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Probation and Parole - Parole

Trends in Parole

Since the mid-1990s there has been a trend among the states to abolish discretionary paroles in favor of mandatory paroles. Discretionary parole is administered by parole boards. Their members examine the criminal history of prisoners and the candidates' prison records and reach decisions on whether to release a prisoner from incarceration now or not. Mandatory parole is legislatively imposed at the state level and, with some exceptions, takes away the discretion of parole boards. Mandatory parole provisions ensure that sentences for the same crime require TABLE 8.5
Adults on probation, by region and jurisdiction, 2003

Region and jurisdiction Probation population, 1/1/03 2003 Probation population, 12/31/03 Percent change, 2003 Number on probation per 100,000 adult residents, 12/31/03
Entries Exits
    U.S. total 4,024,067 2,229,668 2,179,847 4,073,987 1.2% 1,876
Federal 31,330 13,989 14,449 30,599 −2.3% 14
State 3,992,737 2,215,679 2,165,398 4,043,388 1.3 1,862
Northeast 629,503 233,044 247,722 614,825 −2.3% 1,491
Connecticut 50,984 24,384 23,176 52,192 2.4 1,983
Maine 9,446 6,625 6,216 9,855 4.3 984
Massachusettsa,b,c 131,319 56,933 61,117 127,135 h 2,585
New Hampshired 3,702 1,480 1,052 4,130 11.6 426
New Jersey 134,290 40,601 50,610 124,281 −7.5 1,907
New Yorkb 132,966 39,590 48,261 124,295 −6.5 859
Pennsylvaniac 130,786 52,072 45,652 137,206 4.9 1,454
Rhode Island 25,914 6,451 6,436 25,929 0.1 3,143
Vermont 10,096 4,908 5,202 9,802 −2.9 2,085
Midwest 937,378 606,152 607,511 936,387 −0.1% 1,926
Illinois 141,544 63,000 60,090 144,454 2.1 1,542
Indiana 114,209 94,741 97,324 111,626 −2.3 2,424
Iowa 19,970 14,600 13,685 20,885 4.6 945
Kansasc 15,217 23,315 23,981 14,551 −4.4 725
Michiganc,d 174,577 130,857 129,029 176,392 1.0 2,364
Minnesota 122,692 59,517 71,484 110,725 −9.8 2,953
Missouri 54,584 26,512 25,486 55,610 1.9 1,305
Nebraska 16,468 15,845 13,901 18,412 11.8 1,432
North Dakota 3,229 2,332 2,059 3,502 8.5 737
Ohioc,d 215,186 146,723 142,616 219,658 2.1 2,573
South Dakota 5,088 3,261 3,129 5,236 2.9 933
Wisconsin 54,614 25,449 24,727 55,336 1.3 1,354
South 1,623,038 960,243 910,074 1,673,206 3.1% 2,135
Alabama 39,713 15,152 15,213 39,652 −0.2 1,177
Arkansas 27,377 9,168 8,419 28,126 2.7 1,380
Delaware 20,201 13,962 15,242 18,921 −6.3 3,058
District of Columbiac,d 9,389 6,597 8,755 7,231 h 1,612
Floridac,d 291,315 257,539 261,212 287,641 −1.3 2,169
Georgiac,e 367,349 230,686 173,650 424,385 h h
Kentuckyc 24,480 16,165 11,949 28,696 17.2 921
Louisiana 36,257 13,875 13,455 36,677 1.2 1,120
Maryland 81,982 39,037 43,144 77,875 −5.0 1,890
Mississippic,f 16,633 8,773 6,290 19,116 14.9 911
North Carolina 112,900 60,782 60,521 113,161 0.2 1,770
Oklahomad 29,881 15,299 16,854 28,326 −5.2 1,082
South Carolina 41,574 14,760 16,287 40,047 −3.7 1,285
Tennesseec 42,712 24,256 24,132 42,836 0.3 968
Texas 434,486 200,450 202,947 431,989 −0.6 2,698
Virginia 40,359 30,669 29,365 41,663 3.2 743
West Virginiac 6,430 3,072 2,638 6,864 6.7 487

TABLE 8.5
Adults on probation, by region and jurisdiction, 2003 [CONTINUED]
SOURCE: Lauren E. Glaze and Seri Palla, "Table 2. Adults on Probation, 2003," in Probation and Parole in the United States, 2003, Bureau of Justice Statistics, July 2004, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/ppus03.pdf (accessed April 2, 2005)

Region and jurisdiction Probation population, 1/1/03 2003 Probation population, 12/31/03 Percent change, 2003 Number on probation per 100,000 adult residents, 12/31/03
Entries Exits
West 802,818 416,241 400,092 818,970 2.0% 1,672
Alaska 5,229 973 796 5,406 3.4 1,185
Arizonad 66,485 39,115 39,795 65,805 −1.0 1,586
Californiad 358,121 180,636 164,059 374,701 4.6 1,441
Coloradoc,d 57,328 28,954 30,985 55,297 −3.5 1,623
Hawaii 16,772 7,006 6,126 17,652 5.2 1,822
Idahod,g 31,361 25,360 24,501 32,220 2.7 h
Montana 6,703 3,898 3,687 6,914 3.1 1,006
Nevada 12,290 5,869 6,000 12,159 −1.1 716
New Mexico 16,287 7,662 7,813 16,136 −0.9 1,186
Oregon 45,397 16,275 16,847 44,825 −1.3 1,662
Utah 10,646 5,429 5,696 10,379 −2.5 646
Washingtonc,d 171,603 93,132 91,921 172,814 0.7 3,767
Wyoming 4,596 1,932 1,866 4,662 1.4 1,255
Note: Because of incomplete data, the population for some jurisdictions on December 31, 2003, does not equal the population on January 1, 2003, plus entries, minus exits.
a Data are for June 30, 2002, and 2003. Some data for June 30, 2002, were estimated.
b Due to change in reporting criteria, data are not comparable to previous reports.
c Data for entries and exits were estimated for nonreporting agencies.
d All data were estimated.
e Counts include private agency cases and may overstate the number under supervision.
f Data are for year ending December 1, 2003.
g Counts include estimates for misdemeanors based on admissions.
h Not calculated.

TABLE 8.6
Probation population statistics, 2003
SOURCE: Adapted from Lauren E. Glaze and Seri Palla, "Table 1. Community Corrections among the States, Yearend 2003," in Probation and Parole in the United States, 2003, Bureau of Justice Statistics, July 2004, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/ppus03.pdf (accessed April 2, 2005)

10 states with the largest 2003 community corrections populations Number supervised 10 states with the largest percent increase Percent increase, 2002–03 10 states with the highest rates of supervision, 2003 Persons supervised per 100,000 adult U.S. residents* 10 states with the lowest rates of supervision, 2003 Persons supervised per 100,000 adult .residents*
Texas 431,989 Kentucky 17.2% Washington 3,767 New Hampshire 426
California 374,701 Mississippi 14.9 Rhode Island 3,143 West Virginia 487
Florida 287,641 Nebraska 11.8 Delaware 3,058 Utah 646
Ohio 219,658 New Hampshire 11.6 Minnesota 2,953 Nevada 716
Michigan 176,392 North Dakota 8.5 Texas 2,698 Kansas 725
Washington 172,814 West Virginia 6.7 Massachusetts 2,585 North Dakota 737
Illinois 144,454 Hawaii 5.2 Ohio 2,573 Virginia 743
Pennsylvania 137,206 Pennsylvania 4.9 Indiana 2,424 New York 859
Massachusetts 127,135 California 4.6 Michigan 2,364 Mississippi 911
New York 124,295 Iowa 4.6 Florida 2,169 Kentucky 921
Note: This table excludes the District of Columbia, a wholly urban jurisdiction, Georgia probation counts, which included probation case-based counts for private agencies, and Idaho in which misdemeanor probation counts were not reported in 2003.
*Rates are based on the estimated number of adult state residents on December 31, 2003.

incarceration for the same length of time. The prisoner can shorten his or her sentence only by good behavior—but time off for good behavior is also prohibited in some states. In some jurisdictions parole can only begin after prisoners have served 100% of their minimum sentences.

According to a survey conducted by the National Institute of Corrections, U.S. Department of Justice, Status Report on Parole, 1995: Results of an NIC Survey (Washington, DC, November 1995), conflicting policy pressures were changing the manner in which parole was administered in 1995. These pressures came from "legislators seeking ways to be tougher on criminals" by making them serve all or a fixed proportion of their sentences. This had led to changes in some state laws that, in effect, "abolished parole" by taking discretion out of the hands of parole boards. By the early years of the new century, discretionary releases of prisoners by parole boards were decreasing as a percentage of all releases; mandatory parole releases were up; and more prisoners served out their full sentences.

The rise of mandatory paroles over discretionary paroles can be seen in Table 8.13. In 1995 the percentage of discretionary paroles was at 50%; but by 2003 discretionary paroles made up only 39% of the total. In 1995 mandatory parole made up 45% of all paroles; by 2003, 51% of those paroled were under a mandatory parole.

Characteristics of Parolees

As reported in Probation and Parole in the United States, 2003, at the end of 2003 there were 774,588 federal and state parolees in the United States. (See Table 8.14.) Most parolees (688,129) were paroled from state prisons, while 86,459 had been paroled TABLE 8.7
Outcomes of probation supervision, by offense, October 1, 2001–September 30, 2002

Most serious offense of convictiona Number of probation terminations Percent of probation supervisions terminating with—
No violation Technical violationsb New crimec Administrative case closures
Drug use Fugitive status Other
    All offenses 15,116 79.5% 3.7% 2.5% 5.9% 6.6% 1.9%
Felonies 7,733 80.4% 3.7% 2.8% 5.1% 6.0% 2.0%
Violent offenses 266 66.9% 4.5% 7.5% 8.3% 11.7% 1.1%
    Murderd 17 64.7 5.9 5.9 0.0 23.5 0.0
    Negligent manslaughter 0 e e e e e e
    Assault 98 49.0 6.1 15.3 13.3 15.3 1.0
    Robbery 105 85.7 3.8 1.9 1.9 5.7 1.0
    Sexual abused 42 61.9 2.4 4.8 14.3 14.3 2.4
    Kidnapping 1 f f f f f f
    Threats against the President 3 f f f f f f
Property offenses 4,146 81.9% 3.4% 2.6% 5.2% 5.1% 1.7%
    Fraudulent 3,257 84.2% 3.1% 2.0% 4.6% 4.5% 1.6%
        Embezzlement 299 89.3 2.3 1.3 3.3 2.0 1.7
        Fraudd 2,406 87.0 2.0 1.9 3.7 3.7 1.7
        Forgery 119 73.1 6.7 4.2 5.9 7.6 2.5
        Counterfeiting 433 67.9 8.8 2.3 10.2 10.2 0.7
    Other 889 73.7% 4.8% 4.9% 7.1% 7.3% 2.1%
        Burglary 24 29.2 12.5 25.0 25.0 8.3 0.0
        Larcenyd 704 74.4 5.1 4.7 7.1 6.5 2.1
        Motor vehicle theft 56 80.4 3.6 1.8 1.8 12.5 0.0
        Arson and explosives 32 81.3 0.0 6.3 6.3 6.3 0.0
        Transportation and stolen property 57 77.2 3.5 3.5 3.5 7.0 5.3
        Other property offensesd 16 56.3 0.0 0.0 12.5 25.0 6.3
Drug offenses 1,215 75.3% 6.5% 2.3% 5.8% 7.7% 2.4%
    Trafficking 1,086 75.1 6.6 2.1 6.2 7.8 2.1
    Possession and other drug offenses 129 76.7 5.4 3.9 3.1 6.2 4.7
Public-order offenses 1,458 87.2% 1.5% 1.9% 3.0% 4.0% 2.4%
    Regulatory 578 85.5% 1.7% 2.8% 2.6% 4.7% 2.8%
        Agriculture 1 f f f f f f
        Antitrust 13 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
        Food and drug 20 80.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 0.0 15.0
        Transportation 17 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
        Civil rights 15 86.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 13.3
        Communications 34 94.1 0.0 0.0 2.9 2.9 0.0
        Custom laws 29 93.1 0.0 3.4 3.4 0.0 0.0
        Postal laws 43 81.4 2.3 7.0 2.3 4.7 2.3
        Other regulatory offenses 406 83.7 2.2 3.0 2.7 5.9 2.5
    Other 880 88.4% 1.4% 1.4% 3.2% 3.5% 2.2%
        Tax law violationsd 289 95.5 0.3 0.3 0.7 1.4 1.7
        Bribery 81 88.9 1.2 2.5 1.2 3.7 2.5
        Perjury, contempt, and intimidation 55 85.2 0.0 3.7 0.0 5.6 5.6
        National defense 6 f f f f f f
        Escape 26 65.4 3.8 0.0 11.5 15.4 3.8
        Racketeering and extortion 167 87.4 1.8 1.8 3.6 3.0 2.4
        Gambling 59 96.6 1.7 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.0
        Nonviolent sex offenses 60 76.7 0.0 1.7 11.7 8.3 1.7
        Obscene materiald 10 f f f f f f
        Wildlife 25 96.0 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
        Environmental 14 78.6 0.0 0.0 7.1 0.0 14.3
        All other offenses 88 76.1 4.5 2.3 9.1 6.8 1.1
Weapon offenses 298 67.8% 5.0% 2.3% 8.4% 13.1% 3.4%
Immigration offenses 283 78.4% 4.2% 5.7% 3.2% 7.8% 0.7%

TABLE 8.7
Outcomes of probation supervision, by offense, October 1, 2001–September 30, 2002 [CONTINUED]
SOURCE: "Table 7.3. Outcomes of Probation Supervision, by Offense, October 1, 2001–September 30, 2002," in Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics, 2002, Bureau of Justice Statistics, September 2004, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/cfjs0207.pdf (accessed March 26, 2005)

Most serious offense of convictiona Number of probation terminations Percent of probation supervisions terminating with—
No violation Technical violationsb New crimec Administrative case closures
Drug use Fugitive status Other
Misdemeanorsd 7,383 78.5% 3.6% 2.2% 6.7% 7.2% 1.8%
Fraudulent property offense 585 88.2 1.2 1.0 4.4 2.7 2.4
Larceny 808 77.5 5.9 3.3 6.1 5.4 1.7
Drug possessiond 1,207 75.0 7.6 2.7 6.5 6.6 1.6
Immigration misdemeanors 599 53.1 1.8 3.8 9.7 30.9 0.7
Traffic offenses 2,288 82.0 2.3 1.4 7.1 5.3 1.8
Other misdemeanors 1,896 81.9 2.8 2.3 6.5 4.6 2.0
Note: Offenses for 67 felony offenders could not be classified. Only records with one or more terminations of active supervision during October 1, 2001, through September 30, 2002, were selected. Each termination was counted separately. Technical violations and terminations for new crimes are shown only if supervision terminated with incarceration or removal from active supervision for reasons of a violation.
a The most serious offense was the one with the most severe penalty imposed. If equal prison terms were imposed, or there was no imprisonment, the offense with the highest severity code, as determined by the U.S. Title and Code Criminal Offense Citations Manual, was selected.
b Supervision terminated with incarceration or removal to inactive status for violation of supervision conditions other than charges for new offenses.
c Supervision terminated with incarceration or removal to inactive status after arrest for a "major" or "minor" offense.
d In this table, "Murder" includes nonnegligent manslaughter, "sexual abuse" includes only violent sex offenses; "fraud" excludes tax fraud; "larceny" excludes transportation of stolen property; "other property offenses" excludes fraudulent property offenses, and includes destruction of property and trespassing; "tax law violations" includes tax fraud; "obscene material" denootes the mail or transport thereof; "misdemeanors" includes misdemeanors, petty offenses, and unknown offense levels; and "drug possession" also includes other drug misdemeanors.
e No cases of this type occurred in the data.
f Too few cases to obtain statistically reliable data.

TABLE 8.8
Characteristics of offenders terminating probation supervision, October 1, 2001–September 30, 2002
SOURCE: "Table 7.4. Characteristics of Offenders Terminating Probation Supervision, October 1, 2001–September 30, 2002," in Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics, 2002, Bureau of Justice Statistics, September 2004, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/cfjs0207.pdf (accessed March 26, 2005)

Offender characteristica Number of probation terminations Percent of probation supervisions terminating with—
No violation Technical violationsb New crimec Administrative case closures
Drug use Fugitive status Other
    All offendersc 15,116 79.5% 3.7% 2.5% 5.9% 6.6% 1.9%
Male/female
Male 10,836 77.8% 3.8% 2.5% 6.3% 7.6% 2.0%
Female 4,253 83.6 3.4 2.5 4.9 4.1 1.5
Race
White 9,980 81.3% 3.3% 2.2% 4.7% 6.5% 1.9%
Black 3,864 76.0 4.7 2.4 8.0 7.0 1.9
Native American 485 53.8 5.4 10.1 18.4 10.7 1.6
Asian/Pacific Islander 492 90.2 1.6 1.8 2.8 2.6 0.8
Ethnicity
Hispanic 2,408 74.3% 2.4% 3.2% 5.0% 12.9% 2.1%
Non-Hispanic 12,556 80.4 3.9 2.3 6.1 5.4 1.8
Age
16–18 years 157 47.1% 10.2% 8.3% 15.9% 17.2% 1.3%
19–20 years 615 59.0 8.1 5.5 12.2 13.2 2.0
21–30 years 4,465 72.1 5.0 3.5 8.0 9.9 1.5
31–40 years 4,023 80.4 4.0 2.4 5.9 6.0 1.4
Over 40 years 5,851 87.5 1.8 1.3 3.4 3.5 2.5
Education
Less than high school graduate 3,679 69.6% 5.9% 4.1% 9.1% 9.2% 2.1%
High school graduate 5,419 80.1 4.0 2.5 6.2 5.7 1.6
Some college 3,368 86.5 2.2 1.4 3.9 4.3 1.7
College graduate 1,881 90.9 1.1 0.9 2.8 2.3 2.2
Drug abuse
No known abuse 11,894 84.0% 1.8% 1.8% 4.7% 5.8% 1.9%
Drug history 3,222 62.9 10.3 5.1 10.4 9.5 1.8
a Violation of supervision conditions to her than charges for new offenses.
b Includes both "major" and "minor" offenses.
c Total includes offenders whose characteristics could not be determined.

TABLE 8.9
Persons under the supervision of the federal probation system and authorized probation officers, 1975–2003
SOURCE: Kathleen Maguire and Ann L. Pastore, editors, "Table 6.7. Persons under the Supervision of the Federal Probation System and Authorized Probation Officers, 1975–2003," in Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics, Bureau of Justice Statistics, August 2004, http://www.albany.edu/sourcebook/pdf/t67.pdf (accessed April 3, 2005)

Number of persons under supervision Number of probation officers
1975 64,261 1,377
1976 64,246 1,452
1977 64,427 1,578
1978 66,681 1,604
1979 66,087 1,604
1980 64,450 1,604
1981 59,016 1,534
1982 58,373 1,637
1983 60,180 1,574
1984 63,092 1,690
1985 65,999 1,758
1986 69,656 1,847
1987 73,432 1,879
1988 76,366 2,046
1989 77,284 2,146
1990 80,592 2,361
1991 83,012 2,802
1992 85,920 3,316
1993 86,823 3,516*
1994 89,103 NA
1995 85,822 NA
1996 88,966 3,473
1997 91,434 3,603
1998 93,737 3,842
1999 97,190 3,913
2000 100,395 3,981
2001 104,715 4,345
2002 108,792 4,476
2003 110,621 4,560
Note: Persons under supervision of the Federal Probation System include persons placed on probation—either by U.S. district courts, U.S. magistrate judges, or at the request of U.S. attorneys (pretrial diversion/deferred prosecution)—and federal offenders released from confinement on parole, supervised release, or mandatory release.
The "number of persons under supervision" data for 1975–87 are reported for the 12-month period ending June 30. Beginning in 1988, these data are reported for the federal fiscal year, which is the 12-month period ending September 30. The "number of probation officers" data for 1975–90 are reported as of June 30. Beginning in 1991, these data are reported as of September 30.
*Approximate.

from federal prisons. The number of parolees grew by 3.1% from 2002 to 2003, almost double the average annual increase of 1.7% since 1995. Since 1995, the number of parolees has increased by 95,167, or 14%. The 23,654 new parolees added to the total number in 2003 was the largest single increase during this period. (See Table 8.3.)

In 2003, 13% of parolees were women, up from 12% in 2000 and 10% in 1995. (See Table 8.13.) In 1995 the percentage of parolees who were white was 34%, while 45% were African-Americans and 21% were Hispanic. Eight years later, whites made up a larger percentage of those on parole, while African-Americans and Hispanics showed a decline. In 2003, 40% of those on parole were white, 41% were African-American, and 18% were Hispanic. Native Americans and Alaska Natives were 1% of parolees as were Asians, Pacific Islanders, and Native Hawaiians as a group. In general, the gender and racial/ethnic distribution of parolees more closely matched that of the prison population than the distribution of people on probation matched the prison population.

Table 8.13 also shows that 83% of parolees were under the active supervision of parole officers in 2003. Of parolees leaving parole, only 47% had successfully completed the terms of their parole. Parolees, of course, are more serious offenders as a group than are probationers, 95% having been sentenced to one year or more of prison for felonies.

Parole Geography

Maine had the fewest parolees in the nation in 2003, a total of thirty-two persons, or three per 100,000 of population. The highest number proportionally to population occurred in the District of Columbia (1,129 per 100,000 adult residents) and in Pennsylvania (1,084 per 100,000 adult residents). (See Table 8.14.) The U.S. average was 357, a value that also includes those on parole from federal institutions. California (110,338), Texas (102,271), and Pennsylvania (102,244) had the largest numbers of parolees. (See Table 8.15.) Several states saw large increases in their numbers of parolees: North Dakota (52.7% increase), Alabama (30.9%), and Kentucky (26.9%). North Dakota's percentage increase, while being the largest of all the states, represented a total of only 226 parolees in that state at the end of 2003. Overall, the Midwest saw the greatest increase in parolees (6.4%) in 2003, while the West saw a decline of 0.3%. (See Table 8.14.)

Parole Violation and Rearrest Trends

The overall success rate for parolees has remained fairly stable for several years. As shown in Table 8.13, 45% of individuals on parole completed their sentences successfully in 1995. In 2003, 47% of paroles ended successfully.

The success rate for federal parolees is higher than the national average discussed above. In 2002, 57.5% of federal parolees completed their sentences successfully. (See Table 8.16.) Of those who had committed violent offenses, the success rate was 43.3%. For those who had committed property offenses, the success rate was 62%. Two-thirds of drug offenders (67.7%) completed their parole sentences successfully.

Of those who violated federal parole in the twelve months ending September 30, 2002, most had either violated their parole by committing a new crime or by using drugs. (See Table 8.17.) Male parolees were more than twice as likely to commit a new crime than were female parolees, and they were five times as likely to use drugs than were female parolees. The success rate for white parolees was 63.8%, for Hispanics it was 62.1%, and for African-Americans it was 49.1%. The level of education seemed to make a difference in the success rates of parolees. Those with college degrees had a success rate of 78.7%, but those with less than a high school education had a success rate of only 53.4%. Drug use also had an impact. Those with no known drug abuse problem had a success rate of 66.1%. Those with a known history of drug abuse had a success rate of only 47.6%.

TABLE 8.10
Federal offenders under supervision, by offense, September 30, 2002

Most serious offense of convictiona Total offenders under supervision Type of supervision
Probation Supervised release Parole
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
    All offensesb 107,367 100.0% 30,577 100.0% 73,229 100.0% 3,561 100.0%
Feloniesc 97,518 90.8% 21,290 69.5% 72,673 99.2% 3,555 99.8%
Violent offenses 6,281 5.9% 527 1.7% 4,518 6.2% 1,236 34.7%
    Murderd 427 0.4 21 0.1 217 0.3 189 5.3
    Negligent manslaughter 9 e e e 7 e 2 0.1
    Assault 647 0.6 138 0.5 440 0.6 69 1.9
    Robbery 4,490 4.2 255 0.8 3,384 4.6 851 23.9
    Sexual abused 460 0.4 97 0.3 324 0.4 39 1.1
    Kidnapping 206 0.2 11 e 109 0.1 86 2.4
    Threats against the President 42 e 5 e 37 0.1 0 0.0
Property offenses 29,268 27.3% 11,506 37.8% 17,462 23.9% 300 8.4%
    Fraudulent 24,439 22.8% 9,310 30.6% 14,983 20.5% 146 4.1%
        Embezzlement 3,138 2.9 948 3.1 2,183 3.0 7 0.2
        Fraudd 18,486 17.2 7,042 23.1 11,324 15.5 120 3.4
        Forgery 415 0.4 200 0.7 203 0.3 12 0.3
        Counterfeiting 2,400 2.2 1,120 3.7 1,273 1.7 7 0.2
    Other 4,829 4.5% 2,196 7.2% 2,479 3.4% 154 4.3%
        Burglary 276 0.3 54 0.2 149 0.2 73 2.1
        Larcenyd 3,367 3.1 1,803 5.9 1,524 2.1 40 1.1
        Motor vehicle theft 431 0.4 110 0.4 307 0.4 14 0.4
        Arson and explosives 329 0.3 61 0.2 254 0.3 14 0.4
        Transportation of stolen property 356 0.3 133 0.4 214 0.3 9 0.3
        Other property offensesd 70 0.1 35 0.1 31 e 4 0.1
Drug offenses 44,980 42.0% 3,850 12.6% 39,536 54.0% 1,594 44.8%
    Trafficking 40,414 37.7 3,487 11.5 35,491 48.5 1,436 40.4
    Other drug offenses 4,566 4.3 363 1.2 4,045 5.5 158 4.4
Public-order offenses 9,039 8.4% 3,657 12.0% 5,119 7.0% 263 7.4%
    Regulatory 2,570 2.4% 1,426 4.7% 1,115 1.5% 29 0.8%
        Agriculture 4 e 2 e 2 e 0 0.0
        Antitrust 27 e 17 0.1 10 e 0 0.0
        Food and drug 95 0.1 72 0.2 23 e 0 0.0
        Transportation 98 0.1 62 0.2 33 e 3 0.1
        Civil rights 149 0.1 29 0.1 116 0.2 4 0.1
        Communications 136 0.1 92 0.3 44 0.1 0 0.0
        Custom laws 153 0.1 69 0.2 83 0.1 1 e
        Postal laws 130 0.1 81 0.3 48 0.1 1 e
        Other regulatory offenses 1,778 1.7 1,002 3.3 756 1.0 20 0.6
    Other 6,469 6.0% 2,231 7.3% 4,004 5.5% 234 6.6%
        Tax law violationsd 1,336 1.2 735 2.4 595 0.8 6 0.2
        Bribery 386 0.4 201 0.7 182 0.2 3 0.1
        Perjury, contempt, and intimidation 334 0.3 140 0.5 185 0.3 9 0.3
        National defense 47 e 14 e 17 e 16 0.4
        Escape 282 0.3 49 0.2 210 0.3 23 0.6
        Racketeering and extortion 2,246 2.1 434 1.4 1,681 2.3 131 3.7
        Gambling 164 0.2 79 0.3 85 0.1 0 0.0
        Nonviolent sex offenses 1,006 0.9 208 0.7 764 1.0 34 1.0
        Obscene materiald 66 0.1 23 0.1 43 0.1 0 0.0
        Wildlife 99 0.1 58 0.2 41 0.1 0 0.0
        Environmental 40 e 26 0.1 14 e 0 0.0
        All other offenses 463 0.4 264 0.9 187 0.3 12 0.3
Weapon offenses 5,662 5.3% 889 2.9% 4,618 6.3% 155 4.4%
Immigration offenses 2,095 2.0% 727 2.4% 1,364 1.9% 4 0.1%

TABLE 8.10
Federal offenders under supervision, by offense, September 30, 2002 [CONTINUED]
SOURCE: "Table 7.1. Federal Offenders under Supervision, by Offense, September 30, 2002," in Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics, 2002, Bureau of Justice Statistics, September 2004, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/cfjs0207.pdf (accessed March 26, 2005)

Most serious offense of convictiona Total offenders under supervision Type of supervision
Probation Supervised release Parole
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
Misdemeanorsd 9,849 9.2% 9,287 30.5% 556 0.8% 6 0.2%
Fraudulent property offenses 1,104 1.0 1,042 3.4 62 0.1 0 0.0
Larceny 1,187 1.1 1,090 3.6 97 0.1 0 0.0
Drug possessiond 1,715 1.6 1,589 5.2 122 0.2 4 0.1
Immigration misdemeanors 817 0.8 805 2.6 12 e 0 0.0
Traffic offenses 2,162 2.0 2,077 6.8 85 0.1 0 0.0
Other misdemeanors 2,864 2.7 2,684 8.8 178 0.2 2 0.1
aThe most serious offense was the one with the most severe penalty imposed. If equal prison terms were imposed, or there was no imprisonment, the offense with the highest severity code, as determined by the U.S. Title and Code Criminal Offense Citations Manual, was selected.
b Total includes offenders whose offense category could not be determined. Year end pending cases (that is, records with offenders who were under active supervision as of the end of the fiscal year, September 30, 2002) were selected. Corporate defendants were excluded.
cThe are 193 felony offenders for whom an offense category was unknown or indeterminable. These include 134 offenders under probation, 56 under supervised release, and 3 under parole.
d In this table, "murder" includes nonnegligent manslaughter; "sexual abuse" includes only violent sex offenses; "fraud" excludes tax fraud; "larceny" excludes transportation of stolen property; "other property offenses" excludes fraudulent property offenses, and includes destruction of property and trespassing; "tax law violations" includes tax fraud; "obscene material" denotes the mail or transport thereof; "misdemeanors" includes misdemeanors, petty offenses, and unknown offense levels; and "drug possession" also includes other drug misdemeanors.
eLess than .05%

TABLE 8.11
Outcomes of supervised release, by offense, October 1, 2001–September 30, 2002

Most serious offense of convictiona Number of supervised release terminations Percent of supervised releases terminating with—
No violation Techinical violationsb New crimec Administrative case closures
Drug use Fugitive status Other
    All offenses 27,678 62.2% 8.4% 5.1% 9.0% 13.1% 2.2%
Felonies 27,067 62.1% 8.4% 5.1% 9.0% 13.1% 2.2%
Violent offenses 2,121 41.4% 12.5% 8.7% 16.7% 17.3% 3.4%
Murderd 104 40.4 7.7 22.1 15.4 13.5 1.0
    Negligent manslaughter 5 f f f f f f
    Assault 272 38.2 6.6 12.5 20.2 19.5 2.9
    Robbery 1,522 42.4 14.8 7.2 15.1 17.4 3.2
    Sexual abused 166 38.6 7.8 9.6 24.7 14.5 4.8
    Kidnapping 31 54.8 f f 16.1 25.8 3.2
    Threats against the President 21 19.0 9.5 9.5 33.3 4.8 23.8
Property offenses 7,195 69.2% 5.5% 4.7% 9.0% 9.8% 1.8%
    Fraudulent 5,898 71.7% 4.9% 4.0% 8.4% 9.1% 1.9%
        Embezzlement 736 84.0 1.8 2.7 5.8 5.0 0.7
        Fraudd 4,381 72.6 4.5 3.8 8.2 8.7 2.2
        Forgery 109 53.2 8.3 4.6 16.5 17.4 f
        Counterfeiting 672 55.5 10.6 7.0 11.2 14.1 1.6
    Other 1,297 57.7% 8.2% 7.9% 11.8% 13.0% 1.5%
        Burglary 99 34.3 5.1 10.1 23.2 24.2 3.0
        Larcenyd 791 56.0 9.9 8.6 12.3 12.0 1.3
        Motor vehicle theft 152 60.5 8.6 6.6 7.9 14.5 2.0
        Arson and explosives 116 67.2 3.4 6.0 12.9 8.6 1.7
        Transportation and stolen property 119 75.6 4.2 5.0 2.5 11.8 0.8
        Other property offensesd 20 55.0 5.0 5.0 15.0 20.0 f
Drug offenses 12,320 64.1% 9.6% 4.5% 7.5% 12.3% 2.1%
    Trafficking 11,090 63.5 9.8 4.7 7.4 12.4 2.1
    Possession and other drug offenses 1,230 69.3 8.0 2.1 7.6 11.0 2.0
Public-order offenses 2,295 73.2% 4.3% 4.0% 6.8% 9.3% 2.4%
    Regulatory 654 69.7% 5.2% 6.7% 5.7% 10.1% 2.6%
        Agriculture 0 e e e e e e
        Antitrust 5 f f f f f f
        Food and drug 16 81.3 12.5 f f f 6.3
        Transportation 19 89.5 f f 10.5 f f
        Civil rights 58 77.6 5.2 3.4 1.7 10.3 1.7
        Communications 23 87.0 4.3 0.0 4.3 4.3 f
        Custom laws 48 58.3 4.2 10.4 6.3 8.3 12.5
        Postal laws 20 55.0 5.0 10.0 30.0 f f
        Other regulatory offenses 465 68.2 5.4 7.5 5.2 11.8 1.9
    Other 1,641 74.6% 4.0% 2.9% 7.3% 9.0% 2.3%
        Tax law violationsd 351 91.5 0.9 1.4 2.8 2.3 1.1
        Bribery 60 91.7 1.7 f f 5.0 1.7
        Perjury, contempt, and intimidation 102 76.5 5.9 f 5.9 9.8 2.0
        National defense 11 81.8 f f f 9.1 9.1
        Escape 179 39.7 10.6 10.1 13.4 23.5 2.8
        Racketeering and extortion 564 75.7 4.8 1.8 5.7 8.5 3.5
        Gambling 37 91.9 f 2.7 5.4 f f
        Nonviolent sex offenses 195 69.2 1.0 4.1 14.9 9.7 1.0
        Obscene materiald 20 70.0 f f 15.0 15.0 f
        Wildlife 8 f f f f f f
        Environmental 7 f f f f f f
        All other offenses 107 63.6 6.5 4.7 11.2 12.1 1.9
Weapon offenses 2,128 49.0% 11.8% 6.2% 11.8% 18.1% 3.1%
Immigration offenses 972 34.1% 7.3% 9.1% 9.8% 38.3% 1.5%

TABLE 8.11
Outcomes of supervised release, by offense, October 1, 2001–September 30, 2002 [CONTINUED]
SOURCE: "Table 7.5. Outcomes of Supervised Release, by Offense, October 1, 2001–September 30, 2002," in Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics, 2002, Bureau of Justice Statistics, September 2004, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/cfjs0207.pdf (accessed March 26, 2005)

Most serious offense of convictiona Number of supervised release terminations Percent of supervised releases terminating with—
No violation Techinical violationsb New crimec Administrative case closures
Drug use Fugitive status Other
Misdemeanorsd 611 63.2% 8.8% 4.1% 10.8% 10.6% 2.5%
Fraudulent property offense 66 68.2 9.1 1.5 10.6 7.6 3.0
Larceny 114 64.0 8.8 3.5 10.5 11.4 1.8
Drug possessiond 173 56.6 12.7 5.2 11.0 14.5 f
Immigration misdemeanors 12 75.0 f 8.3 f 16.7 f
Traffic offenses 69 68.1 7.2 1.4 13.0 8.7 1.4
Other misdemeanors 177 64.4 6.2 5.1 10.7 7.9 5.6
Note: Offenses for 36 felony offenders could not be classified. Only records with one or more terminations of active supervision during October 1, 2001, through September 30, 2002, were selected. Each termination was counted separately. Technical violations and terminations for new crimes are shown only if supervision terminated with incarceration or removal from active supervision for reasons of a violation.
a The most serious offense was the one with the most severe penalty imposed. If equal prison terms were imposed, or there was no imprisonment, the offense with the highest severity code, as determined by the U.S. Title and Code Criminal Offense Citations Manual, was selected.
b Supervision terminated with incarceration or removal to inactive status for violation of supervision conditions other than charges for new offenses.
c Supervision terminated with incarceration or removal to inactive status after arrest for a "major" or "minor" offense.
d In this table, "murder" includes nonnegligent manslaughter, "sexual abuse" includes only violent sex offenses; "fraud" excludes tax fraud; "larceny" excludes transportation of stolen property; "other property offenses" excludes fraudulent property offenses, and includes destruction of property and trespassing; "tax law violations" includes tax fraud; "obscene material" denotes the mail or transport thereof; "misdemeanors" includes misdemeanors, petty offenses, and unknown offense levels; and "drug possession" also includes other drug misdemeanors.
e No cases of this type occurred in the data.
f Too few cases to obtain statistically reliable data.

TABLE 8.12
Characteristics of offenders terminating supervised release, October 1, 2001–September 30, 2002
SOURCE: "Table 7.6. Characteristics of Offenders Terminating Supervised Release, October 1, 2001–September 30, 2002," in Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics, 2002, Bureau of Justice Statistics, September 2004, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/cfjs0207.pdf (accessed March 26, 2005)

Offender characteristic Number of supervised release terminations Percent of supervised releases terminating with—
No violation Technical violationsb New crimeb Administrative case closures
Drug use Fugitive status Other
    All offendersc 27,678 62.2% 8.4% 5.1% 9.0% 13.1% 2.2%
Male/female
Male 23,103 59.9% 8.7% 5.3% 9.5% 14.3% 2.4%
Female 4,563 73.6 7.1 4.0 6.5 7.2 1.6
Race
White 17,331 64.9% 7.8% 5.2% 7.6% 12.3% 2.2%
Black 8,639 57.3 9.9 4.4 10.9 15.2 2.3
Native American 781 36.9 8.2 14.5 22.0 16.4 2.0
Asian/Pacific Islander 715 78.3 6.7 2.7 7.3 3.6 1.4
Ethnicity
Hispanic 5,684 56.8% 8.0% 7.6% 8.0% 17.8% 1.8%
Non-Hispanic 21,824 63.5 8.6 4.5 9.3 11.9 2.3
Age
16–18 years 1 d d d d d d
19–20 years 136 16.9 11.8 17.6 21.3 31.6 0.7
21–30 years 7,146 46.8 11.5 7.8 13.6 18.8 1.5
31–40 years 9,378 59.8 9.5 5.0 9.2 14.7 1.8
Over 40 years 11,017 74.7 5.4 3.3 5.7 7.8 3.1
Education
Less than high school graduate 10,543 53.0% 10.2% 6.8% 11.0% 16.7% 2.3%
High school graduate 9,539 62.7 9.4 4.7 8.9 12.2 2.1
Some college 5,249 72.5 5.8 3.2 7.1 9.2 2.2
College graduate 1,850 87.2 1.7 1.7 3.7 3.6 2.2
Drug abuse
No known abuse 14,902 71.1% 3.8% 3.8% 7.2% 11.7% 2.4%
Drug history 12,776 51.7 13.8 6.6 11.1 14.7 2.1
a Violation of supervision conditions other than charges for new offenses.
b Includes both "major" and "minor" offenses.
c Total includes offenders whose characteristics could not be determined.
d Too few cases to obtain statistically reliable data.

TABLE 8.13
Characteristics of adults on parole, 1995, 2000, and 2003
SOURCE: Lauren E. Glaze and Seri Palla, "Table 7. Characteristics of Adults on Parole, 1995, 2000, and 2003," in Probation and Parole in the United States, 2003, Bureau of Justice Statistics, July 2004, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/ppus03.pdf (accessed April 2, 2005)

Characteristic 1995 2000 2003
    Total 100% 100% 100%
Gender
Male 90% 88% 87%
Female 10 12 13
Race
White 34% 38% 40%
Black 45 40 41
Hispanic 21 21 18
American Indian/Alaska Native 1 1 1
Asian/Pacific Islandera d d 1
Status of supervision
Active 78% 83% 83%
Inactive 11 4 4
Absconder 6 7 7
Supervised out of state 4 5 4
Other d 1 1
Sentence length
Less than 1 year 6% 3% 5%
1 year or more 94 97 95
Type of offense
Violent c c 28%
Property c c 26
Drug c c 36
Other c c 10
Adults entering parole
Discretionary parole 50% 37% 39%
Mandatory parole 45 54 51
Reinstatement 4 6 8
Other 2 2 2
Adults leaving parole
Successful completion 45% 43% 47%
Returned to incarceration 41 42 38
    With new sentence 12 11 11
    With revocation pending 18 30 26
    Other 11 1 1
Absconderb c 9 9
Other unsuccessfulb c 2 1
Transferred 2 1 1
Death 1 1 1
Other 10 2 2
Note: For every characteristic there were persons of unknown status or type. Detail may not sum to total because of rounding.
a Includes Native Hawaiians.
b In 1995 "absconder" and "other unsuccessful" statuses were reported among "other."
c Not available.
d Less than 0.5%.

TABLE 8.14
Adults on parole, 2003
SOURCE: Lauren E. Glaze and Seri Palla, "Table 5. Adults on Parole, 2003," in Probation and Parole in the United States, 2003, Bureau of Justice Statistics, July 2004, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/ppus03.pdf (accessed April 2, 2005)

Region and jurisdiction Parole population, 1/1/03 2003 Parole population, 12/31/03 Percent change, 2003 Number on parole per 100,000 adult residents, 12/31/03
Entries Exits
    U.S. total 750,934 492,727 470,538 774,588 3.1% 357
Federal 83,063 33,590 31,088 86,459 4.1% 40
State 667,871 459,137 439,450 688,129 3.0 317
Northeast 174,591 77,381 71,903 180,069 3.1% 437
Connecticut 2,186 3,260 2,847 2,599 18.9 99
Maine 32 0 0 32 0.0 3
Massachusetts 3,951 6,305 6,552 3,704 −6.3 370
New Hampshirea 963 719 482 1,200 24.6 124
New Jersey 12,576 10,322 9,650 13,248 5.3 203
New York 55,990 25,049 25,186 55,853 −0.2 386
Pennsylvaniab 97,712 30,870 26,338 102,244 4.6 1,084
Rhode Island 384 456 448 392 2.1 48
Vermont 797 400 400 797 0.0 170
Midwest 114,173 95,242 87,882 121,533 6.4% 250
Illinois 35,458 32,476 32,926 35,008 −1.3 374
Indiana 5,877 7,304 6,162 7,019 19.4 152
Iowac 2,787 2,787 2,475 3,099 11.2 140
Kansasc 3,990 4,146 3,991 4,145 3.9 207
Michigan 17,648 12,579 9,994 20,233 14.6 271
Minnesota 3,577 4,121 4,102 3,596 0.5 96
Missouri 13,533 10,407 8,720 15,220 12.5 357
Nebraska 574 839 763 650 13.2 51
North Dakota 148 585 507 226 52.7 48
Ohio 17,853 11,670 11,096 18,427 3.2 216
South Dakota 1,640 1,451 1,147 1,944 18.5 346
Wisconsin 11,088 6,877 5,999 11,966 7.9 293
South 219,849 104,142 96,351 227,668 3.6% 291
Alabama 5,309 4,098 2,457 6,950 30.9 206
Arkansas 12,128 7,379 5,813 13,694 12.9 672
Delaware 551 217 239 529 −4.0 85
District of Columbiaa,b 5,297 3,136 3,369 5,064 e 1,129
Florida 5,223 4,409 4,680 4,952 −5.2 37
Georgia 20,822 11,738 10,391 22,135 6.3 344
Kentuckyc 5,968 4,719 3,115 7,572 26.9 243
Louisiana 23,049 13,468 11,452 25,065 8.7 766
Maryland 13,271 8,059 7,588 13,742 3.5 334
Mississippid 1,816 1,103 963 1,816 0.0 87
North Carolina 2,805 3,214 3,342 2,677 −4.6 42
Oklahomaa 3,573 1,995 1,521 4,047 e 155
South Carolina 3,491 1,025 1,306 3,210 −8.0 103
Tennessee 7,949 3,130 3,314 7,967 0.2 180
Texasa 103,068 32,847 33,644 102,271 −0.8 639
Virginia 4,530 2,779 2,475 4,834 6.7 86
West Virginia 999 826 682 1,143 14.4 81
West 159,258 182,371 183,313 158,859 −0.3% 324
Alaskac 900 614 587 927 e 203
Arizonab 4,587 8,895 8,115 5,367 17.0 129
Californiac 113,185 148,915 152,305 110,338 −2.5 424
Colorado 6,215 5,298 4,954 6,559 5.5 193
Hawaii 2,525 906 1,191 2,240 −11.3 231
Idaho 1,961 1,486 1,118 2,329 18.8 236
Montanac 845 601 631 815 −3.6 119
Nevada 3,971 2,956 2,801 4,126 3.9 243
New Mexico 1,962 1,977 1,532 2,407 22.7 177
Oregon 19,090 8,059 7,380 19,769 3.6 733
Utah 3,352 2,300 2,353 3,299 −1.6 205
Washingtona 95 45 35 105 10.5 2
Wyoming 570 319 311 578 1.4 156
Note: Because of incomplete data, the population on December 31, 2003, does not equal the population on January 1, 2003, plus entries, minus exits.
a All data were estimated.
b Data for entries and exits were estimated for nonreporting agencies.
c Excludes parolees in one of the following categories: absconder, out of state, or inactive.
d Data are for the year ending December 1, 2003.
e Not calculated.

TABLE 8.15
Parole population statistics, 2003
SOURCE: Adapted from Lauren E. Glaze and Seri Palla, "Table 1. Community Corrections among the States, Yearend 2003," in Probation and Parole in the United States, 2003, Bureau of Justice Statistics, July 2004, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/ppus03.pdf (accessed April 3, 2005)

10 states with the largest 2003 community corrections populations Number supervised 10 states with the largest Percent increase Percent increase, 2002–03 10 states with the highest rates of supervision, 2003 Persons supervised per 100,000 adult U.S. residents* 10 states with the lowest rates of supervision, 2003 Persons supervised per 100,000 adult U.S. residents*
California 110,338 North Dakota 52.7% Pennsylvania 1,084 Washington 2
Texas 102,271 Alabama 30.9 Louisiana 766 Maine 3
Pennsylvania 102,244 Kentucky 26.9 Oregon 733 Florida 37
New York 55,853 New Hampshire 24.6 Arkansas 672 North Carolina 42
Illinois 35,008 New Mexico 22.7 Texas 639 Rhode Island 48
Louisiana 25,065 Indiana 19.4 California 424 North Dakota 48
Georgia 22,135 Connecticut 18.9 New York 386 Nebraska 51
Michigan 20,233 Idaho 18.8 Illinois 374 West Virginia 81
Oregon 19,769 South Dakota 18.5 Massachusetts 370 Delaware 85
Ohio 18,427 Arizona 17.0 Missouri 357 Virginia 86
Note: This table excludes the District of Columbia, a wholly urban jurisdiction, Georgia probation counts, which included probation case-based counts for private agencies, and Idaho in which misdemeanor probation counts were not reported in 2003.
*Rates are based on the estimated number of adult state residents on December 31, 2003.

TABLE 8.16
Outcomes of parole, by offense, October 1, 2001–September 30, 2002
SOURCE: "Table 7.7. Outcomes of Parole, by Offense, October 1, 2001–September 30, 2002," in Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics, 2002, Bureau of Justice Statistics, September 2004, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/cfjs0207.pdf (accessed March 26, 2005)

Most serious offense of convictiona Number of parole terminations Percent of paroles terminating with—
No violation Technical violationsb New crimec Administrative case closures
Drug use Fugitive status Other
    All offenses 1,817 57.5% 8.8% 4.7% 9.9% 12.7% 6.5%
Felonies 1,807 57.5% 8.9% 4.7% 9.8% 12.7% 6.5%
Violent offenses 610 43.3% 14.4% 6.7% 11.8% 16.4% 7.4%
    Murderd 46 41.3 13.0 4.3 21.7 10.9 8.7
    Assault 33 48.5 3.0 12.1 12.1 18.2 6.1
    Robbery 470 43.8 15.5 6.0 10.9 15.5 8.3
    Sexual abused 17 47.1 5.9 23.5 11.8 11.8 0.0
    Kidnapping 42 33.3 14.3 7.1 11.9 33.3 0.0
Property offenses 179 62.0% 2.8% 2.8% 12.3% 16.2% 3.9%
    Fraudulent 97 69.1% 0.0% 1.0% 9.3% 17.5% 3.1%
        Embezzlement 10 e e e e e e
        Fraudd 78 69.2 0.0 1.3 10.3 15.4 3.8
        Forgery 6 e e e e e e
        Counterfeiting 3 e e e e e e
    Other 82 53.7% 6.1% 4.9% 15.9% 14.6% 4.9%
        Burglary 28 42.9 3.6 3.6 17.9 25.0 7.1
        Larcenyd 27 63.0 11.1 3.7 14.8 3.7 3.7
        Motor vehicle theft 10 e e e e e e
        Arson and explosives 7 e e e e e e
        Transportation and stolen property 9 e e e e e e
Drug offenses 809 67.7% 6.4% 2.7% 6.7% 10.0% 6.4%
    Trafficking 735 68.4 6.3 2.7 6.3 9.9 6.4
    Possession and other drug offenses 74 60.8 8.1 2.7 10.8 10.8 6.8
Public-order offenses 125 58.4% 5.6% 5.6% 12.8% 9.6% 8.0%
    Regulatory 15 46.7% 13.3% 6.7% 20.0% 6.7% 6.7%
    Other 110 60.0% 4.5% 5.5% 11.8% 10.0% 8.2%
        Escape 19 42.1 10.5 5.3 26.3 5.3 10.5
        Racketeering and extortion 56 66.1 0.0 7.1 1.8 17.9 7.1
        Nonviolent sex offenses 17 47.1 11.8 5.9 29.4 0.0 5.9
Weapon offenses 82 51.2% 8.5% 12.2% 15.9% 8.5% 3.7%
Immigration offenses 1 e e e e e e
Misdemeanorsd 10 e e e e e e
a The most serious offense was the one with the most severe penalty imposed. If equal prison terms were imposed, or there was no imprisonment, the offense with the highest severity code, as determined by the U.S. Title and Code Criminal Offense Citations Manual, was selected.
b Supervision terminated with incarceration or removal to inactive status for violation of supervision conditions other than charges for new offenses.
c Supervision terminated with incarceration or removal to inactive status after arrest for a "major" or "minor" offense.
d In this table, "murder" includes nonnegligent manslaughter; "sexual abuse" includes only violent sex offenses; "fraud" excludes tax fraud; "larceny" excludes transportation of stolen property; "tax law violations" includes tax fraud; "misdemeanors" includes misdemeanors, petty offenses, and unknown offense levels.
e Too few cases to obtain statistically reliable data.

TABLE 8.17
Characteristics of offenders terminating parole, October 1, 2001–September 30, 2002
SOURCE: "Table 7.8. Characteristics of Offenders Terminating Parole, October 1, 2001–September 30, 2002," in Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics, 2002, Bureau of Justice Statistics, September 2004, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/cfjs0207.pdf (accessed March 26, 2005)

Offender characteristic Number of parole terminations Percent terminating parole with—
No violation Technical violationsa New crimeb Administrative case closures
Drug use Fugitive status Other
    All offendersc 1,817 57.5% 8.8% 4.7% 9.9% 12.7% 6.5%
Male/female
Male 1,756 57.0% 9.1% 4.6% 9.8% 12.9% 6.6%
Female 57 71.9 1.8 8.8 8.8 5.3 3.5
Race
White 1,027 63.8% 7.2% 3.9% 6.0% 12.1% 7.0%
Black 678 49.1 11.7 5.8 13.3 14.2 6.0
Native American 31 48.4 3.2 9.7 25.8 12.9 0.0
Asian/Pacific Islander 10 d d d d d d
Ethnicity
Hispanic 227 62.1% 11.5% 3.5% 6.2% 12.8% 4.0%
Non-Hispanic 1,579 56.8 8.5 4.9 10.3 12.6 6.9
Age
21–30 years 47 53.2% 8.5% 8.5% 10.6% 14.9% 4.3%
31–40 years 271 48.7 12.9 4.1 17.3 12.9 4.1
Over 40 years 1,499 59.2 8.1 4.7 8.5 12.5 7.0
Education
Less than high school graduate 824 53.4% 10.2% 5.5% 10.0% 13.2% 7.8%
High school graduate 624 56.9 9.5 4.3 10.7 13.0 5.6
Some college 236 67.8 5.5 4.7 5.5 10.6 5.9
College graduate 89 78.7 0.0 0.0 7.9 9.0 4.5
Drug abuse
No known abuse 966 66.1% 4.7% 3.6% 8.4% 11.1% 6.1%
Drug history 851 47.6 13.5 6.0 11.5 14.5 6.9
a Violation of supervision conditions other than charges for new offenses.
b Includes both "major" and "minor" offenses.
c Total includes offenders whose characteristics could not be determined.
d Too few cases to obtain statistically reliable data.
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