and the place would be of little importance if it were not the staple market for the exportation of Abyssinian p… GalangalGALANGAL, formerly written "galingale," and sometimes " garingal," rhizonza galanfi(e (Arabian, Khotinjan, ;I German, Galgantwurzel; French, Racine de Galanga), is an aromatic stimulant drug. Lesser galangal root, radix radang'e minoris, the ordinary galangal of commerce, is the dried rhizome of Alpinia officimaium, Hance, a plant of the natural order Zingiberacece, growing in the Chinese island o… Galapagos IslandsGALAPAGOS ISLANDS, an archipelago of five larger and ten smaller islands, situated in the Pacific Ocean exactly under the equator, about 500 or 600 miles W. of Ecuador. They were discovered about the beginning of the 16th century by the Spaniards, who gave them their present name from the numerous galdpayo or giant tortoises they found there. The larger members of the group, several of them attain… GalatiaGALATIA, afterwards called also GALLO-G1iECIA, in ancient geography, an inland division of Asia Minor, bounded on the N. by Bithynia and Paphiagonia, E. by Pontus, S. by Cappadocia and Lycaonia, W. by Phrygm. These boundaries, however, varied at different periods in the history of Galatia. The river Halys flowed in a northerly direction through the centre of the province, the eastern half of which… Galatians, Epistle To TheGALATIANS, EPISTLE TO THE. Origin. - Although "Galatia," as a united kingdom under Amyntas, included Pisidia, as well as portions of Lycaonia and Pamphylia, and when constituted a Roman province was further enlarged so that it extended from Taurus to the Euxine (Ptol., v. 1), it may with safety be taken for granted that the name is never used in the New Testament except in its older colloquial sen… GalatinaGALATINA, a town of Italy, in the province and eircondario of Lecce, on the road from Otranto to Taranto. Galatz, Or GalaczGALATZ, or GALACZ, a town and port of Roumania, principality of Moldavia., chief town of the district of Covurlin, on the left bank of tire Danube (there 2000 feet wide), between the mouths of the Pruth and Sereth, about 85 miles from the Sulina mouth of tire Danube, and 130 miles N.E. of Bucharest, with which it is connected by rail, lat. 45' 26' 12" N., long. 28? 3' E. Galatz is said to have got… GalbanumGALBANUM (Hebrew, Chelbenah; Greek, xraPrIvn), a gum-resin, believed to be the product of Fe?ula galbaniflua, Boiss. et. Buhse, and rubricautis, Boiss., indigenous to Persia, and perhaps also of other umbelliferous plants. From the stems of these it is said to exude as a milk-white juice, which is rendered yellow by exposure to light and air. It occurs usually in hard or soft, irregular, more or l… Galba, Servius SulpiciusGALBA, SERVIUS SULPICIUS (3 n.c.-69 A.u.), a Roman emperor. He came of a noble family, being sixth in direct descent from the great orator of the same name, though unconnected either by birth or adoption with the line of tire first six Csnsars. He owed his elevation to the growing power of the praetorians and the discontent of the provincials, weary of Nero's rule, and beginning to assert their in… GaleGALE, TnEopmLus (1628-1678), a distinguished divine, was born iu 1628 at King's Teignmouth, ijDevonshire, of which place his father was vicar. In 1647 he was entered at Magdalen College, Oxford, where he took his B.11. degree in 1649, and M.A. in 1652. In 1650 he was made fellow and tutor of his college, He remained five years at Oxford, discharging actively the duties of tutor, and was then appoi… Galen, Christo Pe Bernhard VanGALEN, CHRISTO PE BERNHARD VAN (1 6 00-4 678), prince bishop of Minister, was descended from a noble family in Westphalia, and was born 15th October 1600. After attending the Jesuit college at Minster, and the universities of Cologne, Mainz, Louvain, and Bordeaux, he was engaged in several diplomatic missions. Subsequently he became colonel in the army of the elector Ferdinand of Bavaria, and took… Galen, Or GalenusGALEN, or GALENUS, CLAUDIUS, called Gatlin by Chaucer and other writers of the Middle Ages, the most celebrated of ancient medical writers, was born at Pergamus, in Mysia, about 130 A.D. His father Nicol), from whom he received his early education, is described as remarkable both for excellence of natural disposition,'and for mental culture; his mother, on the other hand, appears to have been a se… GalesburgGALESBURG, a city of the United States, the capital of Knox county, Illinois, is situated at the junction of the Burlington and Peoria branches of the Chicago, 'Burlington, and Quincy Railroad, 163 miles W.S.W. of Chicago; and is the centre of a farming district of great fertility. Gale, Teoini AsGALE, TEOINI AS (1636-1702), an eminent classical scholar, was born at Scruton, Yorkshire, in 1636. Galiani, FerdinandoGALIANI, FERDINANDO (1728-1787), one of the most celebrated, if not one of the soundest, political economists, of Italy, was born at Chieti on the 2d of December 1728. For his early education and opportunities of advancement in life he was less indebted to his parents than to his uncle, Monsignor Cclestino Galiani. By his care, and at his expense, Galiani received the best education which Naples a… GaliciaGALICIA (Gallsecia or Callxcia, KaXActxia, KaXaucia), an ancient kingdom, countship, or pro7ince in the N.W. angle of Spain, now divided into the provinces of Corufla, Lugo, Orense, and Pontevedra, lies between 41? 51' and 43' 47' N. lat., 6? 50' and 9' 16' W. long., and is bounded on the N. and W. by the Bay of Biscay and the Atlantic, on the S. by the Portuguese provinces of Entre Douro e Minho … GaliciaGALICIA, in German Galizien, and in Polish Italia, a crown-land of Austria which comprises the old kingdoms of Galicia and Lodomeria, the duchies of Auschwitz and Zator, and the grand-duchy of Cracow. Towards the N. and E. it has an extensive and irregular frontier conterminous with the Russian empire ; in the S.W. it meets the Hungarian territory along the ridge of the Carpathian Mountains; its w… GalileeGALILEE (PaXAaia, the most northerly of the three provinces into which Palestine was at the Roman period divided, was bounded on the E. by the Jordan, on the S. by Samaria, on the W. by the Mediterranean, on the N.W. by Phmnicia, and on the N. by the Leontes, the extreme length being about GO miles, the extreme breadth 30, and the area 1000 square miles. The Galilee thus defined, however, though d… Galilee, The Sea OfGALILEE, THE SEA OF, with its surrounding shores, deserves a more special description than that given of the rest of the district, as being the part of Palestine which most interests modern students and travellers. The lake was also called the Sea of Chinnereth or Chinneroth, and the Lake of Gennesaret or Tiberias ; and by Pliny it is said to have been once called Lake of Tarichece. In form it is … GalileoGALILEO. Galileo Galilei (1564-1612), one of the earliest and greatest of experimental philosophers, was born at Pisa, February 18, 1564. His father, Vincenzo, was an impoverished descendant of a noble Florentine house, which had exchanged the surname of Bonajuti for that of Galilei, on the election, in 1343, of one of its members, Galileo de' Bonajuti, to the college of the twelve Buonuomini. The… GalitchGALITCH, or Hancz, a town of Russia, at the head of a district in the government of Kostroma, 80 miles N.E. of Kostroma, in 57? 15' N. lat. and 42? 56' E. long., on the low south-eastern shore of Galitch Lake. Galland, AntoineGALLAND, ANTOINE (1646-1715), Orientalist and archeologist, the first European translator of the Arabian flights, was born in 1646 at Rollot, in the department of Somme. The completion of his school education at Noyon was followed by a brief apprenticeship to a trade, from which, however, he soon escaped, to pursue his linguistic studies at Paris. After having been employed for some time in making… GallarateGALLARATE, a flourishing town of Italy, the head of a circle in the province of Milan, situated on the railway 23 miles NAV. of Milan at the junction of the line running N. to Varese. GallasGALLAS, or more correctly GALIA, a powerful race of eastern Africa, scattered over the wide region which extends for about 1000 miles from the interior of Abyssinia to the neighbourhood of the river Sabacki, in 3' 12' of S. latitude. Almost nothing has been definitely ascertained about the early homes and migrations of the race ; but it appears to have occupied the southern portion of its present … Galle, Or Point De GalleGALLE, or POINT DE GALLE, a town and port in the southern province of Ceylon, on the south-western coast, about 72 miles S. of Colombo, with which it is connected by a good carriage road. It was made a municipality in 1865, and divided into the five districts of the Fort, Callowelle, Galopiadde, Hirimbure, and Cumbalwalla. The fort, which is more than a mile in circumference, commands the whole ha… Gall, Franz JosephGALL, FRANZ JOSEPH (1758-1828), anatomist, physiologist, and founder of phrenology, was born at Tiefenbrunn near Pforzheim, Baden, on the 9th of March 1758. After completing the usual literary course at Baden and Bruchsal, he began the study of medicine under Hermann at Strasburg, whence, attracted by the names of Van Swieten and Stoll, he removed to Vienna in 1781. Having received his diploma, he… GallienusGALLIENUS, P. GallioGALLIO, Junius ANN,EUS, proconsul or " deputy " of Achaia at the time of the apostle Paul's first visit to Corinth (53 A.D.), was the son of M. Annaeus Seneca, a Roman eques and rhetorician, and was born at Cordova about the beginning of the Christian era. His mother's name was Helvia; and L. Annmus Seneca, the philosopher, and L. Animus _Bela, the geographer, were his full brothers, his own prope… GallipoliGALLIPOLI, the ancient KaXV.TroAts, a seaport town of Turkey in Europe, in the province of Rumili and vi]ayet of Edirneh, at the north-east extremity of the Straits of Dardanelles, on a narrow peninsula 130 miles S.W. of Constantinople, and 90 miles due S. of Adrianople, in 40? 21' N. lat. and 26? 40' 30" E. long. Nearly opposite is Lapsaki on the Asiatic side of the chaunel, which is here about 2… GallipoliGALLIPOLI-, an important seaport town of Italy, in the province of Lecce, and about 25 miles N.E. of the city of that name, beautifully situated on a rocky islet on the cast shore of the Gulf of Taranto, and connected by a long stone bridge of twelve arches with the suburb of Lizza on the mainland. The town is well built and fortified, and has a castle erected by Charles I. of Anjou, a large cathe… GalliumGALLIUM, so called in honour of France (Gallia), symbol Ga, atomic weight 69.9, a metal discovered, August 27, 1875, by M. Lecoq de Boisbaudran, in the spectroscopic examination of zinc-blonde from Pierrefitte in the valley of Argoles, Han tee Pyrenees, and since found to exist in blende from several other localities, notably in that of the mines of nidrieb and Apfel at Bensberg, on the Rhine, whi… Galloway, ThomasGALLOWAY, THOMAS (1796-1851), a Scottish mathematician, was born at Symington, in the upper ward of Lanarkshire, 26th February 1796. After receiving such education as the schools of his own and adjoining parishes could give, he entered in 1812 the university of Edinburgh, where he distinguished himself specially in mathematics. In 1823 he was appointed one of the teachers of mathe- matics at the m… GallsGALLS. In animals galls occur mostly on or under the skin of living mammals and birds, and are produced by Acaridea, and by dipterous insects of the genus (Estrus. Signor Moriggial has described and figured a horny excrescence, ntarly 8 inches in length, from the back of the human hand, which was caused by Accents domesticus. What are commonly known as galls are vegetable deformities or excrescenc… Galluppi, PasqualeGALLUPPI, PASQUALE (1770-1846), a distinguished Italian philosopher, was born on 2d April 1770, at Tropea, in Calabria. He was of good family, and after completing his education at the academy of Tropea and the university of Naples he entered the public service, and was for many years employed in the office of the administration of finances. Altogether apart from academic influences he pursued his… GallusGALLUS, C. CORNELIUS, a Roman poet, orator, and politician, was born of humble parents at Forum Julii (Frejus), in Gaul, about the year 66 B.C. At an early age he removed to Rome, where he was taught by the same master as Virgil and Varius. In political life he espoused the cause of Octavianus, and as a reward for his services ,vas made prefect of Egypt. His conduct in this position afterwards bro… Galois, EwaristeGALOIS, EWARISTE (1811-1832), an eminently original and profound French mathematician, born 26th October 1811, killed in a duel May 1832. A necrological notice by his friend M. Auguste Chevalier appeared in the Revue Encyclopedique, September 1832, p. 744 ; and his collected works are published, Lionville, t. xi. (1846), pp. 381-444, about fifty of these pages being occupied by researches on the r… GaltGALT, Jonx (1779-1839), a Scottish novelist, Was born i at Irvine, in Ayrshire, on May 2, 1779. He received his early education at Irvine and Greenock, and read largely from one of the public libraries while serving as a clerk in a mercantile office. His first compositions appeared in the Greenock Advertiser and the Scots Magazine. In 1804 he went to settle in London, where he continued to work at… Galuppi, BaldassarreGALUPPI, BALDASSARRE (1706-1785), a musical composer, was born in 1706, in the island of Burano, near Venice. His father, a barber by profession, was a musical amateur, and prepared his son for the music school of Venice called Conservatorio degP Incurabili, where the great Lotti became his master. His first opera, written at the age of sixteen, was a failure ; but his comic opera named Dorinda, p… GalvanometerGALVANOMETER, au instrument used for indicating or measuring currents of electricity, wherein advantage is taken of the force exerted by such currents on movable magnets in their neighbourhood? When a galvanometer is used for indicating merely, without measuring, it is sometimes called a galvanoscope. If we consider only such instruments as have come into actual use, this definition is strict enou… GalvantGALVANT, Lucas (1737-1798), an eminent Italian physiologist, after whom galvanism received its name, was born at Bologna, September 9, 1737. It was his wish in early life to enter the church, but by his parents he was educated for a medical career. At the university of Bologna, in which city he practised, he was in 1762 appointed public lecturer in anatomy, and soon gained repute as a skilled thou… GalvestonGALVESTON, a city and port of entry on the coast of Texas, United States of North America, situated about 340 miles to the westward of the mouth of the South Pass of the Mississippi River, on the south side of the entrance into Galveston Bay, in 29? 18' N. lat. and 94? 47' long. west from Greenwich. It is the principal port and the largest city in the State, is the seat of justice of Galveston Cou… GalwayGALWAY, a maritime county in the province of Connaught, in the extreme west of Ireland, between 52? 54' and 53? 43' N. lat., and 7? 57' and 10? 20' W. long. It is bounded on the N. by Mayo and Roscommon ; E. by Roscommon, King's County, and Tipperary ; S. by Clare and the Bay of Galway ; and W. by the Atlantic Ocean. The area comprises 2117 square miles, or 1,566,351 acres, of which 90,230 are und… GalwayGALWAY, the county town, and a parliamentary borough, is also a county in itself, with an exclusive jurisdiction extending two miles on every side except the south. It stands on the northern shore of the Bay of Galway, on both sides of the river Corrib, which connects Lough Corrib with the sea. The space within the walls formed an oval of about 3426 square perches. Some of the streets are very nar… GamalielGAMALIEL (tti'7.".-NI, i.e., God is a rewarder, rap.aXopi.), a Hebrew proper name, which occurs more than once in the Old Testament (Numb. i. 10; ii. 20), is repeatedly met with in the history of later Judaism. Of the persons designated by it the most important are enumerated below: - which had transferred itself to Jamnia or Jabneh shortly before the destruction of Jerusalem. For a considerable p… Gambia, Ganbra, Da Dm-taGAMBIA, GANBRA, DA Dm-TA, or FURA, an important river of Western Africa, which enters the Atlantic about 13? 50' N. lat. Its sources are in the central plateau of the Fula, Jallon highlands, a tract of country about 240 miles inland, which also contains the head waters of the Senegal, the Faleme, the Rio Grande, and some tributaries of the Niger. Flowing almost due N. for the first 200 miles of it… Gambier, James, BaronGAMBIER, JAMES, BARON (1756-1833), English admiral, was born on the 13t11 Octbber 1756, at the Bahamas, of which his father, John Gambier, was at that time lieutenant-governor. He entered the navy in 1767 as a midshipman on board the " Yarmouth," under the command of his uncle; and, his family interest obtaining for him rapid promotion, he was raised in 1778 to the rank of post-captain, and appoin… GambogeGAMBOGE, the drug C'ctm&oqia, a gum-resin procured from Garcinia Morella, Desrous., var. pe(Ncellata, a dioecious tree with leathery, laurel-like leaves, small yellow flowers, and usually square-shaped and four-seeded fruit (see 11. Jamie, Pharos, Journ., 3d ser., vol. iv. p. 802), a member of the natural order Gatt?/errs, and indigenous to Camboja (see CAMBODIA, Vol. iv. p. 725), and parts of Sia… Game LawsGAME LAWS. This expression is applied in England to a series of statutes of modern date, establishing a peculiar kind of property in wild animals. These statutes, it is well known, are regarded with great dislike by a large and important section of the people - partly on account of their alleged injurious economic effects, and partly on account of their .1:iarsh and exceptional character. It will … GamesGAMES. The public games of Greece and .Rome were athletic contests and spectacles of various kinds, generally connected with and forming part of a religious observance. Probably no institutionexereised a greater influence in moulding the national character, and producing that unique type of physical and intellectual beauty which we see reflected in Greek art and literature, than the public contest… Games, GamingGAMES, GAMING. Looking here at these in their legal aspects, it will be seen that from very early times the law of England has attempted to exercise some control over the sports and pastimes of the people - particularly those involving an element of gambling. Certain games were either prohibited altogether, or reserved for people of some position in society. The Act 33 Henry VIII. c. 9, increasing… GanatintGANATINT, French caricaturist, was born at Paris in 1801, and died in 1866. his true name was Chevalier (Sulpice Guillaume), and he is said to have taken the nom de plume under which lie is known from the place where he made his first published sketch. His parents were poor, and he started in life as a workman in an engine-building factory. At the same time he attended the free school of drawing. … GandersheimGANDERSHEIM (in Eberhard's Chronicle, Gandersem), a town of Germany at the head of a circle in the duchy of Brunswick, situated on the Gande, a sub-tributary of the Weser, about 48 miles S.W. of Brunswick. It is a small place numbering, according to the census of 1875, only 2454 inhabitants ; but it carries on the manufacture of linen, cigars, beet-root sugar, and beer, and possesses not only an o… GandiaGANDIA, an ancient wall-encircled city of Spain, in the province and archbishopric of Valencia, is beautifully situated in the fertile huerta or garden of Gandia, about 3 miles from the mouth of the river Alcoy. GandoGANDO, a kingdom of north-western Africa in the Sudan, comprising that part of the territory watered by the Quorra or Niger which extends from the Birni and Say in the N. t.) Ufa in the S. It was established by the Fulah or Vulatalt on the dissolution of the Hottssa kingdom of liatchena by the death in 1817 of Sheik ()finnan dun Foddie. The political unity of the various parts of the kingdom is wi… GangesGANGES, a river of northern India, formed by the drainage of the southern ranges of the Himalayas. This mighty stream, which in its lower course supplies the great river system of Bengal, rises in the Garhwhl state, and falls into the Bay of Bengal after a course of 1500 miles. It issues, under the name of the Bhagirathi, from an ice cave at the foot of an Himalayan snow bed near Gangotri, 10,300 … GangiGANGI, a town of Italy, in the province of Palermo, and circondario of Cefalu, about 22 miles inland front the town of Cefalu. It occupies the slope of a hill on the southern flanks of the Nebrode or Monte Marone, and the ridge of the hill is crowned by a striking fortress with three towers, only one of which, however, is entire. The inhabitants, who in 1871 numbered 12,921, cultivate grain and ma… Gangotri--GANGOTRI, a celebrated place of Hindu pilgrimage, situated among the Himalaya Mountains, in the state of Garhwal, on the Ganges, which is here not above 15 or 20 yards broad, with a moderate current, and not in general above 3 feet deep. The course of the river runs N. by E. ; and on the bank near Gangotri there is a small temple about 8 or 10 feet high, in which are two images representing the … Gangp UrGANGP UR, a tributary state of Chutia Nagpar, Bengal, situated between 21? 47' 5" and 22? 32' 20" N. lat., and 85? 10' 15" and 85' 34' 35" E. long. It is bounded on the N. by Lohardaga district and Jashpur state ; on the E. by Singbhum district ; on the S. by Bondi and P,amra states and Sambalpur district ; and on the \V. by Raipur district. Gangpur state consists of a long undulating table-land a… Gan Ilh, CharlesGAN ILH, CHARLES ( 1758-1 836), a disti ngu political economist, was born at Annelle in Cantal, on the 6th January 1758. He was educated for the profession of law, and practised as avocat. During the troubled period which culminated in the taking of the Bastille on 14th July 1789, he came prominently forward in public affairs, and was one of the seven members of the permanent Committee of Public S… GanjamGANJAM, a district of Madras, situated between 18' 18' and 19? 40' 30" N. lat., and between 83? 51' 30" and 85? 10' 30" E. long, bounded on the N. by Puri district in Orissa ; on the E. by the Bay of Bengal, on the S. by Vizagapatam district, and on the W. by the estates of Kalahancli, Patna, and Jaipur. - The district is exceedingly mountainous and rocky, but is interspersed with open valleys and… Gannal, Jean NicolasGANNAL, JEAN NICOLAS (1791-1852), a distinguished French technical chemist, was born at Sarre-Louis, July 28, 1791. At the age of fourteen he was placed in a druggist's establishment, where he acquired a knowledge of chemical manipulation. In 1808 he entered the medical department of the French army, and in the campaign of 1812 he witnessed the disastrous retreat from Moscow. After the downfall of… GannatGANNAT, a town of France, capital of an arrondissement in the department of Allier, is situated on the Andelot, an affluent of the Allier, 33 miles S. by W. of Moulins. GannetGANNET (Anglo-Saxon, ganot)-or SOLAN GOOSE,' the Pelecanus bassaMIS of Linnaeus and the Sula bassana of modern ornithologists, a large sea-fowl long known as a numerous visitor, for the purpose of breeding, to the Bass Rock at the entrance of the Firth of Forth, and to certain other islands off the coast of Britain, of which four are in Scottish waters - namely, Ailsa Craig, at the mouth of the Fi… Gansbacher, Johann BaptistGaNSBACHER, JOHANN BAPTIST (1778-1844), a musical composer of repute, was born in 1778 at Sterzing in Tyrol. his father, a schoolmaster and teacher of music, undertook his son's early education, which the boy continued under various masters till 1802, when he became the pupil of the celebrated Abbate Vogler. To his connexion with this artist and with his fellow pupils, more perhaps than to his own… Gans, EdwardGANS, EDWARD (1798-1839), a distinguished jurist, was born at Berlin, on the 22d March 1798. His father, a banker in Berlin, was of Jewish descent. He was educated first at Berlin, then at Gottingen, and finally at Heidelberg, where he met Thibaut, the celebrated lawyer, and Hegel, by whom he was much attracted. He attended Hegel's lectures at Berlin and became thoroughly imbued with the principle… GanymedeGANYMEDE (Greek, Parvi.e487, Latin, Canpnedes) affords a typical example of the manner in which myth-making continued as a living process through the whole of Greek history. In the thought of the primitive Indo-Germanic race, occupied with the simplest cares of living, a very frequent subject was naturally the rain ; and their thought has been preserved to us in the form of mythology. As the rain … GaraGARA.T, PIERRE JEAN(1764-1823), one of the most famous singers of his time, nephew of the former, was born at Ustaritz, 25th April 1764. Gifted with a voice of exceptional timbre and compass, lie devoted himself, from an early age, to the cultivation of his musical talents. On account of his manifesting a distaste for the legal profession, for which his father wished him to study, he was deprived … Garay, JinosGARAY, JiNOS (1812-1853), Hungarian poet and author, was born 10th October 1812, at Szegszird, in the county of Tolna. From 1823 to 1828 he studied at Fieufkirchen, and subsequently, in 1829, at the university of Pestle. Here, having become acquainted with the works of the best German authors, lie devoted himself to literary pursuits, and in 1834 brought out an heroic poem, in hexameters, under th… Garbo, Raffaellino DelGARBO, RAFFAELLINO DEL (1466-1524), a Florentine painter. His real name was Raffaello Capponi ; Del Garbo was a nickname, bestowed upon him seemingly from the graceful nicety (garbo) of his earlier works, He was a scholar of Filippino Lippi, with whom he remained till 1490, if not later. He showed great facility in design, and excited hopes which the completed body of his works fell short of. He m… Garcia, ManoelGARCIA, MANOEL (1775-1832), or, in full, Manoel Garcia del Popolo Vicente, was born in 1775 at Seville. He began artistic life as chorister at the cathedral of Seville, and simultaneously studied music under the best masters of his native city. At the age of seventeen he made his debut on the stage at Cadiz, in an operetta of his own composition. Soon afterwards he appeared at Madrid in his twofol… Garcilaso De La VegaGARCILASO DE LA VEGA (1503-1536), soldier and poet, was born at Toledo in 1503. His father, Garcilaso (Garcias Laso or Garcilasso) de la Vega, was counsellor of state to Ferdinand and Isabella, and for some time their ambassador at the court of Rome ; by his mother he was descended from the illustrious house of Guzman. At the age of seventeen lie received a military appointment as ft " contino " o… Garcilaso Inca De La VegaGARCILASO INCA DE LA VEGA (1540-1616), historian of ancient Peru, was born at Cuzco in 1540. His father was a cadet of the illustrious family of La Vega, who had gone to Peru in the suite of Pedro de illvaredo, soon after the conquests of Pizarro ; his mother was of the Peruvian blood-royal, a circumstance of which he was not a little proud, as giving a right to the title which he claimed by invar… GardGARD, a department in the south of France, consisting of part of the old province of Languedoc, is bounded N. by the departments of Lozere and Ardeche, E. by the Rhone, which separates it from Vaucluse and Bouches-du-RhOne, S. by llerault and the Nfediterranean, and W. by A.veyron. It lies between 43? 27' 25" and 44? 27' 20" N. lat., and between 3' 15' 39" and 4? 50' 44" E. long. The western and n… Garda, Lake OfGARDA, LAKE OF, the Italian LAGO DI GARDA and ancient BenaC213, the largest and most eastern of the great lakes of northern Italy. It is enclosed by Alpine ridges on both sides, except towards the south, where it widens out into the Lombard plain. The northern extremity belongs to the Austrian district of Tyrol, while the remainder is divided between the two old Italian provinces of Venetia and Lo… GardelegenGARDELEGEN (formerly GARDELEBEN and GARDLEBEN), the chief town of a circle in the government district of Magdeburg, Prussian Saxony, is situated on the right bank of the Milde, 28 miles N.N.W. of Magdeburg. GardinerGARDINER, CoLoxEr. GardinerGARDINER, a city of the United States in Kennebec county, State of Maine, is situated at the junction of the Kennebec and Cobosse rivers, 10 miles S. by E. of Augusta. Gardiner, StephenGARDINER, STEPHEN (1483-1555), bishop of Winchester and lord chancellor of England, was born at BurySt Edmunds in 1483. He is believed to have been the illegitimate son of Dr Woodville, bishop of Salisbury, brother of Elizabeth Woodville, queen of Edward IV. If so, lie lost his father when he was only one year old ; but his education seems to have been carefully provided for. He was sent to Cambri… Garessio, GaressoGARESSIO, GARESSO, or GAnEzzo, in Latin Carexium, a town of Italy about 18 miles S.E. of Mondovi, in the valley of the Tararo. Gar-fishGAR-FISH is the name given to a genus of fishes (Below) found in nearly all the temperate and tropical seas, and readily recognized by their long, slender, compressed and silvery body, and by their jaws being produced into a long, pointed, bony, and sharply-tootheebeak. Garga0, Pedro Antonio CorreaGARgA0, PEDRO ANTONIO CORREA (1724-1772), Portuguese lyric and dramatic poet, was born in the neighbourhood of Lisbon on the 24th of April 1724. Almost nothing of his biography is known except that he lived a life of quiet domesticity and learned leisure, in a rural retreat at Fonte-Santa near the capital, till about his thirty-sixth year, when he was imprisoned on an obscure charge which is belie… GarganeyGARGANEY 1 (North-Italian, Garganello), or SITMM ER-TEAL, the A one querquedula and A. circia of Linnmus (who made, as did Willughhy and Ray, two species out of one), and the type of Stephens's genus Querpedula. This bird it one of the smallest of the Anatidee, and has gained its common English name from being almost exclusively a summer-visitant to this country, where nowadays it only regularly r… GaritivalGARITIVAL, a district of British Tndia, in the Kumaon division, under the jurisdiction of the lieutenant-governor of the North-Western Provinces, situated between 29? 16' 15" and 31? 5' 30" N. lat., and 78? 18' 45' and 80`' 8' E. long, and bounded on the N. by Chinese Tibet, on the E. by Kumaon district, on the S. by Bijnor district, and on the W. by Independent Garhwfil or Tehri. Garhwal district… GarlicGARLIC (Greek, cr KetpoSov ; Latin, All ium ; Aglio ; French, Ail ; German, Knoblauch), Alliuni sativum, Linn., a bulbous perennial plant of the tribe Hyacinthinew of the natural order Liliacecc, indigenous apparently to the south of Europe and to the East, having entire, obscurely keeled leaves, a deciduous spathe, a bulbiferous globose umbel, and whitish flowers, with exsert pistil and stamens. … GarnetGARNET (German, Granat; French, Greuat), a mineral the name of which is derived from the Latin granatum, the pomegranate, or, as Lydgate calls it, "garnet appille " (see Halliwell,-Dict., i. p. 392), on account of the resemblance of its granular varieties to the seeds of that fruit. Several sorts of garnets, with other stories, seem to have been included under the terms cipOpa4" and carbunculus, e… Garnier, Marie JosephGARNIER, MARIE JOSEPH FRANcors (1839-1873), usually called Francis Gamier, a French officer and explorer, was born at St Etienne, July 25,1839, and perished by assassination in Tong-king, December 7, 1873. He entered the navy, and after voyaging in Brazilian waters and the Pacific he obtained a post on the staff of Admiral Chanter, who from 1860 to 1862 was campaigning in Cochin-China. After some … GaronneGARONNE, the ancient Gamma, a river of southern France, which rises in the Spanish Pyrenees not far from the massif of Maladetta, flows through the fine gorge called the Val d'Aran, partly loses itself under the calcareous rocks that form the gulf of Cledes, enters France near the Pont du Roi, and proceeds in a general northwest direction till it falls into the Bay of Biscay. Rafts can be sent dow… Garonne, HauteGARONNE, HAuTE-, or Herren GARONNE, is one of the frontier departments in the south of France, being continuous with Spain along the line of the Pyrenees. To the N. lies the department of Tarn-et-Garonne, to the E. are those of Tarn, Aude, and Aridge, and to the W. those of Gers and Hautes-Pyrdn6es. The form of the department is very irregular. Its greatest length is 99 miles from N.E. to S.W., an… Gar Rick, DavidGAR RICK, DAVID (1716-1799), the greatest actor of his age, and the most successful of English theatrical managers, was descended from a good French Protestant family of Bordeaux which had settled in England on the revocation of the edict of Nantes. His father, Captain Peter Garrick, was on a recruiting expedition when his celebrated son was born at Hereford on February 19, 1716-17. The captain us… Gascoigne, GeorgeGASCOIGNE, GEORGE (c. 1535-1577), one of the great pioneers of Elizabethan poetry, was born about 1535 - as is believed, in Westmoreland. He w-as the son and heir of Sir John Gascoigne. He studied at Cambridge, and was admitted to Gray's Inn in 1555. His youth was unsteady, and his father disinherited him. In 1565 he had written his tragicomedy of The Glass of Government, not printed until 1576. I… Gascoigne, Sir WilliamGASCOIGNE, SIR WILLIAM, was chief-justice of England in the reign of Henry IV. Both history and tradition testify to the fact that he was one of the great lawyers who in times of doubt and danger have asserted the principle that the head of the state is subject to law, and that the traditional practice of public officers, or the expressed voice of the nation in parliament, and not the will of the … GasconyGASCONY, an old province in the S.W. of France, nearly identical with the Xovempopulania or Aquitania Tertia of the Romans. Its original boundaries cannot be stated with perfect accuracy, but it included what are now the departments of Landes, Gers, and Hautes-Pyrenees, and parts of those of Haute-Garonne and Ariege. Its capital was Auch. About the middle of the 6th century there was an incursion … Gaskell, Elizabeth CleghornGASKELL, ELIZABETH CLEGHORN (1810-1865), one of the most distinguished of England's women-novelists, was born at Cheyne Row, Chelsea, September 29,1810. She was the second child of -William Stevenson, of whom an account is given in the Annual Biography and Obituary for 1830. Mr Stevenson, who began life as classical tutor in the Manchester Academy, and preached also at Doblane, near that town, aft… Gassendi, PierreGASSENDI, PIERRE (1592-1655), one of the most eminent French philosophers, was born of poor but respectable parentage at Champtercier, near Digne, in Provence, on the 22d January 1592. At a very early age he gave indications of remarkable mental powers, and at the instance of his uncle, the curd of his native village, he was sent to the college at Digne. He made rapid progress in his studies, show… GasteinGASTEIN, a beautiful and picturesque valley in the Austrian duchy of Salzburg, celebrated for its mineral springs. It is a side valley of the upper Salzach valley, and is about 25 miles long and 11 miles broad. It has an elevation of between 3000 and 3500 feet. Behind it, to the south, tower the mountains Malnitz or Nassfeld-Tauern, 7820 feet high, and the Ankogel, 10,700 feet high, and from the r… Gataker, ThomasGATAKER, THOMAS (1571-1651), a learned English. divine, was born in London in 1574, and educated at Assembly of Divines at Westminster. The parts of the Assembly's annotations upon the Bible which were executed by him are those on Isaiah, Jeremiah, and the Lamentations. At Westminster he disapproved of the introduction of the Covenant, and declared himself in favour of Episcopacy-. He was also one… GatchinaGATCHINA, a town of Russia, in the government of St Petersburg and district of Tsarskoselo, 29 miles W. of St Petersburg, in 59? 34' N. lat. and 30? 6' E. long. It is situated in a flat, well-wooded, and partly marshy district, and on the south side of the town are two lakes, distinguished as the White and the Black. Among its more important builings are the imperial palace, which was founded in 1… GatesheadGATESHEAD, a municipal and parliamentary borough and market-town of England, county of Durham, is situated on the right bank of the Tyne, opposite Newcastle, of which it practically forms a part, being united with it by three bridges. The town consists of two principal and nearly parallel streets, from which others diverge in various directions. A great fire which occurred in 1854 was taken advant… Gates, HoratioGATES, HORATIO (1728-1806), an American general, was born at Maldon in Essex, England, in 1728. He entered the English army at an early age, and soon obtained considerable promotion. He was severely wounded while accompanying General Braddock in his unfortunate expedition against the French settlements on the Ohio in 1755, and he took part in the expedition against Martinieo in January 1762. After… GathGATH, one of the five chief cities of the Philistines. Its site appears to have been known in the 4th century, but the name is now lost. Eusebius (in the Onomasticon) places it near the road from Eleutheropolis (Beit Jibrin) to Diospolis (Ludd) about 5 Roman miles from the former. The Roman road between these two towns is still traceable, and its milestones remain in places. East of the road at th… GattyGATTY, Mrs ALFRED (1809-1873), daughter of the Rev. Dr Scott, chaplain to Lord Nelson, was born at Burnham, Essex, in 1809. In 1839 Margaret Scott was married to the Rev. Alfred Getty, D.D., vicar of Ecclesfield near Sheffield, sub-dean of York cathedral, and the author of various works both secular and religious. In 1842 she published in association with her husband a life of her father, the Rev.… Gauden, JohnGAUDEN, JOHN (1605-1662), the reputed author of the Eikon Basilike, was born in 1605 at Mayfield in Essex, of which parish his father was vicar. He was educated at Bury St Edmunds, and afterwards at St John's College, Cambridge. He obtained about 1630 the vicarage of Chippenham in Cambridgeshire, and the rectory of Bright-well in Berkshire. At the breaking out of the civil war he was domestic chap… Gauermann, FriedrichGAUERMANN, FRIEDRICH (1S07-1862), an Austrian painter, son of the landscape painter Jacob Gauermann (1773-1813), was born at Wiesenbach near Gutenstem, in Lower Austria, 20th September 1807. It was the intention of his father that lie should devote himself to agriculture, but the example of au elder brother, who, however, died early, fostered his inclination towards art, and though he had enjoyed … GaugeGAUGE, in the mechanical arts, is the name applied to a great variety of instruments, of which the object may be broadly stated to be the affording of increased facilities for comparing any two dimensions or distances. Wherever it is necessary for this to be done with a degree of accuracy unattainable by such means as the ordinary measuring rule affords, or for the same dimensions to be frequently… GauhatiGAUHATI, a town in Kamrnp district, Assam, the chief town of the province, situated on the left or south bank of the Brahmaputra, lat. 26? 11' 18" N., long. 91? 47' 26" E. GaulGAUL, the name given by the Romans to the country lying between the Rhine and the Pyrenees. When the Greeks first became acquainted with the south-west of Europe they applied to the whole of it, in a somewhat vague sense, the term Celtice (1) Karixij), calling its inhabitants Celts (Karol). Later we find Galatia (raXarla) and Gallia (FaXAL), with the corresponding Galati (TaXdroc) and Galli rax00,… GaurGAUR, or, more commonly, Goun, the name of a mediLeval city in Bengal, of which the scattered relics cover a large area in the district of Malda, commencing not far south of the modern civil station of that name. The name Gaur is a form of the ancient Gauâ– ta (meaning the country " of sugar "), a term which was applied to a large part of modern Bengal, and specifically to that part in which these… Gauss, Carl FriedrichGAUSS, CARL FRIEDRICH (1777-1855), an eminent German mathematician, was born of humble parents at Brunswick, April 23, 1777, and was indebted for a liberal education to the notice which his talents procured him from the reigning duke. His name became widely known by the publication, in his twenty-fifth year (1801), of the Disquisitiones Arithmeticce. In 1807 he was appointed director of the Gottin… Gaussen, Francois Samuel RobertGAUSSEN, FRANcOIS SAMUEL ROBERT Louis (1790? 1863), a Protestant theological writer of some repute, was born at Geneva on the 25th of August, 1790. His father Georges Marc Gaussen, a member of the council of two hundred, was descended from an old Languedoc family wldch had been scattered at the time of the religious persecutions in France. At the close of his university career, Louis was ordained … Gautier, TriGAUTIER, TRI'l:OPIIILE (1811-1872), was born at Tarbes in the year 1811. He was educated at the grammar school of that town, and afterwards at the College Charlemagne in Paris, where it does not appear that he particularly distinguished himself, though in later life his remarkable literary faculty and instinct enabled him to give to much of his work an air of scholarship and almost of erudition. H… GauzeGAUZE, a light, transparent, silken fabric, woven in an open manner with very fine yarn. It is said to have been originally made at Gaza in Palestine, whence the name. In the weaving of gauze the warp threads, in addition to being crossed as in plain weaving, are twisted in pairs from left to right and from right to left alternately, after each shot of weft, thereby keeping the weft threads at equ… GavelkindGAVELKIND is a peculiar system of tenure prevailing chiefly in the county of Kent, but found also in other parts of England. In Kent all land is presumed to be holden by this tenure until the contrary is proved. It is more correctly described as socage tenure, subject to the custom of gavelkind. The chief peculiarities of the custom are the following. (1.) A tenant can aliene his lands by feoffmen… GayaGAYA, a district of British India in the Patna division, under the lieutenant-governor of Bengal, situated between 24? 17' and 25? 19' N. lat., and between 84? 4' and 86? 5' E. long. It is bounded on the N. by Patna, on the E. by Mongbyr, on the S.E. and S. by Hazaribagh, and on the W. by Shahabad districts. Generally speaking, Gaya consists of a level plain, with a ridge of prettily wooded hills … GayaGAYA, the chief town and administrative headquarters of the above district, situated on the bank of the Pludga river, lat. 24? 47' 15" N., long. 85? 3' 10" E. The population in 1872 numbered 66,843 : - Hindus, 52,265 ; nahometans, 14,444; Christians, 134, The municipal income in 1871 was ?2716, and the expenditure ?2351. The town consists of two distinct parts, adjoining each other ; the part cont… Gay, JohnGAY, JOHN (1688-1732), one of the most eminent of the secondary English poets, was a native of Devonshire, horn in 1688 at Frithelstock, near Torrington, where his family had been long settled. His father dying when the future poet was only about six years of age, and leaving four children, the prospects of the family were unpromising ; and John, after receiving his education at the grammar school… Gay-lussac, JosephGAY-LUSSAC, JOSEPH Louis (1778-1850), one of the most distinguished of modern physicists and chemists, was born at St Leonard, in the department of Haute Vienne, on the 6th of December 1778. His father, Antoine Gay, who was procureur du roi and judge at Pont-de-Noblac, had added to the common family name the distinctive title Lussac, from a small property he had in the neighbourhood of St Leonard.… Gay, Marie Francoise SophieGAY, MARIE FRANCOISE SOPHIE, MADAME (1776-1852), daughter of M. Nichault de Lavalette (who was attached to the household of Monsieur, afterwards Louis XVIII.), and of Francesca Peretti, a Florentine lady, was born at Paris 1st July 1776. Under the guidance of her father, a man of taste and culture, she received a very careful education. In 1793 she was married to M. Liottier, an exchange broker, b… GazaGAZA, an ancient city of Philistia, close to the sea and to the south boundary of the Holy Land. The Hebrew is more correctly rendered in English as Azzah (Dent. ii. 23), and means "strong." The modern Arabic form of the name is Ghazzeh. The town stands on an isolated hill about 100 feet high, and has now a population of 1800 souls. It is divided into four quarters, the eastern suburb consisting e… Gazette, The LondonGAZETTE, THE LONDON, is the official newspaper of the Government, and is published every Tuesday and Friday. GeberGEBER. After all the research and criticism that have been expended on this the first and most interesting personage in the modern history of chemistry, little is definitely known about him, and about the origin of the works which pass under his name. It has been a very general tradition to regard Geber as an Arabian, but until the publication in recent years by European scholars of the works of A… GebweilerGEBWEILER, in French Gueblviller, a town of the German imperial province of Alsace-Lorraine, in the district of Upper Alsace, situated about 13 miles south of Colmar, at the mouth of the Blumenthal or " Vale of Flowers." It communicates by a branch line with the railway between Strasburg and Basel. Among the principal buildings are the Roman Catholic church of St Leodgar, dating from the 12th cent… GeckoGECKO, the common name applied to all the species of Geckoticice, an extensive family of lizards belonging to the PachyglosKe, or " thick-skinned " sub-order of Gray. The geckoes are small creatures, seldom exceeding 8 inches in length including the tail. With the head considerably flattened, the body short and thick, the legs not high enough to prevent the body dragging somewhat on the ground, t… Geddes, AlexanderGEDDES, ALEXANDER (1737-1802), a learned theologian, biblical critic, and miscellaneous writer, was born at the farm of Arradoul, in the parish of Rathven, Banffshire, Scotland, on the 14th of September 1737. At the age of fourteen he entered the small Roman Catholic seminary at Scalan in a remote glen of the Banffshire highlands, where he remained till October 1758, when he was sent to the Scotti… Ged, WilliamGED, WILLIAM ( 1 ?1740), the inventor of the art of stereotyping, was born at Edinburgh about the beginning of the 18th century. GeelongGEELONG, one of the leading towns in Victoria, coeval with Melbourne in the history of Australian settlement, is pleasantly situated on Corio Bay, an extensive western arm of Port Phillip, 45 miles S.W. of Melbourne, in 39? 8' S. lat. and 144' 21' E. long. The town slopes to the bay on the north side and to the Barwon river on the south, and its position in this respect, as well as the shelter it … GeestemundeGEESTEMUNDE, a seaport in the Prussian province of Hanover, in the district or Landdrostei of Stade, situated, as the name indicates, at the mouth of the Geeste, a right-hand affluent of the estuary of the Weser. It lies about 32 miles N. of Bremen, and is the terminus of a railway from that city. The interest of the place is purely naval and commercial, its origin dating no further back than 1857… GefleGEFLE, Latinized as Gevalia, a seaport town of Sweden, at the head of the Gefdeborglan, about a mile from the shore of the gulf of Bothnia, near the mouth of the Gefle-A, miles E. of Fahlun, and about the same distance N. of Upsala. With the former city it has been connected by railway since 1859, and with the latter and Stockholm since 1874. As the river at that place is divided into three channe… Geiger, AbrahamGEIGER, ABRAHAM (1810-1874), one of the ablest leaders of the modern Jewish school of theology and criticism, was born at Frankfort-on-tlme-Main, May 24, 1810. After receiving from his father and uncle the elements of an ordinary rabbinical education, he was in his eleventh year sent to the gymnasium, whence in 1829 he passed to the university of Heidelberg, which be soon afterwards exchanged for … Geikie, WalterGEIKIE, WALTER (1795-1837), a Scotch subject-painter, was born at Edinburgh, November 9, 1795. In his second year he was attacked by a nervous fever by which he permanently lost the faculty of hearing, but through the careful attention of his father he was enabled to obtain a good education. His artistic talent was first manifested, while he was still very young, by attempts to cut out representat… Geiler, Or GeylerGEILER, or GEYLER, VON KAISERSBERG, JOHANN (1445-1510), one of the greatest of the popular preachers of the 15th century, was born at Schaffhausen, March 16, 1445, but from 1448 passed his childhood and youth at Kaisersberg in Upper Alsace, from which place his current designatiOn is derived. In 1460 he entered the university of Freiburg in Baden, where, after graduation, he lectured for some time… GeisslerGEISSLER, HEnntscu (1814-79), a distinguished practical physicist, was born at the village of Igelshieb in Saie-Meiningen, Germany, where he was educated as a glass-blower. After many years spent in travelling from city to city in the exercise of his craft, he settled at Bonn, where he speedily gained a high reputation, not only for his surpassing skill and ingenuity of conception in the fabricati… GelaGELA, an ancient city on the south coast of Sicily, on a river of the same name, near the site of the modern Terranuova between Girgenti and Camerina. Founded by a joint colony of Cretans and Rhodians (the latter mainly from the city of Lindus), it soon rose to wealth and power, and by 582 B.C. it was able to become the mother-city of Agrigentum, by which it was however destined before long to be … GelasiusGELASIUS I. succeeded Felix III. in 492, and confirmed the estrangement between the Eastern and Western Churches by insisting on the removal of the name of Acacius, bishop of Constantinople, from the diptychs. Gelasius IiGELASIUS II. (Giovanni da Gaeta) was of noble descent, and was born at Gaeta about 1050. He received his theological education in the abbey of Monte Casino, and afterwards held the office of chancellor under Urban IL, and of cardinal-deacon under Pascal II. On the death of Pascal II. he was elected pope by the cardinals, 18th January 1118, and when his person was seized by Cencius Frangipani, a pa… GelatinGELATIN. When intercellular connective tissue, ti,s met with in skin, tendons, ligaments, and the fasche of the muscles, of which it forms the basis, is treated with water, preferably hot, or in presence of dilute acids, for sonic time, a solution is obtained which in cooling solidifies to a jelly. The.dissolved substance bears the name of Gelatin or Glutin. The same substance is obtained when the… GellGELL, Sin WILLIAM (1777-183G), classical scholar and antiquarian, was born at Hopton in Derbyshire in 1777. After the usual preliminary education, lie entered Emmanuel College, Cambridge, taking his B.A. degree in 1798, and afterwards becoming a fellow. About the beginning of the century be was sent on a diplomatic mission to Greece ; and on his return in 1803 he was knighted. In the following yea… GelliusGELLIUS, Au',us, author of the Noctes Atticce, was born in the first half of the 2d century of the Christian era, most probably in Rome, and died about 180. Nothing is known of his personal history except from incidental notices in his own book. He studied grammar and rhetoric at Rome and philosophy at Athens, after which he returned to Rome, and held there a judicial office. His only work, the il… GelonGELON, succeeded Hippocrates as tyrant of Gela in 491 B.C., and, by supporting the plebs of Syracuse in their quarrels against the aristocracy, became tyrant also of that city in 485 B.C. GelsemiumGELSEMIUM, a drug, consisting of the root of Gelsemium (or as sometimes less correctly called Gelseminum) sempervirenA, a climbing shrub of the natural order Loganiacece, having a milky juice, opposite, lanceolate shining leaves, and axillary clusters of from one to five large, funnel-shaped, very fragrant yellow flowers, whose perfume has been compared to that of the wallflower. The fruit is comp… GemGEM' A.NICUS, C.ESATI, a distinguished Roman general and provincial governor in the reign of Tiberius, was born 15 me., and died 19 A.D. His name Germanicus, the only one by which he is known in history, he inherited from his father Claudius Drusus Nero, the stepson of Augustus, and the most famous of his generals. His mother was the younger Antonia, the daughter of Marcus Antonius and niece of Au… Geminia Ni, FrancescoGEMINIA NI, FRANCESCO (c. 1680-1762), a celebrated violinist, born at Lucca about 1680. He received lessons in music from Alessandro Scarlatti, and studied the violin under Lunati, and afterwards under Corelli. In 1714 he arrived in London, where his performance and compositions attracted much attention. He was taken under the special protection of the earl of Essex. After visiting Paris and -resi… Gemistus, Or PlethoGEMISTUS, or PLETHO, GEORGICS, held high office under the Byzantine emperors during the first half of the 15th century, and derived his name, which signifies the Replete, from the extraordinary amount of his erudition. He is, however, chiefly memorable for having been the first person who introduced Plato to the Western world. This took place upOn his visit to Florence in 1438, as one of the deput… GemsGEMS (0;c5oL, genanW, engraved with designs, whether adapted for sealing (cr0a71.3, sigillum, intaglio), or mainly large number of undoubtedly genuine examples, extending from the mists of Babylonian antiquity to the decline of Roman civilization, and again starting with a new but unnatural impulse on the revival of art. Apart from workmanship they possess the charms of colour deep, rich, and vari… GemsbokGEMSBOK (Onyx gazella, Gray), a species of antelope, abounding on the dry yet fertile plains of South Africa, where it feeds on the bulbs of water-root and other kinds of succulent vegetation, by means of which the antelopes of those regions are able to subsist without water for months together. It is a large and powerful animal, measuring about 5 feet in length and over 3 feet in height at the s… GenealogyGENEALOGY. Biblical. - The word " genealogy " (yeveaXoyta), which occurs twice in the New Testament (1 Tim. i. 4; Tit. iii. 9; compare also Heb. vii. 3, 6) in the ordinary concrete sense of " pedigree" or " list of ancestors," is of somewhat frequent occurrence in the authorized version of the Old Testament scriptures, but only in ChroniclesEzra-Nehemiah, where the words c'r_12 and b7.171, which a… Genelli, Giovanni BtionaventuraGENELLI, GIOVANNI BtIONAVENTURA (1798-1868), was born at Berlin, September 2S, 1798, and died at Weimar, November 13, 1868. IIe was the son of Janus Genelli, a painter whose landscapes are still preserved in the Schloss at Berlin, and grandson to Joseph Genelli, a Roman embroiderer employed to found a school of gobelins by Frederick the Great. Buonaventura Genelli first took lessons from his fathe… GenerationGENERATION, a term iu general biology or physiology synonymous with the Greek f3Loy vca-as and the German Zemmgung, may comprehend the whole history of the first origin and continued reproduction of living bodies, whether plants or animals ; but it is frequently restricted to the sexual reproduction of animals. GenetGENET (Genetta), a genus of carnivorous mammals belonging to the liven-Um or family of civets. It contains six species, all of which are found exclusively in Africa, with the exception of the common genet (Genetta vulyaris), which occurs also throughout the south of Europe and in Palestine, where Tristram notes it as occurring on Mount Carmel. The fur of this species is of a dark grey colour, thic… GenevaGENEVA (in French Genve, in German Genf, in classical Latin Geneva, and in Low Latin, by metathesis, Gehenna or Gevenna), a city and canton of Switzerland, - the canton being, with one exception, the smallest, and the city, without exception, the largest within the limits of the confederation. The canton of Geneva has an area of 279.4 square kilometres, or 107.8 square miles, considerably less tha… GenevaGENEVA, a post village of Ontario county, New York, U.S., is beautifully situated at the north end of Seneca Lake, on the New York central railway and at the terminus of the Ithaca branch railway, 52 miles E.S.E. of Rochester. Geneva ConventionGENEVA CONVENTION, an agreement concluded at an international conference which was held at Geneva in 1864, under tire presidency of General Dufour the Swiss plenipotentiary, for the purpose of ameliorating the condition of the sick and wounded in time of war. The credit of originating this conference must he given to two citizens cf Geneva, Dunant, a physician, who published a startling account of… Geneva, The LakeGENEVA, THE LAKE of (tile Latin Laces Lemanus or Lake Leman, also known in the Middle Ages as Lae Losannete or Lake of Lausanne, and as Mer du Rh6ne or Sea of the Rhone), is the largest of the Swiss lakes, having an area of 578 sq. kit. or 223 sq. miles. Its general form is that of a crescent, the northern shore being almost the arc of a circle, with a radius of 211- miles. The eastern end of the … Genevieve, Or GenovefaGENEVIEVE, or GENOVEFA, ST, patroness of Paris, flourished during the latter half of tire 5th century. She was born about 425 at Nanterre near Paris, or according to another tradition at Montriere ; her parents were called Severus and Gerontia, but accounts differ widely as to their social position. According to tire legend, she was only in her seventh year when she was induced by Bishop (afterwar… Genga, GirolamoGENGA, GIROLAMO (c. 1476-1551), a painter and architect, was born in Urbino towards 1476. At the age of ten he was apprenticed to the woollen trade, but showed so much inclination for drawing that lie was sent to study under an obscure painter, and at thirteen under Luca Signorelli, with whom he remained a considerable while, frequently-painting the accessories of his pictures. Ile was afterwards … Genlis, Stephanie-felicite Dl-crest De Saintal-eisGENLIS, STEPHANIE-FELICITE DL-CREST DE SAINTAL-EIS, COMTESSE DE (17?6-1830), a voluminous French writer, was born of a noble but impoverished Burgundian family, at the Chateau de Cliampcery, near Autun, on the 25th of January 1746. When six years of age, she was received as a canoness into the noble chapter of Alix, near Lyons, with the title of Madame la Comtesse de Laney, taken from the town of … GenoaGENOA, in literary Italian Genova, in the local dialect Zene, in Latin and German Genoa, in medireval Latin fauna, and in French Genes, one of the most important cities of Italy, is situated in what was formerly known as Liguria, on the northern coast of the Mediterranean near the middle of the Gulf of Genoa. The latitude of its lighthouse is 44? 24' 16" N., and its longitude 8? 54' 15" E. By rail… Genova, Luchetto DaGENOVA, LUCHETTO DA (1527-1585). This is the familiar name given to the painter Luca Cambiasi (written also Cambiaso or Cangiagio), who was born at Aloneglia in the Genoese state, son of a painter mailed Giovanni Cambiasi. He took to drawing at a very early age, imitating his father, and developed great aptitude for foreshortening. At the age of fifteen he painted, along with his father, some subj… Genovesi, AntonioGENOVESI, ANTONIO (1712-1769), an Italian writer on philosophy and political economy, was born in November 1712, at Castiglione, near Salerno. At an early age he was destined by his father for the church and began the study of philosophy and theology. He distinguished himself highly by his acuteness and diligence, and after sonic struggles, caused by his disinclination for an ecclesiastical life, … GentianGENTIAN, botanically Centiana, a large and typical . genus of herbaceous plants forming the type of the natural order Gentianacece. The genus comprises about 180 species, - most of them perennial plants growing in hilly or mountainous districts, chiefly in the northern hemisphere, some of the blue-flowered species ascending to a height of 16,000 feet in the Himalaya mountains. The leaves are oppos… GentileschGENTILESCH I, ARTEMISIA and ORAZIO DE', painters. ORAZIO (1565-1646) is generally named Orazio Lomi de' Gentileschi; it appears that De' Gentileschi was his correct surname, Lomi being the surname which his mother had borne during her first marriage. He was born at Pisa, and studied under his half-brother Aurelio Lomi, whom in course of time he surpassed. He afterwards went to Rome, and was associ… Gentili, AlbericoGENTILI, ALBERICO (1552-1608), may fairly be called the founder of the science of international law. He was the second son of Matte() Gentili, a physician of noble family and scientific eminence, and was born 14th January 1552-at Sanginesio,.a small town of the march of Ancona which looks down from the slopes of the Apennines upon the distant Adriatic. After taking the degree of doctor of law at t… Gen-tillyGEN-TILLY, a town of France, in the department of the Seine, is situated on the Bibvre, a short distance south of the fortifications of Paris. Gentz, Friedricii VonGENTZ, FRIEDRICII VON (1764-1832), born at Breslau, May 2, 1764, aptly and accurately described by his distinguished friend Varnhagen -con Elise as a writer-statesman (Schriftsteller Staatsmnann). He was more than a publicist or political writer. His position was peculiar, and his career without a parellel, It is believed that no other instance can be adduced of a man exercising the same amount of… GeodesyGEODESY (yi'), the earth, 8ato), to divide) is the science of surveying extended to large tracts of country, having in view not only the production of a system of maps of very great accuracy, but the determination of the curvature of the surface of the earth, and eventually of the figure and dimensions of the earth. This last, indeed, may be the sole object in view, as was the case in the operatio… Geoffboy Saint-i1ilabie, IsidoreGEOFFBOY SAINT-I1ILABIE, ISIDORE (1805-61), a French zoologist, son of the preceding, was born at the Jardin des Plantes, Paris, December 1G, 1805. In his earlier years he showed an aptitude for mathematics, but eventually he devoted himself to the study of natural history and of medicine, and in 1824 he was appointed assistant naturalist to his father. On the occasion of his taking the degree of … Geoffroy SaintGEOFFROY SAINT?HILAIRE, FITIENNE (1772-1844), a celebrated French naturalist, was the son of Jean Gerard Geoffroy, procurator and magistrate of Etampes, Seine-etOise, where he was born, April 15, 1772. His early education was carefully superintended by his mother and paternal grandmother, and when still a boy lie had already become acquainted with the masterpieces of the literature of the ancients… GeographyGEOGRAPHY is the science which describes the earth, the term being derived from two Greek words 1/C7, the earth, and yralchco, to write. By means of geography the surface of the earth is delineated and described, boundaries are defined, areas are exactly measured, and the relative positions of places are determined. Geography thus em- braces a wide range of subjects, and it has been found necessar… GeographyGEOGRAPHY (MATHEMATICAL) ; GEODESY. violent atmospheric movements, such as tempests and linrricanes, are illustrations of the same law, the force of the wind being always proportional to the shortness of the space between great extremes of pressure (see ATMOSPHERE)., The Ocean or Wate?-Envelope of the Earth, from the point of view of physical geography, presents for consideration the form of the b… GeologyGEOLOGY is the science which investigates the history of the earth. Its object is to trace the progress of our planet from the earliest beginnings of its separate-existence, through its various stages of growth, down to the present condition of things. It seeks to determine the manner in which the evolution of the earth's great surface features has been effected. It unravels the complicated proces… GeorgeGEORGE, known as PisinEs or PISIDA, a Byzantine writer of the 7th century, was, as his surname implies, a native of Pisidia ; but of his personal history nothing is known except that he had been ordained a deacon, and that he held either simultaneously or successively the offices of " Chartophylax," " Scenophylax," and "Referendarius " in the " Great Church " (that of St Sophia) at Constantinople. GeorgeGEORGE I., king of Great Britain and Ireland (George Louis, 1660-1727), born in 1660, was heir through his father Ernest Augustus to the hereditary lay bishopric of Osnabruck, and to the duchy of Calenburg, which formed one portico of the Hanoverian possessions of the house of Brunswick, whilst he secured the reversion of the other portion, the duchy- of Celle or Zell, by his marriage (1682) with … George IiGEORGE II. (George Augustus, 1683-1760), the only son of George I., was born in 1683. In 1705 he married Wilhelmina Caroline of Anspach. In 1706 he was created earl of Cambridge. In 1708 he fought bravely at Oudenarde. At his father's accession to the English throne he was thirty-one years of age. He was already on bad terms with his father. The position of an heir-apparent is in no case an easy o… George IiiGEORGE III. (George William Frederick, 1738.- 1 born 4th June 1738, was the son of Frederick prince of Wales and the grandson of George IL, whom he succeeded in 1760. After his father's death in 1751 he had been educated in seclusion from the fashionable world under the care of his mother and of her favourite counsellor the earl of Bute. He had been taught to revere the maxims of Bolingbroke's " P… George IvGEORGE IV. (George Augustus Frederick, 1762-1830), lived long enough to strip the crown of the leadership of the nation which his father had won for it, Born on August 12, 1762, he was noted in the years of his early manhood for good looks, for ease of carriage, and graciousness of manner. He soon plunged into the whirl of sensual excitement. His life was passed in the grossest profligacy. He was … George Of TrebizondGEORGE OF TREBIZOND (1396-1486), one of the distinguished writers in the great controversy between Aristotelianism and Platonism in the 15th century, was born at Chandace in the island of Crete. He received his cognomen apparently from the fact that his ancestors had conic from Trebizond. At what period he came to Italy is not absolutely certain ; according to some accounts he arrived as early as … George Or CappadociaGEORGE or CAPPADOCIA, who from 356 to 361 was Arian archbishop of Alexandria, was born about the beginning of the 4th century. According to Ammianus (xxii. 11), he was a native of Epiphania, in Meth. ; but universal tradition makes him a Cappadocian. Gregory Nazianzen tells us that his father was a fuller, and that he himself soon became notorious as a parasite of so mean a type that he would " se… George, SaintGEORGE, SAINT, according to Metaphiastes the Byzantine liagiologist, whose narrative is substantially repeated in the Roman Ada ,S'andornra and in the Spanish breviary, was born in Cappadocia of noble Christian parents, from whom he received a careful religious training. Having embraced the profession of a soldier, he rapidly rose under Diocletian to high military rank. When that emperor had begun… GeorgetownGEORGETOWN, the port of entry for the District of Columbia in the United States of North America, is situated on the left bank of the Potomac at the head of navigation, about 2) miles W.N.W. of the capitol of Washington City, with which it communicates by four iron bridges thrown across Rock Creek. Founded by the colonial Government of Maryland in 1751, Georgetown was a city with a distinct admini… GeorgetownGEORGETOWN, known as Stabroek during the Dutch period, now the capital of British Guiana, is situated in the county of Demerara on the east bank of the Demerara river, about a mile from its mouth, in 6? 49' 30" N. lat. and 58? 11' 30" W. long. It is one of the prettiest towns of that part of the world, and presents an unusually attractive appearance to the approaching voyager. The streets arc wide… GeorgiaGEORGIA, a kingdom in central Transcaucasia, remarkable for the long list of its sovereigns, the monarchy having extended over a period of upwards of 2000 years, the kings reigning at times independently, or under the rule of Persia, Turkey, or the Eastern empire. The earliest name of the country was Karthli; the ancients knew it as Iberia, bounded on the one side by Colchis and on the other by Al… GeorgiaGEORGIA, one of the thirteen original States of the American Union, has Tennessee and North Carolina on the N., South Carolina and the Atlantic Ocean on the E., Florida S., and Alabama W. The Savannah river separates the State on the E. from South Carolina ; the St Mary's, on the S., divides it in part from Florida; the Chattahoochee, on the W., flows between Georgia and Alabama for nearly half it… GeorgswaldeGEORGSWALDE, a town of Northern Bohemia, on the borders of Saxony, in the circle of Leitineritz, about 35 miles E. of Dresden, with a station on the North Bohemian railway. GeraGERA, the chief town of the principality of Reuss-Schleiz, stands in a valley on the banks of the White Elster, 3.5 miles S.S.W. cf Leipsic. It has been all rebuilt since a great fire in 1780, and the streets are in general -wide mid straight, and contain many handsome houses. The principal buildings are the churches of St Salvator's and St Trinity, the town-hall, the buildings of the imperial ban… Gerace Or GieraciGERACE or GIERACI, a town of Italy in the province of Reggio di Calabria, about 59 miles from Reggio on the railway between that city and Monasterace, is situated on a limestone Id11 not far from the coast, 30 miles N.N.E. of Cape Spartivento, between the rivers Merico and Novito. It is the seat of a bishop and of a subprefect, and has a civil and criminal court dependent on that of Catanzaro. The… GeraniumGERANIUM is the name of a genus of polypetalous exogenous plants, which is taken by botanists as the type of the natural order Geraniacew. The name, as a scientific appellation, has a much more restricted application than when taken in its popular sense. Formerly the genus Geranium was almost conterminous with the order Geraniacew, which latter had then a more limited meaning than is given to it b… GerardGERARD, FRANcois, BARON (1770-1837), was born on May 4,1770, at Rome, where his father occupied a post in the house of the French ambassador. At the age of twelve Gerard left Rome with his family for Paris, and there obtained admission into the Pension du Roi. From the Pension he passed to the studio of Pajou (sculptor), which he left at the end of two years for that of the painter Brenet, whom he… GerardGERARD, variously surnamed TOM, TuNe, TENfr, r, or Tnom (c. 1040-1120), founder of the order of the knights hospitallers of St John or of Malta, was born at Amalfi about the year 1040. Gerard De NervalGERARD DE NERVAL (1808-1855) is the adopted name of Gerard Labrunie, a French litterateur, and that by which he is generally known. The son of an officer in the army, and born at Paris, May 21, 1808, he received his early education chiefly from his father, who taught him German, and he afterwards studied at the college of Charlemagne. He made his literary cldbut by the publication of a volume of p… Gerard, Etienne MauriceGERARD, ETIENNE MAURICE, COUNT (1773-1852), a distinguished French general, was born at Damvilliers in the department of Meuse, 4th April 1773. He joined the second battalion of the Meuse in 1791, and served in the campaigns of 1792-1793 under Generals Dumouriez and Jourdan. In 1798 he accompanied Bernadotte as aide-de-camp in his embassy to Vienna. In 1799 he was named chief of a squadron, and in… Gerard, Jean Ignace IsidoreGERARD, JEAN IGNACE ISIDORE (1803-1847)7 a French caricaturist generally known by the pseudonym of Grandville - the professional name of his grandparents, who were actors - was born at Nancy, 13th September 1803 Ile received his first instruction in drawing from his father, a miniature painter, and at the age of twenty-one came to Paris, where he soon afterwards published a collection of lithograp… Gerard, JohnGERARD, JOHN (1545-1608), herbalist and surgeon, was born towards the end of 1545 at Nantwich in Cheshire. He was educated at Wisterson, or Willaston, 2 miles from Nantwich, and eventually, after spending some time iu travelling, took up his abode in London, where he exercised his profession. For more than twenty years he also acted as superintendent of the gardens of Lord Burghley, secretary of s… Gerard Of CremonaGERARD OF CREMONA (1114-1187), the medimval translator of Ptolemy and Avicenna, was born at Cremona, Lombardy, in 1114. Dissatisfied with the meagre philosophies of his Italian teachers, he went to Toledo to study among the Moors, who were at that time the chief depositaries and interpreters of the wisdom of the ancients ; and, having thus acquired a knowledge of the Arabic language, he appears to… GerasaGERASA, the modern GEHAS11 or JERASH, a city of Palestine, in the Decapolis of Pence, situated amid the mountains of Gilead, about 1757 feet above the level of the sea, at a distance of 20 miles from the Jordan and 21 miles to the north of Philadelphia. Of its origin nothing is known. Its name is never mentioned in the Old Testament, and in the New Testament the only reference to its existence is … Gerba Or JerbaGERBA or JERBA, German Dseherba, an island off the African coast in the Gulf of Gabes, belonging to the regency of Tunis. It is flat and well wooded with date palms, has an area of 425 square miles, and contains a population of 30,000. Most of the inhabitants are of Berber origin, though a certain proportion have adopted tho Arabic language. About 5000 Jews live apart in villages of their own, and… GerberGERBER, EneisT LUDWIG (1746-1819), author of the well-known dictionary of musicians, was born at Soudershausen 29th September 1746. His father, Henry Nicolas Gerber (1702-1775), a pupil of J. S. Bach, was an organist and composer of some distinction, and under his direction Ernst Ludwig at an early age had made great progress in his musical studies. In 1765 he went to Leipsic with the view of stud… Gerberon, GabrielGERBERON, GABRIEL (162S-1711), a Jansenist monk, one of the most diligent students and prolific writers of his century, was born August 12, 1628, at St Calais, in the department of Sarthe. At the age of twenty he took the vows of the Benedictine order at St Melaine, Rennes, and after having taught rhetoric and philosophy in the monasteries of Bourgueil (Touraine) and St Denis, he became sub-prior … Gerbert, MartinGERBERT, MARTIN (1720-1793), a Catholic prelate and writer on church music, was a descendant of the Gerberts of Homan, and was born at Herb on the Neckar, -Mirtemberg, 12th August 1720. He received his education at the Jewish school of Freiburg in the Breisgau, at Klingenau in Switzerland, and at the monastery of St Blake in the Black Forest. He joined the order of the Benedictines in the monaster… Gerhard, JohannGERHARD, JOHANN (1582-1637), one of the ablest and most learned exponents of Lutheran orthodoxy, was burn of a good middle-class family in Quedlinburg, 1 7th October 1562. In his fifteenth year, during a dangerous illness, lie came under the personal influence of Johann Arndt, author of 1)us Wahre Cliristenarion, and resolved to study fur the church. Soon after entering the university of Wittenber… GerhardtGERHARDT, Nur. (c. 1606-1676), the greatest hymn-writer of Germany, if not indeed of Europe, was born of a good middle-class family at Grfifenhainiehen, a small town on the railway between Halle and Wittenberg, in 1606 or 1607, - some authorities, indeed, give the date March 12, 1607, but neither the year nor the day is accurately known. His education appears to have been retarded by the troubles … Gerhardt, Cliarles FredericGERHARDT, ClIARLES FREDERIC, was born at Strasburg, August 21, 1816, and died there August 19, 1856. After his school years spent at home and in Carlsruhe, where his taste for chemistry was awakened, he was sent to Leipsic to learn business, but he attended Erdrnann's lectures on chemistry as well. Returning home he very noun found that a commercial life was not to his taste, so, after a sharp dis… Gericault, Jean Louts Andre TheodoreGERICAULT, JEAN LOUTS ANDRE THEODORE (1791 - 1824), French painter, led the inevitable reaction which set in under the empire against the fixed and strictly limited aims of the school of David. He was born at Rouen in 1791. In 1808 he entered the studio of Charles Vernet, from which, in 1810, he passed to that of Guerin, whom he drove to despair by his passion for Rnbens, and by the unorthodox man… GerizimGERIZIM "the desert bill," or, according to of the fertile plain of Mahn, and with Mount Ebal, which lies immediately to the north, forms a narrow valley in which lies the ancient town of Siehem or Shecheni. As seen from this point Gerizim is distinguished from ito tamer neighbour by the boldness of its crags, the richness of its verdure, and the number of its springs. Its southern slope however i… German CatholicsGERMAN CATHOLICS (OEUTSCHKATHOLIKEN), the name assumed in Germany towards the close of the year 1844 by certain dissentients from the church of Rome. The most prominent leader of the German Catholic movement was Johann Rouge, a Roman Catholic priest, who in October 1844 made a vigorous attack upon Arnoldi, bishop of Treves, for having made a relic, which he alleged to be the holy seamless coat of … German Silver, Or Nickel SilverGERMAN SILVER, or NICKEL SILVER, known als,? under the names of White Copper and Packfong, is an alloy of copper, nickel, and zinc, prepared either by inciting the copper and nickel together in a crucible, and adding piece by piece the previously heated zinc, or by heating the finely divided metals under a layer of charcoal, by means of an air furnace of strong draught, and promoting the thorough … GermanyGERMANY occupies the greater portion of central Europe, and has but few lines of natural boundary. If by the designation Germany is meant the territory inhabited by Germans, this is considerably larger than the German empire constituted in 1871, the former having an area of about 340,000, and the latter of 208,000 English square miles. The present German empire extends from 47' 16' to 55? 53' N. l… GermersheimGERMERSHEIM, a fortified town in Rbeni Bavaria, the chief town of a circle, is situated at the confluence of the Queich and the Rhine, S miles S.W. of Spires. It possesses a Catholic and a Protestant church, a Latin school, and a hospital. The industries include fishing, shipbuildimr, brewing, the manufacture of cigars, and the cultivation of vegetables, fruit, flax, and hemp. The number of the ga… GeronaGERONA, a city of Spain, the chief town of the province of Gerona (one of the four into which Catalonia was divided), is situated about 54 miles N.E. of Barcelona on the railway to Perpignan in France, near the junction of the Ter and the Olin. The older part of the town occupies the steep slope of the hill of the Capuchins, and with its old-fashioned buildings presents a picturesque appearance ag… GerriiaGERRIIA, an ancient city of Arabia Felix, on the west side of what is now the Persian Gulf, described by Strabo as inhabited by Chaldican exiles from Babylon, who built their houses of salt and repaired them by the application of salt water. Three identifications of the site have been attempted, Danville choosing El Katig, Niebuhr preferring Koneit, and Forster suggesting the ruins at the head of … Gersonides, Or Ben GersonGERSONIDES, or BEN GERSON, LEVI, a distinguished Jewish philosopher and commentator, was born at Bagnolo in Languedoc, towards the close of the 13th century, probably in 1288. As in the case of the other Jewish writers on philosophy during the Middle Ages, extremely little is known of his life. His family had been distinguished for piety and exegetical skill, but though he was known in the Jewish … Gerson, JohnGERSON, JOHN (1363-1429), otherwise John Charlier of Gerson, Johannes Gersonus, John de Gersone, Jarson, De Jarsone, or Gersen, the famous chancellor of the university of Paris, and the ruling spirit in the oecumenical councils of Pisa and Constance, was born at the village of Gerson, in the bishopric of Rheims and department of Ardennes, on December 14, 1363. We learn a good many details about hi… Gerstacker, FriedrichGERSTACKER, FRIEDRICH (1816-1872), who enjoyed a most extensive popularity as a novelist and a writer of travels both at home. and abroad, was born at Hamburg on 10th May 1816. Having lost his father at the age of nine, he was placed under the guardianship of an uncle at Brunswick, who sent him to a house of business at Cassel as clerk. He soon got tired, however, of the monotonous commercial rout… Gerva Ise Of CanterburyGERVA ISE OF CANTERBURY, born about 1150, was one of the monks of the priory of Christ Church, Canterbury, and witnessed the burning of the cathedral in 1174. His earliest known literary effort was a Tractatus de Combustione et Reparatione Dorobormeensis Ecclesice, being an account of that conflagration and of the subsequent process of rebuilding, written probably about 1184. This was followed abo… Gervais, PaulGERVAIS, PAUL (1816-1879), an eminent palmonto? logist, was born September 26, 1816, at Paris, where he obtained the diplomas of doctor of science and of medicine, and in 1835, as assistant to De Blainville in the laboratory of comparative anatomy at the Museum of Natural History, commenced paleontological research. In 1841 he obtained the chair of zoology and comparative anatomy at the Faculty of… Gervase, Or GervaiseGERVASE, or GERVAISE, of Tilbury (Gervasius ensis), an English Latin writer of the 13th century, was probably born at Tilbury in Essex. He is frequently said to have been a nephew of Henry II. of England ; but if this was the case, it is strange that in speaking of Henry to Otto IV. he makes no allusion to this relationship, but simply calls him " my master the illustrious king of the English, Hen… Gervinus, Georg GottfriedGERVINUS, GEORG GOTTFRIED, (1805-1871), one of the most eminent literary and political historians of Germany, was born on May 20. 1805, at Darmstadt. His well-to-do parents, belonging to the middle classes, had him educated at the gymnasium of the town, where he studied with great success. At the age of fourteen they chose for him a commercial career, but Gervinus continued his classical studies p… Gesner, Johann MatthiasGESNER, JOHANN MATTHIAS (1691-1761), a distinguished German classical scholar, was born at Roth near Joh. Gesner, Or GessnGESNER, or GESSN?ll, KONRAD (1516-1565), a very famous naturalist and author, surnamed the German Pliny and literarum miraculum on account of his vast erudition, was born of poor parents at Ziirich, 26th March 1516. He received the first elements of education from Chaplain Frick, his maternal uncle ; and it was while gathering plants in his relative's garden that he became imbued with that enthusi… Gessnee, SalomonGESSNEE, SALOMON (1730-1788), Swiss painter and poet, and once a very. favourite and widely-read author, was horn at Zurich 1st April 1730. With the exception of some time spent in Berlin, and a visit to Hamburg undertaken in order to see Ilagedorn, he passed the 'Whble of his life in his native town, where he carried on the business of a bookseller. He died 2d March 1788. The first of his writing… Gesta RomanolumGESTA ROMANOLUM, a Latin collection of anecdotes and tales, probably compiled about the end of the 13th century or the beginning of the 14th, which still possesses a twofold literary interest, first as one of the most popular books of its time, and secondly as the source, directly or indirectly, of much which has since become current under the stamp of genius. Of its authorship nothing certain is … Geta, Piiblitis Septimus AntoninusGETA, PIIBLITIS SEPTIMUS ANTONINUS (189-212), younger son of the Roman emperor Severus, was born at Milan, 189 A.D.
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