Salyut 1 space station, 73
Sampling spacecraft, 91, 109, 110, 111f, 112f
Satellites
application satellites, 12-13
Biosatellite program, 25
commercial, 13
Explorer program, 92, 92f
Global Positioning System (GPS), 13
intelligence, 42
launching, 42
military, 40-41, 42
Newton's theories, 2
SOHO, 104, 107-108, 109f
space shuttle program objective, 53
Sputnik 1, 6
Sputnik 2, 7
Sputnik 3, 41f
Saturn
Cassini mission, 136-137, 136f
overview, 130-131
Pioneer mission, 133
Voyager mission, 133-135, 134f
Saturn rocket series, 8-9
Schiaparelli, Giovanni, 114
Science fiction
far planets, 132-133
Mars, 115
space travel, 2-3, 11-12
Scientific research
Cassini mission, 27, 136-137, 136f
coronal mass ejections (CMEs), 105, 105f
Discovery program, 92-93, 93f
Explorer program, 92, 92f
Galileo mission, 136
International Solar-Terrestrial Physics (ISTP) program, 27, 93-94
International Space Station (ISS), 85
Mariner program, 117-118
Mars Exploration Rovers (MERs), 123-128, 123f, 124f, 125f, 126f, 127f
Mars Express mission, 122-123
NASA programs, 27
Odyssey mission, 121, 122f
Pathfinder program, 119-120, 120f, 121f
robotic space exploration goals, 91
scientific opinion on space exploration, 142-143
solar flares, 104-105
solar missions, 107-110, 108t, 109f, 110f, 111f, 112f
solar wind, 102-103
space weather, 105, 106t-107t, 107
sunspots, 103-104, 104(f6.9)
Viking mission, 118-119
Voyager missions, 134-135
weightlessness, 7, 85, 128
Scout, 8-9
SDI (Space Defense Initiative), 42-43
Self-sterilizing theory of Mars, 119
SETI@home program, 51
Shepard, Alan B., 7, 19, 20
Shuttle Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF). See Spitzer Space Telescope
Shuttles. See Space shuttle program
Skylab, 25, 72, 72t
SOHO satellite, 104, 107-108, 109f
Sojourner rover, 120, 1221f
Solar cycle, 104(f6.10)
Solar flares, 104-105
Solar missions, 104, 107-110, 108t, 109f, 110f, 111f, 112f
Solar prominences, 105
Solar wind, 102-103
Soviet Union
animal casualties, 7, 14
Apollo-Soyuz docking project, 47, 47f
Buran program, 48
Cold War, 5-6
failed Mars missions, 117
first man in space, 7, 45
intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), 6
Korolëv, Sergei, 45-46
Moon program, 47
Outer Space Treaty, 10
space casualties, 14
Space Defense Initiative (SDI), reaction to, 42-43
space program firsts, 46-47
space program history, 45-48
space stations, 10, 72-73
Sputnik 1, 6
Sputnik 2, 7
Sputnik 3, 41f
U.S./Soviet cooperation, 10, 11, 47
Zond 5, 9
See also International Space Station (ISS); Mir space station; Russia
Soyuz 11 casualties, 14, 46-47
Space Adventures, 14
Space biology, 25
Space Defense Initiative (SDI), 42-43
Space observatories
Arecibo Observatory, 95
Chandra X-Ray Observatory (CXRO), 99-100, 101f, 101t
Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory (CGRO), 98-99, 98f
details, 103t
Hubble Space Telescope, 68, 96f, 97-98, 97t, 143
James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), 102
Keck Observatory, 95-96
Orbital Astronomical Observatory, 96
overview, 27
Spitzer Space Telescope, 100-102, 100f
XMM-Newton, 102
See also Robotic space explorers
Space shuttle program
accomplishments, 65-67
age of infrastructure, 67, 68(f4.11)
astronauts, 31-32
casualties, 14-15
Challenger accident, 62-63
Columbia accident, 64
Columbia mission profile, 64
crew module, 60, 60f
crews, 59-60
design and development, 54-57, 54f, 57f, 58t
emergency flight options, 61
facility locations, 61-62, 61f
flight profile, 57-61, 58f
future of, 67-69
Galileo spacecraft release, 137
grounding of fleet, 83-85
Hubble Space Telescope servicing missions, 97-98
launch sites, 55-56, 56f
mission summaries, 65t-66t
NASA, 25-26
number of flights per year, 67f
number of shuttle flights per orbiter, 68(f4.10)
objective, 53-54
orbiter information, 63t
overview, 11
public opinion on continuing, 143, 144f
public opinion on crash rate acceptability, 149, 149(f9.13)
public opinion on space tourism, 150, 151f, 152(f9.17)
reentry and landing, 60-61
safety zone, 44, 44f
satellite launching, 42
shuttle-Mir mated configuration, 74f
shuttle-Mir timeline, 75t-76t
shuttle upgrade budgets, 68t
workforce, 62t
Space Station: Impact of the Grounding of the Shuttle Fleet (GAO), 83-85
Space stations
Freedom, 78
low Earth orbit, 10-11, 25
Salyut 1 space station, 73
shuttle-Mir missions, 73-78, 74f, 75t-76t
Skylab, 25, 72, 72t
Soviet Union, 48, 72-73
See also International Space Station (ISS); Mir space station
Space telescopes
James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), 102
Spitzer Space Telescope, 100-102
Space tourism
Kosaviakosmos, 13-14
Principles Regarding Processes and Criteria for Selection, Assignment, Training and Certification of ISS (Expedition and Visiting) Crewmembers, 82
public opinion, 150, 151f, 152(f9.17)
Tito, Dennis, 80-81
Space weather, 105, 106t-107t, 107
Spacelink, 147
Spacesuits, 89f
Special Message to the Congress on Urgent National Needs (Kennedy), 8
Spiders in space, 72
Spirit rover, 123-128, 124(f7.5)
Spitzer, Lyman, 96-97
Spitzer Space Telescope, 100-102, 100f
Sputnik 1, 6
Sputnik 2, 7
Sputnik 3, 41f
SSC (Stennis Space Center), 29
Star Trek (television show), 11
Star Wars. See Space Defense Initiative (SDI)
Star Wars (movie), 12
Stardust spacecraft, 110, 111f, 112f
Station Alpha, 78
Statistical information
age of space shuttle infrastructure, 68(f4.11)
Chandra X-Ray Observatory, 101t
International Space Station (ISS), 81t
NASA 2004 budget, 35f, 36f
NASA biological and physical researchers, 33f
NASA budget, 18f, 37f
NASA funding, 141(f9.4), 142f, 143f
NASA workforce, downsizing of, 30(f2.5)
NASA workforce age distribution, by occupation, 31f
NASA workforce gender proportion, 32(f2.8)g
NASA workforce salaries and years of service, 32(f2.7)
number of shuttle flights per orbiter, 68(f4.10)
public knowledge of moon walks, 150f, 150t
public opinion on extraterrestrial life, 152(f9.18), 152(f9.19)
public opinion on government faking the moon landings, 152t
public opinion on manned missions, 144f
public opinion on NASA's performance, 148f, 149(f9.12)
public opinion on space shuttle crash rate acceptability, 149(f9.13)
public opinion on space tourism, 151f, 152(f9.17)
public opinion on the benefits of the space program, 145f
public opinion on the most important events of the twentieth century, 139t
shuttle upgrade budgets, 68t
Skylab, 72t
space launches worldwide, 14f
space shuttle, 58t
space shuttle flights per year, 67f
space shuttle program workforce, 62t
youth opinion on the influence of technological achievements, 141(f9.3)
STD (stellar tidal disruption), 99
Stellar tidal disruption (STD), 99
Stennis Space Center (SSC), 29
StratCom, 43-44
Studies, reports and surveys
International Space Station (ISS) costs, 82
Space Station: Impact of the Grounding of the Shuttle Fleet (GAO), 83-85
Sun-Earth connection
coronal mass ejections (CMEs), 105, 105f
solar cycle, 104(f6.10)
solar flares, 104-105
solar missions, 104, 107-110, 108t, 109f, 110f, 111f, 112f
solar prominences, 105
solar wind, 102-103
space weather, 105, 106t-107t, 107
sunspots, 103-104, 104(f6.9)
See also Space observatories
Sunspots, 103-104, 104(f6.9)
Superboosters, 8-9, 46
Supersonic flight
Goddard, Robert, 5
Yeager, Charles (Chuck), 5, 18
Surveyor probes, 21
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