1312a1312a- of the next, Balai and Cyrillonfi. The date of Balai or Balmis, chorepiscopus (as it seems) of the diocese of Aleppo, is fixed by his being mentioned by Bar-Hebricus 13 after Ephraim, but before the time of the council of Ephesus (431). Acacius, bishop of Aleppo, whom he celebrates in one of his poems, must therefore, as Bickell says," be the same Acacius who had a share in converting Rabbf… 30g Spain30G SPAIN [HISTORY. involving the greater part of Spain. In 195 the elder before had (see Scipio). The province of Hither Spain success as to establish the Roman power east of the Ebro, coasts, the home of its most barbarous tribes, was nomin- Spain and along with peace and order came better administra- ally Roman territory. There must have been by this under tion and a development of the resource… AbcdaABCDA, or iTdV. This is an ex- VOLUM ample and a generalization of the Fig. 9. method of representing work which Watt introduced by his invention of the indicator ; the figure ABCDA may be called the indicator diagram of the supposed action. Generally in heat-engines the working substance returns Cycle of periodically to the same state of temperature, pressure, volume, operation and physical condi… AccentsACCENTS. ( " ? element, art. 7 ; (2) after (a) and not over it, as (a'i), distinct from (di), mark of unanalysed diphthong, art. 7. AccordingACCORDING to the tables published by Boudilovich in connexion with the admirable ethnological map of Mirkovich (St Petersburg, 1875), the Slays may be grouped geographically as follows : - peogra- I. SOUTH-EASTERN DIVISION.-I. Russians. - (a) The Great Rusphical sians ( Velikormskie), who occupy the governments round Moscow distribu- and extend as far north as Novgorod and Vologda, south to Kieff … AsioaASIOA. Pat and Kitson also dispense with eccentrics, and are closely related to the invention of Hackworth. A Fin. 78. - DIagram of Joy's Valve-Gear. a FIG. 79. - Joy's Gear as applied to a Locomotive. what was (before reversal) the exhaust side of the valve and connect the exhaust to what was the steam side. This is done by means of a separate reversing valve through which the steam and exhaust … As-ricaAs-RICA : Cape Town, South Afr. Phil. Soc., Trans. (1878, Atc.); Mauritius, Roy. Soc. of Arts and Sc., Proc. (1846, Ac.)and Trans. (1848, Sic.). CANADA : Halifax, Nova Scotian Inst., Proc. (1863, Ac.; 1867, Ac.). Montreal, Nat. Hist. Soc., Canadian Naturalist (1857, Ac.). Ottawa, Lit. and Sc. Soc. Toronto, Canadian Inst., Canadian Journal (1852.76), Proc. (1879, Ac.). Winnipeg, Hist. and Sc. Soc. … Austrian SilesiaAUSTRIAN SILESIA, the part of the duchy that remained to Austria after the Seven Years' War, is a mere fraction of the whole, its area being only 1980 square miles, or about one-eighth of that of Prussian Silesia. It falls into two small portions of territory, separated by a projecting limb of Moravia and surrounded by Prussian Silesia, Moravia, Hungary, and Galicia. Until 1849 it was for administ… Axial SkeletonAXIAL SKELETON. sides of the more anterior part of the membranous dorsal The whole axial skeleton - including both the cranium canal which encloses the spinal marrow. In the Chimaera and the spinal skeleton - apart from the notochord, is these are more developed, while numerous circular cal-formed from the mesoblastic tissue bordering the medullary cifications appear in the notochordal sheath. In … Baronne DeBARONNE DE (1684-1750) - often called in history and literature Madame de Staal-Delaunay, to distinguish her more completely from Madame de Stael-Holstein - was born at Paris on May 30, 1684. Her father was a painter named Cordier. He seems to have deserted her mother, whose name was Delaunay, and who made her daughter take that surname instead of Cordier. She was well-educated, and entered the ho… BibliooraphyBIBLIOORAPHY.-The Catal. of Printed Books in the British Museum (1841), folio, s. v. "Academies," contains a list of all the publications of societies at that time in the museum. This has been re-arranged and greatly enlarged as Academies (1885-86), 5 parts folio. See also Annuaire des Soc. Say, de la France et de l'Etranger (1846), 8vo ; A. d'Hericourt, Annuaire, 1863-66, 3 pts. 8vo ; Cat. of Per… C111C111,11q. (Kolpcos),' bishop of Te115 or Constantina. He was a native of ('allinicus (ar-Itakkah), of good family, and was carefully educated by his widowed mother, who put him into the army at the age of twenty. He would not, however, ?be hindered from quitting the service after a few years and becoming a monk. Subsequently, in 519, he was raised to the dignity of bishop of Te115, whence he was e… Cane Sugar ManufactureCANE SUGAR MANUFACTURE. - The sugar-cane (gaccharum officio- Manuarune) is a species of grass, the stalks or canes of which reach a facture. height of from 8 to 15 feet, and attain a diameter of 1 to 2 inches. The stalks are divided into prominent joints or internodes, the long sheathing alternate leaves springing from each joint. As the canes approach maturity they throw up a long smooth hollow j… CastileCASTILE The constitution of Castile traced its origin back to the dom. possessed in any other European country, though they had lost that omnipotence which they had enjoyed under the Visigoths. Their councils and synods, which had once formed the sole constitutional machinery of the country, had been superseded by the secular assembly of the cortes. The early history of the cortes is wrapped in gr… CastilianCASTILIAN.] SPAIN merits of lost poems of the juglares, the British cycle complicated versification, - love plaints, debates, questions, (Lancelot, Tristram, Merlin, &c.) is represented almost and repartees, motes with their glosas, burlesque and satirical exclusively by works in prose (compare ROMANCE). Those songs, - a poetry wholly "occasional," and which when narratives are known, it is true, … Charles EstienneCHARLES ESTIENNE (1504 or 1505-1564), the third son lie studied medicine, and became a doctor of that faculty of tutor to his natural son Antoine, the future poet. In 1551, when Robert Estienne left Paris for Geneva, Charles, who had remained a Catholic, took charge of his printing establishment, and in the same year was appointed king's printer. He died in 1564, according to some accounts in pris… CharlestonCHARLESTON (q.v.) is the largest city of the State. COLUMBIA Cities. (q.v.), the capital, has (1886) a population of 20,000, while that of Charleston is 60,000. Greenville, in the north-west portion of the State, is a growing railway centre and manufacturing city, with a population of 10,000. Georgetown and Beaufort on the coast do a good shipping business in lumber and other exports. Spartanburg … Cr203Cr203, and oxide of iron, Fe203, act like platinum, through transi- conveys the distillate to a leaden tank. The retort rests on a tory formation of the respective sulphates - the gases produced in layer of sand contained in a closely fitting iron basin, and the pyrites kilns include a considerable quantity of ready-made SO3 lateral space between the two is filled completely with sand. The - but t… EfeEFE' is to be drawn convex towards C. slop several others, has a single eccentric E (fig. 76) oppobe made to give. Haekworth's gear, the parent of \l`l.e.i Other 43.41 distribution ft have been devised with the object of escaping the use struon o steam than the link-motion can often ;., I of two eccentrics, and of obtaining a more perfect 1 ! ing gears, , 111111111111111111111111 _?amosaiminaksers… ElasticityELASTICITY, ? 47, that E= 9C?KC and 2(3K + C) Beyond the limits of elasticity the relation of strain to stress Plastic becomes very indefinite. Materials then exhibit, to a greater or strain. less degree, the property of plasticity. The strain is much affected by the length of time during which the stress has been in operation, and reaches its maximum, for any assigned stress, only after a long (p… EngineENGINE [STATIONARY ENGINES. cylinder, which is enclosed within the upper part of the boiler, and the piston are of gun-metal, and work without lubrication. Steam is admitted by an ordinary slide-valve, also of gun-metal, worked by an eccentric in the usual way. The condenser stands behind the boiler; it consists of a number of upright tubes in a box, through which a current of cold water circulate… GawleGAWLE dab eta 4er'44.... g -"' n. etre Hh 4.frt. p., eage B. Germany And Austria-hungaryGERMANY and AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: Agrain, Jugo-slavenska Akadernija or Russra Siezd Russkikli Yestestvoispytately (Meeting of Russ. Naturalists), first South Slay. Acad. (1866), various publications. Altenburg, Naturforsch. Ges. d. meeting at St Petersburg 1867-68, Trudy or Trans. (4to, 1868, &c.). Dorpat, Osterlandes (1817), Mittheil. Augsburg, Naturforsch. Ver. (1846), Ber. (1848, Sic.). Naturforsch.… Germany And Austria-hungaryGERMANY and AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: IFIZIEdETVCAMDK1,1/21KgDeEdSCILerBienG/122-/Ch/CP, Verhandl. (1856, he.). Bendorf, ,Akklimat.- Ver. Berlin, Akklivwd..Ver. (1856), Zeitschr. (1858, &c.); Central-Inst. f. Akklimat., Mittheil. (1859, he.); Deutsche Zoolog. Ges. ; Deutsche Ornithologen-Ges. (1840, Ber. (1850, he.); Deutsche Fischcrei Ver., Publikat. (1871, he.); Deutsche Entomolog. Ges. (1856), Entomolog… Goo 11GOO 11,Nundred ?"..dred 3.1tu?dna 011undr?d S.kundred 601.??dred 7.Mundr?6 Most Wdened lines, F - b legion, in sun spot si ectra. ally the disappearance of the lines of iron, nickel, and titanium and the simultaneous appearance of unknown lines in the spot spectra in passing from minimum to maximum. In the region of the spectrum for which the curves are drawn six lines were recorded in each obse… GreeceGREECE. We find it already fully established in the Homeric period. Heroic The prisoners taken in war are retained as slaves, or sold xxiv. times. 752) or held at ransom (II., vi. 427) by the captor. Sometimes the men of a conquered town or district are slain and the women carried off (Oct., ix. 40). Not unfrequently free persons were kidnapped by pirates and sold in other regions, like Eumaus in … Henri EstienneHENRI ESTIENNE (1528-1598), sometimes called "Henri II.," was the eldest son of Robert. In the preface to his edition of Aulus Gellius (1585), addressed to his son Paul, lie gives an interesting account of his father's household, in which, owing to the various nationalities of those who were employed on the press, Latin was used as a common language, being understood and spoken more or less by eve… Il Disorders Affecting NutritionIL DISORDERS AFFECTING NUTRITION.-(1) Ilypertro- ulceration and destruction of the skin and other tissues in phies. - A corn (clavus) is a local thickening of the skin, which it exists, and the subsequent formation of per-generally occurring on the toes. There is hypertrophy of manent white scars. Lupus vulgaris is most commonly the epidermis, and in the centre of the corn there is usually seen in… Imo'IMO ?Aim ? . Isso-s1ISSO-S1. 1331.82. 1882-83. LainLAIN, Bed MalaccaMALACCA. - The territory of Malacca lies between the river Linggi and the Kesang, which separate it respectively from Sungei Ujong to the north-west and the Mora district of Johor to the east. ManufactureMANUFACTURE. - The varieties of soaps made are numerous ; the Till Chevreul's classical researches on fatty bodies (1811- and the processes adopted undergo many modifications. As regards 23) it was believed that soap consisted simply of a binary processes of manufacture soaps may be made by the direct combinacompound of fat and alkali. Claude J. Geoffroy in 1741 tion of fatty acids, separated from… NeurosesNEUROSES (Nervous Afections). - Various disorders of nutrition of the skin occur in persons suffering from organic nervous diseases, such as bedsores, atrophic changes, eruptions, &c., but these belong to the symptoms of the several diseases with which they are associated. The most common of the neuroses of the skin is probably pruritus, which is an ailment characterized by intense itching of the … NumeralsNUMERALS. (g g g L g, 1 , 4 5). Paper, Pen, PencilPAPER, PEN, PENCIL, SEALING-WAX, &c.; but in connexion with the separate industry of a commercial stationer there are a number of special operations and machines to which brief allusion may be made. Paper-Ruling. - The ruling of blue and other coloured lines is usually done on a self-feeding machine provided with as many ruling pens as there are lines to be made, and these fixed in parallel order … Parasitic DiseasesPARASITIC DISEASES. - (1) Animal. - The following are the chief animal parasitic diseases. Phthiriasis is produced by the presence of lice (pediculi), of which there are three varieties, infesting respectively the head, body, and pubis. The cause is in most instances uncleanliness, but occasionally in the aged, and in persons suffering from chronic diseases, there appears to be a liability to the … PerakPERAK is an extensive tract of country, comprising the great part of the basin of the Perak river (which runs north and south, almost parallel with the coast of the peninsula, for upwards of 130 miles, excluding the windings, before it turns abruptly west to the Strait) and all the basin of the Bernam river. The boundary towards Pataui cuts the Perak river at the rapids of Jeram Panjang. The popul… Province WellesleyPROVINCE WELLESLEY, which lies opposite Penang, was at one time part of the Kedah territory, from which it is now separated by the Kwala Muda. river. Prussian SilesiaPRUSSIAN SILESIA, the largest province of Prussia (see vol. xx. plate I.), with an area of 15,560 square miles, forms the southeastern limb of the kingdom, and is bounded by Brandenburg, Posen, Russian Poland, Galicia, Austrian Silesia, Moravia, Bohemia, and the kingdom and province of Saxony. Besides the bulk of the old duchy of Silesia, it comprises the countship of Glatz, a fragment of the Neut… S1nopeS1NOPE, or in Turkish SINOB, a town and seaport on it possesses the finest natural harbour save one in the Black Sea, defective communication with the interior, and the consequent rivalry of Ineboli (since about 1848), have prevented Sinope taking its natural position as a great commercial centre. But between 1882 and 1885 roads have been constructed which give direct access southward to Cmsarea a… SeavyanskSEAVYANSK, a town of Russia, in the government of Kharkoff, situated 158 miles by rail to the south-east of the town of Kharkoff, on the Torets river and close by several salt lakes. SectionSECTION I. - ANCIENT HISTORY. Plate Ira Hispania was the name by which the Romans called the great peninsula made up of Spain and Portugal, but we know nothing certain as to the origin of the name, or whether it was in general use among the ancient inhabitants of the country.' To the Greeks Spain, or rather its coast-line on the Mediterranean, was known vaguely as Iberia, a name we meet with in He… Section IiiSECTION III. - MEDIEVAL HISTORY. The The Arab invasion of Spain had been intended by Miiszt, Arab thegovernor of Africa, to be merely a plundering raid invasion. (compare MOHAMMEDANISINI, vol. xvi. p. 573). A single For the West-Gothic kingdom in Spain, Gibbon's Decline and Fall should be consulted, chapters 31, 36, 37, 38, 41, 51. In note 122 (ch. 38) he remarks on the obscurity of the subject, S… Section IlSECTION IL - SPAIN UNDER THE WEST-GOTHS. the himself to be spoken of as in any sense the empire's Gothic vassal, marks a very decided decline in the old indepower. pendent spirit of the nation. We may certainly assume that repeated disputes as to the royal succession had undermined its power for resistance, and the numerous and not very well affected Jewish colony in their midst must have been a p… SelangorSELANGOR lies to the south of Perak, and consists mainly of the basins of the Selangor, the Kiang, and the Langat, of which the last two meet in a common delta to the south of 3? N. lat. Previous to 1880 the seat of the British resident and staff was at Kiang, at the head of 13-feet navigation on the Kiang river ; at that date it was transferred to Kwala Lumpur, at the junction of the Gombah with … SeonimSEONIM, a district town of Russia, in the government of Grodno, 105 miles south-east of Grodno and 20 from the railway from Moscow to Warsaw, on the high craggy banks of the Schara. It derives its importance from this river, which is navigable and enters the system of the Oginski Canal connecting the Niemen with the Dnieper. Corn, tar, and especially timber are exported annually to a large amount,… Sibbald, Sir RobertSIBBALD, SIR ROBERT (1641-1712), may be considered as the most eminent representative of science and medicine in Scotland towards the close of the 17th century. He was born near Leslie in Fifeshire in 1641. Educated at Edinburgh, Leyden, and Paris, he settled as a physician in Edinburgh and soon rose to eminence. His career is one of marked initiative : he was the first professor of medicine in th… SiberiaSIBERIA (Russ. Sibir, a word of unknown origin, probably Permian) in the 16th century indicated the chief settlement of the Tatar khan Kutchum, - Isker on the Irtish. Subsequently the name was extended so as to include the whole of the gradually increasing Russian dominions in Asia, and in the first half of the 19th century it was applied to the immense region stretching from the Ural Mountains to… SibsagarSIBSAGAR, chief town and civil headquarters of the above district, is situated about 11 miles south from the Hamburg, 1839-40), the oldest collection of Sibylline oracles appears to have been made about the time of Solon and Cyrus at Gergis on Mount Ida in the Troad ; it was attributed to the Sibyl of Marpessus and was preserved in the temple of Apollo at Gergis. Sibsagar, Or SeebsaugorSIBSAGAR, or SEEBSAUGOR, a British district of India, in the upper valley of the province of Assam, lying be- tween 26? 19' and 27? 16' N. lat. and 93? 21' and 95? 25' E. long., and covering an area of 2855 square miles. It is bounded on the N. and E. by Lakhimpur district, on the S. by independent Naga, territory, and on the W. by the Nowgong and Naga Hills districts. Sibsagar consists of a level… SibylSIBYL. Certain women who prophesied under the inspiration of a deity were called by the Greeks Sibyls. The inspiration manifested itself outwardly in distorted features, foaming mouth, and frantic gestures. The notion that hysterical, convulsive, and epileptic affections are proof of divine inspiration has been common all over the world (see Tylor's Primitive Culture, ii. p. 131 sq.). Homer does n… Sickingen, Franz VonSICKINGEN, FRANZ VON (1481-1523), a powerful Ger- man baron, was born at Sickingen, Baden, the castle of his family, on 1st March 1481. He was the greatest of those Rhenish knights who held their lands immediately of the emperor, and was much esteemed by Maximilian I. and by [ Charles V., to both of whom he rendered good service in war. He held the position of imperial councillor and chamberlain, … SicyonSICYON was a city in the east of Achaia, Greece, about 2 miles inland from the Corinthian Gulf, situated on and below a hill in the angle formed by the confluence of the rivers Asopus and Helisson ; the site is now occupied by the village of Vasilika. It possessed a harbour on the coast round which was a well-fortified town, which was almost a suburb of the main city (l'u Siddons, SarahSIDDONS, SARAH (1755-1831), English actress, was the eldest of twelve children of Roger Kemble, the manager of a company of strolling players, and his wife Sarah Ward, and was born in the " Shoulder of Mutton " public-house, Brecon, Wales, 5th July 1755. Through the special care of her mother in sending her to the schools in the towns where the company played she received a remarkably good educati… SideputSIDEPUT C,Lanal7 ham. R. OR No. PONNI .V,,-.... v...at 1 lioleago .. la 491.. .-Agf rfrCenasaL. ... SU. ! ? . 13 V9,,Z..-,, . if P ole ?XL/rap/genii i'' R. , - 4 4. X Sth Poo r?,,??,,,,, io -IV su.. r.ge.b. ;."1,9>vs.. 1 4 B ? -,1111" 2.4r , :,.14 Isia/tal W Ilk 'rni 1 '''' Nasal.. S.'Pogoh 1. Jew. 24.1.49toas Ilan' Ary,/,?", Ito :66966)?.4 I Birtoultaus 0:411?711. C 7T I N \ ? .,,, . . . . . . … Sidi-bel-abbesSIDI-BEL-ABBES, chief town of an arrondissement in the department of Oran, Algeria, lies 48 miles by rail to the south of that town, at an elevation of 1552 feet above sea-level, on the right bank of the Mekeda (afterwards the Sig), and surrounded by a plain which is dominated by the escarpments of Mount Tessala. The town, encircled by a crenellated and bastioned wall with a fosse, is traversed fr… Sidney, Or SydneySIDNEY, or SYDNEY, ALGERNON (1622-1683), was the second son of Robert, second earl of Leicester, and of Dorothy Percy, daughter of Henry, earl of Northumberland, and was born at Penshurst, Kent, in 1622. As a boy he showed much talent, which was carefully trained under his father's eye. In 1632 with his elder brother he accompanied his father on his mission as ambassador extraordinary to Christian… Sidney, Sir PhilipSIDNEY, SIR PHILIP (1554-1586), although killed at ous figures at the court of Elizabeth, was known to the leading statesmen of Europe as a soldier and statesman of the highest promise, took a permanent place in history and legend as a romantic hero, and in literature is dis- tinguished as the author of the first important body of English sonnets and a writer whose works mark a distinct advance in… SidonSIDON (Arab. Saida), long the principal city of PRCENICIA (q.v.), and even in the Middle Ages a place of importance, but now little more than a mere village, is situated on the Syrian coast in 33? 36' N. lat. and 35? 20' i fruit-gardens, on the produce of which the inhabitants of the town live. In front of the flat promontory to which the modern Sidon is confined there stretches northwards and sou… SieboldSIEBOLD, PiarrAPP FRANZ VON (1796-1866), scientific explorer of Japan and elder brother of the physiologist noticed above, was born at Wfirzburg, Germany, on 17th February 1796. He studied medicine and natural science at Wiirzburg, and obtained his doctor's diploma in 1820. In 1822 he entered the service of the king of the Netherlands as medical officer to the East Indian army. On his arrival at B… Siebold, Carl Theodor Ernst VonSIEBOLD, CARL THEODOR ERNST VON (1804-1885), physiologist and zoologist, the son of a physician and a descendant of what Oken called the "Asclepiad family of Siebolds," was born at Wiirzburg on 16th February 1804. Educated in medicine and science chiefly at the university of Berlin, he became successively professor of zoology, physiology, and comparative anatomy in Konigsberg, Erlangen, Freiburg, … SiedlceSIEDLCE, capital of the above government, is situated 57 miles east-south-cast of Warsaw, on the Brest-Litovsk Railway. SiedlceSIEDLCE (Russ. Syedlets), a government of Russian Poland, between the Vistula and the Bug, having Warsaw on the N.W., Lomia on the N., Grodno and Volhynia on the E., Lublin and Radom on the S. Its area is 5535 square miles. The surface is mostly flat, only a few hilly tracts appearing in the middle, around Biala, and in the east on the banks of the Bug. Extensive marshes prevail in the north and s… SiegenSIEGEN, an ancient mining and manufacturing town of Prussia, in the province of Westphalia, is situated 47 miles to the east of Cologne on the Sieg, a tributary entering the Rhine opposite Bonn. Siemens, Sir WilliamSIEMENS, SIR WILLIAM (1823-1883), christened Carl Wilhelm, an eminent inventor, engineer, and natural philosopher, was born at Lenthe in Hanover on 4th April 1823. After being educated in the polytechnic school of Magdeburg and the university of Gottingen, he visited England at the age of nineteen, in the hope of introducing a process in electro-plating invented by himself and his brother Werner. … SienaSIENA, a city of Italy, and one of the most characteristic of Tuscany, stands (43? 19' N. lat., 11? 19' E. long.) on a hill near the mountainous region of Chianti, the Maremma, and Val di Chiana. It is 60 miles by rail south of Florence and 160 north-west of Rome. The area of the city within the walls is about 24 square miles and its population in 1881 was 25,204. The province of Siena, comprising… SieradzSIERADZ, a town of Russian Poland, in the government of Kalisz (Kalish), situated on the Warta, 127 miles south-west of Warsaw. Sierra LeoneSIERRA LEONE, a British colony on the West Coast of Africa, the capital of which, Freetown, lies in 8? 39' N. lat. and 13? 14' W. long. It consists of Sierra Leone proper, part of the Quiali country to the east, Tasso Island, &c., in the Sierra Leone estuary, part of the Bullom country to the north, the Los Islands to the north of the Mellicoury (Mellacoree) river, the Banana Islands to the south … Sieyes, Emmanuel JosephSIEYES, EMMANUEL JOSEPH (1748-1836), one of the chief political thinkers and writers of the period of the French Revolution and the first empire, was born at Frejus (Vat.) on 3d May 1748. He was destined for the church, was educated by the Jesuits, became a licentiate of the canon law, and, having early distinguished himself by the astuteness and originality of his ideas, was appointed vicar-gener… Sigalon, XavierSIGALON, XAVIER (1788-1837), French painter, born at Uzes (Gard) towards the close of 1788, was one of the few leaders of the romantic movement who cared for treatment of form rather than of colour. The son of a poor rural schoolmaster, he had a terrible struggle before he was able even to reach Paris and obtain admission to Guerin's studio. But the learning offered there did not respond to his sp… SightsSIGHTS. A sight for shooting may be defined as an apparatus for determining the point of impact of a projectile, in popular language, for " aiming " or "laying." In its simplest form it is scarcely recognizable as a sight. When an expert cricketer throws the ball straight to the wicket the eye and the hand assume that relative position which experience has taught to be correct, and the eye may be … SigismundSIGISMUND (1362-1437), German emperor, was born on 14th February 1362. After the death of his father, the emperor Charles IV., he received the margraviate of Brandenburg ; and his betrothal with Mary, the daughter and heiress of Louis of Poland and Hungary, gave him a right to look forward to the succession in these two countries. But in 1383, when Louis died, the Poles chose Hedwig, Mary's sister… SigmaringenSIGMARINGEN, the seat of government of the Prussian administrative division of the same name, is a small town on the Danube with (1880) 4154 inhabitants. Signals, NavalSIGNALS, NAVAL. A system of naval signals coin-prises different methods of conveying orders or information to or from a ship in sight and within hearing, but at a distance too great to permit of hailing, - in other words, beyond the reach of the voice, even when aided by the speaking-trumpet. Signals are divided into classes according to the instruments with which and the circumstances under which… Signorelli, LucaSIGNORELLI, LUCA (c.1442-c.1524), one of the greatest of the Italian painters who ushered in the full culmination of the art under Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael, was born in Cortona - his full name being Luca d'Egidio di Ventura ; he has also been called Luca da Cortona. The precise date of his birth is uncertain ; but, as he is said to have died at the age of eighty-two, and as he … SignsSIGNS. (t),i ))L ). (t.) abridgment of ($11), which see under H. (I) mark of trill or flap, used in transliterating B. and Sw., thus their equivalent of (r,?i) = (r). (;) symbol of inspiration, art. 2 (2). (,) the second half of a parenthesis ()) cut at the height of a non-ascending letter, symbol of "break," showing that there is no glide between the letters juxtaposed. Thus (s+ ii) is usually wr… SikkimSIKKIM, a native state of India, in the eastern Himalaya Mountains, between 27? 9' and 27? 58' N. lat., and between 88? 4' and 89? E. long., and bounded on the north and north-east by Tibet, on the south-east by Bhutan, on the south by the British district of Darjiling, and on the west by Nepal. It covers an area of 2600 square miles, with an estimated population of 7000. The Tibetan name for Sikk… SilenusSILENUS, a personage of Greek mythology, a drunken attendant of Bacchus and closely allied to the satyrs, of whom he appears as the leader. Elderly satyrs were called Sileni. The Sileni belong especially to the legends of Asia Minor, and particularly of Lydia and Phrygia. The stories as to the birth of Silenus were various. Some called him a son of Hermes, others of Pan and a nymph ; others said t… SilesiaSILESIA (Germ. ScIdesien), a district in the eastern part of Germany, between 49? 28' and 52? 7' N. lat. and 13? 50' and 19? 20' E. long., was formerly united with the kingdom of Bohemia in the form of a duchy (or rather group of duchies), and is now unequally shared between Prussia and Austria. Geographically it is divided into Lower and Upper Silesia, the whole of the former and part of the latt… SilicaSILICA, the only known oxide of silicon (see CHEMISTRY, vol. v. pp. 521-524), occurs native in a great variety of forms, which, however, correspond to only the four distinct species of QUARTZ (q.v.; see also MINERALOGY, vol. xvi. p. 389), tridymitc, OPAL (q.v., and compare vol. xvi. p. 390), and siliceous earth. Ordinary quartz-rock and sand are more impure forms of quartz. Tridymite differs from … Silistria, Or SilistraSILISTRIA, or SILISTRA, a fortified town on the south side of the Danube, 75 miles below Rustchuk, and 150 miles from the mouth of the river, is now at the head of a district in the principality of Bulgaria. In 1881 the population was 10,657. Silistria is the Durostorum of the Romans, the Durostolos of the Byzantines, the Drstr of the Bulgarians. It was one of the most important towns of the Roman… Silius ItalicusSILIUS ITALICUS, a Latin epic poet, was born in 25 and died in 101 A.D. His birthplace is unknown. From in the latter half of the 1st century. The conjecture that in inscriptions from Sicily and elsewhere. In early life Silius was a renowned forensic orator, later a safe and cautious politician, without ability or ambition enough to be legitimately obnoxious to the cruel rulers under whom he lived… SilkSILK is a fibrous substance produced by many insects, principally in the form of a cocoon or covering within which the creatures are enclosed and protected during the period of their principal transformations. The webs and nests, dac., formed by spiders are also of silk. But the fibres used for manufacturing purposes are exclusively produced by the mulberry silk-moth of China, Bombyx razor;, and a… Silliman, BenjaminSILLIMAN, BENJAMIN (1816-1885), American chemist and physicist, son of the preceding, was born in 1816 at New Haven, Connecticut, and educated at Yale College, where he graduated in 1837. He then became assistant to his father in chemistry, mineralogy, and geology, working in his laboratory at the college, and pursuing original investigations. He began teaching in the laboratory soon afterwards. T… SiloSILO. A modern silo is a pit or erection in which green crops are preserved in an undried condition for fodder. The term is derived from the Greek crimis (Lat. sirus), a pit for holding grain. It is only of recent years that ensilage, i.e., the preservation of green food for cattle by partial fermentation in silos, has become an important feature in agricultural economy. In various parts of German… SiluridieSILURIDIE, a large family of freshwater Fishes, flourishing in the present epoch, and represented by a great variety of forms in all the tropical and temperate regions, many of them reaching back into the Tertiary age. The principal characters of this family (termed a " suborder " by some), its position in the system, its geographical distribution, and some of the most remarkable points in the str… SilvanusSILVANUS, an ancient Italian god of the woods (silica), closely allied to Faunus. Virgil speaks of him as a god of fields and cattle, and says that the Pelasgians dedicated a grove to him near Caere. Horace calls him the god of boundaries. Pigs were sacrificed to him, and at harvest festivals he received offerings of milk. He appears sometimes, especially in inscriptions, as a domestic god, :7Y an… Silver AlloysSILVER ALLOYS. - Pure silver is too soft to make durable coins or vessels combining lightness with stability of form. This defect can be cured by alloying it with a little copper. All ordinary "silver" articles consist of such alloys. The proportion of silver in these (their "fineness") is habitually stated in parts of real silver per 1000 parts of alloy. In Great Britain all silver coins are made… Silver CompoundsSILVER COMPOUNDS. - (1) .fl'itrafe of Silver (AgNO3) is made by dissolving fine silver in a moderate excess of nitric acid of 1.2 sp. gr., applying heat at the end. The solution on cooling deposits crystals - very readily if somewhat strongly acid. Even a slightly cupriferous solution deposits pure or almost pure crystals. Any admixture of copper in these can be removed by fusing the dry crystals,… SilveriusSILVERIUS, the successor of Pope Agapetus I., was a legitimate son of Pope Hormisdas, born before his father entered the priesthood. SilvesterSILVESTER I., bishop of Rome froth January 314 to December 335, succeeded Melchiades and was followed by Marcus. The accounts of his papacy preserved in the Liter Pontificalis (7th or 8th century) and in Anastasius are little else than a record of the gifts said to have been conferred on the Roman Church by Constantine the Great. He was represented at the council of Nice, and is said to have held … Silvester IiSILVESTER II., pope from 999 till 1003, and previously famous, under his Christian name of Gerbert, first as a teacher and afterwards as archbishop successively of Rheims and Ravenna, was an Aquitanian by birth, and was educated from his boyhood at the abbey of St Gerold in Aurillac. Here he seems to have had Gerald for his abbot and Raymond for his instructor, both of whom were among the most tru… Silvester IiiSILVESTER III. SimancasSIMANCAS, a walled town of Spain, miles southwest from Valladolid, on the road to Zamora, is situated on the Pisuerga, here crossed by a fine bridge of seventeen arches. The population within the municipal boundaries was 1258 in 1885. In the north-western angle of the town stands the Archivo General del Reino, originally a fortified castle, to which the national archives of Spain were removed in 1… SimbirskSIMBIRSK, a government of eastern Russia, on the right bank of the middle Volga, with Kazan on the N., Samara on the E., Saratoff on the S., and Penza and Nijni-Novgorod on the W., has an area of 19,110 square miles, and a population (1882) of 1,471,164. It is occupied by the eastern parts of the great central plateau of middle Russia, which slowly rises towards the south, and gently slopes in the… SimbirskSIMBIRSK, capital of the above government, is situated 576 miles east-south-east of Moscow, between the (Vyenets), containing the cathedral and the best houses - is built on a hill 560 feet above the Volga, whence there is a beautiful view over the low left bank of the river. Adjoining is the trading part of Simbirsk, while farther down on the slope, towards the Volga, are scattered the store-hous… SimeonSIMEON (11.3)9V), second son of Jacob by Leah (Gen. xxix. 33). The tribe of Simeon, like that of Levi, was broken up at a very early period, under circumstances of which we have some indication in Gen. xxxiv. and xlix. (see ISRAEL, vol. xiii. p. 400 sq., and LEVITES). In Judges i. the Simeonites appear as sharing the conquests of Judah in the extreme south of Canaan, but there is no mention of the… SimferopolSIMFEROPOL, the capital of the Russian government of Taurida, is situated in the south-western part of the Crimea, on the Salghir (which frequently becomes dry), 900 miles from Moscow. Occupying an admirable site on the northern slopes of the Tchatyr-dagh, it has on the eastern side many beautiful gardens, and is divided into two parts, - the European, well built in stone, and the Tartar, which co… SimlaSIMLA, a small district in the lieutenant-governorship of the Punjab, India, situated among the hills of the lower Himalayan system in 31? 6' N. lat. and 77? 11' E. long. It consists of several detached plots of territory, together comprising an area of only 18 square miles. The mountains of Simla and the surrounding native states compose the southern outliers of the great central chain of the eas… SimlaSIMLA, the administrative headquarters of the above district, and the summer capital of India, stands at an elevation of 7084 feet above sea level. Simms, William GilmoreSIMMS, WILLIAM GILMORE (1806-1870), an American poet, novelist, and historian, was born at Charleston, S.C., April 17, 1806, of Scoto-Irish descent. His mother died during his infancy, and his father having failed in business, and joined Coffee's brigade of mounted Indian fighters, which kept him in the Seminole country, young Simms was brought up by his grandmother, who gave him as good an educat… Simon, AbrahamSIMON, ABRAHAM (1622-1692), medallist and mod- original was to be returned to him. The criticisms of eller, was born in Yorkshire in 1622. He was originally Simon excited great indignation among the friends and intended for the church, but turned his attention to art, admirers of Arnauld, and he felt the effects of their vin-and, after studying in Holland, proceeded to Sweden, dictiveness to the l… SimonidesSIMONIDES (or SEMONIDES, as some write the name) OF AMORGOS stands midway both in time and reputation between the other tivo iambic poets of Greece - Archilochus and Hipponax. A native of Samos, he led a colony to the island of Amorgos in the Archipelago, and lived there about 660 B.C. in Minoa, a town of his own founding. Besides two books of iambics, we are told that he wrote elegies, and a poem… Simonides Of CeosSIMONIDES OF CEOS (556-469 B.c.), one of the generations ; his youth coincided with the period succeedGreece first awoke to the consciousness of her national unity ; and he died before the inevitable disintegration had begun. Among his friends were all the foremost men of the day, - kings and princes like Hipparchus and Hiero and the Aleuadm and Scopadm, statesmen like Pausanias and Themistocles, … Simon MagusSIMON MAGUS. In the extant documents of the first three centuries we meet with Simon Magus in a threefold aspect : - (1) as Samaritan Messiah attempting by the aid of Christianity to establish a new religion ; (2) as founder of a school of Gnostics and as father of heresy ; (3) as a caricature of the apostle Paul. The Tiibingen critics (Baur, Volkmar, Zeller, Lipsius, and until the year 1878 Hilge… Simon, RichardSIMON, RICHARD (1638-1712), the "father of Biblical proposed to him, but he saw through the design, and, criticism," was born at Dieppe on the 13th May 1638. after a short delay dictated by prudential motives, declined His early studies were carried on at the college of the the proposal. He was engaged at the time in superinsent to England, and from which a Latin and an English new preface, notes,… SimonySIMONY is an offence against the law of the church. The name is taken from SimoN MAGUS (q.v.). In the canon law the word bears a more extended meaning than in English law. " Simony according to the canonists," says Ayliffe in his Parergon, "is defined to be a deliberate act or a premeditated will and desire of selling such things as are spiritual, or of anything annexed unto spirituals, by giving … SimpliciusSIMPLICIUS, the successor of Pope Hilarius or Hilarus, was a native of Tibur, and was consecrated bishop of Rome on February 25, 468. SimpliciusSIMPLICIUS, a 'native of Cilicia, a disciple of Ammonius and of Damascius, was one of the last of the Neoplatonists. From 400 to 529 A.D. the Neoplatonic school at Athens was the centre of pagan opposition to victorious Christianity, and, as such, fell a victim to imperial persecution. The subvention which it had received from the state was withdrawn ; its private property was confiscated ; and at… Simpson, Sir James YoungSIMPSON, SIR JAMES YOUNG, BART. (1811-1870), physician, was born in the town of Bathgate, Linlithgow, in business to a shrewd and managing wife. James was the youngest of a family of eight, and for the furtherance of his worldly prospects the others struggled and sacrificed. At the age of fourteen he entered the university of Edinburgh as a student in the arts classes. Two years later he began his… Simpson, ThomasSIMPSON, THOMAS (1710-1761), mathematician, was born at Market Bosworth in Leicestershire on the 20th of August 1710. His father was a stuff weaver, and, intending to bring his son up to his own business, tcok little care of the boy's education. Young Simpson, however, was eager for knowledge, and so ardent was he in pursuit of it that he neglected his weaving, and in consequence of a quarrel was … Simrock, KarlSIMROCK, KARL (1802-1876), German poet and student of mediaeval literature, was born on the 28th August 1802 at Bonn, where his father was a musicseller. He studied law at the universities of Bonn and Berlin, and in 1823 entered the Prussian civil service, from which he was expelled in 1830 for having written a poem in praise of the July revolution. Afterwards lie was permitted to lecture at the u… Simson, RobertSIMSON, ROBERT (1687-1768), mathematician, was the eldest son of a Glasgow merchant, John Simson of Kirktonhill in Ayrshire, and was born on the 14th of October 1687. He was intended for the church, and passed with distinction through the usual course of study for that profession at the university of Glasgow. The bent of his mind, however, was towards mathematics, not theology ; and, when a prospe… Simson, WilliamSIMSON, WILLIAM (1800-1847), portrait, landscape, and subject painter, was born at Dundee in 1800. He studied under Andrew Wilson at the Trustees' Academy, Edinburgh, and his early pictures - landscape and marine subjects - were executed with great spirit and found a ready sale. He next turned his attention to figure painting, producing in 1829 the Twelfth of August, which was followed in 1830 by … SinaiSINAI. In judging of the points of controversy connected with Sinai we are brought face to face with the question of the historicity of the Hebrew records involved. Though new attempts to fix the stations of the wilderness wandering appear every year, critics have long agreed that the number of forty for the years of wandering and for the stations are round numbers, and that the details are not ba… Sinclair, Sir JohnSINCLAIR, SIR JOHN, BART. (1754-1835), a voluminous Scottish author, was descended from the Sinclairs of Ulbster, a branch of the noble house of Caithness. He was the eldest son of George Sinclair and Janet, daughter of William, Lord Strathnaver, and was born at Thurso Castle, 10th May 1754. For a short time he had Logan the poet as a private tutor, and, after studying Greek and Latin at the high … SindSIND, the westernmost territorial subdivision of India, and a frontier province of considerable importance in a geographical and political aspect, lies between the 23d and 28th parallels of N. latitude and between the 66th and 71st meridians of E. longitude. Its length from north to south is estimated at 360 miles, and the average of its breadth from east to west at 170. On the north it is bounded… SingaporeSINGAPORE, a British dependency, commercially and administratively the most important of the STRAITS SETTLEMENTS (q.v.), which form a separate colonial government. It consists principally of an island 27 miles long by 14 broad, lying off the south end of the Malay Peninsula, but also includes upwards of 70 insignificant islets iik&fill.li&S7WAr. 1! a,' Isfr ,,,,? ...., ?EPPoODO j''''44,-eb STACKAP… SingbhumSINGBHUM, a British district in the lieutenant-governorship of Bengal, lying between 21? 59' and 22? 53' N. lat. and between 85? 2' and 86? 56' E. long. It has an area of 3753 square miles, and is bounded on the N. by the districts of Lohardaga and Manbhtim, on the E. by Midnapur, on the S. by the tributary states of Orissa, and on the W. by Lohardagb, and the tributary states of Chutin, NAgpur. I… Sinigaglia, Or SenigaleiaSINIGAGLIA, or SENIGALEIA (the official form), a city of Italy, iu the province of Ancona, in 43? 43' 16" N. lat., on the coast of the Adriatic, 17 miles by rail north of Ancona. It is well built, with broad and well-paved streets, and has the general appearance of a thriving commercial town. A modern cathedral, erected subsequent to 1787, a large Jewish synagogue, a theatre, the communal building… SiotSIOT, or Asvft (AslooT), more correctly Osirt1T, a town of Upper Egypt, and southern terminus of the railway on the left bank of the Nile, by which it is 229 miles from DIU Dakthr. Sioux CitySIOUX CITY, a city of the United States, the capital of Woodbury county, Iowa, lies 156 miles north-west of Des Moines, on the sloping banks of the Missouri river. kis a great railway centre (Chicago, Milwaukee, and St Paul Railway, Sioux City and Pacific Railway, Sze.), has an extensive trade, and contains an opera house, foundry and machine shops, pork-packing factories, and mills. Siphanto, Sipheno, Or SiptinoSIPHANTO, SIPHENO, or SIPTINO (ancient Greek ,(st.vos), an island of the Greek Archipelago, in the nomarchy of the Cyclades, 30 miles south-west of Syra. It has an area of 28 square miles, and the population in 1879 was 5762. A ridge of limestone hills - whose principal summits, Mount Elias and St Simeon, are crowned by old Byzantine churches - runs through the island ; for about 2 miles along the… SirajganjSIRAJGANJ, a town in the district of Pabna, Bengal, and the most important river-mart in that province, is situated near the Jamumt or main stream of the Brahmaputra in 24? 26' 58" N. lat. and 89? 47' 5" E. long., with a population of 21,037 (11,213 males and 9824 females) in 1881. SiredonSIREDON. At the end of last century specimens of a kind of branchiate tailed Amphibian were brought to Europe from the lakes of Mexico; they were examined by the zoologists of Paris and described by Cuvier in Humboldt's Recited d' Observations de Zoologie, vol. i., and by Daudin in Hist. des Reptiles (Paris, 1802-1804), under their native name of "Axolotls." The animals were named Siren piseiformi… SirenSIREN. Siren lacertina, Lin. (Syst. Hat., i., Addenda), is an animal belonging to the class AMPTIIBIA (q.v.). It forms the type of the family Sirenid,v, called by Prof. Huxley Trachystomata, among the group Perennibranchiata. The body is elongate and eel-like, only the anterior limbs being present ; the posterior are entirely wanting. The anterior limbs are short and feeble, and each is furnished … SirensSIRENS, fabulous creatures of Greek mythology, that, like the Loreley of German legend, lured mariners to destruction by their sweet song. In the Odyssey Ulysses sails past their island; but, warned by Circe, he had stopped the ears of his crew with wax and caused himself to be bound to the mast. In Homer they are two in number, but in later writers they are generally three, and are located on the… SiriciusSIRICIUS, pope from December 384 till November and east there is usually a fair amount of rain. Sirmin3SIRMIn3,, one of the sub-Himalayan or Simla hill states is only between 12 and 13 inches. The Western Rajputana under the government of the Punjab, lying between Railway runs through the length of the state, passing just 30? 24' and 31? N. lat. and between 77? 5' and 77? 50' E. east of Mount Abu. long. Its area is 1096 square miles, and it is bounded' In 1881 the population numbered 142,903 (males… Sirohi, Or SeeroeeSIROHI, or SEEROEE, a native state in the Rajputana beyond the reach of its fertilizing influence, and of small agency under the Government of India, with an area of agricultural value. Formerly the district was covered by 3020 square miles, lying between 24? 20' and 25? 20' N. an excellent grazing grass, known as Adman, but with lat. and between 72? 10' and 73? 10' E. long., and bounded the incre… SiskinSISKIN (Dan. Sidsken; Germ. Zeisig and Zeising), and said that he had only once met with it at large - the actions, as it seeks its food from the catkins of the alder the male of this species has at least a becoming if not a therein lay its eggs, but it rarely succeeds in bringing up its young in confinement. As a wild bird it breeds constantly, though locally, throughout the greater part of Scotl… SistrumSISTRUM, a kind of rattle used by the ancient Egyptians in religious ceremonies, especially in the worship of Isis. SisyphusSISYPHUS, a famous character of Greek mythology, Was a son of iEolus and Enarete and brother of Crerheus, Athamas, and Salmoneus. He built Ephyra (Corinth), and married Merope, daughter of Atlas, by whom he had a 'son - Glaucus. According to Pausanias (ii. 3, 11) Sisyphus succeeded Medea in the sovereignty of Corinth. Having found the body of the drowned Melicertes lying on the shore of the isthmu… SitapurSITAPUR, a British district in Sitapur division or commissionership of Oudh, under the jurisdiction of the lieutenant-governorship of the North-Western Provinces of India. It lies between 27? 7' and 27? 53' N. lat. and between 80? 21' and 81? 26' E. long., and it is bounded on the N. by Kheri district, on the E. by that of 13ahraich, from which it is separated by the Gogra river, and on the S. and… SittingbourneSITTINGBOURNE, an ancient town of Kent, is situated on a navigable creek of the Swale, and on the London, Chatham, and Dover Railway, at the junction for Sheerness, 7 miles south from the latter town and 45 east-south-east of London. It consists principally of one long street and the northern suburb of Milton, formerly celebrated for its oysters, the fishery of which used to employ a large number … Sivas, Or SiwasSIVAS, or SiWAS, a pashalic and capital of a pashalic of great importance in Asia Minor. The town is situated on the right bank of the Kizil Irmak (Halys), in a plain of some 16 to 20 miles in length and 4 to 6 in breadth. From the south the approach is by a good road among the mountains, and the aspect from the heights is pleasing. Dotted here and there with trees, some in large extended clusters… SixtusSIXTUS I. (XYSTUS) figures in the lists accepted by the Roman Church as having been bishop of Rome from about 119 to about 126. SixtusSIXTUS V. (Felice Peretti), pope from 1585 to 1590, the League, lie allowed himself to be convinced by the was born 13th December 1521 at Grottamarina, in the Venetian ambassador of the evil consequences of Spanish district of Fermo, of a family said to be of Dalmatian preponderance in Italy, and showed a manifest disposition extraction. His parents were undoubtedly in humble to acknowledge Henry … Sixtus IiSIXTUS II. followed Stephanus I. as bishop of Rome in 257, and suffered martyrdom under Valerian in the following year. Sixtus IiiSIXTUS III., bishop of Rome from July 31, 432, to August 18, 440, had Ccelestinus I. as his predecessor, and was succeeded by Leo I. ,SIXTUS IV. (Francesco della Rovere), pope from 1471 to 1484, was born 21st July 1414, near Savona. The statements respecting his parents' situation in life are very conflicting. In consequence of a vow made by his mother he entered the Franciscan order at an early a… Skelton, JohnSKELTON, JOHN, an eccentric English scholar and poet of the 15th century. Mr Dyce, the editor of his works, fixes his birth about 1460. His first essay in verse was a poem after the manner of Lydgate on the death of Edward IV. (1483). He lived to pay compliments to Catherine, wife of Henry VIII., to jeer at the Scotch over the battle of Flodden, and to make fierce attacks on AVolsey, and is suppos… SkimmerSKIMMER, the English name bestowed by Pennant 1 in 1781 on a North-American bird. which had already been figured and described by Catesby (B. Carolina, i. pl. 90) as the " Cut-water," - as it appears still to be called on some parts of the coast,2 - remarkable for the unique formation of its bill, in which the maxilla, or so-called upper mandible, is capable of much vertical movement, while the lo… Skin DiseasesSKIN DISEASES. These form a large and important class. In number they are very extensive, owing to the varied forms of morbid change which the skin texture may undergo, no less than to the different portions of the structure and its appendages which may be specially affected. Further, the modifications of the typical forms of these diseases which are to be observed have led to arrangements and cla… Skinner, JohnSKINNER, JOHN (1721-1807), author of Tullochgorum and The Ewie wi' the Crookit horn, was an Episcopalian minister in the parish of Longside, Aberdeenshire. He held this charge for more than sixty-four years. The son of an Aberdeenshire schoolmaster, born at Balfour in 1721, he had been intended for the Presbyterian ministry, but, after passing through Marischal College, Aberdeen, and teaching for … SkiptonSKIPTON, an ancient market-town in the West Riding of Yorkshire, is situated on the river Aire, on the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, and on the Midland Railway, 9 miles north-west of Keighley and 15 south-east of Settle. It is substantially built of stone. The strong castle built by Robert de Romille in the time of the Conqueror was partly demolished in 1619, but was restored by the countess of Pembr… SkittlesSKITTLES. This English game, which somewhat resembles American bowls (see vol. iv. p. 180), was formerly known as rails (Fr. gullies), and first came into vogue in England in the 14th century. Nine large oval-headed pins with flat bottoms, and made of a hard wood, are set up on a wooden frame, three pills square on each side. An angle and not an even side of the said square is presented towards th… SkuaSKUA,1 the name for a long while given to certain of the Laridm (see GULL, vol. xi. p. 274), which sufficiently differ in structure, appearance, and habits to justify their separation as a distinct genus, Stercorarius (Lestris of some writers), or even Subfamily, Stercorariinv. Swift of flight, powerfully armed, but above all endowed with extraordinary courage, they pursue their weaker cousins, ma… SkunkSKUNK. The existence of the animal to which this names is applied was first notified to European naturalists as long ago as 1636, in Gabriel Sagard-Theodat's History of Canada, where, in commencing his quaint account of it (p. 748), he describes it as " enfans du can hardly be used in polite society. The skunks, for there are several species of these (Edmonston and Scott of Melby), whose exertion… SkviraSKVIRA, a district town of European Russia, in the government of Kieff, 77 miles south-west of Kieff, and 27 miles from the Fastova railway-junction. SkyeSKYE, the largest island of the Inner Hebrides, Scotland, is situated between the mainland of Inverness-shire, within which county it is included, and the group of the Outer Hebrides. It lies between 57? 1' 12" and 57? 42' 30" N. lat. and 5? 38' 50" and 6? 47' 8" W. long. It is Alsh and Kyle Rhea, the channel at the narrowest point having a breadth of only about 3 furlongs. Southwards Kyle Rhea wi… SlateSLATE is an argillaceous rock of various colours - blue, green, purple, grey, and black - and a peculiar structure by which it readily splits into thin plates or laminae. It is of sedimentary origin, being primarily deposited on ocean floors as fine mud formed by the waste and denudation of pre-existing rocks, and afterwards compressed, hardened, and altered into compact rock. Slate beds occur mai… SlaughterSLAUGHTER. HOUSE. See ABATTOIR. IT appears to be true that, in the words of Dunoyer, the economic regime of every society which has recently become sedentary is founded on the slavery of the industrial professions. In the hunter period the savage warrior does not enslave his vanquished enemy, but slays him ; the women of a conquered tribe he may, however, carry off and appropriate as wives or as s… SleepSLEEP is a normal condition of the body, occurring periodically, in which there is a greater or less degree of unconsciousness due to inactivity of the nervous system and more especially of the brain and spinal cord. It may be regarded as the condition of rest of the nervous system during which there is a renewal of the energy that has been expended in the hours of wakefulness. For in the nervous … Sleidanus, JohnSLEIDANUS, JOHN (c. 1506-1556), the annalist of the Reformation, was born at Schleiden (now a small village in the Oleffthal, about 42 miles south-west of Cologne) in 1506 or 1508. Passing from the village school, he studied at Liege, Cologne (?), Louvain (where he became tutor to the son of Count Manderscheid of Schleiden), Paris, and Orleans (where he studied law). In 1536 he became secretary to… SligoSLIGO, a maritime county in the north-west of Ireland, in the province of Connaught, is situated between 53? 54' and 51? 28' N. lat. and between 8? 10' and 9? 10' W. long., and is bounded N. by the Atlantic, E. by Leitrim, S.E. by Roscommon, and S. and W. by Mayo. The total area is 151,129 acres, or nearly 705 square miles. Its greatest length from north to south, between Mullaghmore Head and Loug… SligoSLIGO, the chief town of the above county and an important seaport, is finely situated at the mouth of the founded in 1252 by Maurice Fitzgerald, lord-justice, is one ' very perfect, is of the date of the original structure. The principal modern buildings are the new Catholic cathedral, in the Norman style with a finely sculptured doorway, the town-hall (1865-66), the county court-house, the custo… Sliven, Slivno, SeliminiaSLIVEN, SLIVNO, SELIMINIA, ISLEMNIYE, or ISLIMYE, an important town of East Roumelia, situated at the southern base of the Balkans, 750 feet above the sea, where several mountain streams flow south to the Tunja, a tributary of the Maritza. The luxuriant foliage of its trees and the general picturesqueness of its appearance gain in effect by the contrast which they present with the bare gneiss and … SloaSLOA.NE, SIR HA.Ns (1660-1753), a celebrated collector and successful physician, was born on 16th April 1660 at Killileagh in county Down, Ireland, where his father had settled at the head of a Scotch colony sent over by James I. He had as a youth a strong turn for collecting objects of natural history and other curiosities. This led him to the study of medicine, which he went to London to pursue,… Slodtz, RentSLODTZ, RENT; MICHEL or MICHEL ANGE (1715-1764), French sculptor, was born at Paris on 29th September Slodtz had been, like his brothers, a member of the Academy of Painting and Sculpture, and many particulars of his life are preserved in a memoir written by Cochin, and also in a letter from the same to the Gazette Litteraire, which was reproduced by Castillion in the Neerologe of 1766. SlothSLOTH. The general characters by which the family Bradypodida are distinguished from the rest of the order Edentata have been given in the article MAMMALIA (vol. xv. p. 384). The sloths, as the animals of this family are called on account of the habitual sluggishness of their Two-toed sloth (Choloepus hoimanni). to them with the simple hook-like organs to which the terminations of all their limbs… SloughSLOUGH, an urban sanitary district of Buckinghamshire, England, is situated on the Great Western Railway, tains a number of good shops and villas. SlutskSLUTSK, a district town of Russia, in the government and later suffered in the wars between Russia and Poland. Smallpdx, Or VariolaSMALLPDX, or VARIOLA (varus," a pimple "), an acute infectious disease characterized by fever and by the appearless distinct cicatrices. Few diseases have been so destrucfrom uncommon, affecting especially those who are unprotected, or whose protection has become weakened by lapse of time. Much obscurity surrounds the early history of smallpox. It appears to have been imported into Europe from Asi… Smart, ChristopherSMART, CHRISTOPHER (1722-1771), English poet, was born at Shipbourne in Kent on 11th April 1722. The discovery that Smart was anything more than an unfortunate Bohemian of letters who wrote much uninteresting verse of second-rate 18th-century quality is quite recent. After one or another of his superseded translations or ineffective exercises in heroics had in turn been assigned the place of honou… Smeaton, JohnSMEATON, JOHN (1724-1792), English civil engineer, the son of an attorney, was born at Austhorpe Lodge, near Leeds, on 8th June 1724. He received a good education at the grammar-school of Leeds, displaying special proficiency in geometry and arithmetic. At a very early age he evinced a great liking for the use of mechanical tools, and in his fourteenth or fifteenth year contrived to make a turning… SmellSMELL is a sensation excited by the contact with the olfactory region of certain substances, usually in a gaseous condition and necessarily in a state of fine subdivision. The sense is widely distributed throughout the animal kingdom. The lower animals, especially those breathing in water, become cognizant of the presence of odoriferous matter near them without touch, vision, or hearing, and we su… SmethwickSMETHWICK, an urban sanitary district of Staffordshire, England, on the borders of Worcestershire and Warwickshire, is situated on the Birmingham, Dudley, and Wolverhampton Canal, and on branches of the London and North-Western and the Great Western Railway lines, 3 miles west from Birmingham, of which the town of Smethwick is a suburb. Smirke, RobertSMIRKE, ROBERT (1752-1845), subject painter, was born at Wigton near Carlisle in 1752. In his thirteenth year he was apprenticed in London with an heraldic painter, and at the age of twenty he began to study in the schools of the Royal Academy, to whose exhibition he contributed in 1786 a Narcissus and a Sabrina, which were followed by many works, usually small in size, illustrative of the English… SmithSMITH, CoLvIN (1795-1875), portrait painter, was born at Brechin, Scotland, in 1795. Smith, AdamSMITH, ADAM (1723-1790), the greatest of political economists, was the only child of Adam Smith, comptroller of the customs at Kirkcaldy in Fifeshire, Scotland, and of Margaret Douglas, daughter of Mr Douglas of Strathendry, near Leslie. He was born at Kirkcaldy .on 5th June 1723, some months after the death of his father. Of a weak constitution, he required and received during his early years the… Smith, AlbertSMITH, ALBERT (1816-1860), an instance of the journalistic rather than the truly literary type of writer, was one of the most popular men of his time ; a favourite hum ourist in the vein of humour then in vogue, but now already rather out of date ; a leading contributor to Punch ; the author of successful books of light social satire ; and, not least, the exponent of "Mont Blanc " in a pre-scienti… Smith, AlexanderSMITH, ALEXANDER (1830-1867), was the most prominent representative of the so-called "spasmodic" school of poetry, whose peculiarities first gained for it a hasty reputation, and then, having suffered under closer critical examination, it almost as speedily dropped out of mind again. Smith has never yet perhaps had his true position assigned to him. His first book, A Life Drama and other Poems (18… Smith, Henry John StephenSMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883), mathematician, was born in Dublin on 2d November 1826 and was the fourth child of his parents. When Henry Smith was just two years old his father died, whereupon his mother left Ireland for England. Mrs Smith taught her children herself, and until Henry was over eleven he was under her exclusive care and teaching; after that he was educated by private tutors … Smith, JamesSMITH, JAMES (1775-1839) and HORACE (1779-1849), sons of an eminent and prosperous London solicitor, were born, the former on 10th February 1775 and the latter on 31st December 1779, both in London. They were joint authors of the Rejected Addresses, described by Horace as "one of the luckiest hits in literature." The occasion of this happy jeu d'esprit was the rebuilding of Drury Lane theatre in 1… Smith, JohnSMITH, JOHN (1580-1631), usually distinguished as Captain John Smith, some time president of the English colony in Virginia, was the elder son of George Smith, a well-to-do tenant-farmer on the estate of Lord Willoughby d'Eresby at Willoughby near Alford in Lincolnshire. The life of this Virginian hero falls conveniently into five periods. The first of these, 1580-1596, that of his early youth, is… Smith, John RaphaelSMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752-1812), English painter and mezzotint engraver, a son of Thomas Smith of Derby, the landscape painter, was born in 1752. He was apprenticed to a linen draper in Derby, and afterwards pursued the same business in London, adding, however, to his income by the production of miniatures. He then turned to engraving, and executed his plate of the Public Ledger, which had great p… Smith, Sir ThomasSMITH, SIR THOMAS (1512-1577), the contemporary and friend of Sir John Cheke, was born at Saffron-Walden in Essex in 1512. He became a fellow of Queens' College, Cambridge, in 1531, and was afterwards appointed to read the public Greek lecture, in the discharge of which function he first introduced the new Greek pronunciation,which soon became universal in England. After studying in France and Ita… Smith, Sir William SidneySMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840), English admiral, was the second son of Captain John Smith of the Guards, and was born at Westminster on 21st July See Barrow's Life of Admiral Sir TV. Smith, SydneySMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845), one of the founders of the Edinburgh Review, and one of the wittiest talkers and political writers of his generation, was the son of an English country gentleman, and was born at Woodford in Essex on 3d June 1771. His father, a man of restless ingenuity and activity, " very clever, odd by nature, but still more odd by design," who bought, altered, spoiled, and sold about… Smith, WilliamSMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839), called "the father of English geology," and among his acquaintances "Stratum Smith," will be generally remembered as the framer and author of the first complete geological map of England and Wales, and as the discoverer of the principle of the identification of strata by their included organic remains. He was born at Churchill in Oxfordshire on 23d March 1769. Deprived … Smith, William HenrySMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808-1872), best known as the author of Thorndale, is one of those thinkers and students whose work, whilst scarcely recognized in their own day and soon all but overlooked in the larger perspective of history, is yet of real value for an appreciation of the intellectual character of the time. The literary production of which Thorndale is the most representative example affor… Smoke AbatementSMOKE ABATEMENT. The nuisance created by coal History. smoke seems to have been recognized in London as early as the reign of Queen Elizabeth ; but it is only in more modern times that the question has come to be regarded as one of real practical importance, and even yet it is far from receiving that general attention which it demands. In 1785 the first smoke-abating invention was patented by wate… SmolenskSMOLENSK, capital of the above government, is situated on both banks of the Dnieper, at the junction of the railways from Moscow to Warsaw and from Riga to Orel, 262 miles by rail west-south-west of Moscow. The town, with the ruins of its old kremlin, is built on the high crags of the left bank of the Dnieper, its suburbs extending around and on the opposite bank of the river. Its walls are now ra… SmolenskSMOLENSK, a government of middle Russia, belonging partly to Great Russia and partly to White Russia, is bounded by Moscow and Kaluga on the E., Orel and Tchernigoff on the S., Moghileff and Vitebsk on the W., and Pskoff and Tver on the N. It covers an area of 21,638 square miles in the west of the great central plateau, its northern districts extending towards the hilly region of the Valdais,wher… Smollett, Tobias GeorgeSMOLLETT, TOBIAS GEORGE (1721-1771), novelist, was learned to look with suspicion on kindly professions. He much against his will was apprenticed to a surgeon. His grandfather died when he was in his eighteenth year, without leaving any provision for the children of his youngest son, and in his nineteenth year Smollett left Glasgow and launched himself on London in quest of fortune with the traged… SmugglingSMUGGLING denotes a breach of the revenue laws either by the importation or the exportation of prohibited goods or by the evasion of customs duties on goods liable to duty. Smuggling is, as might be expected, most prevalent where duties are high. The best preventive is the imposition of duties so low in amount and on so few articles that it becomes scarcely worth while to smuggle. Legislation on t… SmyrnaSMYRNA, in ancient times one of the most important and now by far the greatest of the cities of Asia Minor (see vol. xv. Plate II.), has preserved an unbroken continuity of record and identity of name from the first dawn of history to the present time. It is said to have been a Lelegian city before the Greek colonists settled in Asia Minor. The name, which is said to be derived from an Amazon call… SnailSNAIL. In England the word " snail " in popular language is associated with Gasteropods which inhabit land or fresh water and which possess large conspicuous spiral shells ; terrestrial Gasteropods in which the shell is rudimentary and concealed are distinguished as "slugs." In Scotland the word " slug " is absent from the vernacular vocabulary, both shell-bearing and shell-less inland molluscs be… Snake-birdSNAKE-BIRD, to use the name commonly given to it by the English in North America, because of its "long slender head and neck," which, its body being submerged as it swims, " appear like a snake rising erect out of the water" (Bartram's MS., quoted by Ord in Wilson's Ant. Ornithology, ix. p. 81), the " Darter " of many authors, and the Plotus anhinga' of ornithology, is the type of a small but very… Snake-rootSNAKE-ROOT. In most countries where snakes abound some root or herb is used by the natives as an antidote for the bites of venomous species, and many herbs have consequently received the name of snake-root. Botanically speaking, the name properly belongs to Opltiorritiza Mungos, L., a plant of the Cinchona family, used in the East Indies for the purpose above indicated. In medicine, however, the r… SnakesSNAKES constitute an order (Opltidia) in the class of Reptiles which is characterized by an exceedingly elongate body, cylindrical or sub-cylindrical, and terminating in a tapering tail. The integuments are folded into flat imbricate scales, which are rarely tubercular or granular. The spinal column consists of a very great number of vertebrw, with which the numerous ribs are movably articulated. … Snake-stoneSNAKE-STONE, a name sometimes applied to Waterof-Ayr stone (see HOLE, vol. xii. p. 134). SneekSNEEK, a town of the Netherlands, in the province of Friesland, 18 miles south-south-west of Leeuwarden, with which it is connected by canal and (since 1885) by rail. Snell, WillebrordSNELL, WILLEBRORD (1591-1626), commonly known as SNELLITTS, astronomer and mathematician, was born at Leyden in 1591. In 1613 he succeeded his father as professor of mathematics in the university of Leyden. In 1615 he planned and carried into practice a new method of finding the dimensions of the earth, by determining the distance of one point on its surface from the parallel of another, by means … SnipeSNIPE (Anglo-Saxon Snite, Icelandic Snipa, Dutch Snip, German Schnepfe), one of the commonest Limicoline birds, in high repute no less for the table than for the exciting sport it affords. It is the Scolopax gallinago of Linnaeus, but by many later writers separated from that genus, the type of which is the IrVooncocx (q.v.), and hence has been variously named Gallinago cxlestis, G. media, or G. s… Snorro StltrlusonSNORRO STLTRLUSON (Snorri, son of Sturla) (1179- 1241), the celebrated Icelandic historian, born in 1179, the youngest son of a chief in the Vestfirtir (western fiords), was brought up by a powerful chief, Jon Loptsson, in Odda, who seems first to have awakened in him an interest for history and poetry. His career begins with his marriage, which made him a wealthy man; in 1206 he settled at Reykja… SnowdropSNOWDROP, Galanthus nivalis, is the best-known representative of a small genus of Amaryllids, all the species of which have bulbs, linear leaves, erect flower-stalks, destitute of leaves but bearing at the top a solitary pendulous bell-shaped flower. The white perianth is six-parted, the outer three segments being larger and more convex than the inner series. The six anthers open by pores or short… Snow-shoesSNOW-SHOES are a kind of foot gear used by Indians and trappers in Canada for travelling over the frozen surface of snow. In the long North-American winters they are the sole means of locomotion when railways and roads are snowed up, as the frozen surface of snow is not sufficiently consistent to support the weight of the human body without artificial aid. The snow-shoer protects his feet by weari… Snyders, FranzSNYDERS, FRANZ (1579-1657), painter of animals boiling in water mixed with a suitable proportion of caustic and still life, was born at Antwerp in 1579. In 1593 he potash or soda. But in this case the fatty acid unites was studying under Peter Breughel, and afterwards he with the alkali into its potash or soda salt, forming a soap - received instruction from Henry van Balen, the first C31-15(C16H3… Soap BarkSOAP BARK. SocageSOCAGE is a form of tenure. Bracton, Britton, and other old writers derived the word from the French soc, "a ploughshare." Modern etymologists, however, prefer to derive it from the Old English soc, "a franchise" or "privilege," or the land over which such franchise or privilege was exercised. Socage differs from knight service in being agricultural rather than military in its nature, and from fra… SocietiesSOCIETIES. Under ACADEMY will be found an account of the various bodies of which that word forms part of the titles, usually denoting some kind of state support or patronage. The present article is restricted to scientific, archaeological, and literary societies, chiefly those founded and carried on by private collective effort. Certain academies omitted in the previous article are, however, refer… SocinusSOCINUS, the Latinized form of the Italian Soccini, Sozini, or Sozzini. I. LELIO FRANCESCO MARIA SOZINI (1525-1562), theowhose second son, Mino Sozzi, settled as a notary at Siena in 1304. Mino Sozzi's grandson, Sozzino (d. 1403), was the ancestor of a line of patrician jurists, of whom Mariano Sozzini, senior (1397-1467), was the first and the most famous. Lelio was the sixth son of Mariano Sozzi… SocorroSOCORRO, a town of the United States, in a county of the same name in New Mexico, 76 miles south of Albuquerque junction on the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad, is beautifully situated in the Rio Grande valley. Socotra, Or SocotoraSOCOTRA, or SOCOTORA (Arabic Solptrci), an island of the Indian Ocean, 150 miles from Cape Gardafui and about 220 from the Arabian coast. Its length from east to west is 71 miles, its greatest breadth 22. A plain 2 to 4 miles wide skirts the greater part of the coast, while the interior is mountainous. The granite peaks behind Tamarida (a village on the north coast and the chief place in the islan… SocratesSOCRATES, church historian. In the course of the last twenty-five years (425-450) of the reign of Theodosius II. (the first thoroughly Byzantine emperor) at least six church histories were written in Greek within the limits of the Eastern empire,---those, namely, of Philostorgius the Arian, of Philippus Sidetes, of Socrates, of Sozomen, of Theodoret, and of Hesychius. Of these the first, no longer… SocratesSOCRATES, son of the statuary Sophroniscus and of the midwife Phtenarete, was born at Athens, not earlier than 471 nor later than May or June 469 B.C. As a youth he received the customary instruction in gymnastic and music ; and in after years he made himself acquainted with geometry and astronomy and studied the methods and the doctrines of the leaders of Greek thought and culture. He began life … Sodium And SodaSODIUM AND SODA. Sodium is one of the two principal alkali metals, regarding the general properties of which the reader is referred to CHEMISTRY (vol. v. p. 524) and the introductory portion of POTASSIUM (vol. xix. p. 588). chiefly of chloride of sodium (NaC1), and according to contain about 16 per cent. of carbonate and 80 of sulphate of soda. In New Granada there occurs a double salt, Na2CO3 + C… Sodoma, IlSODOMA, IL, or, more properly, SODONA (c. 1479- 1549), Italian painter. GIANNANTONIO Rtzzt (who until recent years was erroneously named IZAzzi) appears to have borne also the name of " Sodona " as a family name ; it is signed upon some of his pictures. While "Bazzi" was corrupted into " Razzi," "Sodona " was corrupted into " Sodoma " ; and Vasari, followed by other writers on art, accounts for th… SoestSOEST, an ancient industrial town in Westphalia, Prussia, is situated in a fertile plain (Soester Biirde), to by its six fine churches, of which the most striking are founded in the 10th century by Bruno, brother of Otho the Great, though the present building was erected in the 12th century. This last, with its very original fa?ade, is one of the noblest ecclesiastical monuments of Germany. Remain… SofalaSOFALA, a seaport town on the east coast of Africa, at the mouth of a river of the same name to the south of 20? S. lat., the seat of a Portuguese commandant. It is now a wretched place of about 1000 inhabitants, with not more than twenty European residents, and, as its port is obstructed with sandbanks, there is only a small coasting trade with Chiluan and Inhambane. But Sofala was formerly a tow… SofiaSOFIA, since 1878 the capital of Bulgaria, though previously only a district town of the Tuna (Danube) main range of the Western Balkans and the bare but imBelgrade, Lom and Vidin, Plevna and Rustchuk, Philippopolis and Constantinople, and Kostendil and Salonica. At present (1887) it is two days' journey from the nearest railway station (Tatar-bazarjik), and as the seat of government is inconvenie… Sogdiana, Or SogdianeSOGDIANA, or SOGDIANE, in Old Persian Sughuda, a province of the Achmenian empire, the eighteenth in the list in the Behistun inscription of Darius (i. 16), 2d century B.C. (comp. vol. xviii. pp. 586 sq., 592 sq.). SoissonsSOISSONS, a city of France, in the department of Aisne, the seat of a bishopric and a fortified post on the left bank of the Aisne at the junction of the Crise, lies 65 miles north-east of Paris by the railway to Laon. The population in 1881 was 10,895 (11,112 in the commune). The cathedral of Notre Dame St Gervais and St Protais, begun in the second half of the 12th century and finished about the… SoiyaSOIYA.R, the second port of 'Oman, Arabia, situated well built, fortified with walls and a castle, and inhabited the most favoured part of Arabia. The town of Sol* is older than Islam, and its cloths are mentioned in the life of Mohammed (Ibn Hisham, p. 1019). Before the Moslem conquest it was in the hands of the Persians, and the Persian name Maziin is not uncommonly applied to it by older Arabic… SokotoSOKOTO, an important Fulah kingdom or empire in Central Soudan, comprising what are frequently called the Haussa states. Its boundaries (see vol. i. pl. II.) are irregularly marked off by the plateau lands of Air or Asben on the north, the kindred Fulah state of Gandu on the west, while the river Binue practically forms its southern limit as far as the meridian of 10? E.; beyond this it runs south… Solario, AntonioSOLARIO, ANTONIO (c. 1382-1455), a painter of leading importance in the Neapolitan school, is commonly called Lo Zingaro, or The Gipsy. His father is said to have been a travelling smith. To all appearance Antonio was born at Civita in the Abruzzi, although it is true that one of his pictures is signed "Antonio de Solario Venetus," which may possibly be accounted for on the ground that the signatu… SolderSOLDER is a metallic alloy or metal employed for cementing or binding together two metallic surfaces. The solder is applied to the surfaces to be united in a molten state, and it is therefore generally either a more fusible body than the metal to be acted on or it is presented in a more fusible condition. The process of autogenous soldering consists in uniting the individual metallic edges themsel… SoleSOLE. Soles are a group of Flat-Fishes (Pleuronecticlx), which is represented by numerous species in all suitable localities within the temperate and tropical zones ; they become, however, scarce in the southern parts of the southern temperate zone, and are absent altogether in some districts - for instance, on the coasts of southern Australia. Many of the species enter fresh water freely, and som… Soleure, Or SolothurnSOLEURE, or SOLOTHURN, is one of the cantons of Switzerland, ranking as tenth in the Confederation, and taking its name from its chief town. As it consists simply of the territories won by the city, its irregular shape is easily accounted for. It takes in most of the valley of the Aar between the towns of Soleure and Olten, but stretches across the eastern Jura to Dornach not far from Basel, while… SoliSOLI, an ancient town of Asia Minor, on the coast of Cilicia, between the rivers Lamus and Pyramus, from each of which it is about 62 miles distant. SolicitorSOLICITOR. See ATTORNEY. It should be noticed that by the Supreme Court of Judicature Act, 1873, ? 87, all persons admitted as solicitors, attorneys, or proctors of any English court, the jurisdiction of which was transferred by the Act to the High Court of Justice or the Court of Appeal, were thenceforth to be called solicitors of the supreme court. The title of attorney-general, however, still r… Solicitor-generalSOLICITOR-GENERAL. Soliman, Or SuleimanSOLIMAN, or SULEIMAN, sultan of the Ottomans, surnamed The Magnificent, born about 1490, was the only son of Selim I., whom he succeeded in 1520. SolingenSOLINGEN, a Prussian town, in the province of the Rhine, stands on a height near the Wupper, 13 miles eastby-south of Dusseldorf. Solis, Antonio DeSOLIS, ANTONIO DE (1610-1686), Spanish dramatist and historian, was born in 1610 at Alcald. de Henares, and studied law at Salamanca, where he is said to have he accompanied in various official missions ; in 1654 he one of the religious orders. He died at Madrid in 1686. Of the nine extant plays of Solis two at least have some place in the history of the drama, - El Amor al Uso (" Love a la Mode")… SolomonSOLOMON (Hebrew rith eloma for Sh6lomOn, "man of peace" ; the English form follows the (iiA.zikkoni of N.T. and Josephus ; the Latin Salomo agrees with cr.Aciii.A.o.w, one of several variant forms shown in MSS. of the LXX.), son of David by Bathsheba, and his successor in the kingdom of Israel. The reign of Solomon has been sketched in ISRAEL (vol. xiii. p. 405), and his relation to the philosophi… Solomon IslandsSOLOMON ISLANDS, an extensive group of islands, the largest and as yet least known of any in the Pacific Ocean, though among the very first that were discovered. They form a double chain of seven large and many small islands, extending for over 600 miles in a north-west and south-east direction between 5? S. lat., 151? 40' E. long., and 10? 54' S. lat., 162? 30' E. long. The northern extremity str… SomaliSOMALI, Som1L, a Hamitic people of east Central Africa, mainly confined to the eastern " horn " of the continent, which from them takes the name of Somali Land, probably the Punt of the Egyptian records. Here they are conterminous towards the north-west with the kindred Afars (Dankali), and elsewhere with the more closely related Gallas, from whom they are separated on the south-west by the river … SomersetSOMERSET, a maritime county in the south-west of Plate England, bounded E. by Wiltshire, S.E. by Dorset, S.W. and IV. by Devonshire, N.W. by the Bristol Channel, and N. by Gloucestershire. The total area of land and water is 1,049,815 acres or 1640 square miles. The shape of the county is determined by the nearly rectangular bend taken by the coast not far from Bridgwater. It falls into three natu… Somerset, Edward SeymourSOMERSET, EDWARD SEYMOUR, DUKE OF (c. 15001552), eldest brother of Jane Seymour, Henry VIII.'s third wife, was created earl of Hertford in 1537, on the birth of his nephew, afterwards Edward VI. In 1541 he commanded in the war with Scotland, and sacked Edinburgh. Next year he again commanded against the Scots ; and he was employed by Henry in many important negotiations throughout the latter part … Somerset, Robert CarrSOMERSET, ROBERT CARR, EARL OF (c. 1590-1645), came of a good Scottish family, the Kers of Ferniehurst. The date of his birth seems uncertain, but he was a lad when James I. ascended the English throne. When this event occurred Carr gave up the position which he had hitherto occupied as page at the Scottish court, and sought for a time to make his fortune in France. Returning to England he entered… Somers, JohnSOMERS, JOHN (1652-1716), was born on March 4, 1652, at Worcester,--the eldest son of John Somers, an attorney in large practice in that town who had formerly fought on the side of the Parliament, and of Catherine Ceaverne of Shropshire. After being at school at Worcester he was entered as a gentleman commoner at Trinity College, Oxford, and afterwards studied law under Sir Francis Winnington, who… SomervilleSOMERVILLE, previous to its recent incorporation with Boston a city of the United States, in Middlesex county, Massachusetts, lying on Mystic river, 2 miles north-west of the Boston state-house. Somerville, MarySOMERVILLE, MARY (1780-1872), scientific writer, was the daughter of Admiral Sir William George Fairfax, and was born 26th December 1780 in the manse of Jed-burgh, the house of her mother's sister, wife of Dr Thomas Somerville, author of My Own Life and Times, whose son was her second husband. She received a rather desultory education, and mastered algebra and Euclid in secret after she had left s… SommeSOMME, a department of northern France, formed in 1790 of a large part of the province of Picardy (comprising Vermandois, Santerre, Amienois, Ponthieu, Vimeu, and Marquenterre) and a small portion of Artois. It is bounded on the N. by Pas-de-Calais and Nord, E. by Aisne, S. by Oise, and S.W. by Seine-Inferieure, and its sea-coast extends 28 miles along the English Channel. Two streams flowing into… SommerfeldSOMMERFELD, an industrial town of Prussia, in the province of Brandenburg, lies on the Lubis, 40 miles to the south-east of Frankfort-on-the-Oder. SomnkthSOMNkTH, an ancient but decayed city of peninsular Guzerat, India, with a population in 1881 of 6644, mostly Mohammedans, is situated on a bay of the Arabian Sea, in 20? 53' N. lat. and 70? 24' E. long. The port, which is called Verawal, is distinct from the city proper (DevaPattan, Somnath-Pattan, or Prabhas). The latter occupies a prominence on the south side of the bay, is surrounded by massive… SonnetSONNET (Ital. Sonetto, dim. of Suono, Fr. Sonnet). The sonnet in the literature of modern Europe is a brief poetic form of fourteen rhymed verses, ranged according to prescription. It does not, however, belong to what has been called, properly perhaps, under RONDEAU (q.v.), the poetry of ingenuity. Although in a language like the English it does no doubt require considerable ingenuity to construct… Sophia DorotheaSOPHIA DOROTHEA (1666-1726), the daughter and heiress of Duke George William of Brunswick-LiineburgCelle, was born on September 15, 1666. SophistsSOPHISTS. Sophist, or " man of wisdom," was the name given by the Greeks about the middle of the 5th century B.C. to certain teachers of a superior grade who, distinguishing themselves from philosophers on the one hand and from artists and craftsmen on the other, claimed to prepare their pupils, not for any particular study or profession, but for civic life. For nearly a hundred years the sophists… SophoclesSOPHOCLES, the most perfect, and next to iEschylus the greatest, of Greek tragic poets, was born 495 B.C. and died 406 B.C. As in the case of other Athenian celebrities, various particulars of his life are handed down, few of which, however, deserve much attention, even the reports attributed to contemporaries being mostly trivial if not puerile. He is known to have reached old age, and his career… SophronSOPHRON of Syracuse, next to Epicharmus the greatest representative of Sicilian comedy, flourished about 430 B.C. SoraSORA, a city of Italy, at the head of a circondario in the province of Caserta (Terra di Lavoro), is built in a plain on the banks of the Garigliano and on the highway earthquake of 1634. The population of the city was 8768 in 1861 and 5411 (commune 13,208) in 1881. Sora, an ancient Volscian town, was thrice captured by the Romans, in 345, 314, and 305 B. C. , before they managed, in 303, by means… SorauSORAU, an industrial town and railway junction in the south of Brandenburg, Prussia, is situated 54 miles to the south-east of Frankfort-on-the-Oder, and not far from the Silesian border. Said to be one of the oldest towns in Lower Lusatia, Sorau contains a number of ancient buildings, among which the most prominent are several of the churches (one dating from 1204), the town-house, built in 1260,… SorbonneSORBONNE, the name formerly borne by the old faculty of theology in Paris, and now applied to the seat appointed by the king to be his chaplain. Assisted by royal liberality, he built upon Mont Sainte-Genevieve a modest establishment in which were accommodated seven priests charged with the duty of teaching theology gratuitously; to this he added a college of preparatory studies, all under the dir… SoriaSORIA, a province of Spain, in Old Castile, bounded on the N. by Logrofio, E. by Saragossa, S. by Guadalajara, and W. by Segovia and Burgos ; the area is 3836 square miles. It is a bleak and lofty region, being bounded on three sides by mountains. A range of low sierras on the north, and the great Sierra de Moncayo on the east, separate the valley of the Duero (Douro) from that of the Ebro, while … SoriaSORIA, the capital of the above province, on a hill on the right bank of the Duero, 113 miles north-east of Madrid, is an ancient town, still surrounded by walls which were built in the 13th century. SorrentoSORRENTO, a city of Italy, in the province of Naples, on the north side of the peninsula that separates the Bay of Naples from the Bay of Salerno, about 1),- miles to the east of Capo di Sorrento, crowned by the ruins of a temple of Neptune. Sorrento contains only a few unimportant remains of the magnificent buildings which made it in the time of Augustus a finer city than Naples ; and its present… SosigenesSOSIGENES, the astronomer who was employed by Julius Caesar to reform the Roman calendar, 46 B.C. (see one is as follows : - " Tres autem fuere mete, Chaldua, Agyptia, Grteca. His addidit quartam apud nos Caesar dictator annos ad solis cursum redigens singulos, Sosigene perito scientiae cjus adbibito ; et eaipsa ratio postal comperto errors correcta est, ita. ut XII. annis continuis non intercalar… Soubise, Charles De RohanSOUBISE, CHARLES DE ROHAN, PRINCE DE (1715? hand, the central hydrographic system of Lake Tchad has 1787), peer and marshal of France, grandson of the Prin- been greatly reduced in size since Lupton, Grenfell, and cesse de Soubise, who is known to history as one of the other recent explorers have made it evident that the Bahr-mistresses of Louis XIV., was born in Paris on July 15, Kuta (Welle) flo… SoudanSOUDAN, or Sdalasr (BRAE' es-Sficlan, "Country of the a navigable waterway from the Gulf of Guinea to the Blacks "), a term applied by mediaeval Arab geographers to ? southernmost limits of Baghirmi. the region of Africa south of the Sahara mainly inhabited From the Kong highlands, some of whose peaks appear by peoples of Negro blood, hence corresponding to the ex- to attain elevations of 6000 to … Soult, Nicolas Jean De DiedSOULT, NICOLAS JEAN DE DIED, duke of Dalmatia and marshal of France (1769-1851), was born at SaintAmans-la-Bastide (now in department of the Tarn), on March 29, 1769, and was the elder son of a country notary at that place. He was fairly well educated, and intended for the bar, but his father's death when he was still a boy made it necessary for him to seek his fortune, and he enlisted as a privat… SouthamptonSOUTHAMPTON, a municipal and parliamentary borough, which gives name to Hampshire, or the county of Southampton, and one of the principal seaports on the south coast of England, is beautifully situated at the head of Southampton Water, forming the mouth of the Test, on a sloping peninsula, bounded on the east by the Itchen, at the terminus of the South-Western Railway, 79 miles south-west of Londo… South AustraliaSOUTH AUSTRALIA, which lies between 129? and Plate 141? E. long., has New South Wales and Victoria on 1\'. the E., Western Australia on the W., and the Southern Ocean on the S. Originally its northern line was 26? S. lat., but by the addition of the Northern Territory, or Alexandra Land, the area has been extended from 380,070 square miles to 903,690, and the northern border carried to the Indian … South BendSOUTH BEND, a city of the United States, the county seat of St Joseph county, Indiana, received its name from its position at a great bend of the St Joseph river, which is navigable to this point from its mouth at St Joseph ?on Lake Michigan. South CarolinaSOUTH CAROLINA, one of the original thirteen Plate States of the American Union, commonly known as the Palmetto State, from the abundance of this kind of-palm on the coast, once formed a part of that vast territory of the New World claimed by the Spaniards under the name of Florida and by the French under that of New France ; or, to be more concise, it comprised the southern or lower portion of what was formerly styled Carolina, and subsequently divided into North and South Carolina. Southcott, JoannaSOUTHCOTT, JOANNA (1750-1814), was born in the Methodists, but, becoming persuaded she possessed supernatural gifts, she wrote and dictated prophecies in rhyme, and announced herself as the woman spoken of in the Apocalypse (ch. xii.), affirming, when beyond the age of sixty, that she would be delivered of Shiloh on the 19th October 1814. For some days previous to this she was attended by her foll… South-easternSOUTH-EASTERN. WESTERN. raz, razount. roz, rozum. ix, izdati. wy, wydati. korabl, zemlia. korab, zemia. pravito, nwlitisa. p?awidlo, modliti se. mots, 7110C, 210C. zviezda, tzvet. hwiezda, gwiazda, kwiet. ago. ego, eho. oneou, toj. emu, ten. This division, however, has been repeatedly challenged. Schleicher insisted upon the two following as important principles: (1) primitive Slavonic dj, tj beco… South-eastern BranchSOUTH-EASTERN BRANCH. - Russian. - (1) Great Russian Moscow, Novgorod and northern, Siberian, and central Russian. (2) Little Russian : eastern, western (sometimes called Red Russian), and Carpathian. (3) White Russian. SouthendSOUTHEND, a watering-place of Essex, is situated on the north bank of the Thames, 5 miles west of Shoeburyness, and by the London, Tilbury, and Southend Railway, 42 miles east of London, with which it is also connected by steamer. It first sprang into notice from a visit of Queen Caroline in 1804, and, as it is the nearest watering-place to London, it is much frequented by excursionists, especiall… Southerne, ThomasSOUTHERNE, THOMAS (1660-1746) - " Honest Tom Southerne," to give the author of The Fatal Marriage the name by which his contemporaries usually called him - was a clever craftsman for the stage, according to the degenerate tradition of the Restoration dramatists, - with the eye of a born opportunist for the popular interests of the hour in so far as they could be turned to histrionic account, but w… Southey, CarolineSOUTHEY, CAROLINE (1786-1854), the second wife of Robert Southey, was born at Lymington, Hants, on December Gth, 1786. As a girl Caroline Ann Bowles showed a certain literary and artistic aptitude, the more remarkable perhaps from the loneliness of her early life and the morbidly delicate condition of her health, - an aptitude, however, of no real distinction. When money difficulties came upon her… Southey, RobertSOUTHEY, ROBERT (1774-1843), was born in Bristol on the 12th of August 1774. His father, a native of Somerset, was an unsuccessful draper. To his mother, Margaret Hill, Southey owed his buoyant spirits, his practical sense, and his earliest friends. The first of these, Miss Tyler, his mother's half-sister, took possession of him when he was three ; under her care he saw and heard a great deal of t… SouthportSOUTHPORT, a municipal borough of Lancashire, England, and a favourite seaside resort, is situated between the estuaries of the Mersey and the Ribble, 18 miles north of Liverpool, and is a terminal station of three railway systems. Its foreshore consists of a great expanse of firm, bright sands, to the radiation of heat from which is attributed the mildness of its winter climate. Its proximity to … South, RobertSOUTH, ROBERT (1633-1716), one of the wittiest of English divines, was the son of a London merchant, and was born at Hackney, Middlesex, in 1633. He was educated at Westminster school, whence in 1651 he was elected to Christ Church, Oxford. He became B.A. in 1654, and the same year wrote several Latin verses to congratulate Cromwell on concluding peace with the Dutch, which were published in a col… SouvestreSOUVESTRE, Limn (1806-1854), a French novelist of merit, was born on April 15, 1806, and died on July 5, 1854. He was a native of Morlaix, and his affection for Brittany coloured most of his best work in after life. He had rather a chequered career of employment besides his literary pursuits. He was by turns a bookseller's assistant, a private schoolmaster, a journalist, and professeur at the gram… Sowerby BridgeSOWERBY BRIDGE, a manufacturing town in the West Riding of Yorkshire, is situated on both sides of the river Calder, at the termination of the Rochdale Canal, and on the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway, 2 miles south-west of Halifax, and 8 north-west of Huddersfield. Sowerby, JamesSOWERBY, JAMES (1757-1822), was at first a painter, but soon applied his art to the illustration of botanical and conchological works, which are still highly valued, especially his English Botany (12 vols. 8vo, 1846). SozomenSOZOMEN, church historian. Hermias Salamanes (Salaminius) Sozomenus came of a wealthy family of Palestine, and it is exceedingly probable that he himself was born (not later than 400 A.D.) and brought up there, - in Gaza or the neighbourhood. What he has to tell us of the history of South Palestine was derived from oral tradition. His grandfather, as he himself tells us, lived at Bethel near Gaza,… SpagnaSPAGNA, Lo (I 1529), the usual designation (due to his Spanish origin) of Giovanni di Pietro, one of the chief followers of Perugiuo. Nothing whatever is known of his early life, or -of the circumstances under which he became a member of the Perugian school. A large number of panel pictures by him exist, of which some are painted with much grace and refinement of touch. There is, however, a very m… Spalatin, GeorgeSPALATIN, GEORGE (1484-1545). George Burkhardt, a subordinate figure of some interest in the history of the Reformation in Germany, was born on January 17, 1484, at Spalt (whence he assumed the name Spalatinus), about 25 miles from Nuremberg, where his father was an artisan. He went to Nuremberg for education when he was thirteen years of age, and two years afterwards to the university of Erfurt, … SpalatoSPALATO (Slay. Split), a city of Dalmatia, at the head of one of the thirteen departments (area 730 square a bishop, has a valuable museum of antiquities, and carries Sebenico and Siveric. Built on the low ground at the has a striking sea-front, in which the leading feature is ground plan this is almost a square, with a quadrangular towers, 352,614 square feet, a little more than eight acres, of t… SpaldingSPALDING, a market-town of Lincolnshire, England, in the Parts of Holland, is situated on the river Welland, and on the Great Northern and Great Eastern Railways, 93 miles from London. The town, standing in the heart of the Fens, is the centre of a rich agricultural district. Amongst the public buildings are five churches, the Johnson hospital (1881), the corn exchange (1856-57), the buildings of … Spalding, WilliamSPALDING, WILLIAM (1809-1859), logician and literary historian, was born in Aberdeen in 1809. After a thorough education at the grammar school and at Marischal College there, he came to Edinburgh in 1830, where he was called to the bar in 1833. In that year he published a Letter on Shakespeare's Authorship of the Two Noble Kinsmen, which, by its critical acumen and the knowledge of the old dramati… Spallanzani, LazaroSPALLANZANI, LAZARO (1729-1799), is one of the most important and certainly also one of the most picturesque figures in the history of science during the 18th century. Born at Scandiano in Modena in 1729, he was at first educated by his father, who was an advocate. At the age of fifteen he was sent to the Jesuit college at Reggio di Modena, and was pressed to enter that body. He went, however, to … SpandauSPANDAU, a strongly-fortified town in the province of His intimate connexion with Count Zinzendorf was made Brandenburg, Prussia, is situated at the confluence of the a further charge against him. His preaching was pro-Havel and Spree, 8 miles to the north-west of Berlin. It nounced "singular," and an "affected humility towards has recently been converted into a fortress of the first common people… Spangenberg, August GottliebSPANGENBERG, AUGUST GOTTLIEB (1704-1792), logical teacher was imperatively required. He became Count Zinzendorf's successor, and bishop of the Moravian its theologian, its apologist, its statesman and corrector, Brethren, was born July 14, 1704, at Klettenberg, on the through sixty long years of incessant labour. For the south of the Harz Mountains, where his father was court- first thirty years (… SparrowSPARROW (A.S. Spearwa ; Icel. Spurr; Old High Germ. Sparo), a word perhaps (like the equivalent Latin Passer) originally meaning almost any small bird, but gradually restricted in signification and nowadays in common English applied to only four kinds, which are further differentiated as Hedge-Sparrow, House-Sparrow, Tree-Sparrow, and Reed-Sparrow - the last being a BUNTING (vol. iv. p. 525) - tho… SpartaSPARTA, after Athens, was the most powerful and patriotism, and her intense political conservatism ; in general intellectual culture, in art and in everything connected with it, she was immeasurably inferior to Athens, and even to some of the other Greek states, though there is evidence to show that a genius and a taste for sculpture of them had any pretensions to rank as able and enlightened stat… SpartacusSPARTACUS, the leader of a formidable insurrection of slaves against Rome in the 1st century B.C., was a Thracian by birth, and perhaps a descendant of the kings of Panticapmum whose name he bore. He served in the Roman army, but seems to have deserted, for we are told that he was taken prisoner and sold as a slave. Destined for the arena, he, with a band of his fellow-gladiators, broke out of a t… SpeciesSPECIES. In logic the term "species" is applied to any group of individuals agreeing in some common attribute or attributes, and included along with other groups in a higher category, that of "genus," which comprehends the fewer and more general attributes in which all agree and ignores those in which they differ. The application of these terms in logic is thus purely relative ; any genus, however… SpectaclesSPECTACLES are flat glasses, prisms, spherical or cylindrical lenses, employed to detect and correct defects of the eyes. They are made usually of crown glass or rock crystal (" pebbles "), the latter being somewhat lighter and cooler to wear. They are mounted in the well-known rigid spectacle frame when for continuous use, - eye-glasses being preferable where they are worn intermittently, and han… SpectroscopySPECTROSCOPY. The spectroscope is an instrument which separates luminous vibrations of different wavelengths, as far as is necessary for the object in view. It consists of three parts, - the collimator, the prism or grating, and the telescope. The collimator carries the slit through which the light is admitted and a lens which converts the diverging pencil of light into a parallel pencil. The penc… Speech-soundsSPEECH-SOUNDS, the sounds actually used for the conveyance of thought by speech. See PHONETICS. Symbolization. - It is necessary to have some system of writing speech-sounds, in order to talk of them. The system used in the present article is the palaeotype of the present writer's Early English Pronunciation. All letters or words thus written will be enclosed in (). The following preliminary list … Speke, John CanningSPEKE, JOHN CANNING (1827-1864), an eminent African explorer, who was the first European to cross Central Africa from north to south and to determine the existence and position of the great water basin from which the Nile proper issues full formed. He was born on 4th May 1827 at Jordans near Ilchester, in Somersetshire. Entering the Indian army in 1844, he served in Sir Colin Campbell's division i… Spencer, John Charles SpencerSPENCER, JOHN CHARLES SPENCER, THIRD EARL (1(82- 1845), better known by his courtesy title of Lord Althorp, had the good fortune to be acquainted, through his father's official position in the ministries of Pitt and Grenville, with both Pitt and Fox, and to be the confidential ally, through his own sound judgment and political honesty, of the leaders of the Whig party immediately before and after … Spener, Philipp JakobSPENER, PHILIPP JAKOB (1635-1705), " the father of Pietism," was born 13th January 1635, at Rappoltsweiler in Upper Alsace. He received his earliest education from his subsequent brother-in-law, Joachim Stoll, chaplain to the count of Rappoltstein, whose wife was Spener's godmother. After a brief stay in the grammar-school of Colmar he entered the university of Strasburg in 1651 as a student of th… SpennymoorSPENNYMOOR, a market town of Durham, England, is situated on the Ferryhill and Bishop Auckland branch of the North-Eastern Railway, miles north-west of Ferry-hill and 6 south of Durham by road. Spenser, EdmundSPENSER, EDMUND (c. 1552-1599), Elizabethan poet, was born in London about the year 1552. The received date of his birth rests on a passage in sonnet lx. of the Arnoretti. He speaks there of having lived forty-one years; the Amoretti was published in 1595, and described on the title-page as "written not long since "; this would make the year of his birth 1552 or 1553. We know from the Prothalamion… SpermacetiSPERMACETI is a solid wary body found in special cavities in the head of the sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus), where it is held in solution by sperm oil while the creature is in life. SpeusippusSPEUSIPPUS, son of Eurymedon and Potone, is supposed to have been born about 407 B.C. He was bred in the school of Isocrates ; but, when his maternal uncle, Plato, returned to Athens about 387, he yielded to his influence and became a member of the Academy. In 361, when Plato undertook his third and last journey to Sicily, Speusippus accompanied him. In 347 the dying philosopher nominated his neph… SpeySPEY, a river in the north of Scotland, rises in the south-east of Inverness-shire from a small tarn called Loch Spey, 5 miles east of the Caledonian Canal, and flows north-eastwards by Kingussie to Grantown in Elginshire, 10 miles below which it reaches Banffshire. After forming for about 15 miles the boundary between Elginshire and Banffshire, it again enters the former county, through which it … SpeziaSPEZIA, a city of Italy, in the province of Genoa, 56 miles south-east of Genoa by the railway to Pisa, which has become since the unification of the kingdom one of the principal Italian ports and the seat of a great Government arsenal. It is situated at the north-west angle of the Gulf of Spezia, formerly known as Lunm Portus, the western side of which is formed by a rocky promontory about 4 mile… SpherometerSPHEROMETER, an instrument for the precise measurement of the radius of a sphere or the thickness of a thin plate. The usual form consists of a fine screw moving in a nut carried on the centre of a small three-legged table. The lower end of the screw and those of the table legs are finely tapered and terminate in hemispheres, so that each rests on a point. If the screw has two turns of the thread …
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