Expenditures - Costs And Consequences

The costs of corrections for the United States have been rising in absolute terms, not simply as a reflection of a growing population. In the 1980–99 time period, the number of people held behind bars would have increased more than three-fold even if the U.S. population had remained unchanged. In 1980 some 139 people were in state and federal prisons for every 100,000 U.S. residents. By 2003 that ratio had increased to 482 people, according to Prisoners in 2003 (Bureau of Justice Statistics, November 2004). Justice Expenditure and Employment in the United States, 2001 (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2004) reports that in 1982, correctional expenditures amounted to $39 for every man, woman, and child in the United States; by 2001 that cost had climbed to $200. During this period, the phenomenon of crime has increased in absolute terms, and more of the nation's resources have had to be expended on its consequences than in previous times.

Responses to rising costs have been variable and include some of the following:

TABLE 2.5
State government finances, 2003
[Dollar amounts in thousands. Per capita amounts in dollars.]
SOURCE: "State Government Finances: 2003," in Federal State and Local Governments: 2003 State Government Finance Data, U.S. Census Bureau, http://www.census.gov/govs/state/0300usst.html (accessed March 30, 2005)

	United States
Item	Amount	Per capita
Population (thousands, 2003)	290,231	X
Total revenue	1,296,701,281	4,467.82
General revenue	1,113,391,406	3,836.22
Intergovernmental revenue	362,519,737	1,249.07
Taxes	548,990,867	1,891.57
General sales	184,596,707	636.03
Selective sales	89,214,514	307.39
License taxes	35,863,173	123.57
Individual income tax	181,932,513	626.85
Corporate income tax	28,384,474	97.80
Other taxes	28,999,486	99.92
Current charges	106,398,401	366.60
Miscellaneous general revenue	95,482,401	328.99
Utility revenue	12,517,945	43.13
Liquor store revenue	4,517,992	15.57
Insurance trust revenue	166,273,938	572.90
Total expenditure	1,358,964,865	4,682.36
Intergovernmental expenditure	382,781,397	1,318.89
Direct expenditure	976,183,468	3,363.47
Current operation	656,089,768	2,260.58
Capital outlay	92,186,403	317.63
Insurance benefits and repayments	168,978,731	582.22
Assistance and subsidies	25,888,450	89.20
Interest on debt	33,040,116	113.84
Exhibit: Salaries and wages	183,385,651	631.86
Total expenditure	1,358,964,865	4,682.36
General expenditure	1,163,884,688	4,010.20
Intergovernmental expenditure	382,781,397	1,318.89
Direct expenditure	781,103,291	2,691.32
General expenditures, by function
Education	411,501,528	1,417.84
Public welfare	313,230,417	1,079.25
Hospitals	38,394,884	132.29
Health	50,270,775	173.21
Highways	86,104,257	296.67
Police protection	11,158,200	38.45
Correction	39,226,109	135.15
Natural resources	18,623,901	64.17
Parks and recreation	5,857,213	20.18
Government administration	43,853,867	151.10
Interest on general debt	31,294,903	107.83
Other and unallocable	114,368,634	394.06
Utility expenditure	22,404,931	77.20
Liquor store expenditure	3,696,515	12.74
Insurance trust expenditure	168,978,731	582.22
Debt at end of fiscal year	697,929,028	2,404.74
Cash and security holdings	2,594,115,620	8,938.11
X=Not applicable

Authorities have responded to budgetary pressures by crowding more people into available space and have thus caused increased crowding in correctional facilities. Crowding has been most serious in federal facilities, somewhat less so on average in state prison systems, and least in local jails, especially the smallest ones.

The number of adult correctional facilities increased from 1,464 in 1995, to 1,668 in 2000, according to TABLE 2.6
Expenditures and operating costs per state inmate and per U.S. resident, fiscal year 2001

	Expenditures (1,000's of dollars)			Annual operating costs		Prisoners under state authority on 6/30/01
Region and state	Total	Operating	Capital	Per inmate	Per U.S. resident
Total	$29,491,268	$28,374,273	$1,116,995	$22,650	$100	1,252,743
Northeast	$6,056,762	$5,712,994	$343,769	$33,037	$106	172,925
Connecticuta	523,960	506,905	17,055	26,856	148	18,875
Maine	76,479	75,133	1,346	44,379	58	1,693
Massachusetts	413,071	404,862	8,209	37,718	63	10,734
New Hampshire	62,754	60,279	2,475	25,949	48	2,323
New Jersey	799,560	768,661	30,899	27,347	91	28,108
New York	2,807,259	2,547,452	259,807	36,835	134	69,158
Pennsylvania	1,203,219	1,183,668	19,551	31,900	96	37,105
Rhode Islanda	124,333	121,167	3,165	38,503	114	3,147
Vermonta	46,128	44,867	1,261	25,178	73	1,782
Midwest	$6,327,346	$5,952,214	$375,132	$24,779	$92	240,213
IIIinois	1,011,311	996,738	14,573	21,844	80	45,629
Indiana	477,628	449,406	28,222	21,841	73	20,576
Iowa	188,391	186,298	2,093	22,997	64	8,101
Kansas	199,843	182,655	17,189	21,381	68	8,543
Michigan	1,582,611	1,573,273	9,338	32,525	157	48,371
Minnesota	253,385	239,953	13,432	36,836	48	6,514
Missouri	436,081	362,429	73,652	12,867	64	28,167
Nebraska	126,857	99,865	26,992	25,321	58	3,944
North Dakota	26,796	24,219	2,577	22,425	38	1,080
Ohio	1,277,622	1,201,269	76,354	26,295	106	45,684
South Dakota	37,529	37,030	499	13,853	49	2,673
Wisconsin	709,292	599,080	110,212	28,622	111	20,931
South	$10,002,325	$9,750,580	$251,745	$16,479	$91	563,818
Alabama	228,871	221,774	7,097	8,128	50	27,286
Arkansas	199,003	192,611	6,392	15,619	72	12,332
Delawarea	166,327	162,397	3,930	22,802	204	7,122
Dist. of Columbiab	143,700	143,700	e	26,670	251	5,388
Florida	1,484,799	1,453,799	31,000	20,190	89	72,007
Georgia	923,505	900,918	22,586	19,860	107	45,363
Kentucky	288,438	274,404	14,034	17,818	67	15,400
Louisiana	479,260	459,686	19,573	12,951	103	35,494
Maryland	645,620	632,749	12,872	26,398	118	23,970
Mississippi	266,196	264,503	1,693	12,795	93	20,672
North Carolina	863,892	840,347	23,545	26,984	103	31,142
Oklahoma	384,060	377,378	6,682	16,309	109	23,139
South Carolina	405,238	373,249	31,989	16,762	92	22,267
Tennesseec	421,807	421,807	e	18,206	73	23,168
Texas	2,315,899	2,270,959	44,940	13,808	106	164,465
Virginia	723,767	699,104	24,663	22,942	97	30,473
West Virginia	61,944	61,194	750	14,817	34	4,130

Census of State and Federal Correctional Facilities, 2000 (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2003).

Privately run prisons and jails have been created on the theory that the private sector can do the job at lower cost. Because privately run prisons would be free of the bureaucracy and politics of state-run prisons, and not subject to mandatory use of unionized labor, it was believed they could be more cost effective than public prisons. So far, studies have shown mixed results, with some communities reporting great savings while others report no significant differences. A 1996 study by the U.S. Government Accounting Office, reported in Emerging Issues on Privatized Prisons (Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Assistance, 2001), shows no clear evidence that privatization saves money. Despite the uncertainty, the privately run prison population has grown at a faster rate than the correctional population as a whole. At year-end in 2003, according to the Bureau of Justice Statistics (Prisoners in 2003), 95,522 prisoners were in privately operated facilities. (See Table 2.12.) Nationwide, some 6.5% of all prisoners are in privately run prisons, most in the South and West. The six states having at least 25% of their prison population housed in private prisons are New Mexico (44.2%), Alaska (30.6%), Montana (29.3%), Oklahoma (26.4%), and Wyoming (26.3%).

TABLE 2.6
Expenditures and operating costs per state inmate and per U.S. resident, fiscal year 2001
[CONTINUED]
SOURCE: James J. Stephan, "Table 2. Total, Operating, and Capital Expenditures, and Operating Costs per State Inmate and per U.S. Resident, Fiscal Year 2001," in State Prison Expenditures 2001, Bureau of Justice Statistics, June 2004, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/spe01.pdf (accessed March 31, 2005)

	Expenditures (1,000's of dollars)			Annual operating costs		Prisoners under state authority on 6/30/01
Region and state	Total	Operating	Capital	Per inmate	Per U.S. resident
West	$7,104,834	$6,958,485	$146,349	$25,231	$108	275,787
Alaskaa	154,650	154,156	494	36,730	243	4,197
Arizona	618,571	609,910	8,661	22,476	115	27,136
California	4,166,573	4,107,844	58,729	25,053	119	163,965
Colorado	466,551	435,037	31,514	25,408	98	17,122
Hawaiia,d	117,101	117,101	e	21,637	96	5,412
Idaho	95,494	92,821	2,673	16,319	70	5,688
Montana	71,994	71,169	825	21,898	79	3,250
Nevada	182,092	180,834	1,258	17,572	86	10,291
New Mexico	149,077	148,249	828	28,035	81	5,288
Oregon	404,255	399,436	4,819	36,060	115	11,077
Utah	133,963	133,683	281	24,574	59	5,440
Washington	488,314	459,814	28,500	30,168	77	15,242
Wyoming	56,199	48,431	7,768	28,845	98	1,679
Note: Forty-six states and the District of Columbia began their fiscal years in July and ended them in June. Exceptions included Albama and Michigan, October to September; New York, April to March; and Texas, September to August. Detail may not add to total because of rounding.
aStates have integrated jail-prison systems.
bThe District of Columbia reported no capital outlays during fiscal year 2001, a transition period during which its sentenced felons were being transferred to the Federal Bureau of Prisons.
cDuring fiscal year 2001 Tennessee spent capital amounts from sources outside its Department of Corrections.
dHawaii's Department of Public Safety, Corrections Division had nonrecurring expenditures which state budget officials excluded from the capital category.
eNot reported.

TABLE 2.7
Annual per capita costs for selected state expenditures, 1986–2001
[In 2001 constant dollars]
SOURCE: James J. Stephan, "Table 1. Annual per Capita Costs, in 2001 Constant Dollars, for Selected State Expenditures, 1986–2001," in State Prison Expenditures 2001, Bureau of Justice Statistics, June 2004, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/spe01.pdf (accessed March 30, 2005)

	State expenditures as costs per resident
Fiscal year	Total corrections	Prisons	Health	Education	Public welfare	Natural resources
1986	$65	$49	$78	$842	$425	$44
1991	98	76	109	998	632	52
1996	119	91	141	1,143	849	56
2001	134	104	154	1,315	914	61
Average annual percent change, 1986–2001*	6.2%	6.4%	5.8%	4.2%	6.4%	3.3%
*Based on total expenditures.

TABLE 2.8
Components of state prison operating expenditures, fiscal year 2001
SOURCE: James J. Stephan, "Table 3. Components of State Prison Operating Expenditures, Fiscal Year 2001," in State Prison Expenditures 2001, Bureau of Justice Statistics, June 2004, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/spe01.pdf (accessed March 31, 2005)

	Operating expenditures (1,000's of dollars)
Region and jurisdiction	Total	Salaries, wages and benefits	Other operating costs
Total	$28,374,273	$18,583,923	$9,790,350
Northeast	$5,712,994	$4,014,190	$1,698,803
Connecticut*	506,905	316,497	190,408
Maine	75,133	51,147	23,986
Massachusetts	404,862	297,405	107,457
New Hampshire	60,279	42,476	17,803
New Jersey	768,661	443,235	325,426
New York	2,547,452	1,969,750	577,702
Pennsylvania	1,183,668	765,038	418,629
Rhode Island*	121,167	101,999	19,168
Vermont*	44,867	26,643	18,224
Midwest	$5,952,214	$3,960,772	$1,991,442
IIIinois	996,738	713,339	283,399
Indiana	449,406	304,310	145,096
Iowa	186,298	149,039	37,260
Kansas	182,655	107,721	74,934
Michigan	1,573,273	1,116,883	456,390
Minnesota	239,953	159,981	79,971
Missouri	362,429	220,790	141,639
Nebraska	99,865	64,327	35,538
North Dakota	24,219	13,734	10,485
Ohio	1,201,269	760,668	440,601
South Dakota	37,030	19,956	17,074
Wisconsin	599,080	330,025	269,055
South	$9,750,580	$6,017,146	$3,733,434
Alabama	221,774	153,077	68,697
Arkansas	192,611	108,960	83,651
Delaware*	162,397	110,751	51,646
District of Columbia	143,700	63,545	80,155
Florida	1,453,799	955,791	498,008
Georgia	900,918	678,964	221,954
Kentucky	274,404	124,787	149,617
Louisiana	459,686	196,078	263,609
Maryland	632,749	351,870	280,879
Mississippi	264,503	125,045	139,458
North Carolina	840,347	603,932	236,415
Oklahoma	377,378	189,432	187,946
South Carolina	373,249	266,518	106,732
Tennessee	421,807	168,295	253,511
Texas	2,270,959	1,343,459	927,500
Virginia	699,104	539,590	159,514
West Virginia	61,194	37,052	24,142
West	$6,958,485	$4,591,814	$2,366,671
Alaska*	154,156	81,508	72,648
Arizona	609,910	408,558	201,352
California	4,107,844	2,873,065	1,234,778
Colorado	435,037	275,095	159,942
Hawaii*	117,101	64,813	52,288
Idaho	92,821	52,401	40,420
Montana	71,169	35,677	35,492
Nevada	180,834	123,037	57,798
New Mexico	148,249	75,527	72,723
Oregon	399,436	197,265	202,171
Utah	133,683	82,152	51,531
Washington	459,814	299,391	160,423
Wyoming	48,431	23,326	25,105
Note: Detail may not add to total because of rounding.
*States have integrated jail-prison systems.

TABLE 2.9
State prison expenditures for medical care, food service, and utilities, fiscal year 2001
SOURCE: James J. Stephan, "Table 5. State Prison Expenditures for Medical Care, Food Service, and Utilities, Fiscal Year 2001," in State Prison Expenditures 2001, Bureau of Justice Statistics, June 2004, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/spe01.pdf (accessed March 31, 2005)

	1,000's of dollars			Cost per inmate in 2001
Region and jurisdiction	Medical care	Food service	Utilities	Medical care	Food service	Utilities
Total	$3,288,200	$1,195,854	$996,027	$2,625	$955	$795
Northeast	$590,935	$210,400	$203,294	$3,417	$1,217	$1,176
Connecticuta	68,330	23,451	19,838	3,620	1,242	1,051
Maine	9,483	3,107	2,781	5,601	1,835	1,643
Massachusetts	43,460	9,497	21,266	4,049	885	1,981
New Hampshire	3,964	2,035	3,393	1,706	876	1,461
New Jersey	91,652	22,760	31,140	3,261	810	1,108
New York	219,735	66,618	85,824	3,177	963	1,241
Pennsylvania	137,291	77,083	37,452	3,700	2,077	1,009
Rhode Islanda,b	11,820	4,107	636	3,756	1,305	202
Vermonta	5,199	1,741	963	2,918	977	540
Midwest	$543,001	$290,949	$198,432	$2,260	$1,211	$826
IIIinois	73,235	52,481	38,355	1,605	1,150	841
Indiana	37,601	19,965	19,018	1,827	970	924
lowa	16,713	14,225	7,253	2,063	1,756	895
Kansas	22,835	11,975	7,592	2,673	1,402	889
Michigan	137,414	48,148	37,970	2,841	995	785
Minnesota	25,458	10,843	7,930	3,908	1,665	1,217
Missouri	50,207	21,144	19,050	1,782	751	676
Nebraska	12,406	5,627	2,568	3,145	1,427	651
North Dakota	2,892	1,803	939	2,678	1,670	870
Ohio	111,693	75,445	40,729	2,445	1,651	892
South Dakota	5,465	4,173	1,225	2,044	1,561	458
Wisconsin	47,082	25,119	15,802	2,249	1,200	755
South	$1,141,489	$411,988	$377,792	$2,025	$731	$670
Alabama	28,700	7,152	12,616	1,052	262	462
Arkansas	19,924	5,233	4,843	1,616	424	393
Delawarea	14,762	9,624	6,651	2,073	1,351	934
District of Columbia	10,425	2,955	2,688	1,935	549	499
Florida	242,132	78,483	44,792	3,363	1,090	622
Georgia	117,384	52,174	36,280	2,588	1,150	800
Kentucky	14,782	8,688	8,338	960	564	541
Louisiana	30,535	12,381	11,584	860	349	326
Maryland	52,193	15,316	28,454	2,177	639	1,187
Mississippi	25,946	6,142	7,149	1,255	297	346
North Carolina	45,558	5,935	31,165	1,463	191	1,001
Oklahoma	46,457	23,395	9,691	2,008	1,011	419
South Carolina	28,716	9,679	15,533	1,290	435	698
Tennessee	35,943	25,552	12,969	1,551	1,103	560
Texas	329,162	104,871	103,449	2,001	638	629
Virginia	87,320	39,856	39,293	2,866	1,308	1,289
West Virginia	11,550	4,550	2,296	2,797	1,102	556
West	$1,012,775	$282,516	$216,508	$3,672	$1,024	$785
Alaskaa	16,987	5,242	6,930	4,047	1,249	1,651
Arizona	75,024	32,461	19,840	2,765	1,196	731
California	720,436	140,922	125,890	4,394	859	768
Colorado	43,509	24,399	13,242	2,541	1,425	773
Hawaiia	9,788	9,615	5,207	1,809	1,777	962
Idaho	9,757	3,660	2,579	1,715	643	453
Montana	2,997	1,380	1,094	922	425	337
Nevada	29,546	14,414	8,023	2,871	1,401	780
New Mexico	24,669	4,514	3,339	4,665	854	632
Oregon	14,222	7,359	8,865	1,284	664	800
Utah	7,308	5,214	3,280	1,343	958	603
Washington	51,998	31,617	16,672	3,412	2,074	1,094
Wyoming	6,533	1,719	1,547	3,891	1,024	921
aStates have integrated jail-prison systems.
bThe Rhode Island State Department of Health and Hospitals operated a centralized power plant that provided utilities to prisons and other government agencies. Utilities were unmetered and costs were allocated on the basis of square footage.

TABLE 2.10
Employment and monthly payroll of the justice system, by activity and level of government, March 2001
SOURCE: Lynn Bauer and Steven D. Owens, "Table 4. Employment and Monthly Payroll of the Justice System, by Activity and Level of Government, March 2001," in Justice Expenditure and Employment in the United States, 2001, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2004, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/jeeus01.pdf (accessed March 30, 2005)

	All governments				Percent distribution
Activity		Federal	State	Local	Total	Federal	State	Local
Total justice system
Total employees	2,295,423	197,263	741,007	1,357,153	100%	8.6%	32.3%	59.1%
2001 March payroll*	$8,150	$1,035	$2,513	$4,602		12.7	30.8	56.5
Police protection
Total employees	1,060,219	106,337	104,657	849,225	100%	10.0%	9.9%	80.1%
2001 March payroll	$4,003	$581	$407	$3,016		14.5	10.2	75.3
Judicial and legal
Total employees	488,143	57,953	162,982	267,208	100%	11.9%	33.4%	54.7%
2001 March payroll	$1,798	$318	$639	$841		17.7	35.5	46.8
Corrections
Total employees	747,061	32,973	473,368	240,720	100%	4.4%	63.4%	32.2%
2001 March payroll	$2,349	$137	$1,468	$744		5.8	62.5	31.7
*Payroll is in millions. Detail may not add to total because of rounding.

TABLE 2.11
Average daily population and the number of men, women, and juveniles in local jails, midyear, selected years 1995–2003
SOURCE: Paige M. Harrison and Jennifer C. Karberg, "Table 9. Average Daily Population and the Number of Men, Women, and Juveniles in Local Jails, Midyear 1995, 2000, and 2002–2003," in Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 2003, Bureau of Justice Statistics, May 2004, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/pjim03.pdf (accessed April 2, 2005)

	1995	2000	2002	2003
Average daily populationa	509,828	618,319	652,082	680,760
Number of inmates, June 30	507,044	621,149	665,475	691,301
Adults	499,300	613,534	658,228	684,431
Male	448,000	543,120	581,411	602,781
Female	51,300	70,414	76,817	81,650
Juvenilesb	7,800	7,615	7,248	6,869
Held as adultsc	5,900	6,126	6,112	5,484
Held as juveniles	1,800	1,489	1,136	1,385
Note: Data are for June 30 in 1995, 2000, and 2003; for June 29 in 2001; and June 28, for 2002. Detailed data for 1995 were estimated and rounded to the nearest 100.
aThe average daily population is the sum of the number of inmates in a jail each day for a year, divided by the total number of days in the year.
bJuveniles are persons held under the age of 18.
cIncludes juveniles who were tried or awaiting trial as adults.

TABLE 2.12
State and federal prisoners held in private facilities and local jails, by jurisdiction, yearend 2002 and 2003
SOURCE: Paige M. Harrison and Allen J. Beck, "Table 7. State and Federal Prisoners Held in Private Facilities and Local Jails, by Jurisdiction, Yearend 2002 and 2003," in Prisoners in 2003, Bureau of Justice Statistics, November 2004, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/p03.pdf (accessed March 30, 2005)

	Private facilities			Local jails
Region and jurisdiction	2003	2002	Percent of all inmates, 2003a	2003	2002	Percent of all inmates, 2003a
U.S. total	95,522	93,912	6.5%	73,343	72,550	5.0%
Federalb	21,865	20,274	12.6	3,278	3,377	1.9
State	73,657	73,638	5.7	70,065	69,173	5.4
Northeast	3,201	3,146	1.8%	1,911	2,234	1.1%
				d	d	d
Connecticut	0	0	0.0
Maine	30	8	1.5	0	0	0.0
Massachusetts	0	0	0.0	361	375	3.5
New Hampshire	0	0	0.0	7	11	0.3
New Jerseyc	2,636	2,601	9.7	1,542	1,528	5.7
New York	0	0	0.0	1	320	0.0
Pennsylvania	535	537	1.3	0	0	0.0
Rhode Islandc	0	0	0.0	d	d	d
Vermontc	0	0	0.0	d	d	d
Midwest	4,957	6,748	2.0%	2,386	1,801	1.0%
Illinois	0	0	0.0	0	0	0.0
Indiana	652	843	2.8	1,724	1,262	7.5
Iowa	0	0	0.0	0	0	0.0
Kansas	0	0	0.0	0	0	0.0
Michigan	480	460	1.0	42	30	0.1
Minnesota	0	0	0.0	283	221	3.6
Missouri	0	0	0.0	0	0	0.0
Nebraska	0	0	0.0	0	0	0.0
North Dakota	0	23	0.0	44	9	3.6
Ohio	1,901	1,927	4.2	0	0	0.0
South Dakota	25	32	0.8	29	12	1.0
Wisconsin	1,899	3,463	8.4	264	267	1.2
South	48,222	46,091	8.2%	60,810	60,036	10.3%
Alabama	1,698	0	5.8	1,340	2,449	4.6
Arkansas	0	0	0.0	1,016	1,172	7.8
Delaware	0	0	0.0	d	d	d
Florida	4,330	4,173	5.4	48	47	0.1
Georgia	4,589	4,573	9.7	4,949	4,975	10.5
Kentucky	1,640	1,635	9.9	3,969	3,657	23.9
Louisiana	2,918	2,929	8.1	16,549	16,022	45.9
Maryland	122	127	0.5	234	168	1.0
Mississippi	3,463	3,435	14.9	4,724	4,550	20.4
North Carolina	215	186	0.6	0	0	0.0
Oklahoma	6,022	6,470	26.4	1,869	1,497	8.2
South Carolina	44	21	0.2	424	415	1.8
Tennessee	5,049	4,200	19.9	6,283	6,717	24.7
Texas	16,570	16,773	9.9	13,331	12,375	8.0
Virginia	1,562	1,569	4.5	5,106	5,024	14.6
West Virginia	0	0	0.0	968	968	20.3
West	17,277	17,653	6.0%	4,958	5,102	1.7%
Alaska	1,386	1,360	30.6	d	d	d
Arizona	2,323	1,965	7.5	174	232	0.6
California	3,507	4,649	2.1	2,415	2,591	1.5
Colorado	3,013	2,452	15.3	221	160	1.1
Hawaii	1,478	1,347	25.4	d	d	d
Idaho	1,267	1,266	21.5	239	295	4.1
Montana	1,059	963	29.3	567	419	15.7
Nevada	0	434	0.0	190	177	1.8
New Mexico	2,751	2,690	44.2	0	0	0.0
Oregon	0	0	0.0	0	0	0.0
Utah	0	0	0.0	1,065	1,170	18.5
Washingtonc	0	0	0.0	0	0	0.0
Wyoming	493	527	26.3	87	58	4.6
Based on the total number of inmates under state or federal jurisdiction.
Includes federal inmates in non-secure privately operated facilities (6,471 in 2003, and 6,598 in 2002).
Inmates held in other state facilities include interstate compact cases.
Not applicable. Prison and jails form an integrated system.