California
alternative fuels, 92
reformulated gasoline, 88
Campbell, Colin, 34
Canada
acid rain, 138
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 11-12
Cancer
electromagnetic field exposure, 156-157
environmental tobacco smoke, 159
ozone depletion, 44-45
Capacity, ecological, 3
Cape Hatteras lighthouse, 181
Carbon cycle, 32f, 169-170, 199f
Carbon dioxide
average concentrations, 27(f2.3)
emissions, 33f
forests, effects on, 34f
greenhouse effect theory, 23-24
overview, 31
plant absorption, 170
Carbon monoxide, 75-76, 76f, 77(f5.3), 87-88
Castono v. The American Tobacco Company Inc., 160-161
Catalytic converters, 88-89
Cataracts, 45
CCSP (Climate Change Science Program), 36-38
Cellular phone use, 156-157
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
lead levels, 148-149
tobacco use, 157-159
water pollution, 124-126
CERCLA (Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act), 116
CFCs. See Chlorofluorocarbons
Chemical additives in drinking water, 124
Chemical and biological weapons, 166-167
Chemical toxins
Agent Orange, 146
chlorine, 147-148
endocrine disrupters, 146-147
fertilizers, 149-150
lead, 148-149, 149f
persistent bioaccumulative toxic (PBT) chemicals, 142, 145t
pesticides and herbicides, 142, 146
releases by industry, 143t
Toxic Release Inventory, 142, 144t
Chemical Waste Management v. Hunt, 61
Chemicals, ozone-depleting, 45-48, 46t, 49-50, 50t, 51f
Chester, Pennsylvania, 7
Chevron Oil Company, 7
Children, cotinine levels in, 160f
China
acid rain, 139
climate change policy, 38
fossil fuel use, 98
Chlorine, 124, 147-148
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
black-market, 47-48
greenhouse effect, 32
ozone depletion, 45-48
Cipollone v. Liggett Group Inc., 160
Cities
ozone-pollution, 82t
wildlife, 185
Citizens Against Pollution, 7
Civil Rights Act of 1964, 7
Class I ozone-depleting chemicals, 45-46
Class II ozone-depleting chemicals, 46-47
Clean Air Act
air quality standards, 75
asbestos, 151
automobile emissions standards, 87
overview, 96-98
Clean Air Act Amendments, 49-50, 96, 97, 136-137
Clean Water Act
fishability/swimmability, 113-115
groundwater quality, 116-117
overview, 110
Clear-cutting of forests, 175
Clear Skies proposal, 98
Climate
acid rain deposition, 130-131
factors effecting, 39f
human evolution, 23
volcanic activity, 27
Climate change
airplanes, 94-95, 96f
Alaska, 25-26
Climate Change Science Program (CCSP), 36-38
computer models, 30-31
critics of climate change theory, 34-35
effects, 29-30
El Niño and La Niña, 28-29
evaporation rates, 29
evidence, 24-27
factors affecting, 39f
global temperature changes, 28f
human effects, 29
International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 33-34
Kyoto Protocol, 39-40, 42(f2.15)
mountains, 180
proxy evidence of temperatures, 25
sea levels, 26-27, 29
solar cycles, 28
surface temperature studies, 25
treaties, 38-40
United States, policy of the, 35-38
volcanic activity, 27
See also Greenhouse effect; Greenhouse gases; Ozone depletion
Climate Change 2001 (International Panel on Climate Change), 33-34
The Climate Change Action Plan (initiative), 35-36
Climate Change Science Program (CCSP), 36-38
Clinton, William Jefferson, 35-36
Clouds and climate, 27-28
Coastal erosion, 180-181
Coastal wetlands, 178-179
Combined sewer overflows (CSOs), 111-112, 111f
Combined Summaries: Technologies to Sustain Tropical Forest Resources and Biological Diversity (U.S. Office of Technology Assessment), 170
Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD), 11
Compacts, 69-70
Compensation and property rights, 5, 6, 179
Composting, 63-64
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), 65-68, 116
Computer models, global warming, 30-31
Conferences
Earth Summit of 1992, 11, 38
Stockholm Conference, 9-10
Consumerism, 59-60
Controversies
climate change, 34-35
endangered species and extinction, 183
Kyoto Protocol, 39-40
Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species, 186
Corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standards, 89-90
Costs
air pollution, 95-96
Clean Air Act and Clean Air Act Amendments, 97
electric vehicles, 92
electromagnetic field mitigation, 156
environmental regulations, 3-4
EPA enforcement activities, 10f
gasoline, 88
Superfund, 67-68, 68t, 69(f4.12)
Cotinine, 159, 160f
Court cases
In re Agent Orange Product Liability Litigation, 146
Broin v. Philip Morris, 160
Castono v. The American Tobacco Company Inc., 160-161
Chemical Waste Management v. Hunt, 61
Cipollone v. Liggett Group Inc., 160
Engle v. R. J. Reynolds Tobacco, Philip Morris, Brown and Williams, Lorillard Tobacco, the American Tobacco Company, et al., 161
Ivy v. Diamond Shamrock, 146
Lucas v. South Carolina, 6
Manuel Lujan, Jr., Secretary of the Interior v. Defenders of Wildlife et al., 184
Seif v. Chester Residents Concerned Citizens et al., 7
United States of America v. Philip Morris Inc., et al., 161
Cryptosporidium, 123, 127
CSD (Commission on Sustainable Development), 11
CSOs (combined sewer overflows), 111-112, 111f
Cyanide, 187
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