Volume 1 [A - ANA]: Alvarez to Yetolia


Tweet 9th Edition of Encyclopedia Britannica - free ninth edition online encyclopedia Britannica Volume 1 [A - ANA]: Alvarez to Yetolia Alvarez, Don ALVAREZ, DON Jost, the foremost Spanish sculptor of modern times, was born at Priego, in the province of Cordova, in 1768, and died at Madrid in 1827. Bred to his father's trade of a stone-mason, he devoted all his spare time to drawing and modelling. In his twentieth year he became a pupil of the Academy of Granada. A work he executed soon afterwards for a fountain in his native town attracted th… Alvarez, Don Manuel ALVAREZ, DON MANUEL, a Spanish sculptor, was born at Salamanca in 1727, and died in 1797. Alwar ALWAR, a semi-independent state of Rajputana, and under the control of the Governor-General's agent for Rajputana, lies between 28? 13' 25" and 27? 14' 34" N. lat., and between 77? 15' 35" and 76? 14' 10" E. long. It is bounded on the E. by the state of Bhartpur and the British district of Gurgaon, on the N. by Gurgaon district and the states of Patala and Nablui, on the W. by the states of Nabhil… Alypius ALYPIUS, one of the seven Greek writers on music whose works are collected and published, with a commentary and explanatory notes, by Meibomius (Anti2uce Musicce Auctores Septem, Amstel., 1652). Alypius Of Antioch ALYPIUS OF ANTIOCH, a geographer of the 4th century, who was sent by the Emperor Julian into Britain as prefect, and was afterwards commissioned to rebuild the temple of Jerusalem. Alytii ALYTII, a town on the eastern borders of Perthshire, in a parish of the same name, situated in the valley of Strathmore, 13 miles west of Forfar. Amadeus AMADEUS V., surnamed the Great, Count of Savoy, was born at Bourget in 1249, and succeeded his uncle Philip in 1285. The cautious prudence of Amadeus enabled him greatly to increase his territory by means of marriage, purchase, and donations. Ile gradually rose to such eminence among the European powers, that he was constituted their umpire to settle their differences - an office which he performe… Amadeus Viii AMADEUS VIII., Count and first Duke of Savoy, and latterly pope or anti-pope, under the name of Felix V., was born at Chambery in 1383, and succeeded his father, Amadeus VII., in 1391. Having, by purchase or otherwise, added large territories to his patrimonial possessions, he became so powerful that the Emperor Sigismund. erected Savoy into a duchy in 1416; and after his elevation Amadeus added P… Amadis Of Gaul AMADIS OF GAUL. The best edition for English readers of this famous work is to be found in the abridged translation of Southey, and the best account of it is to be found in his preface, which, however, is not void of error. Here, for example, is its final sentence : - " Amadis of Gaul is among prose what Orlando Furioso is among metrical romances - not the oldest of its kind, but the best." We, of… Amadou AMADOU (Polyporus fomentarius), a fungus that grows upon old trees, especially the oak, ash, fir, and cherry. Amager, Or Amak AMAGER, or AMAK, a small island belonging to Denmark, lying in the Sound, close to the east coast of Seeland. Amalasontha, Or Amalasuentha AMALASONTHA, or AMALASUENTHA, daughter of Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, was born about 498 A.D. In 515 she married Eutharic, the last representative of the Amali family, who died (524-5), leaving an only son, Athalaric. The latter was designated by his grandfather Theodoric as the heir to the throne, and Amalasontha was appointed his guardian. On the death of Theodoric in 526, Amalasontlia be… Amalekites AMALEKITES, an ancient people, widely spread throughout the country lying on the south and east of Palestine, often mentioned in the Jewish Scriptures, and celebrated also in Arabian tradition. In Scripture they occur first in Gen. xiv. 7, occupying the territory around Kadesh, and suffering from the invasion of Chedorlaomer and his confederates. They appear next assaulting the Israelites, shortly… Amalfi AMALFI, a town of Italy, in the Principato Citeriore, situated at the entrance of a deep ravine on the north side of the Gulf of Salerno. It was founded, according to the common account, under Constantine the Great, and was one of the first cities to recover from the irruption of the barbarians into Italy. During the 10th and 11th centuries it was an independent republic of great commercial import… Amalgam AMALGAM, the name given to an alloy of mercury and another metal. Amalia, Anna AMALIA, ANNA, Duchess of Saxe-Weicnar, was born at Wolfenbfittel on the 24th October 1739, and married Duke Ernest of Saxe-Weimar in 1756. Amalric Or Amauri Of Bena AMALRIC or AMAURI OF BENA, so called from his birthplace, a small village in the diocese of Chartres, was the founder of a school of pantheists known by his name. He lectured at Paris about the year 1200, and attracted a large circle of hearers. In 1204 his doctrines were condemned by the university; and on a personal appeal to Pope Innocent III. the sentence was ratified, Amalric being ordered to… Amalteo AMALTEO, Pomromo, a painter of the Venetian school, was born at San Vito in Frinli in 1505, and died in 1584. Amaranth, Or Amarant AMARANTH, or AMARANT (from the Greek a,a.apavros, unwithering), a name chiefly used in poetry, and applied to certain plants which, from not soon fading, typified immortality. Thus Milton (paradise Lost, iii. 353) :- Began to bloom; but soon for man's offence To heaven removed, where first it grew, there grows, And flowers aloft, shading the fount of life, And where the river of bliss through mids… Amarapura AMARAPURA, literally " the City of the Gods," a town of independent Burin* situated on the east bank of the Irawadi river, in 21? 57' N. lat., and 73? 4' E. long. The town was founded in 1783, and made the capital of the Burmese kingdom. It increased rapidly in size and population, and in 1810 was estimated to contain 170,000 inhabitants; but in that year the town was destroyed by fire, and this d… Amara Sinha AMARA SINHA, a Sanscrit grammarian and poet, of whose personal history hardly anything is known. lie is said to have been " one of the nine gems that adorned the throne of Vikramaditya," and accordingly to have flourished about 56 B.C. This seems on the whole the most pro. bable date, though the fifth century of the Christian era, and even the eleventh, have also been assigned, on the supposition … Amasis AMASIS, King of Egypt, ascended the throne 569 B.C. From the rank of a common soldier he gradually rose to be one of the principal officers in the court of Apries, the last king of the line of Psammetiehus. Being commissioned by Apries to quell an insurrection, he went over to the rebels, who proclaimed him king. Apries, whose tyranny had caused nearly all his subjects to desert him, took the fiel… Amat AMAT, FErax, a Spanish ecclesiastical historian, was born at Sabadell, in the diocese of Barcelona, 10th August 1750. He entered the church in 1767, and after taking his doctor's degree at Grenada in 1770, was made professor of philosophy and librarian in the episcopal seminary at Barcelona. In these offices, and in that of director of the seminary, which he subsequently held, his talents and ener… Amati AMATI, the name of a family of violin-makers who flourished at Cremona from about 1550 to 1692. Amatitlan AMATITLAN, the name of a lake and town in Guatemala, Central America. Amaurosis AMAUROSIS (ez.,u.co5p0,0-1.3), a deprivation of sight. Amaxichi AMAXICHI, a seaport town on the N. of the Ionian island of Santa Maura. Amazon, Mara310n, Orellana AMAZON, MARA310N, ORELLANA, or SOLIMOENS, a river of South America, the largest in the world. Its head stream is either the Ucayale or Apurimac, which rises in Peru about 16? S. lat., and 72? W. long. ; or the more northerly Maranon, also called Tungumgua, which flows from Lake Lamicoeha, 10? 30' S. lat., and 76? 10' W. long. The former is the longer river, but the latter has perhaps the weight of… Amazons AMAZONS ('Atatoves), a race of women represented in Greek legend as having lived in the north-east of Asia, Minor, near the shore of the Black Sea, and as having there formed an independent state, with a queen at its head, and with the mythical town of Themiscyra, on the river Thermodon, as its capital. From this centre they made warlike excursions, sometimes northward, but chiefly against the peo… Ambala AMBALA, a division, district, and city of British India, under the jurisdiction of the Lieutenant-Governor of the Panjtib. The Ambala DIVISION comprises the districts of Ambala, and Ludhiana, in the plains, and the district of Simla, in the Himalayas. The last-named district consists of a few detached patches of territory, scattered among the territories of the petty chieftains by whom the neighbo… Ambarvali AMBARVALI.A. or AMBAEVALE SACRUM and arrun:, to go round the field), an annual festival celebrated in ancient Rome on three days during the month of Mn-. The private ani?�ˆŽ?ralia is to be distinguished from the slcrificium de.r celebrated by the twelve fratres arvale$, though the two festivals were coincident in point of time and had a common object, namely, to obtain from the ,cods a favour… Ambato, Or Asiento D'alvibato AMBATO, or ASIENTO D'AlVIBATO, a town of Ecuador, on the northern slope of Chimborazo, about 65 miles south of. Amber AMBER (Gr. '11A.verpov; Lat. Succinum, Electrum ; Fr. Succin, Ambre ; Ger. Bernstein) is a hard, brittle substance with a resinous lustre, sometimes found perfectly transparent, but more usually of varying degrees of translucency, and possessing a prevailing yellow colour, passing from a pale straw tint to a deep orange. It occurs in irregular masses, and has neither taste nor, at ordinary tempera… Amberg AMBERG, a walled town of Bavaria, formerly the capital of the Upper Palatinate, and at present the seat of the appeal court for the district, is situated on both sides of the Vils, 35 miles east of Nuremberg. Ambergris AMBERGRIS (Amb?a grisea, Amin. e gris, or Grey Amber) is a solid, fatty, inflammable substance of a dull grey or blackish colour, the shades being variegated like marble, possessing a peculiar sweet earthy odour. It is now known to be a morbid secretion formed in the intestines of the spermaceti whale (Physeter macrocephalus), and is found floating upon the sea, on the sea-coast, or in the sand ne… Ambert AMBERT, chief town of an arrondissement of the same name in the department of Puy de Dome, France, situated on the Dore, 35 miles from Clermont. Ambleside AMBLESIDE, a small market town in Westmoreland, situated about a mile from the head of Lake Windermere, and 14 miles from Kendal. Ambleteuse AMBLETEUSE, a seaport town of France, in the department of the Pas de Calais, on the English Channel, 6 miles north of Boulogne. Amboise AMBOISE, a town situated in a rich wine-producing district in the department of Indre-et-Loire, France, on the left bank of the Loire, 14 miles cast of Tours. Ambo, Or Ambon AMBO, or AMBON (Gr. (.1/43(av, from (Iva/Claim), a reading-desk or pulpit in early Christian churches which was placed in the middle of the nave. Amboyna AMBOYNA, one of the Moluccas or Spice Islands, belonging to the Dutch, lying south-west of Ceram, in 3? 41' S. lat. and 128? 10' E. long. It is 32 miles in length, with an area of about 280 square miles, and is of very irregular figure, being almost divided into two. The southeastern and smaller portion (called Leitimor)? is united to the northern (known as Hitoe) by a neck of land about a mile br… Amboyna AMBOYNA, the chief town of the above island, and also of the Dutch Moluccas, is situated towards the north-west of the peninsula of Leitimor. Ambracia AMBRACIA, or AmPaAciA, an important city of ancient Epirus, situated on the eastern bank of the river Arachthus, about seven miles from the Ambracian Gulf. According to tradition, it was originally a Thesprotian town, founded by Ambrax, son of Thesprotus, or by Ambracia, daughter of Augeas. About 635 B.C. it was colonised by Corinthians, and so became a Greek city. Its power increased rapidly unti… Ambrose AMBROSE or ALEXANDRIA_ lived in the beginning of the third century. Ambrose, Isaac AMBROSE, ISAAC, a Puritan divine. Formerly the practical and devotional writings of this eminent Nonconformist rivalled John Bunyan's in popularity, and his Looking to Jesus holds its own even now. Prominent name as his was in his generation, very scanty are the personal memorials of him. His own " Media," under the head of "Experiences," yields a few incidents of his life. According to Anthony is… Ambrose, Saint AMBROSE, SAINT, Bishop of Milan, was one of the most eminent fathers of the church in the fourth century. He was a citizen of Rome, born in Gaul, - according to some historians, in the year 334, but according to others in 340. At the period of his birth his father was prmtorian prefect of Gallia Narbonensis ; and upon his death the widow repaired to Rome with her family. Ambrose received a religio… Ambrosius, Aueelianus AMBROSIUS, AUEELIANUS, a leader of the Britons during the 5th century. He is said, on somewhat doubtful authority, to have been a son of Constantine, who was elected emperor by the Roman army in Britain- in 407. The usually received account of his life, based chiefly upon the history of Geoffrey of Monmouth, contains much that is evidently fabulous. It seems probable that he was educated at the co… Ambulance AMBULANCE, the French ambulance,hopital ambulant, derived from the Latin ambulare, to move from place to place. Ambulances, in military phraseology, are hospital establishments moving with armies in the field, and organised for providing early surgical assistance to the wounded after battles. They are only prepared for affording help of a more or less temporary kind, and they are thus distinguishe… Ambulance Equipment AMBULANCE EQUIPMENT. - As before mentioned, ambulance equipment divides itself into two categories:-1. The medical and surgical equipment; 2. The equipment for the transport of wounded. These divisions will therefore be noticed separately, and the description will be confined to the equipment supplied in the British army for service in Europe. In India and in tropical countries special ambulance e… Amelotte, Denis AMELOTTE, DENIS, a French ecclesiastic and author, was born at Saintes in Saintonge in 1606, and died October 7, 1678. Soon after receiving priest's orders he became a member of the congregation of the oratory of St Philip Neri. In 1643 he published a Life of Charles de Goudren, second superior of the congregation, which by some of its remarks on the famous abbot of St Cyran, gave great offence to… American Continents Physical Political And Moral AMERICAN CONTINENTS PHYSICAL POLITICAL AND MORAL our object in this article is to take a comprehensive survey of the American continent in its physical. moral, and political relations. In attempting this, we shall dwell at some length upon those great features and peculiarities which belong to it as a whole, or facts which can be most advantageously considered in connection with one another. The n… American Literature Earlier AMERICAN LITERATURE EARLIER We may trace the influence of the foregoing controlling facts or tendencies, subject to various phases of personal power, through the three great periods under which Anglo-American history obviously falls: - The Colonial, the Revolutionary, and that of the 19th Century. is worthy of note as the first contribution to English literature from America. About the same date t… American Literature Introduction AMERICAN LITERATURE INTRODUCTION the literature of the United States, while still half our awn, is pervaded, to a degree not easily estimated, by a foreign element. The relationship between Englishmen and Americans, making them ignorant of their mutual ignorance, operates against the soundness of their judgment on each other's work. Community of speech, which ought to be a bond of union, is often … American Literature Of The Nineteenth Century AMERICAN LITERATURE OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY Prose Writings. The inhabitants of the United States have always been Orato noted for remarkable fluency, sometimes a super-fluency of speech. The early years of the century were illustrated by the fiery zeal of Randolph and the practical force and occasional impassioned eloquence of Henry Clay. The great political controversies inherited from the prec… American Literature Poetry AMERICAN LITERATURE POETRY Half the literary men and all the literary women of this century in America have written verses; most of them are respectable and many are excellent. But a brief review of the poetry of the West must dwell on the works of four or five authors who most clearly and saliently express the main tendencies of their nation. It must suffice hero to name as familiar, or worthy to… American Literature Summary AMERICAN LITERATURE SUMMARY The critics of one nation must, to a certain extent, regard the works of another from an outside point of view. Few are able to divest themselves wholly of the influence of local standards; and this is pre-eminently the case when the early efforts of a young country are submitted to the judgment of an older country, strong in its prescriptive rights, and intolerant of c… American Literature The European School AMERICAN LITERATURE THE EUROPEAN SCHOOL of these, in our judgment, Mr Longfellow is still the first. His works are free from the defects that stamp the national literature of his country. He has none of the uncouth power and spasmodic exaggeration of his contemporaries. He is all grace, polish, and sweetness. His prose masterpiece, " Hyperion," is the key-note of his minor poems. The source of the… Amersfoort AMERSFOORT, a town of Holland, in the province of Utrecht, situated 12 miles E.N.E. of the city of that name, on the Eem, which here is navigable. Amersham Or Agmondesilam AMERSHAM OR AGMONDESILAM, an old market town in Buckinghamshire, pleasantly situated in the valley of the Misbourn, a small tributary of the Colne, 32 miles from Buckingham, and 26 from London. Ames AMES, WiLmit.ar, D.D. In the Latinised form of Amesius this distinguished English theologian is now better known on the Continent than in our own country, through works that were a power in their day, and are Pot yet spent of their force. He was born at Ipswich, Suffolk, in 1576. He received an excellent education at the grammar school of Ipswich ; and proceeded next to the university of Cambridge… Ames, Fisher AMES, FISHER, an eminent American statesman and political writer, son of Nathaniel Ames, a physician, was born at Dedham, in Massachusetts, on 9th April 1758. He studied at Harvard college, where he graduated in 1774. After practising the law for some little time, he abandoned that profession for the more congenial pursuit of politics, and in 1788 became a member of the Massachusetts convention fo… Ames, Joseph AMES, JOSEPH, author of a valuable work on the progress of printing in England, called Typographical Antiquities (1749), which is often quoted by bibliographers. Amethyst AMETHYST, properly, is only a variety of quartz or rock-crystal distinguished by its fine violet-blue or purple colour. This tint seems to be caused by a minute mixture of the peroxide either of iron or of manganese, and is lost when the stone is exposed to the action of the fire. It then changes through yellow and green to colourless; and in this condition is often sold for the aquamarine or topa… Amherst AMHERST, a post township of Hampshire county, Massachusetts, United States. It is a picturesque village intersected by two branches of the Connecticut river. Its water-power is utilised for manufactories of machinery, edge tools, cotton goods, paper, &c.; but it is principally known as the seat of Amherst college, a valuable institution founded in 1821, mainly for the purpose of educating poor and… Amherst AMHERST, a district and city within the Tenasserim division of British Bunnell, and within the jurisdiction of the chief commissioner of that province. The DISTRICT forms a narrow strip of land between the Indian Ocean and the mountains which separate it from the independent kingdom of Siam. It lies in 160 N. lat., 98? E. long., and consists partly of fertile valleys formed by spurs of the mountai… Amherst, Earl AMHERST, EARL (WILLIAM PITT AMHERST), born in 1773, was the nephew of Jeffery Amherst, who, for his services in America, where he was commander-in-chief at the time of the conquest of Canada, was raised to the peerage as ,Baron Amherst in 1776. The patent of nobility was renewed in 1788 with remainder to the subject of this notice, who succeeded to the title in 1797. In 1816 he was sent as ambassa… Amherst Town AMHERST TOWN, situated in the district of the same name, about 30 miles south of Maulmain. It was founded by the English in 1826 on the restoration of the town of Martaban to the Burmese, and named in compliment to the Governor-General of India who projected it. The proclamation inviting the natives to people the town was well adapted to the character and capacities of those whom it addressed. " T… Amhurst, Nicholas AMHURST, NICHOLAS, an English poet and political writer of the 18th century, was born at Marden in Kent, and entered (1716) at St John's college, Oxford, from which he was expelled, ostensibly for libertinism and irregular conduct) but really, according to his own statement, on account of the liberality of his opinions. Retaining great resentment against the university on this account, he gave exp… Amia Cap1tolina AMIA CAP1TOLINA, a name given to the city built by the Emperor Hadrian, A.D. 134, near the spot where the ancient Jerusalem stood, which he found in ruins when he visited the eastern parts of the Roman empire. Amianthus AMIANTHUS (unstained, from a privative, and lualvw, to stain), the best known and most beautiful of the asbestos class of substances. Amici AMICI, GiovANNI BATTISTA, a celebrated designer and constructor of optical instruments, was born at Modena in 1784. While studying mathematics at Bologna, he acquired a taste for astronomical science, and devoted himself early in life to the improvement of astronomical instruments with great ingenuity and success. For the specula of his reflecting telescopes he prepared a very hard alloy, capable … Amiens AMIENS, an ancient city of France, capital of the department of Somme, and formerly of the old province of Picardy, situated on the Somme, about 40 miles from its mouth, and 71 miles N. of Paris. It was once a place of great strength, and still possesses a citadel, but the ramparts which surrounded it have been replaced by beautiful boulevards. The new part of the town is well built, but the stree… Amiot, Pere Joseph AMIOT, PERE JOSEPH, a learned Jesuit missionary to China, was born at Toulon in 1718. In 1750 he arrived, along with two others of his order, at Macao, from which, on a favourable answer to a petition being received from the emperor Kien-Lung, he removed to Peking in the autumn of the followina.? year. He continued to reside in the capital until his death in 1794, devoting himself almost exclusive… Amlwch AMLWCH, a town of Anglesey, North Wales, situated on a rising ground on the north coast of the island, 15 miles from Beaumaris. Amman AMMAN, JosT, an artist celebrated chiefly for his engravings on wood, was born at Zurich in June 1539. Of his personal history little is known beyond the fact that he removed in 1560 to Nuremberg, where he continued to reside until his death in March 1591. His productiveness was very remarkable, as may be gathered from the statement of one of Ins pupils, that the drawings lie made during a period … Ammanati, Bartolomeo AMMANATI, BARTOLOMEO, a celebrated Florentine architect and sculptor, was born in 1511, and died in 1592. Amman, Johann Conrad AMMAN, JOHANN CONRAD, a physician, and one of the earliest writers on the instruction of the deaf and dumb, was born at Schaffhausen, in Switzerland, in 1669. In 1687 he graduated at Basle, and commenced the practice of his profession at Amsterdam, to which he had to flee on account of his religious views. He first called the attention of the public to his method of training the deaf and dumb in a… Amman, Paul AMMAN, PAUL, a physician and botanist, was born at Breslau on the 30th August 1634. In 1662 he received the degree of doctor of physic from the university of Leipsic, and in 1664 was admitted a member of the society Haturce Curiosorum, under the name of Dryander. Shortly afterwards he was chosen extraordinary professor of medicine in the above-mentioned university; and in 1674 he was promoted to t… Ammianus, Marcelltnus AMMIANUS, MARCELLTNUS, a Roman historian of the 4th century, was born in the city of Antioch, in Syria. In his youth he was enrolled among the protectores domestici, or household guards, which proves him to have been of noble birth. In the year 350 he entered the service of Constantius, the emperor of the East, and, under the command of Ursicinus, a general of the horse, he served during several e… Ammirato, Scipio AMMIRATO, SCIPIO, an Italian historian, born at Lecce, in the kingdom of Naples, on the 27th September I531. Ammon AMMON, the name of an Egyptian deity, called by the ancient Egyptians Amen or Amen, and one of the chief gods of the country. His name meant the hidden or concealed god, and in this respect was analogous to flapi or Apis, which conveyed the same idea. He was thy; local deity of Thebes or Diospolis, and supposed by the Greeks to be the same as Zeus or Jupiter. His type was that of a man wearing on … Ammon, Christopii Friedrich Von AMMON, CHRISTOPII FRIEDRICH VON, a distinguished theological writer and preacher, was born at Baireuth iu January 1766, studied at Erlangen, held various professorships in the philosophical and theological faculties of Erlangen and Gottingen, succeeded Reinhard in 1813 as court preacher and counsellor at Dresden, retired from these offices in 1849, and died May 21,1850. He sought to establish for … Ammonia AMMONIA (NH,), sometimes called the Volatile alkali, or Alkaline air, was known to the alchemists in aqueous solution. Priestley first separated it in the gaseous state in 1774. Scheele in 1777 discovered that it contained nitrogen, and its true composition was ascertained by Berthollet about 1785. Ammonia occurs in the atmosphere as carbonate and nitrate, in sea-water, and in many mineral springs… Ammoniac, Sal AMMONIAC, SAL (N1-1,C1), the earliest known salt of ammonia, now named chloride of ammonium, formerly much used in dyeing and metallurgic operations. The name Hammoniacus sal occurs in Pliny (gat. Mist. xxxi. 39), who relates that it was applied to a kind of fossil salt found below the sand, in a district of Cyrenaica. It was similar in appearance to the alumen scissile, and had a disagreeable tas… Ammoniacua Or Ammoniac AMMONIACUA or AMMONIAC, a gum-resinous exudation from the stem of a perennial herb (Dorema ammonia-cum) belonging to the natural order Umbelliferm. The plant grows to the height of 8 or 9 feet, and its whole stem is pervaded with a milky juice, which oozes out on an incision being made at any part. This juice quickly hardens into round tears, forming the " tear ammonia-cum" of commerce. Lump ammon… Ammonites AMMONITES, called also very frequently the children of Ammon, a people allied by descent to the Israelites, and living in their vicinity, sprung from Lot, Abraham's nephew, by the younger of his daughters, as the immediately adjoining people, the Moabites, were by the elder (Gen. xix. 37-38). Both peoples are sometimes spoken of under the common name of the children of Lot (Dent. ii. 19; Ps. lxxxi… Ammonius AMMONIUS, surnamed HERMIX, or the son of Hermias, studied at Alexandria, along with his brother Heliodorus, under the neo-Platonist Proclus during the latter part of the 5th century A.D. He was afterwards the head of a school for philosophy; and among his scholars were Asclepias, John Philoponus, Damascius, and Simplicius. Although a neo-Platonist, Ammonius appears to have devoted most of his atte… Ammonius AMMONIUS, surnamed SACCAS, or "The Sack Carrier," from the fact of his having been obliged in the early part of his life to gain his livelihood by acting as a porter in the market, lived at Alexandria during the 2d century A.D., and died there 241 A.D. Very little is known of the events of his life. He is said by Porphyry to have been born of Christian parents, and to have belonged originally to t… Ammunition AMMUNITION in its general sense comprises not only the powder and projectiles employed in guns of all classes, but also all stores directly- connected with artillery fire, such as friction-tubes, fuses, percussion-caps, and rockets. Gunpowder, as manufactured in England, consists of 75 -parts of saltpetre, 15 parts of charcoal, and 10 parts of sulphur, reduced to a fine powder and mechanically mix… Amol, Or Amul AMOL, or AMUL, a town of Persia, in the province of Mazanderan, about 12 miles above the mouth of the Hera; a river which flows into the Caspian Sea. Amontons, Guillaume AMONTONS, GUILLAUME, a celebrated French experimental philosopher, was the son of an advocate who had left his native province of Normandy and established himself at Paris, where the subject of this notice was born on the 31st August 1663. The exertions of genius frequently take a particular direction from accidental circumstances. A severe illness with which Amontons was afflicted in his early yo… Amorites AMORITES, a powerful people, widely spread through the Promised Land before the settlement of the Israelites, belonging to the Canaanitic stock, according to Gen. x. 16, though some think they belong rather to the pre-Canaanitic inhabitants of the Jordan basin (see Knobel, ValkerWel, 201, sq., who refers them to the Shemitic race of Ludy. In all probability there were incorporated among them the r… Amorphism AMORPHISM (from ct privative, and p.opOri, form), a term used in chemistry and mineralogy to denote the absence of regular structure in a body. Amos AMOS (not the same as Amoz, the father of Isaiah) was an inhabitant of the district of Tekoa, a fortified town (2d Chron. xi. 6) among the hills of the south of Judah, where a breed of stunted sheep and goats, prized, however, for their wool and hair, found a scanty pasturage (Amos i. 1). Possibly he was a common day labourer ; certainly he was far from wealthy, as the Jewish commentators would ha… Ampere AMPERE, ANDiti?.-MARIE, the founder of the science of electrodynamics, was born at Lyons in January 1775. He took a passionate delight in the pursuit of knowledge from his very infancy, and is reported to have worked out lengthy arithmetical sums by means of pebbles and biscuit-crumbs before he knew the figures. His father began to teach him Latin, but left this off on discovering the boy's greate… Amphiaraus AMPHIARAUS, in Greek legend, a son of Oleles and Hypermnestra, descended on the paternal side from the kingly seer Melampus, and, like his ancestor, endowed with the prophetic gift ; but at the same time known for his valour in the great enterprises of his time - the expedition of the Argonauts and the hunt of the Calydonian boar. The expedition, however, on which the chief events of his life hing… Amphibia AMPHIBIA A TERM BY LINNAEUS originally employed this term to denote a 1 class of the Animal Kingdom comprising crocodiles, lizards and salamanders, snakes and axcilice, tortoises and turtles, and frogs ; to which, in the later editions of the Systems Naturce, he added some groups of fishes. In the Tableau Elementaire, published in 1795, Cuvier adopts Linnmus's term in its earlier sense, but uses t… Amphictyony AMPHICTYONY, in Greek Antiquity, was an association of several tribes for the purpose of protecting some temple common to them all, and for maintaining worship within it. The members were called (Iii.?aKTiovEs or et,u.staKT110VES, a word which means." the dwellers around." The second form of the word Benfey supposes to have arisen from a digammated dik?aKriicoves. Out of the name the Athenians, ac… Amphion AMPHION, in Greek Mythology, the son of Zeus by Antiope, and the husband of Niobe, was a musician of such wonderful power, that at the sounds of his lyre the stones began to move, and formed themselves into wails around Thebes, after his conquest of that city. Amphioxus AMPHIOXUS, a species of fish, differing widely from all other known animals. Amphipolis AMPHIPOLIS, a city of Macedonia, situated on the east bank of the river Strymon, about three miles from the sea. It was originally a Thracian town, known as the 'Evv4a o801 (Nine Roads), and was colonised by the Athenians in 437 B.C., two previous attempts (497 and 465 u.c.) having been unsuccessful. In 424 B.C. it surrendered to the Lacedasmonians without resistance, and the Athenians never after… Amphitheatre AMPHITHEATRE (from cl./LciSC and 6Vcrrpoy) denotes a theatre in which the spectators were placed "all round" the stage. Though the word is of Greek formation, the thing itself is distinctively Roman, being designed for those cruel shows of gladiators and wild beasts in which that people took great pleasure, and which in modern times are only represented by the barbarous bull-fights still popular i… Amphora AMPHORA (from attrrl and yt.Ipeo), a large vessel used by the ancient Greeks and Romans for preserving wine, oil, fruits, &c., and so named from its usually having an ear or handle on each side of the neck, whence it was also called Biota. Amplitude AMPLITUDE, in Astronomy, is the amount of deviation towards the north or south of a celestial object from the true east at rising, and the true west at setting. Ampthill AMPTHILL, a small neatly-built market town in Bedfordshire, situated about 8 miles south of Bedford. Ampulla AMPULLA, a Latin word denoting a small jar or flask for holding liquids. In medimval church Latin it usually signifies the vessels that contained the consecrated oils, of which the three principal - for the catechumens, for the sick, and for confirmation - were hallowed by the bishop on the Thursday before Easter. The word has passed into our language in connection with the coronation of the kings… Amra Oti AMRA OTI, a district and city of India, in the commissionership of East Berar, within the HaidarabAd assigned districts. The district lies between 20? 23' and 21? 7' N. lat., and between 77? 24' and 78? 13' E. long. It is bounded on the N. by the Elichpur district; on the E. by the Wardha river, separating it from the central provinces; on the S. by the Basim and -Min districts; and on the W. by A… Amritsar AMRITSAR, a division, district, and city of British India, under the jurisdiction of the Lieutenant-Governor of the Panjab. Amritsar City AMRITSAR CITY, the divisional headquarters and capital of the district of the same name, is situated in 31? 40' N. tracted from Thornton's Gazetteer (ed. 1862): - " Amritsar owes its importance to a talao or reservoir which Rim Das, the fourth guru or spiritual guide of the Sikhs, caused to be made here in 1581, and which he termed Amrita Saras, or the Fount of Immortality. It thenceforward became… Amritsar District AMRITSAR DISTRICT lies between 30? 40' and 32? 10' N. lat., and between 74? 40' and 75? 40' E. long. It is bounded on the N.W. by the river Ravi, on the S.E. by the river Bids, on the N.E. by the district of Gurdaspur, and on the S.W. by the district of Lahor. Amritsar district is a nearly level plain, with a very slight slope from east to west. The banks of the Bias are high, and on this side of … Amru-el-kais AMRU-EL-KAIS, an Arabian poet, contemporary with Mahomet. Amru-ibn-el-ass AMRU-IBN-EL-ASS, or `Amit, one of the most famous of the first race of Saracen leaders, was descended of Aasi, of the tribe of Koreish. In his youth he wrote satirical verses against the person and doctrine of Mahomet. His zeal in opposing the new religion prompted him to undertake an embassy to the king of Ethiopia, in order to stimulate him against the converts whom he had taken under his protec… Amsancti AMSANCTI (or AMPSANCTI) VALLIS, a valley with a small sulphureous lake and cavern in the territory of the Hirpini, or Principato Ultra (east of Naples), about four miles from the town of Frigento (Cicero, Pliny), or eight from Gesualdo. The spot can most easily be visited by railway from Ariano, on the Naples and Benevento line. It is described by Virgil (zEn. vii. 563-71) as an outlet from a cave… Amsdoitf, Nicolaus AMSDOItF, NICOLAUS, a Protestant reformer of the 16th century, was born, Dec. 3, 1483, at Gross-Zschopa, near Wurzen, on the Mulde. He was educated at Leipsic, and then at Wittenberg, where he was one of the first who matriculated (1502) in the recently-founded university. He soon obtained various academical honours, and became professor of th selogy- in 1511. He joined Luther at the very beginnin… Amsler, Samuel AMSLER, SAMUEL, one of the most distinguished of modern engravers, was born at Schinznach, in the canton of Aargau, in 1791. Amsterdam AMSTERDAM, an uninhabited and almost inaccessible island in the Indian Ocean, in 37? 58' S. lat., and 70? 34' E. long., about 60 miles S. of St Paul's Island, and nearly midway between the Cape of Good Hope and Tasmania. Amsterdam AMSTERDAM, or AmsTELDAAr, formerly called Anzstelredam, capital of the Netherlands, situated in the province of North Holland, is built somewhat in the form of a half-moon, on the Y or Ij, an arm of the Zuyder Zee, in 52? 22' N. lat., and 4? 53' E. long. The name Amsterdam means "the dam or dyke of the Amstel," from a river so called which passes in a north-easterly direction through the city, the… Amulet AMULET (in late Latin amuletum, probably from the Arabic hamalet, a pendant), anything worn as a charm, generally, but not invariably, hung from the neck, to protect the wearer against witchcraft, sickness, accidents, and other evils, or to deliver him from ills under which he labours. Amulets have been of many different kinds, and formed of different substances, - stones, metals, and strips of pa… Amurath Ii AMURATH II., the tenth emperor of the Turks, was born about 1404, and died February 9, 1451. He succeeded Mohammed I. in 1422. At first he had to contend against a pretender, the pseudo-Mustapha, who was supported by the Greek emperor and others; but through the assistance of an astute state prisoner, Mohammed Bey (Michael Ogli), he obtained a bloodless victory over him. He then turned his arms ag… Amurath Iii AMURATH III., sultan of the Turks, born about 1545, succeeded in 1574 his father Selim II. Amurath Iv AMURATH IV. was born about 1611, and succeeded his uncle Mnstapha in 1623. Amurath Or Murad AMURATH or MuRAD I. was born in 1326 A.D. (726 A.m), succeeded his father Orkhau as sultan of the Ottoman Turks in 1360, and died in 1389. He is entitled to notice as being the first who led the Turkish arms into Europe, which he quickly overran as far as the Balkan. In 1361 he made himself master of Adrianople, where he fixed his residence, built a splendid mosque, and otherwise added to the arch… Amwell AMWELL, a village of Hertfordshire, in the parish of Great Amwell, on a hill overlooking the Lea, 3 miles from Hertford and 20 from London. Amymone AMYMONE (A,uudat.'am), in Greek Legend, a daughter of Danafls, by whom, with her sisters, she had been sent to look for water, the district of Argus being then parched through the anger of Neptune. Amyot, Jacques AMYOT, JACQUES, a famous French writer, was born, of poor parents, at Melun, October 30, 1513; found his way - a pale-faced, bare-footed, ill-Clad boy - to the "College de France" in Paris. and there picked_ up a know ledge of the classical languages, serving seine of the richer students as valet and composer of Latin, to enable him to continue his studies. He became M.A. at Paris, and doctor of c… Amyraut, Moses AMYRAUT, MOSES, a pre-eminent French Protestant theolo.gian and metaphysician, was born at Bourgueil, in the valley of Anjou, in 1596. His family was an ancient and illustrious one from Hagenau, Alsace. They migrated to Orleans in the 13th or 14th century. His father was a lawyer of local note, and designing Moses for his own profession, on the completion of his studies at Orleans of humanity and … An2esthesia AN2ESTHESIA (a privative, ea-Ono-Ls, sensation), a term in medicine used to describe a state of insensibility to external impressions, either as the result of disease or as induced artificially by the employment of certain substances known as anaesthetics. In diseases of the brain or spinal cord anaesthesia is an occasional symptom, but in such cases it is usually limited in extent, involving a li… Anabaptists ANABAPTISTS (re-baptisers, from clvd, and flourrito)), a name sometimes applied indiscriminately to all denominations of Christians that deny the validity of infantbaptism, but restricted in general usage to certain sects which became prominent in Germany and elsewhere at the period of the Reformation. In both cases the designation originates with opponents, and is repudiated by the great majority… Anabasis ANABASIS (4.1/43aa?s, a march into the interior ; from Itvaflaiveo, to ascend), the title given by Xenophon to his narrative of the expedition of Cyrus the younger against his brother, Artaxerxes of Persia, 401' B.C., and adopted by Arrian for his history of the expedition of Alexander the Great. (See Ainsworth's Tray. in Track of Ten Thousand Greeks : Journal of Roy. Anacharsis ANACHARSIS, a Scythian philosopher, who lived about 600 B.c. His father was one of the chiefs of his nation, and married a woman of Greece. Instructed in the Greek language by his mother, he prevailed upon the king to intrust him with an embassy to Athens. On his arrival in that' renowned city he became acquainted with Solon, from whom he rapidly acquired a knowledge of the wisdom and learning of … Anachronism ANACHRONISM, a neglect or falsification, whether wilful or undesigned, of chronological relation. Its commonest use restricts it (agreeably to its etymology, ava, back, and xpOvos, time) to the ante-dating of events, circumstances, or customs; in other words, to the introduction, especially in works of imagination that rest on a historical basis, of details borrowed from a later age. Anachronisms … Anacoluthon ANACOLUTHON is the lack of grammatical symmetry in a sentence, either through the consequent taking an unexpected form or being altogether suppressed, the writer or speaker desiring to present his thought in another aspect, or feeling that he has already made his meaning sufficiently plain. Anaconda ANACONDA, a gigantic snake of South America, sometimes over 30 feet in length, called the water-serpevt, from frequenting swamps and rivers, and preying on water animals. Anacreon ANACREON, an Ionian Greek, born at Teos, on the coast of Asia Minor, probably about 562 B. C. His reputation as a lyric poet stood very high both in his own age and in those that followed. " The charming " - " the honey-tongued " - " the swan of Teos " - " the glory of Ionia," are some of the epithets constantly given him by ancient writers. " Sing us one of the songs of Alcmus or Anacreon," cries… Anadyomene ANADYOMENE ('Ava8v0?6,r7), an epithet of Aphrodite (Venus), expressive of her having risen (i.e., been born) from the foam of the sea. Anadyr ANADYR, the name of a gulf and of a river in the north-east of Siberia. Anagni ANAGNI, a town of Italy, in the province of Roma, situated on a hill 37 miles E.S.E. of Rome. Anagram ANAGRAM, the transposition of the letters of a word or words, is derived from the Greek its4pattim, which was used in precisely the same sense. But the number of different ways in which even a few letters can be arranged being very great (with eight different letters, for instance, it is lx 2x 3 x 4x 5x 6x 7 x 8=40,320),the term anagram is generally restricted to such rearrangements of the letters… Anahuac ANAHUAC, the name of the great central plateau of Mexico, lying between 15? and 30? N. lat., and 95? and 110? W. long., at an elevation of from 6000 to 9000 feet above the sea. Analogy ANALOGY is the name in logic for a mode of real or material inference, proceeding upon the resemblance between particulars : speaking generally, it is that process whereby, from the known agreement of two or more things in certain respects, we infer agreement in some other point known to be present in one or more, but not known to be present in the other or others. It was signalised already by Ari… Analogy ANALOGY, in Comparative Anatomy, is equivalent to "similarity of function." See ANATOMY. Analysis ANALYSIS means literally, in the Greek, an unloosening or breaking-up, understood of anything complex in which simpler constituents or elements may thus be brought to view. It is this general sense that must be supposed to have been present to the mind of Aristotle when he gave the name of Analytica to the great logical work in which lie sought to break up into its elements the complex process of … Analytic Judgments ANALYTIC JUDGMENTS have been distinguished under that name, in opposition to Synthetic, since the time of Kant. It was necessary, for the purposes of his critical inquiry into the principles of human knowledge, that he should carefully determine the character of those assertions which metaphysicians had so freely made respecting the supernatural, and he found them to be such that, while the predic… Anam, Or Annan ANAM, or ANNAN, also called COCHIN CHINA, a large empire of Asia, forming the eastern portion of the Indo-Chinese peninsula. Anastasius ANASTASIUS I., Emperor of Constantinople, was born at Dyrrhachium not later than 430 A.D. At the time of the death of Zeno (491), Anastasius, though only one of the guards (silentiarii) in the palace, held a very high character, and was raised to the throne of the Roman empire of the East, mainly through the influence of Ariadne, Zeno's widow, whom he married shortly after his accession. His reign… Anastasius Ii ANASTASIUS II., Emperor, whose original name was Artemius, was raised to the throne of Constantinople by the voice of the senate and people in 713 A.D., on the deposition of Philippicus, whom he had served in the capacity of secretary. His territories being threatened both by sea and land, he sent an army under Leo the Isanrian, afterwards emperor, to defend Syria ; adopted wise and resolute measu… Anathema ANATHEMA ?(43/4.0ep.a, from dvartOmuc, lit. anything offered up) is frequently used in classic Greek (in the form euidOmaa) to denote things consecrated to the gods, and deposited in a temple. Anatolia ANATOLIA (from ctvaroXii, the east), a name first used under the Byzantine empire for the country east of the Bosphorus. in the form .Anadoli, it denotes a modern Turkish division almost coincident with ASIA MINOR, q.v. Anatomy Descriptive Anatomy Of The Cerebro Spinal Nervous System ANATOMY DESCRIPTIVE ANATOMY OF THE CEREBRO SPINAL NERVOUS SYSTEM In this section the anatomy of the Brain and Spinal Cord, and of the numerous distributory Nerves which arise from them, will be described. The brain and spinal cord are the largest and most important of all the nerve centres. They occupy the cranial cavity and spinal canal, and are continuous with each other through the foramen magn… Anatomy Development And Homologies Of The Voluntary Muscular System ANATOMY DEVELOPMENT AND HOMOLOGIES OF THE VOLUNTARY MUSCULAR SYSTEM The voluntary muscles, like the bones and joints with which they are so intimately associated, are developed out of the middle of the three layers - the meso-blast - into which the germinal area or blastoderm, of the young embryo is divided. The muscles of the axial skeleton are capable of subdivision into a group situated outside… Anatomy First Group Cells Suspended In Fluids ANATOMY FIRST GROUP CELLS SUSPENDED IN FLUIDS 1st Group. - Cells Suspended in Fluids. Anatomy General Considerations On Cells ANATOMY GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ON CELLS The simplest form of organic matter capable of exhibiting the phenomena of life is called Cyto-blastema or Protoplasm. It possesses a viscous or jelly-like consistency. Under the highest powers of the microscope it seems to be homogeneous, or dimly granulated, like a sheet of ground glass. Not only can it assimilate nutriment and increase in size, but it pos… Anatomy History Of Anatomy ANATOMY HISTORY OF ANATOMY In tracing the history of the origin of anatomy, it may be justly said that more learning than judgment has been displayed. Some writers claim for it the highest, antiquity, and pretend to find its first rudiments alternately in the animal sacrifices of the shepherd kings, the Jews, and other ancient nations, and in the art of embalming as practised by the Egyptian 'prie… Anatomy In Its Literal Sense ANATOMY IN ITS LITERAL SENSE means in its literal sense the dis- section or separation of parts by cutting, but in its usual acceptation it is employed to denote the science the province of which is to determine the construction, the form, and the structure of organised bodies, i.e., of bodies which either are or have been living. It is therefore a department of the science of BIOLOGY. It resolves… Anatomy Internal Structure Of The Cerebrum ANATOMY INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE CEREBRUM the cerebrum is composed both of grey and white matter , the general relations of these two forms of nerve matter to each other may be seen by making sections through the cerebrum. The determination, however, of their minute structure, and of the relations and connections of the nerve fibres to the nerve cells is, owing to the delicacy of the organ, one o… Anatomy Joints And Muscles Of The Axial Skeleton ANATOMY JOINTS AND MUSCLES OF THE AXIAL SKELETON The Intervertebral Joints are complex in construction. I The bodies of the true vertebras arc connected together by I an amphiarthrodial joint : the fibre-cartilaginous plate or intervertebral disc is tough and fibrous in its peripheral part, but soft and pulpy within. (Fig. 15.) Remains of the chordo, dorsalis are said to occur in the soft pulp, an… Anatomy Joints And Muscles Of The Lower Limb ANATOMY JOINTS AND MUSCLES OF THE LOWER LIMB The innominate bones are connected to the spinal column by the sacroiliac joints and the sacro-sciatic ligaments. The Sacroiliac Joint is between the side of the sacrum and the internal surface of the ilium, the articular surfaces of which bones are covered by cartilage, and connected together by short, strong ligaments. The sacro-sciatic ligaments stre… Anatomy Joints And Muscles Of The Upper Limb ANATOMY JOINTS AND MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LIMB The upper limb is jointed to the trunk at the sternoclavicular articulation. This is a diarthrodial joint : the bones are retained together by investing ligaments; a meniscus is interposed between the articular surfaces, so that the joint possessestp-o synovial membranes. A strong ligament, which checks,)too great upward movement, connects the clavicle … Anatomy Membranes Of Brain And Spinal Cord ANATOMY MEMBRANES OF BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD These nerve centres are invested by three membranes or meninges, which lie between them and the bones that form the walls of the cranial cavity and spinal canal. The membranes are named clura mater, araehnoid mater, and pia mater. Duna mater. - The most external membrane, named dura from its firmness, consists o; a cranial and a spinal subdivision. The cr… Anatomy Muscular Tissue ANATOMY MUSCULAR TISSUE The muscular tissue is that which is actively concerned either in the movement of parts of the body on each other, or in the movement of the entire body from place to place ; it is the active agent, therefore, both in motion and locomotion. It forms a large proportion of the general mass of the body, is the essential constituent of the muscles or flesh, and enters into the … Anatomy Nervous System ANATOMY NERVOUS SYSTEM The Nervous System consists of a number of organs which are named respectively Nerve Centres, Nerves, and Peripheral End-organs. The largest and most important Nerve Centres are the brain and spinal cord, which together - constitute the cerebro-spinal nervous axis, and are lodged in the cranial cavity and spinal canal. But, in addition, numerous small bodies, usually oval in… Anatomy Of The Textures Or Tissues Introductory ANATOMY OF THE TEXTURES OR TISSUES INTRODUCTORY Before proceeding to the description of the other organic systems of which the human body is built up, it may be well to enter into the consideration of the minute oi microscopic structure of its constituent parts. These parts may primarily be divided into fluids and solids. The fluids are the blood, the lymph, the chyle, the secretions of the variou… Anatomy Organs Of Sense ANATOMY ORGANS OF SENSE The organs of sense are the organs through the intermo diation of which the mind becomes cognisant of the appearance and properties of the various objects in the external world. These organs are severally named nose, eye, ear, tongue, and skin. For the excitation and perception of a sensation three sets of structures are necessary : peripheral end-organ; b, a sensory nerve … Anatomy Second Group Cells Placed On Free Surface ANATOMY SECOND GROUP CELLS PLACED ON FREE SURFACE cells placed on Free Sur faces. Anatomy Special Anatomy Of The Human Body ANATOMY SPECIAL ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN BODY Man, zoologically speaking, belongs to the Mammalian class of the Vertebrate sub-kingdom, i.e., his young are brought forth alive, and nourished during infancy on milk secreted in mammary or milk-forming glands. In common with all vertebrate organisms, lie possesses a spine or vertebral column and a skull, in which are contained the brain and the spinal ma… Anatomy The Blood ANATOMY THE BLOOD The blood is the well-known red fluid which circulates throughout the blood-vascular system. As its composition and general properties will be described in the article PHYSIOLOGY, the solid particles only, which are suspended in the liquor sanguinis, will be considered here. If a drop of human blood be examined under the microscope, crowds of minute bodies, the blood corpuscles, … Anatomy The Cerebellum ANATOMY THE CEREBELLUM, LITTLE BRAIN, Or AFTER BRAIN (P1. XVIII. fig. 2, c), occupies the inferior pair of occipital foss, and, along with the pons and medulla oblongata, lies below the plane of the tentorium cerebelli. It consists of two hemispheres or lateral lobes, and of a median or central lobe, which in human anatomy is called the vermiform process. It is connected below with the medulla obl… Anatomy Vascular System ANATOMY VASCULAR SYSTEM The human body and the bodies of all the more highly organised animals are traversed by numerous tubes or pipes, technically called Vessels, some of which in man are nearly an inch in diameter, others so small as to require a microscope fer their examination, others again of every intermediate size. In connection with the vessels is a central organ, the Heart. The heart and… Andy ANDY, a city and seaport in the province of Fo-kien, China, situated on the slope of a hill, on the south coast of a small and barren island of the same name, in 24? 28' N. lat. and 118? 10 E. long. It is a large and exceedingly dirty place, about 9 miles in circumference, and is divided into two portions, an inner and an outer town, which are separated from each other by a ridge of hilk on which … Antiquities ANTIQUITIES.--We can afford space for only the briefest indication on this subject. The basin of the Kabul river especially abounds in remains of the period when Buddhism flourished, beginning with the Inscribed Rock of Shahbazgarhi, or Kapur-di-giri, in the Peshawar plain, which bears one of the repliche of the famous edicts of Asoka (not later than B. C. 250). In the Koh-Daman, north of Kabul, a… Aqua, Volcano De AQUA, VOLCANO DE, a huge mountain in Central America, 25 miles S.W. of Guatemala. Arab ARAB, king of Israel, was the son and successor of Omri. He ascended the throne in the 38th year of Asa, king of Judah, i.e., 918 D.C., and reigned over Samaria 22 years. Having married Jezebel, daughter of Ethbaal, king of the Sidonia.ns, he was brought into closer connect tion with the neighbouring powers in the north, and strengthened himself considerably, so that he was able to consolidate the… Basses Alpes BASSES ALPES is bounded ou the N. by the department of Hautes Alpes; on the E. by the kingdom of Italy and the department of Alpes Maritimes; on the S. by the departments of Var and Bouches du RhUne; and on the W. by those of Vaucluse and Drome. It extends at the widest points 90 miles from N.E. to S.W., and 70 from E. to W., and contains an area of 2680 square miles. Its surface is mountainous, e… Birds BIRDS. - The largest list of Afghan birds that we know of is given. by Captain Hutton in the J. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xvi. p. 775, scqq.; but it is confessedly far from complete. Of 124 species in that list, 95 are pronounced to be Eurasian, 17 Indian, 10 both Eurasian and. Indian, 1 (Turtur risorens) Eur., Ind., and Eth. ; and 1 only, Carpodacus (Bucanctcs) crassirostris, peculiar to the country.… Blood-vascular Glands BLOOD-VASCULAR GLANDS. - Intimately associated with Bloc the vascular system are certain organs to which the names vase of blood-vascular glands, or glands without ducts, are elan applied. These organs are the spleen, the thyroid gland, the thymus gland, the suprarenal capsules, and portions of the pituitary and pineal glands. The Spleen is situated in the cavity of the abdomen between the stomach… Blood-vascular System BLOOD-VASCULAR SYSTEM - The movement of the blood in the blood-vascular system is called the circulation of the blood. In the lower Vertebrata the heart is a single organ, and the blood flows from it through the vessels back again into the part of the heart from which it had proceeded, forming a simple circulation. In man and the higher vertebrates the heart is a double organ, i.e., it consists of… Cartilaginous CARTILAGINOUS TissuE. - By the term cartilage, or cartilaginous tissue, is meant a group of tissues which, though usually found in the form of plates or bars, yet differ in various aspects from each other, both in naked eye and microscopic characters. They agree, however, in forming solid textures, opaque when seen in mass, but, in thin slices, translucent, pearly, or bluish white, firm in consist… Class CLASS I. - For the best combination of machinery for the cultivation of the soil by steam-power1st Prize, ?100 - Awarded to Messrs J. Class CLASS the best combination of machinery for the cultivation of the soil by an ordinary agricultural engine, whether self-propelling or portable. 1st Prize, ?50 - Awarded to Messrs Fowler, Leeds. 2d Prize, ?25 - Awarded to Messrs Howard, Bedford. A Silver Cup, value ?100, offered by the Right Hon. Lord Vernon, president, for the best, combination of machinery for the cultivation of the soil by stea… Climate CLIMATE. - The variety of climate is immense, as might be expected. At Kabul, and over all the northern part of the country to the descent at Gandamak, winter is rigorous, but especially so on the high A rachosian plateau. In Kabul the snow lies for two or three months; the people seldom leave their houses, and sleep close to stoves. At Ghazni the snow has been known to lie long beyond the vernal … Composition Of Alloys COMPOSITION OF ALLOYS.-A statement of the average proportions in which the metals enter into the best known alloys, the composition of which is generally very variable, is given in the following table:- Coinage of gold,. Connective Tissue CONNECTIVE TISSUE. - By the term connective tissue is meant a group of tissues which, though the members of the group differ in various respects from each other, both in naked eye and microscopic characters, yet agree in the property of binding or connecting together other tissues or parts of the body, and in serving as a supporting framework for more delicate tissues. This group of tissues is the… Cord CORD, occupies the spinal canal, and extends from the foramen magnum to opposite the body of the first lumbar vertebra. In the early fCetus it equals in length the canal itself ; but as the spinal column grows at a greater proportional rate than the cord, the latter, when growth has ceased, is several inches shorter than the column. The cord is continuous above with the medulla oblongata, whilst i… Cultivated Crops CULTIVATED CROPS. - TIERBAGE AND FORAGE CLOPS. Section 1. - Grasses, &c. Under this general heading we propose to include what we have to say concerning the grasses, whether natural or cultivated, and those other crops which are grown expressly for the sake of the cattle food yielded by their leaves and stems. This kind of farm produce is either consumed where it grows by depasturing with live sto… Cultivated Crops-grain Crops CULTIVATED CROPS-GRAIN CROPS. Domestic Animals DOMESTIC ANIMALS. - The camel is of a more robust and compact breed than the tall beast used in India, and is more carefully tended. The two-bumped Bactrian camel; is sometimes seen, but is not a native. Horses form a staple export to India. The best of these, however, are brought from Maiinana and other places our the -Khorasan and Turkman frontier. The indigenous. horse is the yeilyel, a stout, … Early Works On Agriculture EARLY WORKS ON AGRICULTURE The first and by far the best of our early works is the Book of Husbandry, printed in 1534, commonly ascribed to Fitzherbert, a judge of the Common Pleas in the reign of Henry VIII. This was followed, in 1539, by the Book of Surveying and Improvements, by the same author. In the former treatise we have a clear and minute description of the rural practices of that period,… Encephalic Nerves ENCEPHALIC NERVES. - Several pairs of nerves, called CRANIAL or ENCEPIIALIC, arise from the under surface or' base of the encephalon, and pass outwards through foramina situated in the floor of the cranial cavity. Continental anatomists usually enumerate twelve pairs of cranial nerves; but because in one locality two of these nerves lie together and pass through the same foramen, and in another sp… Endothelium ENDOTHELIUM. - The free surfaces covered by an endothelium are the serous membranes, the inner surface of the walls of the lymph and blood vessels and of the heart, the synovial membranes of the joints and of synovial bursae, the free surface of the osseous and membranous labyrinth of the internal ear, and the free surface of the ventricular cavities of the brain and central canal of the spinal co… Epitheliii21 EPITHELIII21. - The free surfaces ocvered by an epithelium are the skin and the membranes, named, from the character of their secretion, mucous membranes. The _Mucous Membranes line internal passages and canals, and are continuous at certain orifices with the skin, - e.y., the mucous membrane of the alimentary canal opens on the surface at the mouth and anus ; the respiratory mucous membrane opens… Etymology ETYMOLOGY. - The idea that nature must be tortured to make her reveal her secrets is preserved in the word crucible : Fr. creuset, Ital. cruciolo, Span. crisol - all from the Latin crux, a cross. The word matrass, Fr. matras, is probably from the Celtic tuatara, an arrow, through the old French verb matrasser, to harass. Bain-Marie and amalgam (uctItava) are a legacy of the sacred art. We can trac… Exander Of Aphrodisias EXANDER OF APHRODISIAS, the most celebrated of the Greek commentators on the writings of Aristotle, and styled, by way of pre-eminence, 6 4=nyyrItis, the Expositor. He was a native of Aphrodisias in Caria, and taught the Peripatetic philosophy at Athens in the end of the 2d and the beginning of the 3d centuries of the Christian era. Commentaries by Alexander on the following works of Aristotle arc… Government GOVERNMENT. - Afghanistan is now, and has been before, under one prince, but it is hardly a monarchy as we are used to understand the term. It is rather the government of a dictator for life over a military aristocracy, and within this a congeries of small democracies. Elphinstone compares it with Scotland in the middle ages; some things suggest a comparison with Poland, in spite of difference of … Hautes Alpes HAUTES ALPES. is bounded on the N. by the depart- ments of Isere and Savoir; on the E. by the kingdom of Italy; on the S. by the department of Alpes Basses; and on the W. by that of DrOme. It extends nearly 80 miles from N.E. to S.W., and contains an area of 2158 square miles. Its surface is very mountainous, being traversed in all directions by the Cottian and Dauphine Alps, which, in Mont Pelvou… History HISTORY. - The Afghan chroniclers call their people Bani-Israil (Arab. for Children of Israel), and claim descent from King Saul (whom they call by the Mahommedan cor ruption through a son whom they ascribe to him, called Jeremiah, who again had a son called Afghitua. The numerous stock of Afghana were removed by Nebuchadnezzar, and found their way to the mountains of Ghur and Feroza (east and nor… Iegina IEGINA, in Fabulous History, the daughter of Asopus, king of Bmotia, was beloved by Jupiter, who carried her from Epidaurus to a desert island called CEnone or ffnopia, which was afterwards called by her name. Iesop, Clodius IESOP, CLODIUS, a celebrated actor, who flourished about the 670th year of Rome. He and Roscius were contemporaries, and the best performers who ever appeared upon the Roman stage; the former excelling in tragedy, the latter in comedy. Cicero was on intimate terms with both actors, and put himself under their direction to perfect his action. l'Esop performed many friendly services to Cicero, espec… Il Academies Of Belles Lettres IL ACADEMIES OF BELLES LETTRES. - Italy. - Italy in the 16th century was remarkable for the number of its literary academies. Tiraboschi, in his History of Italian Literature, has given a list of 171 ; and Jarkius, in his Specimen Historic? Aeademiarum Conditarum, enumerates nearly 700. Many of these, with a sort of Socratic irony, gave themselves names expressive of ignorance or simply ludicrous.… Il Limo IL LIMO no eau .1.1V11L inspection of the implement. Industrial Products INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. - These are not important. .Silk is produced in Kabul, Jalalabad, Kandahar, and Herat, and chiefly consumed in domestic manufactures, though the best qualities are carried to the Panjab and Bombay. Excellent carpets - soft, brilliant, and durable in colour - are made at Herat. They are usually sold in India as Persian. Excellent felts and a variety of woven goods are made from… Inhabitants Of Afghanistan INHABITANTS OF AFGHANISTAN. - TheSC may first be The Afghans themselves do not recognise as entitled to that name all to whom we give it. According to Bellew they exclude certain large tribes, who seem, nevertheless, to be essentially of the same stock, speaking the same language, observing the same customs, and possessing the same moral and physical characteristics. These are recognised as Pathdn… Jegades, Or Jegates JEGADES, or JEGATES, a group of islands off the western coast of Sicily, between Trapani and Marsala, consisting of Maretimo, Levauzo, and Favignana. These islands are rendered historically famous by the great naval victory gained there by the Romans over the Carthaginians in B.C. 241, which put an end to the first Punic war. iEGEAN SEA, a part of the Mediterranean, now more usually called the Arc… Jelianus JELIANUS, CLAubrus, born at Paeneste, in Italy. He taught rhetoric at Rome, under the Emperor Alexander Sever-us, according to Perizonins, but more probably under Hadrian. He was surnamed MaiyXwo-o-os," Honey-tongued," on account of the ease and accuracy with which he spoke and wrote Greek ; and he was also named "the Sophist," from his being a teacher of rhetoric. He loved retirement, and devoted… Jeneas JENEAS, in Fabulous History, a Trojan prince, the sou of Venus and Anchises. He plays a conspicuous part in the Iliad, and is represented, along with Hector, as the chief bulwark of the Trojans. Homer always speaks of JEneas and his descendants as destined to reign at Troy after the destruction of Priam and his house. Virgil has chosen him as the hero of his great epic, and the story of the yEneid… Jeolis, Or Yeolia JEOLIS, or YEOLIA , in Ancient Geography, a country of Asia Minor, settled by colonies of ./Eolian Greeks. Jequi JEQUI, an ancient and warlike people of Italy, inhabiting the upper valley of the Anio, who, in confederacy with the Volsci, carried on a long series of hostilities with the early Romans, but were finally subdued in the year 302 B.C. Jerarians JERARIANS, a class in ancient Rome, composed of citizens who had suffered the severest kind of degradation the censors could inflict, but concerning whose exact position we have no precise information. Though heavily taxed, they did not enjoy the rights of citizenship beyond their liberty and the general protection of the state. They could not vote in assemblies or serve in the army, and were depr… Lakes LAKES. - AS we know nothing of the lake in which the Lora is said to end, and the greater part of the lake of S EISTAN (see that article) is excluded from Afghanistan, there remains only the ilb-i-Istada, on the Ghilzai plateau. Language And Literature LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. - Persian is the vernacular of a large part of the non-Afghan population, and is familiar to all educated Afghans. But the proper language of the Afghans is Pushtu, or Pakhtli (these are dialectic variations). Currency has been given to the notion that this language has a Semitic character, but this appears to be quite erroneous, and is entirely rejected by competent autho… Law Ii LAW II. Law Iii LAW III. The Commutative Law. - Multiplications and divisions may be performed in any order. We may remark that these laws are assumed for algebra, so that the science is limited by their applicability. Algebra has been extended into the science of quaternions by freeing it from part of the limitation imposed by the third of these laws. In this new science ab is not the same thing as ba. We add a … Lord Advocate, Or Icing's Advocate LORD ADVOCATE, or ICING'S ADVOCATE, is the principal law-officer of the crown in Scotland. Lord Almoner LORD ALMONER, Or LORD HIGH ALMONER OF ENGLAND, is an ecclesiastical officer, generally a bishop, who has a right to the forfeiture of all deodands and the goods of a felo de se, which he is to distribute among the poor. Lymph-vascular System LYMPH-VASCULAR SYSTEM. - This subdivision of the l vascular system consists partly of small tubes or vessels, the lymph vessels, and partly of collections of lymphoid or adenoid tissue (p. 849), the lymph glands. The lymph vessels or lymphatics are tubes with delicate transparent walls, which convey the fluid called lymph and chyle. They arise in the tissues and terminate by joining the venous sys… Mammals MAMMALS. - Alonkeys are stated by Mr Bellew to exist in Yusufzai, and perhaps extend to some other distriets north of the Kabul river ; but no species has been named. attics, F. chaos (both Eurasian); F. caracal (Ear., Ind., Ethiop.), about Kandahar ; a small leopard, stated to be found almost all over the country, perhaps rather the cheeta (F. jabatus, Ind. and Eth.) ; pardus, the common leopard … Mass And Weight Of The Brain MASS AND WEIGHT OF THE BRAIN. - The human brain is absolutely bigger and heavier than the brain of any animal, except the elephant and the larger whales. It is also heavier relatively to the bulk and weight of the body than are the brains of lower animals, except in some small birds and mammals. Considerable variations, however, exist in the size and weight of the human brain, not only in the diff… Military Force MILITARY FORCE. - According to the old system the Afghan forces were entirely composed of the v//us, or tribesmen of the chiefs, who were supposed to hold their lands on a condition of service, but who, as frequently as not, went over to the enemy in the day of need. Natural NATURAL DrvIsioNs. - Of these, this Kabul basin (1) forms the first, As others we may discriminate - (2.) The lofty central part of the table-land on which stand Ghazni and Kala't-i-Ghilzai, embracing the upper valleys of ancient Arachosia ; (3.) The upper Helmand basin ; (4.) The lower Helmand basin, embracing Girishk, Kandahar, and the Afghan portion of Seistan ; (5.) The basin of the Herat rive… Natural Productions NATURAL PRODUCTIONS - Minerals. - Af ghanistan is believed to be rich in minerals, but few are wrought. Some small quantity of gold is taken from the streams in Laghman and the adjoining districts. Famous silver mines were formerly wrought near the head of the Panjshir valley, in Hindu Kush. Iron of excellent quality is produced in the (independent) territory of Bajaur, north-west of Peshawar, fro… Nervous Tissue NERVOUS TISSUE. - The several parts of the nervous system are not uniform in colour, some being white, others grey. The nerves, at least those of the cerebrospinal system, are invariably white, and white masses, variable in size, are met with in the brain and spinal cord; they constitute the white matter of the nervous system. In the nerve centres, both of the cerebro-spinal and sympathetic system… Old Aberdeen OLD ABERDEEN aberdeen, old is a small, quiet, ancient town, a burgh of barony and regality, a mile north of Aberdeen, and as far south-west of the mouth of the Don. It mostly forms one long street, 45 to 80 feet above the sea. The Don, to the north of the town, runs through a narrow, wooded, rocky ravine, and is spanned by a single Gothic arch, the " Brig o' BaIgownie" of Lord Byron. The bridge re… Osseous System OSSEOUS SYSTEM - OSTEOLOGY - SKELETON. - The word Skeleton (from o-KAAw, to dry) signifies literally the dry or hard parts of the body. When used in a limited sense it is applied merely to the bones, but when used in a wider and more philosophic sense it comprises not only the bones or osseous skeleton, but the cartilages and fibrous mem- branes which complete the framework of the body. The first … Part Iii PART III. ? lit:flexion and Refraction of Sound. When a wave of sound travelling through one medium meets a second medium of a different kind, the vibrations of its own particles are communicated to the particles of the new medium, so that a wave is excited in the latter, and is propagated through it with a velocity dependent on the density and elasticity of the second medium, and therefore differ… Pigmentary Tissue PIGMENTARY TISSUE. - In some parts of the body a yellow, brown, or black pigment is found in the interior of cells, which gives to the tissue and organ a characteristic colour. In the coloured races of mankind, and in certain parts of the body of the white races, pigment is produced in the cells of the cuticle or epidermis, more especially in the cells of the deeper strata or rete Malpighi. In the… Political Institutions POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS.-110 political institutions of the Afghans present the rude and disjointed materials of a free constitution. The nation is theoretically divided into four great stocks, supposed to spring from four brothers. But these four divisions are practically obsolete, and only come up in genealogies. Each tribe has split into several branches, and in the more numerous and scattered tr… Population POPULATION. - In the estimate of population cited under AFGHANISTAN, that of Afghan Turkestan is reckoned at 642,000. Port Adelaide PORT ADELAIDE is situated in a low marshy position, on a small inlet of the Gulf of St Vincent. Preparation Of Alloys PREPARATION OF ALLOYS.-The metals are generally fused together under a layer of charcoal to prevent oxidation, thoroughly mixed by agitating, and the mass left to cool slowly. Prob PROB. Y. - To Reduce Fractions having different Denominators to others of the same value which shall haze a common Denominator. Rule. Multiply each numerator separately into all the denominators except its own for the new numerators, and all the denominators together for the common denominator. Ex. 1. Reduce - a - x and +x - to fractions of equal value, a havinn a common denominator_ Rule. Reduce… Products And Industry PRODUCTS AND INDUSTRY. - We have 110 means of giving any systematic account of the products of these provinces, either in natural history or industry. Rock-salt is worked at Chal, near the Badakhshan frontier, as well as beyond that frontier. Pistachio nuts are grown largely in the hill country of Kunduz, as well as the adjoining districts of Badakhshan, and the whole supply of India, Central Asia… Properties Or Alloys PROPERTIES or ALLOYS. Density.-If the density of any alloy is calculated from that of the components- assuming that there is no condensation of volume-the resulting number is sometimes greater than, equal to, or less than, the experimental result. Thus the alloys of gold and silver are lessedense than the theoretical mean density ; whereas brass and the alloys of lead and antimony vary in the oppo… Provinces And Places Of Note PROVINCES AND PLACES OF NOTE. - We do not know the precise divisions maintained under the Afghans, but they coincide generally with the old principalities or khanates, the hereditary rulers of which, in several cases, continue in authority under the Afghan governor of Turkestan. Bamian, Saighan, and the higher valleys belong, it is understood, to a special command over the Hazara tribes. Kunduz. -… Provinces And Towns PROVINCES AND TOWNS. - The chief political divisions of Afghanistan in recent times are stated to be Kabul, Jalalabad, Ghazni, Kandahar, Herat, and AFGHAN TURKESTAN (q.v.), to which are sometimes added the command of the Ghilzais and of the Hazaras. This list seems to omit the unruly districts of the eastern table-land, such as Kurram, Khost, &c. But we must not look for the precision of European … Rivers RIVERS. - We shall first describe the rivers of this region in succession. For the Oxus itself, see that article. Beginning from the eastward, its first tributary within our limits is the river of Kunduz, known also as the river of Aksarai, the Surkhab, and what not. As the principal source of this river we may regard the stream of Bamian, fed close under the Koh-i-Baba by a variety of torrents wh… Sect SECT. XVII.-CONTINUED FRACTIONS. By an operation in all respects the same as has been just now performed, may any proper fraction whatever be reduced to the form and it is then called a continued .fraction. method explained in Art. 116, the value of the unknown quantity is evidently expressed by a continued fraction. For if x be the root sought, we have x = a +V, y =b + 1 y = b? + y? = b? &e. wh… Sect SECT. III.-FRA.CTIONS. In any fraction the upper number, or the dividend, is called the numerator, and the lower number or divisor is called the denominator. Thus, in the fractioq, a is the numerator, and S the denominator. If the numerator be less than the denominator, such a fraction is called a proper fraction ; but if the numerator be either equal to or greater than the denominator, it is call… Sect SECT. IX.-SOLUTION OF QUADRATIC EQUATIONS. of the second degree, or quadratic equations. These involve the second power of the unknown quantity, and may be divided into two kinds, pure and adfected. Pure quadratic equations are such as after proper reduction have the square of the unknown quantity in one term, while the remaining terms contain only known quantities. Thus, x2 = 64, and ax2 + b = c,… Sect SECT. XV. - INDETER.311NA.TE PROBLEM8. When the conditions of a question are such that the number of unknown quantities exceeds the number of equations, that question will admit of innumerable solutions, and is therefore said to be indeterminate. Thus, if it be required to find two numbers subject to no other limitation than that their sum be 10, we have two unknow quantities x and y, and only one… Sect SECT. XTE - SOLUTION OF EIQUADIZA.TIC EQUATIONS. When a biquadrat:c equation contains all its terms, it has this form, where A, B, U, I) denote any known quantities whatever. We shall first consider pure biquadratics, or such as contain only the first and last terms, and therefore are of this form, x4= In this case it is evident that x may be readily had by two extractions of the square root; by t… Sect SECT. VII. T1, --.EDECTION-Op rQT.IATIONS INVOLVING MORE As the unknown quantities may be combined together in very different ways, so as to constitute an equation, the methods most proper for their elimination must therefore be various. The three following, however, are of general application, and the last of them may be used with advantage, not only when the unknown quantity to be eliminated ris… Sect SECT. VI. - RESOLUTION OF EQUATIO.NS INVOLVING ONE The primary object of algebraic investigation is to discover certain unknown quantities, by comparing them with other quantities which are given, or supposed to be known. The relation between the known and unknown quantities is either that of equality, or else such as may be reduced to equality; and a proposition which affirms that certain combina… Sect SECT. II. - INVOLUTION AND EVOLUTION. and - a3 denote the same powers of the root a . quantities - 1 ' a" - 1 &c., may be respectively expressed a thus a-1, (4-2, (4-3, &c.; and considered as negative powers of the root a. This method of expressing the fractions 1 1 1 - a' - a" - a" as powers of the root a, but with negative indices, is a consequence of the rule which has been given for the divisi… Sect SECT. IV. - SURDS. already explained, either thus, ,Van, or thus, a. Quantities which have fractional exponents are called surds, or imperfect powers, and are said to be irrational, in opposition to others with integral exponents, which arc called rational. Surds may be denoted by means of the radical sign, but it will be often more convenient to use the notation of fractional exponents. The foll… Sect SECT. V.-PROPORTION AND PROGRESSION. In comparing together any two quantities of the same kind in respect of magnitude, we may consider how much the one is greater than the other, or else how many times the one contains either the whole or some part of the other; or, which is the same thing, we may consider either what is the difference between tire quantities, or what is the quotient arising from… Sect SECT. VIII. - QUESTIONS PEODT_TCING SIMPLE EQUATIONS. When the conditions of a nroblem have been expressed by equations, or translated. from the common language into that of algebra, we must consider whether the problem be properly limited; for in some cases the conditions may be such as to admit of innumerable solutions, and in others they may involve an absurdity, and thus render the problem alt… Sect SECT. XIV. SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS BY 11PPROXIWhen the roots of an equation cannot be accurately expressed by rational numbers, it is necessary to have recourse to methods of approximation ; and by these we can always determine the numerical values of the roots to as groat a degree of accuracy as we please. The application of methods of approximation is rendered easy by means of the following propos… Spinal Nerves SPINAL NERVES. - The spinal cord gives origin to thirty-one pairs of SPINAL nerves, which pass out of the spinal canal through the intervertebral foramina. These nerves are arranged in groups, according to the region of the spine through the foramina in which they proceed. There are eight pairs of cervical nerves; the first or sub-occipital emerges between the occipital bone and the atlas, the eig… The Bnain THE BnAIN. - By the term Bruns or ENCEPHALON is meant all that part of the central nervous axis which is contained within the cavity of the skull. It is divided into several parts, named medulla oblongata, pons, cerebellum, and cerebrum. The medulla oblongata is directly continuous with the spinal cord through the foramen magnum. The cerebellum -lies above, and immediately behind the medulla oblon… The Lymph And Chyle THE LYMPH AND CHYLE. - The lymph is the fluid found in a subdivision of the vascular system named the lymph vascular system. It is transparent and colourless, and contains numerous corpuscles floating in it, which correspond, in appearance, structure, and the possession of the property of ammboid movements, to the white corpuscles of the blood. The lymph corpuscles are formed in the glands situate… This THIS is the name applied, originally in Persian, to that mountainous region between N.W. India and Eastern Persia, of which the Afghans are the most numerous and the predominant inhabitants. Afghans, under that and other names, have played no small part in Asiatic history. But the present extensive application of the name Alyhdnistein, is scarcely older than the shortlived empire founded by Ahmed … Trade TRADE. - Practically, there are no navigable rivers in Afghanistan, nor does there exist any wheeled carriage. Hence goods are carried on beasts of burden, chiefly camels, along roads which often lie through close and craggy defiles, and narrow stony valleys among bare mountains, or over waste plains. Though from time immemorial the larger part of the products of India destined for western Asia an… Vegetable Kingdoino VEGETABLE KINGDOINO - The characteristic distribution of vegetation on the mountains of Afghanistan is worthy of attention. The great mass of it is confined to the main ranges and their immediate offshoots, whilst on the more distant and terminal prolongations it is almost entirely absent ; in fact, these are naked rock and stone. Take, far example, the Safed Koh. On the alpine range itself and it… Yegineta, Paulus YEGINETA, PAULUS, a celebrated surgeon of the island of Algina, whence he derived his name. According to Le Clerc's calculation, he lived in the 4th century; but Abulfaragius the Arabian places him with more probability in the 7th. His knowledge in surgery was very great, and his works are deservedly famous. The title of the most important of them, as given by Suidas, is 'EarLrogs 'Imrpid6s, Bef3X… Yegisthus YEGISTHUS, in Ancient History, was the son of Thyestes by his own daughter Pelopea, who to conceal her shame exposed him in the woods. Yeschines YESCHINES, an Athenian philosopher, said to have been the son of a sausage-maker. He was continually with Socrates; which occasioned that philosopher to say that the sausage-maker's son was the only person who knew how to pay a due regard to him. It is alleged that poverty obliged him to go to Sicily to the court of Dionysius; and that he met with great contempt from Plato, but was extremely well … Yeschylus YESCHYLUS, the father ofthe Greek tragic drama, was born in the year 525 B.C., in the Attic demos of Eleusis. The period of his youth and manhood coincides, therefore, with that great uprising of the national spirit of the Greeks, caused by the successive attempts of Darius, king of Persia, and his son Xerxes, to enslave their European neighbours on the north and west shores of the iEgean; and it … Yesculapius YESCULAPIUS, in the Heathen Mythology, the god of medicine, was the son of Apollo and the nymph Coronis. He was educated by the centaur Chiron, who taught him the art of healing; and his skill enabled him to cure the most desperate diseases. But Jupiter, enraged at his restoring to life Hippolytus, who had been torn in pieces by his own horses, killed him with a thunderbolt. According to Cicero, t… Yetolia YETOLIA, a country of ancient Greece, bounded on the N. by Epirus and Thessaly, on the E. by the provinces of Doris and Locris, on the S. by the Gulf of Corinth, and separated on the W. from Acarnania by the river Acheloos. The part which lay westward of the river Evenus, and south of a line joining Thermum and Stratus in Aearnania, was called old tEtolia, the rest of the country new or acquired y… Volume 2 [ANA-ATH]: A1iistides* to Arbaces [next] Copyright © 2013 Net Industries and its Licensors – All Rights Reserved – Terms of Use Share this page: Tweet More To Explore	Contact & About Privacy Policy