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Probation and Parole - Parole offenses table supervision offense Trends in Parole Since the mid-1990s there has been a trend among the states to abolish discretionary paroles in favor of mandatory paroles. Discretionary parole is administered by parole boards. Their members examine the criminal history of prisoners and the candidates' prison records and reach decisions on whether to release a prisoner from
incarceration now or not. Mandatory parole is legislatively imposed at the state level and, with some exceptions, takes away the discretion of parole boards. Mandatory parole provisions ensure that sentences for the same crime require TABLE 8.5
Adults on probation, by region and jurisdiction, 2003
Region and jurisdiction
Probation population, 1/1/03
2003
Probation population, 12/31/03
Percent change, 2003
Number on probation per 100,000 adult residents, 12/31/03
U.S. total
4,024,067
2,229,668
2,179,847
4,073,987
1.2%
1,876
Federal
31,330
13,989
14,449
30,599
−2.3%
14
State
3,992,737
2,215,679
2,165,398
4,043,388
1.3
1,862
Northeast
629,503
233,044
247,722
614,825
−2.3%
1,491
Connecticut
50,984
24,384
23,176
52,192
2.4
1,983
Maine
9,446
6,625
6,216
9,855
4.3
984
Massachusettsa,b,c
131,319
56,933
61,117
127,135
h
2,585
New Hampshired
3,702
1,480
1,052
4,130
11.6
426
New Jersey
134,290
40,601
50,610
124,281
−7.5
1,907
New Yorkb
132,966
39,590
48,261
124,295
−6.5
859
Pennsylvaniac
130,786
52,072
45,652
137,206
4.9
1,454
Rhode Island
25,914
6,451
6,436
25,929
0.1
3,143
Vermont
10,096
4,908
5,202
9,802
−2.9
2,085
Midwest
937,378
606,152
607,511
936,387
−0.1%
1,926
Illinois
141,544
63,000
60,090
144,454
2.1
1,542
Indiana
114,209
94,741
97,324
111,626
−2.3
2,424
Iowa
19,970
14,600
13,685
20,885
4.6
945
Kansasc
15,217
23,315
23,981
14,551
−4.4
725
Michiganc,d
174,577
130,857
129,029
176,392
1.0
2,364
Minnesota
122,692
59,517
71,484
110,725
−9.8
2,953
Missouri
54,584
26,512
25,486
55,610
1.9
1,305
Nebraska
16,468
15,845
13,901
18,412
11.8
1,432
North Dakota
3,229
2,332
2,059
3,502
8.5
737
Ohioc,d
215,186
146,723
142,616
219,658
2.1
2,573
South Dakota
5,088
3,261
3,129
5,236
2.9
933
Wisconsin
54,614
25,449
24,727
55,336
1.3
1,354
South
1,623,038
960,243
910,074
1,673,206
3.1%
2,135
Alabama
39,713
15,152
15,213
39,652
−0.2
1,177
Arkansas
27,377
9,168
8,419
28,126
2.7
1,380
Delaware
20,201
13,962
15,242
18,921
−6.3
3,058
District of Columbiac,d
9,389
6,597
8,755
7,231
h
1,612
Floridac,d
291,315
257,539
261,212
287,641
−1.3
2,169
Georgiac,e
367,349
230,686
173,650
424,385
h
h
Kentuckyc
24,480
16,165
11,949
28,696
17.2
921
Louisiana
36,257
13,875
13,455
36,677
1.2
1,120
Maryland
81,982
39,037
43,144
77,875
−5.0
1,890
Mississippic,f
16,633
8,773
6,290
19,116
14.9
911
North Carolina
112,900
60,782
60,521
113,161
0.2
1,770
Oklahomad
29,881
15,299
16,854
28,326
−5.2
1,082
South Carolina
41,574
14,760
16,287
40,047
−3.7
1,285
Tennesseec
42,712
24,256
24,132
42,836
0.3
968
Texas
434,486
200,450
202,947
431,989
−0.6
2,698
Virginia
40,359
30,669
29,365
41,663
3.2
743
West Virginiac
6,430
3,072
2,638
6,864
6.7
487
TABLE 8.5
Adults on probation, by region and jurisdiction, 2003 [CONTINUED]
SOURCE: Lauren E. Glaze and Seri Palla, "Table 2. Adults on Probation, 2003," in Probation and Parole in the United States, 2003,
Bureau of Justice Statistics, July 2004, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/ppus03.pdf (accessed April 2, 2005)
Region and jurisdiction
Probation population, 1/1/03
2003
Probation population, 12/31/03
Percent change, 2003
Number on probation per 100,000 adult residents, 12/31/03
West
802,818
416,241
400,092
818,970
2.0%
1,672
Alaska
5,229
973
796
5,406
3.4
1,185
Arizonad
66,485
39,115
39,795
65,805
−1.0
1,586
Californiad
358,121
180,636
164,059
374,701
4.6
1,441
Coloradoc,d
57,328
28,954
30,985
55,297
−3.5
1,623
Hawaii
16,772
7,006
6,126
17,652
5.2
1,822
Idahod,g
31,361
25,360
24,501
32,220
2.7
h
Montana
6,703
3,898
3,687
6,914
3.1
1,006
Nevada
12,290
5,869
6,000
12,159
−1.1
716
New Mexico
16,287
7,662
7,813
16,136
−0.9
1,186
Oregon
45,397
16,275
16,847
44,825
−1.3
1,662
Utah
10,646
5,429
5,696
10,379
−2.5
646
Washingtonc,d
171,603
93,132
91,921
172,814
0.7
3,767
Wyoming
4,596
1,932
1,866
4,662
1.4
1,255
Note: Because of incomplete data, the population for some jurisdictions on December 31, 2003, does not equal the population on January 1, 2003, plus entries, minus exits.
a Data are for June 30, 2002, and 2003. Some data for June 30, 2002, were estimated.
b Due to change in reporting criteria, data are not comparable to previous reports.
c Data for entries and exits were estimated for nonreporting agencies.
d All data were estimated.
e Counts include private agency cases and may overstate the number under supervision.
f Data are for year ending December 1, 2003.
g Counts include estimates for misdemeanors based on admissions.
TABLE 8.6
Probation population statistics, 2003
SOURCE: Adapted from Lauren E. Glaze and Seri Palla, "Table 1. Community Corrections among the States, Yearend 2003," in Probation and Parole in the United
States, 2003, Bureau of Justice Statistics, July 2004, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/ppus03.pdf (accessed April 2, 2005)
10 states with the largest 2003 community corrections populations
Number supervised
10 states with the largest percent increase
Percent increase, 2002–03
10 states with the highest rates of supervision, 2003
Persons supervised per 100,000 adult U.S. residents*
10 states with the lowest rates of supervision, 2003
Persons supervised per 100,000 adult .residents*
Texas
431,989
Kentucky
17.2%
Washington
3,767
New Hampshire
426
California
374,701
Mississippi
14.9
Rhode Island
3,143
West Virginia
487
Florida
287,641
Nebraska
11.8
Delaware
3,058
Utah
646
Ohio
219,658
New Hampshire
11.6
Minnesota
2,953
Nevada
716
Michigan
176,392
North Dakota
8.5
Texas
2,698
Kansas
725
Washington
172,814
West Virginia
6.7
Massachusetts
2,585
North Dakota
737
Illinois
144,454
Hawaii
5.2
Ohio
2,573
Virginia
743
Pennsylvania
137,206
Pennsylvania
4.9
Indiana
2,424
New York
859
Massachusetts
127,135
California
4.6
Michigan
2,364
Mississippi
911
New York
124,295
Iowa
4.6
Florida
2,169
Kentucky
921
Note: This table excludes the District of Columbia, a wholly urban jurisdiction, Georgia probation counts, which included probation case-based counts for private agencies, and Idaho in which misdemeanor probation counts were not reported in 2003.
*Rates are based on the estimated number of adult state residents on December 31, 2003.
incarceration for the same length of time. The prisoner can shorten his or her sentence only by good behavior—but time off for good behavior is also prohibited in some states. In some jurisdictions parole can only begin after prisoners have served 100% of their minimum sentences. According to a survey conducted by the National Institute of Corrections, U.S. Department of Justice, Status Report on Parole, 1995: Results of an NIC Survey (Washington, DC, November 1995), conflicting policy pressures were changing the manner in which parole was administered in
1995. These pressures came from "legislators seeking ways to be tougher on criminals" by making them serve all or a fixed proportion of their sentences. This had led to changes in some state laws that, in effect, "abolished parole" by taking discretion out of the hands of parole boards. By the early years of the new century, discretionary releases of prisoners by parole boards were decreasing as
a percentage of all releases; mandatory parole releases were up; and more prisoners served out their full sentences. The rise of mandatory paroles over discretionary paroles can be seen in Table 8.13. In 1995 the percentage of discretionary paroles was at 50%; but by 2003 discretionary paroles made up only 39% of the total. In 1995 mandatory parole made up 45% of all paroles; by 2003, 51% of those paroled were under a mandatory parole. Characteristics of Parolees As reported in Probation and Parole in the United States, 2003, at the end of 2003 there were 774,588 federal and state parolees in the United States. (See Table 8.14.) Most parolees (688,129) were paroled from state prisons, while 86,459 had been paroled TABLE 8.7
Outcomes of probation supervision, by offense, October 1, 2001–September 30, 2002
Most serious offense of convictiona
Number of probation terminations
Percent of probation supervisions terminating with—
No violation
Technical violationsb
New crimec
Administrative case closures
Drug use
Fugitive status
Other
All offenses
15,116
79.5%
3.7%
2.5%
5.9%
6.6%
1.9%
Felonies
7,733
80.4%
3.7%
2.8%
5.1%
6.0%
2.0%
Violent offenses
266
66.9%
4.5%
7.5%
8.3%
11.7%
1.1%
Murderd
17
64.7
5.9
5.9
0.0
23.5
0.0
Negligent manslaughter
0
e
e
e
e
e
e
Assault
98
49.0
6.1
15.3
13.3
15.3
1.0
Robbery
105
85.7
3.8
1.9
1.9
5.7
1.0
Sexual abused
42
61.9
2.4
4.8
14.3
14.3
2.4
Threats against the President
3
f
f
f
f
f
f
Property offenses
4,146
81.9%
3.4%
2.6%
5.2%
5.1%
1.7%
Fraudulent
3,257
84.2%
3.1%
2.0%
4.6%
4.5%
1.6%
Embezzlement
299
89.3
2.3
1.3
3.3
2.0
1.7
Fraudd
2,406
87.0
2.0
1.9
3.7
3.7
1.7
Forgery
119
73.1
6.7
4.2
5.9
7.6
2.5
Counterfeiting
433
67.9
8.8
2.3
10.2
10.2
0.7
Other
889
73.7%
4.8%
4.9%
7.1%
7.3%
2.1%
Burglary
24
29.2
12.5
25.0
25.0
8.3
0.0
Larcenyd
704
74.4
5.1
4.7
7.1
6.5
2.1
Motor vehicle theft
56
80.4
3.6
1.8
1.8
12.5
0.0
Arson and explosives
32
81.3
0.0
6.3
6.3
6.3
0.0
Transportation and stolen property
57
77.2
3.5
3.5
3.5
7.0
5.3
Other property offensesd
16
56.3
0.0
0.0
12.5
25.0
6.3
Drug offenses
1,215
75.3%
6.5%
2.3%
5.8%
7.7%
2.4%
Trafficking
1,086
75.1
6.6
2.1
6.2
7.8
2.1
Possession and other drug offenses
129
76.7
5.4
3.9
3.1
6.2
4.7
Public-order offenses
1,458
87.2%
1.5%
1.9%
3.0%
4.0%
2.4%
Regulatory
578
85.5%
1.7%
2.8%
2.6%
4.7%
2.8%
Agriculture
1
f
f
f
f
f
f
Antitrust
13
100.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Food and drug
20
80.0
0.0
0.0
5.0
0.0
15.0
Transportation
17
100.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Civil rights
15
86.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
13.3
Communications
34
94.1
0.0
0.0
2.9
2.9
0.0
Custom laws
29
93.1
0.0
3.4
3.4
0.0
0.0
Postal laws
43
81.4
2.3
7.0
2.3
4.7
2.3
Other regulatory offenses
406
83.7
2.2
3.0
2.7
5.9
2.5
Other
880
88.4%
1.4%
1.4%
3.2%
3.5%
2.2%
Tax law violationsd
289
95.5
0.3
0.3
0.7
1.4
1.7
Bribery
81
88.9
1.2
2.5
1.2
3.7
2.5
Perjury, contempt, and intimidation
55
85.2
0.0
3.7
0.0
5.6
5.6
National defense
6
f
f
f
f
f
f
Escape
26
65.4
3.8
0.0
11.5
15.4
3.8
Racketeering and extortion
167
87.4
1.8
1.8
3.6
3.0
2.4
Gambling
59
96.6
1.7
0.0
0.0
1.7
0.0
Nonviolent sex offenses
60
76.7
0.0
1.7
11.7
8.3
1.7
Obscene materiald
10
f
f
f
f
f
f
Wildlife
25
96.0
4.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Environmental
14
78.6
0.0
0.0
7.1
0.0
14.3
All other offenses
88
76.1
4.5
2.3
9.1
6.8
1.1
Weapon offenses
298
67.8%
5.0%
2.3%
8.4%
13.1%
3.4%
Immigration offenses
283
78.4%
4.2%
5.7%
3.2%
7.8%
0.7%
TABLE 8.7
Outcomes of probation supervision, by offense, October 1, 2001–September 30, 2002 [CONTINUED]
SOURCE: "Table 7.3. Outcomes of Probation Supervision, by Offense, October 1, 2001–September 30, 2002," in
Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics, 2002, Bureau of Justice Statistics, September 2004, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/cfjs0207.pdf (accessed March 26, 2005)
Most serious offense of convictiona
Number of probation terminations
Percent of probation supervisions terminating with—
No violation
Technical violationsb
New crimec
Administrative case closures
Drug use
Fugitive status
Other
Misdemeanorsd
7,383
78.5%
3.6%
2.2%
6.7%
7.2%
1.8%
Fraudulent property offense
585
88.2
1.2
1.0
4.4
2.7
2.4
Larceny
808
77.5
5.9
3.3
6.1
5.4
1.7
Drug possessiond
1,207
75.0
7.6
2.7
6.5
6.6
1.6
Immigration misdemeanors
599
53.1
1.8
3.8
9.7
30.9
0.7
Traffic offenses
2,288
82.0
2.3
1.4
7.1
5.3
1.8
Other misdemeanors
1,896
81.9
2.8
2.3
6.5
4.6
2.0
Note: Offenses for 67 felony offenders could not be classified. Only records with one or more terminations of active supervision during October 1, 2001, through September 30, 2002, were selected. Each termination was counted separately. Technical violations and terminations for new crimes are shown only if supervision terminated with
incarceration or removal from active supervision for reasons of a violation.
a The most serious offense was the one with the most severe penalty imposed. If equal prison terms were imposed, or there was no imprisonment, the offense with the highest severity code, as determined by the U.S. Title and Code Criminal Offense Citations Manual, was selected.
b Supervision terminated with incarceration or removal to inactive status for violation of supervision conditions other than charges for new offenses.
c Supervision terminated with incarceration or removal to inactive status after arrest for a "major" or "minor" offense.
d In this table, "Murder" includes nonnegligent manslaughter, "sexual abuse" includes only violent sex offenses; "fraud" excludes tax fraud; "larceny" excludes transportation of stolen property; "other property offenses" excludes fraudulent property offenses, and includes destruction of property
and trespassing; "tax law violations" includes tax fraud; "obscene material" denootes the mail or transport thereof; "misdemeanors" includes misdemeanors, petty offenses, and unknown offense levels; and "drug possession" also includes other drug misdemeanors.
e No cases of this type occurred in the data.
f Too few cases to obtain statistically reliable data.
TABLE 8.8
Characteristics of offenders terminating probation supervision, October 1, 2001–September 30, 2002
SOURCE: "Table 7.4. Characteristics of Offenders Terminating Probation Supervision, October 1,
2001–September 30, 2002," in Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics, 2002, Bureau of Justice Statistics, September 2004, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/cfjs0207.pdf (accessed March 26, 2005)
Offender characteristica
Number of probation terminations
Percent of probation supervisions terminating with—
No violation
Technical violationsb
New crimec
Administrative case closures
Drug use
Fugitive status
Other
All offendersc
15,116
79.5%
3.7%
2.5%
5.9%
6.6%
1.9%
Male
10,836
77.8%
3.8%
2.5%
6.3%
7.6%
2.0%
Female
4,253
83.6
3.4
2.5
4.9
4.1
1.5
White
9,980
81.3%
3.3%
2.2%
4.7%
6.5%
1.9%
Black
3,864
76.0
4.7
2.4
8.0
7.0
1.9
Native American
485
53.8
5.4
10.1
18.4
10.7
1.6
Asian/Pacific Islander
492
90.2
1.6
1.8
2.8
2.6
0.8
Hispanic
2,408
74.3%
2.4%
3.2%
5.0%
12.9%
2.1%
Non-Hispanic
12,556
80.4
3.9
2.3
6.1
5.4
1.8
16–18 years
157
47.1%
10.2%
8.3%
15.9%
17.2%
1.3%
19–20 years
615
59.0
8.1
5.5
12.2
13.2
2.0
21–30 years
4,465
72.1
5.0
3.5
8.0
9.9
1.5
31–40 years
4,023
80.4
4.0
2.4
5.9
6.0
1.4
Over 40 years
5,851
87.5
1.8
1.3
3.4
3.5
2.5
Less than high school graduate
3,679
69.6%
5.9%
4.1%
9.1%
9.2%
2.1%
High school graduate
5,419
80.1
4.0
2.5
6.2
5.7
1.6
Some college
3,368
86.5
2.2
1.4
3.9
4.3
1.7
College graduate
1,881
90.9
1.1
0.9
2.8
2.3
2.2
No known abuse
11,894
84.0%
1.8%
1.8%
4.7%
5.8%
1.9%
Drug history
3,222
62.9
10.3
5.1
10.4
9.5
1.8
a Violation of supervision conditions to her than charges for new offenses.
b Includes both "major" and "minor" offenses.
c Total includes offenders whose characteristics could not be determined.
TABLE 8.9
Persons under the supervision of the federal probation system and authorized probation officers, 1975–2003
SOURCE: Kathleen Maguire and Ann L. Pastore, editors, "Table 6.7. Persons under the
Supervision of the Federal Probation System and Authorized Probation Officers, 1975–2003," in Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics, Bureau of Justice Statistics, August 2004, http://www.albany.edu/sourcebook/pdf/t67.pdf (accessed April 3, 2005)
Number of persons under supervision
Number of probation officers
Note: Persons under supervision of the Federal Probation System include persons placed on probation—either by U.S. district courts, U.S. magistrate judges, or at the request of U.S. attorneys (pretrial diversion/deferred prosecution)—and federal offenders released from confinement on parole, supervised release, or mandatory release.
The "number of persons under supervision" data for 1975–87 are reported for the 12-month period ending June 30. Beginning in 1988, these data are reported for the federal fiscal year, which is the 12-month period ending September 30. The "number of probation officers" data for 1975–90 are reported as of June 30. Beginning in 1991, these data
are reported as of September 30.
from federal prisons. The number of parolees grew by 3.1% from 2002 to 2003, almost double the average annual increase of 1.7% since 1995. Since 1995, the number of parolees has increased by 95,167, or 14%. The 23,654 new parolees added to the total number in 2003 was the largest single increase during this period. (See Table
8.3.) In 2003, 13% of parolees were women, up from 12% in 2000 and 10% in 1995. (See Table 8.13.) In 1995 the percentage of parolees who were white was 34%, while 45% were African-Americans and 21% were Hispanic. Eight years later, whites made up a larger percentage of those on parole, while African-Americans and Hispanics showed a
decline. In 2003, 40% of those on parole were white, 41% were African-American, and 18% were Hispanic. Native Americans and Alaska Natives were 1% of parolees as were Asians, Pacific Islanders, and Native Hawaiians as a group. In general, the gender and racial/ethnic distribution of parolees more closely matched that of the prison population than the distribution of people on probation matched
the prison population. Table 8.13 also shows that 83% of parolees were under the active supervision of parole officers in 2003. Of parolees leaving parole, only 47% had successfully completed the terms of their parole. Parolees, of course, are more serious offenders as a group than are probationers, 95% having been sentenced to one year or more of
prison for felonies. Parole Geography Maine had the fewest parolees in the nation in 2003, a total of thirty-two persons, or three per 100,000 of population. The highest number proportionally to population occurred in the District of Columbia (1,129 per 100,000 adult residents) and in Pennsylvania (1,084 per 100,000 adult residents). (See Table 8.14.) The U.S.
average was 357, a value that also includes those on parole from federal institutions. California (110,338), Texas (102,271), and Pennsylvania (102,244) had the largest numbers of parolees. (See Table 8.15.) Several states saw large increases in their numbers of parolees: North Dakota (52.7% increase), Alabama (30.9%), and Kentucky (26.9%). North Dakota's percentage increase, while being the
largest of all the states, represented a total of only 226 parolees in that state at the end of 2003. Overall, the Midwest saw the greatest increase in parolees (6.4%) in 2003, while the West saw a decline of 0.3%. (See Table 8.14.) Parole Violation and Rearrest Trends The overall success rate for parolees has remained fairly stable for several years. As shown in Table 8.13, 45% of individuals on parole completed their sentences successfully in 1995. In 2003, 47% of paroles ended successfully. The success rate for federal parolees is higher than the national average discussed above. In 2002, 57.5% of federal parolees completed their sentences successfully. (See Table 8.16.) Of those who had committed violent offenses, the success rate was 43.3%. For those who had committed property offenses, the success rate was
62%. Two-thirds of drug offenders (67.7%) completed their parole sentences successfully. Of those who violated federal parole in the twelve months ending September 30, 2002, most had either violated their parole by committing a new crime or by using drugs. (See Table 8.17.) Male parolees were more than twice as likely to commit a new crime than were female parolees, and they were five times as likely to use drugs
than were female parolees. The success rate for white parolees was 63.8%, for Hispanics it was 62.1%, and for African-Americans it was 49.1%. The level of education seemed to make a difference in the success rates of parolees. Those with college degrees had a success rate of 78.7%, but those with less than a high school education had a success rate of only 53.4%. Drug use also had an impact.
Those with no known drug abuse problem had a success rate of 66.1%. Those with a known history of drug abuse had a success rate of only 47.6%. TABLE 8.10
Federal offenders under supervision, by offense, September 30, 2002
Most serious offense of convictiona
Total offenders under supervision
Type of supervision
Probation
Supervised release
Parole
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
All offensesb
107,367
100.0%
30,577
100.0%
73,229
100.0%
3,561
100.0%
Feloniesc
97,518
90.8%
21,290
69.5%
72,673
99.2%
3,555
99.8%
Violent offenses
6,281
5.9%
527
1.7%
4,518
6.2%
1,236
34.7%
Murderd
427
0.4
21
0.1
217
0.3
189
5.3
Negligent manslaughter
9
e
e
e
7
e
2
0.1
Assault
647
0.6
138
0.5
440
0.6
69
1.9
Robbery
4,490
4.2
255
0.8
3,384
4.6
851
23.9
Sexual abused
460
0.4
97
0.3
324
0.4
39
1.1
Kidnapping
206
0.2
11
e
109
0.1
86
2.4
Threats against the President
42
e
5
e
37
0.1
0
0.0
Property offenses
29,268
27.3%
11,506
37.8%
17,462
23.9%
300
8.4%
Fraudulent
24,439
22.8%
9,310
30.6%
14,983
20.5%
146
4.1%
Embezzlement
3,138
2.9
948
3.1
2,183
3.0
7
0.2
Fraudd
18,486
17.2
7,042
23.1
11,324
15.5
120
3.4
Forgery
415
0.4
200
0.7
203
0.3
12
0.3
Counterfeiting
2,400
2.2
1,120
3.7
1,273
1.7
7
0.2
Other
4,829
4.5%
2,196
7.2%
2,479
3.4%
154
4.3%
Burglary
276
0.3
54
0.2
149
0.2
73
2.1
Larcenyd
3,367
3.1
1,803
5.9
1,524
2.1
40
1.1
Motor vehicle theft
431
0.4
110
0.4
307
0.4
14
0.4
Arson and explosives
329
0.3
61
0.2
254
0.3
14
0.4
Transportation of stolen property
356
0.3
133
0.4
214
0.3
9
0.3
Other property offensesd
70
0.1
35
0.1
31
e
4
0.1
Drug offenses
44,980
42.0%
3,850
12.6%
39,536
54.0%
1,594
44.8%
Trafficking
40,414
37.7
3,487
11.5
35,491
48.5
1,436
40.4
Other drug offenses
4,566
4.3
363
1.2
4,045
5.5
158
4.4
Public-order offenses
9,039
8.4%
3,657
12.0%
5,119
7.0%
263
7.4%
Regulatory
2,570
2.4%
1,426
4.7%
1,115
1.5%
29
0.8%
Agriculture
4
e
2
e
2
e
0
0.0
Antitrust
27
e
17
0.1
10
e
0
0.0
Food and drug
95
0.1
72
0.2
23
e
0
0.0
Transportation
98
0.1
62
0.2
33
e
3
0.1
Civil rights
149
0.1
29
0.1
116
0.2
4
0.1
Communications
136
0.1
92
0.3
44
0.1
0
0.0
Custom laws
153
0.1
69
0.2
83
0.1
1
e
Postal laws
130
0.1
81
0.3
48
0.1
1
e
Other regulatory offenses
1,778
1.7
1,002
3.3
756
1.0
20
0.6
Other
6,469
6.0%
2,231
7.3%
4,004
5.5%
234
6.6%
Tax law violationsd
1,336
1.2
735
2.4
595
0.8
6
0.2
Bribery
386
0.4
201
0.7
182
0.2
3
0.1
Perjury, contempt, and intimidation
334
0.3
140
0.5
185
0.3
9
0.3
National defense
47
e
14
e
17
e
16
0.4
Escape
282
0.3
49
0.2
210
0.3
23
0.6
Racketeering and extortion
2,246
2.1
434
1.4
1,681
2.3
131
3.7
Gambling
164
0.2
79
0.3
85
0.1
0
0.0
Nonviolent sex offenses
1,006
0.9
208
0.7
764
1.0
34
1.0
Obscene materiald
66
0.1
23
0.1
43
0.1
0
0.0
Wildlife
99
0.1
58
0.2
41
0.1
0
0.0
Environmental
40
e
26
0.1
14
e
0
0.0
All other offenses
463
0.4
264
0.9
187
0.3
12
0.3
Weapon offenses
5,662
5.3%
889
2.9%
4,618
6.3%
155
4.4%
Immigration offenses
2,095
2.0%
727
2.4%
1,364
1.9%
4
0.1%
TABLE 8.10
Federal offenders under supervision, by offense, September 30, 2002 [CONTINUED]
SOURCE: "Table 7.1. Federal Offenders under Supervision, by Offense, September 30, 2002," in Compendium of Federal
Justice Statistics, 2002, Bureau of Justice Statistics, September 2004, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/cfjs0207.pdf (accessed March 26, 2005)
Most serious offense of convictiona
Total offenders under supervision
Type of supervision
Probation
Supervised release
Parole
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Misdemeanorsd
9,849
9.2%
9,287
30.5%
556
0.8%
6
0.2%
Fraudulent property offenses
1,104
1.0
1,042
3.4
62
0.1
0
0.0
Larceny
1,187
1.1
1,090
3.6
97
0.1
0
0.0
Drug possessiond
1,715
1.6
1,589
5.2
122
0.2
4
0.1
Immigration misdemeanors
817
0.8
805
2.6
12
e
0
0.0
Traffic offenses
2,162
2.0
2,077
6.8
85
0.1
0
0.0
Other misdemeanors
2,864
2.7
2,684
8.8
178
0.2
2
0.1
aThe most serious offense was the one with the most severe penalty imposed. If equal prison terms were imposed, or there was no imprisonment, the offense with the highest severity code, as determined by the U.S. Title and Code Criminal Offense Citations Manual, was selected.
b Total includes offenders whose offense category could not be determined. Year end pending cases (that is, records with offenders who were under active supervision as of the end of the fiscal year, September 30, 2002) were selected. Corporate defendants were excluded.
cThe are 193 felony offenders for whom an offense category was unknown or indeterminable. These include 134 offenders under probation, 56 under supervised release, and 3 under parole.
d In this table, "murder" includes nonnegligent manslaughter; "sexual abuse" includes only violent sex offenses; "fraud" excludes tax fraud; "larceny" excludes transportation of stolen property; "other property offenses" excludes fraudulent property offenses, and includes destruction of property
and trespassing; "tax law violations" includes tax fraud; "obscene material" denotes the mail or transport thereof; "misdemeanors" includes misdemeanors, petty offenses, and unknown offense levels; and "drug possession" also includes other drug misdemeanors.
TABLE 8.11
Outcomes of supervised release, by offense, October 1, 2001–September 30, 2002
Most serious offense of convictiona
Number of supervised release terminations
Percent of supervised releases terminating with—
No violation
Techinical violationsb
New crimec
Administrative case closures
Drug use
Fugitive status
Other
All offenses
27,678
62.2%
8.4%
5.1%
9.0%
13.1%
2.2%
Felonies
27,067
62.1%
8.4%
5.1%
9.0%
13.1%
2.2%
Violent offenses
2,121
41.4%
12.5%
8.7%
16.7%
17.3%
3.4%
Murderd
104
40.4
7.7
22.1
15.4
13.5
1.0
Negligent manslaughter
5
f
f
f
f
f
f
Assault
272
38.2
6.6
12.5
20.2
19.5
2.9
Robbery
1,522
42.4
14.8
7.2
15.1
17.4
3.2
Sexual abused
166
38.6
7.8
9.6
24.7
14.5
4.8
Kidnapping
31
54.8
f
f
16.1
25.8
3.2
Threats against the President
21
19.0
9.5
9.5
33.3
4.8
23.8
Property offenses
7,195
69.2%
5.5%
4.7%
9.0%
9.8%
1.8%
Fraudulent
5,898
71.7%
4.9%
4.0%
8.4%
9.1%
1.9%
Embezzlement
736
84.0
1.8
2.7
5.8
5.0
0.7
Fraudd
4,381
72.6
4.5
3.8
8.2
8.7
2.2
Forgery
109
53.2
8.3
4.6
16.5
17.4
f
Counterfeiting
672
55.5
10.6
7.0
11.2
14.1
1.6
Other
1,297
57.7%
8.2%
7.9%
11.8%
13.0%
1.5%
Burglary
99
34.3
5.1
10.1
23.2
24.2
3.0
Larcenyd
791
56.0
9.9
8.6
12.3
12.0
1.3
Motor vehicle theft
152
60.5
8.6
6.6
7.9
14.5
2.0
Arson and explosives
116
67.2
3.4
6.0
12.9
8.6
1.7
Transportation and stolen property
119
75.6
4.2
5.0
2.5
11.8
0.8
Other property offensesd
20
55.0
5.0
5.0
15.0
20.0
f
Drug offenses
12,320
64.1%
9.6%
4.5%
7.5%
12.3%
2.1%
Trafficking
11,090
63.5
9.8
4.7
7.4
12.4
2.1
Possession and other drug offenses
1,230
69.3
8.0
2.1
7.6
11.0
2.0
Public-order offenses
2,295
73.2%
4.3%
4.0%
6.8%
9.3%
2.4%
Regulatory
654
69.7%
5.2%
6.7%
5.7%
10.1%
2.6%
Agriculture
0
e
e
e
e
e
e
Food and drug
16
81.3
12.5
f
f
f
6.3
Transportation
19
89.5
f
f
10.5
f
f
Civil rights
58
77.6
5.2
3.4
1.7
10.3
1.7
Communications
23
87.0
4.3
0.0
4.3
4.3
f
Custom laws
48
58.3
4.2
10.4
6.3
8.3
12.5
Postal laws
20
55.0
5.0
10.0
30.0
f
f
Other regulatory offenses
465
68.2
5.4
7.5
5.2
11.8
1.9
Other
1,641
74.6%
4.0%
2.9%
7.3%
9.0%
2.3%
Tax law violationsd
351
91.5
0.9
1.4
2.8
2.3
1.1
Bribery
60
91.7
1.7
f
f
5.0
1.7
Perjury, contempt, and intimidation
102
76.5
5.9
f
5.9
9.8
2.0
National defense
11
81.8
f
f
f
9.1
9.1
Escape
179
39.7
10.6
10.1
13.4
23.5
2.8
Racketeering and extortion
564
75.7
4.8
1.8
5.7
8.5
3.5
Gambling
37
91.9
f
2.7
5.4
f
f
Nonviolent sex offenses
195
69.2
1.0
4.1
14.9
9.7
1.0
Obscene materiald
20
70.0
f
f
15.0
15.0
f
Environmental
7
f
f
f
f
f
f
All other offenses
107
63.6
6.5
4.7
11.2
12.1
1.9
Weapon offenses
2,128
49.0%
11.8%
6.2%
11.8%
18.1%
3.1%
Immigration offenses
972
34.1%
7.3%
9.1%
9.8%
38.3%
1.5%
TABLE 8.11
Outcomes of supervised release, by offense, October 1, 2001–September 30, 2002 [CONTINUED]
SOURCE: "Table 7.5. Outcomes of Supervised Release, by Offense, October 1, 2001–September 30, 2002," in
Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics, 2002, Bureau of Justice Statistics, September 2004, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/cfjs0207.pdf (accessed March 26, 2005)
Most serious offense of convictiona
Number of supervised release terminations
Percent of supervised releases terminating with—
No violation
Techinical violationsb
New crimec
Administrative case closures
Drug use
Fugitive status
Other
Misdemeanorsd
611
63.2%
8.8%
4.1%
10.8%
10.6%
2.5%
Fraudulent property offense
66
68.2
9.1
1.5
10.6
7.6
3.0
Larceny
114
64.0
8.8
3.5
10.5
11.4
1.8
Drug possessiond
173
56.6
12.7
5.2
11.0
14.5
f
Immigration misdemeanors
12
75.0
f
8.3
f
16.7
f
Traffic offenses
69
68.1
7.2
1.4
13.0
8.7
1.4
Other misdemeanors
177
64.4
6.2
5.1
10.7
7.9
5.6
Note: Offenses for 36 felony offenders could not be classified. Only records with one or more terminations of active supervision during October 1, 2001, through September 30, 2002, were selected. Each termination was counted separately. Technical violations and terminations for new crimes are shown only if supervision terminated with
incarceration or removal from active supervision for reasons of a violation.
a The most serious offense was the one with the most severe penalty imposed. If equal prison terms were imposed, or there was no imprisonment, the offense with the highest severity code, as determined by the U.S. Title and Code Criminal Offense Citations Manual, was selected.
b Supervision terminated with incarceration or removal to inactive status for violation of supervision conditions other than charges for new offenses.
c Supervision terminated with incarceration or removal to inactive status after arrest for a "major" or "minor" offense.
d In this table, "murder" includes nonnegligent manslaughter, "sexual abuse" includes only violent sex offenses; "fraud" excludes tax fraud; "larceny" excludes transportation of stolen property; "other property offenses" excludes fraudulent property offenses, and includes destruction of property
and trespassing; "tax law violations" includes tax fraud; "obscene material" denotes the mail or transport thereof; "misdemeanors" includes misdemeanors, petty offenses, and unknown offense levels; and "drug possession" also includes other drug misdemeanors.
e No cases of this type occurred in the data.
f Too few cases to obtain statistically reliable data.
TABLE 8.12
Characteristics of offenders terminating supervised release, October 1, 2001–September 30, 2002
SOURCE: "Table 7.6. Characteristics of Offenders Terminating Supervised Release, October 1,
2001–September 30, 2002," in Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics, 2002, Bureau of Justice Statistics, September 2004, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/cfjs0207.pdf (accessed March 26, 2005)
Offender characteristic
Number of supervised release terminations
Percent of supervised releases terminating with—
No violation
Technical violationsb
New crimeb
Administrative case closures
Drug use
Fugitive status
Other
All offendersc
27,678
62.2%
8.4%
5.1%
9.0%
13.1%
2.2%
Male
23,103
59.9%
8.7%
5.3%
9.5%
14.3%
2.4%
Female
4,563
73.6
7.1
4.0
6.5
7.2
1.6
White
17,331
64.9%
7.8%
5.2%
7.6%
12.3%
2.2%
Black
8,639
57.3
9.9
4.4
10.9
15.2
2.3
Native American
781
36.9
8.2
14.5
22.0
16.4
2.0
Asian/Pacific Islander
715
78.3
6.7
2.7
7.3
3.6
1.4
Hispanic
5,684
56.8%
8.0%
7.6%
8.0%
17.8%
1.8%
Non-Hispanic
21,824
63.5
8.6
4.5
9.3
11.9
2.3
16–18 years
1
d
d
d
d
d
d
19–20 years
136
16.9
11.8
17.6
21.3
31.6
0.7
21–30 years
7,146
46.8
11.5
7.8
13.6
18.8
1.5
31–40 years
9,378
59.8
9.5
5.0
9.2
14.7
1.8
Over 40 years
11,017
74.7
5.4
3.3
5.7
7.8
3.1
Less than high school graduate
10,543
53.0%
10.2%
6.8%
11.0%
16.7%
2.3%
High school graduate
9,539
62.7
9.4
4.7
8.9
12.2
2.1
Some college
5,249
72.5
5.8
3.2
7.1
9.2
2.2
College graduate
1,850
87.2
1.7
1.7
3.7
3.6
2.2
No known abuse
14,902
71.1%
3.8%
3.8%
7.2%
11.7%
2.4%
Drug history
12,776
51.7
13.8
6.6
11.1
14.7
2.1
a Violation of supervision conditions other than charges for new offenses.
b Includes both "major" and "minor" offenses.
c Total includes offenders whose characteristics could not be determined.
d Too few cases to obtain statistically reliable data.
TABLE 8.13
Characteristics of adults on parole, 1995, 2000, and 2003
SOURCE: Lauren E. Glaze and Seri Palla, "Table 7. Characteristics of Adults on Parole, 1995, 2000, and 2003," in Probation and Parole in the
United States, 2003, Bureau of Justice Statistics, July 2004, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/ppus03.pdf (accessed April 2, 2005)
Characteristic
1995
2000
2003
American Indian/Alaska Native
1
1
1
Asian/Pacific Islandera
d
d
1
Supervised out of state
4
5
4
Less than 1 year
6%
3%
5%
Discretionary parole
50%
37%
39%
Mandatory parole
45
54
51
Successful completion
45%
43%
47%
Returned to incarceration
41
42
38
With new sentence
12
11
11
With revocation pending
18
30
26
Other unsuccessfulb
c
2
1
Note: For every characteristic there were persons of unknown status or type. Detail may not sum to total because of rounding.
a Includes Native Hawaiians.
b In 1995 "absconder" and "other unsuccessful" statuses were reported among "other."
TABLE 8.14
Adults on parole, 2003
SOURCE: Lauren E. Glaze and Seri Palla, "Table 5. Adults on Parole, 2003," in Probation and Parole in the United States, 2003, Bureau of Justice Statistics, July 2004,
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/ppus03.pdf (accessed April 2, 2005)
Region and jurisdiction
Parole population, 1/1/03
2003
Parole population, 12/31/03
Percent change, 2003
Number on parole per 100,000 adult residents, 12/31/03
U.S. total
750,934
492,727
470,538
774,588
3.1%
357
Federal
83,063
33,590
31,088
86,459
4.1%
40
State
667,871
459,137
439,450
688,129
3.0
317
Northeast
174,591
77,381
71,903
180,069
3.1%
437
Connecticut
2,186
3,260
2,847
2,599
18.9
99
Massachusetts
3,951
6,305
6,552
3,704
−6.3
370
New Hampshirea
963
719
482
1,200
24.6
124
New Jersey
12,576
10,322
9,650
13,248
5.3
203
New York
55,990
25,049
25,186
55,853
−0.2
386
Pennsylvaniab
97,712
30,870
26,338
102,244
4.6
1,084
Rhode Island
384
456
448
392
2.1
48
Vermont
797
400
400
797
0.0
170
Midwest
114,173
95,242
87,882
121,533
6.4%
250
Illinois
35,458
32,476
32,926
35,008
−1.3
374
Indiana
5,877
7,304
6,162
7,019
19.4
152
Iowac
2,787
2,787
2,475
3,099
11.2
140
Kansasc
3,990
4,146
3,991
4,145
3.9
207
Michigan
17,648
12,579
9,994
20,233
14.6
271
Minnesota
3,577
4,121
4,102
3,596
0.5
96
Missouri
13,533
10,407
8,720
15,220
12.5
357
Nebraska
574
839
763
650
13.2
51
North Dakota
148
585
507
226
52.7
48
Ohio
17,853
11,670
11,096
18,427
3.2
216
South Dakota
1,640
1,451
1,147
1,944
18.5
346
Wisconsin
11,088
6,877
5,999
11,966
7.9
293
South
219,849
104,142
96,351
227,668
3.6%
291
Alabama
5,309
4,098
2,457
6,950
30.9
206
Arkansas
12,128
7,379
5,813
13,694
12.9
672
Delaware
551
217
239
529
−4.0
85
District of Columbiaa,b
5,297
3,136
3,369
5,064
e
1,129
Florida
5,223
4,409
4,680
4,952
−5.2
37
Georgia
20,822
11,738
10,391
22,135
6.3
344
Kentuckyc
5,968
4,719
3,115
7,572
26.9
243
Louisiana
23,049
13,468
11,452
25,065
8.7
766
Maryland
13,271
8,059
7,588
13,742
3.5
334
Mississippid
1,816
1,103
963
1,816
0.0
87
North Carolina
2,805
3,214
3,342
2,677
−4.6
42
Oklahomaa
3,573
1,995
1,521
4,047
e
155
South Carolina
3,491
1,025
1,306
3,210
−8.0
103
Tennessee
7,949
3,130
3,314
7,967
0.2
180
Texasa
103,068
32,847
33,644
102,271
−0.8
639
Virginia
4,530
2,779
2,475
4,834
6.7
86
West Virginia
999
826
682
1,143
14.4
81
West
159,258
182,371
183,313
158,859
−0.3%
324
Alaskac
900
614
587
927
e
203
Arizonab
4,587
8,895
8,115
5,367
17.0
129
Californiac
113,185
148,915
152,305
110,338
−2.5
424
Colorado
6,215
5,298
4,954
6,559
5.5
193
Hawaii
2,525
906
1,191
2,240
−11.3
231
Idaho
1,961
1,486
1,118
2,329
18.8
236
Montanac
845
601
631
815
−3.6
119
Nevada
3,971
2,956
2,801
4,126
3.9
243
New Mexico
1,962
1,977
1,532
2,407
22.7
177
Oregon
19,090
8,059
7,380
19,769
3.6
733
Utah
3,352
2,300
2,353
3,299
−1.6
205
Washingtona
95
45
35
105
10.5
2
Wyoming
570
319
311
578
1.4
156
Note: Because of incomplete data, the population on December 31, 2003, does not equal the population on January 1, 2003, plus entries, minus exits.
a All data were estimated.
b Data for entries and exits were estimated for nonreporting agencies.
c Excludes parolees in one of the following categories: absconder, out of state, or inactive.
d Data are for the year ending December 1, 2003.
TABLE 8.15
Parole population statistics, 2003
SOURCE: Adapted from Lauren E. Glaze and Seri Palla, "Table 1. Community Corrections among the States, Yearend 2003," in Probation and Parole in the United States,
2003, Bureau of Justice Statistics, July 2004, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/ppus03.pdf (accessed April 3, 2005)
10 states with the largest 2003 community corrections populations
Number supervised
10 states with the largest Percent increase
Percent increase, 2002–03
10 states with the highest rates of supervision, 2003
Persons supervised per 100,000 adult U.S. residents*
10 states with the lowest rates of supervision, 2003
Persons supervised per 100,000 adult U.S. residents*
California
110,338
North Dakota
52.7%
Pennsylvania
1,084
Washington
2
Texas
102,271
Alabama
30.9
Louisiana
766
Maine
3
Pennsylvania
102,244
Kentucky
26.9
Oregon
733
Florida
37
New York
55,853
New Hampshire
24.6
Arkansas
672
North Carolina
42
Illinois
35,008
New Mexico
22.7
Texas
639
Rhode Island
48
Louisiana
25,065
Indiana
19.4
California
424
North Dakota
48
Georgia
22,135
Connecticut
18.9
New York
386
Nebraska
51
Michigan
20,233
Idaho
18.8
Illinois
374
West Virginia
81
Oregon
19,769
South Dakota
18.5
Massachusetts
370
Delaware
85
Ohio
18,427
Arizona
17.0
Missouri
357
Virginia
86
Note: This table excludes the District of Columbia, a wholly urban jurisdiction, Georgia probation counts, which included probation case-based counts for private agencies, and Idaho in which misdemeanor probation counts were not reported in 2003.
*Rates are based on the estimated number of adult state residents on December 31, 2003.
TABLE 8.16
Outcomes of parole, by offense, October 1, 2001–September 30, 2002
SOURCE: "Table 7.7. Outcomes of Parole, by Offense, October 1, 2001–September 30, 2002," in Compendium of Federal Justice
Statistics, 2002, Bureau of Justice Statistics, September 2004, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/cfjs0207.pdf (accessed March 26, 2005)
Most serious offense of convictiona
Number of parole terminations
Percent of paroles terminating with—
No violation
Technical violationsb
New crimec
Administrative case closures
Drug use
Fugitive status
Other
All offenses
1,817
57.5%
8.8%
4.7%
9.9%
12.7%
6.5%
Felonies
1,807
57.5%
8.9%
4.7%
9.8%
12.7%
6.5%
Violent offenses
610
43.3%
14.4%
6.7%
11.8%
16.4%
7.4%
Murderd
46
41.3
13.0
4.3
21.7
10.9
8.7
Assault
33
48.5
3.0
12.1
12.1
18.2
6.1
Robbery
470
43.8
15.5
6.0
10.9
15.5
8.3
Sexual abused
17
47.1
5.9
23.5
11.8
11.8
0.0
Kidnapping
42
33.3
14.3
7.1
11.9
33.3
0.0
Property offenses
179
62.0%
2.8%
2.8%
12.3%
16.2%
3.9%
Fraudulent
97
69.1%
0.0%
1.0%
9.3%
17.5%
3.1%
Embezzlement
10
e
e
e
e
e
e
Fraudd
78
69.2
0.0
1.3
10.3
15.4
3.8
Counterfeiting
3
e
e
e
e
e
e
Other
82
53.7%
6.1%
4.9%
15.9%
14.6%
4.9%
Burglary
28
42.9
3.6
3.6
17.9
25.0
7.1
Larcenyd
27
63.0
11.1
3.7
14.8
3.7
3.7
Motor vehicle theft
10
e
e
e
e
e
e
Arson and explosives
7
e
e
e
e
e
e
Transportation and stolen property
9
e
e
e
e
e
e
Drug offenses
809
67.7%
6.4%
2.7%
6.7%
10.0%
6.4%
Trafficking
735
68.4
6.3
2.7
6.3
9.9
6.4
Possession and other drug offenses
74
60.8
8.1
2.7
10.8
10.8
6.8
Public-order offenses
125
58.4%
5.6%
5.6%
12.8%
9.6%
8.0%
Regulatory
15
46.7%
13.3%
6.7%
20.0%
6.7%
6.7%
Other
110
60.0%
4.5%
5.5%
11.8%
10.0%
8.2%
Escape
19
42.1
10.5
5.3
26.3
5.3
10.5
Racketeering and extortion
56
66.1
0.0
7.1
1.8
17.9
7.1
Nonviolent sex offenses
17
47.1
11.8
5.9
29.4
0.0
5.9
Weapon offenses
82
51.2%
8.5%
12.2%
15.9%
8.5%
3.7%
Immigration offenses
1
e
e
e
e
e
e
Misdemeanorsd
10
e
e
e
e
e
e
a The most serious offense was the one with the most severe penalty imposed. If equal prison terms were imposed, or there was no imprisonment, the offense with the highest severity code, as determined by the U.S. Title and Code Criminal Offense Citations Manual, was selected.
b Supervision terminated with incarceration or removal to inactive status for violation of supervision conditions other than charges for new offenses.
c Supervision terminated with incarceration or removal to inactive status after arrest for a "major" or "minor" offense.
d In this table, "murder" includes nonnegligent manslaughter; "sexual abuse" includes only violent sex offenses; "fraud" excludes tax fraud; "larceny" excludes transportation of stolen property; "tax law violations" includes tax fraud; "misdemeanors" includes misdemeanors, petty offenses, and
unknown offense levels.
e Too few cases to obtain statistically reliable data.
TABLE 8.17
Characteristics of offenders terminating parole, October 1, 2001–September 30, 2002
SOURCE: "Table 7.8. Characteristics of Offenders Terminating Parole, October 1, 2001–September 30, 2002," in
Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics, 2002, Bureau of Justice Statistics, September 2004, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/cfjs0207.pdf (accessed March 26, 2005)
Offender characteristic
Number of parole terminations
Percent terminating parole with—
No violation
Technical violationsa
New crimeb
Administrative case closures
Drug use
Fugitive status
Other
All offendersc
1,817
57.5%
8.8%
4.7%
9.9%
12.7%
6.5%
Male
1,756
57.0%
9.1%
4.6%
9.8%
12.9%
6.6%
Female
57
71.9
1.8
8.8
8.8
5.3
3.5
White
1,027
63.8%
7.2%
3.9%
6.0%
12.1%
7.0%
Black
678
49.1
11.7
5.8
13.3
14.2
6.0
Native American
31
48.4
3.2
9.7
25.8
12.9
0.0
Asian/Pacific Islander
10
d
d
d
d
d
d
Hispanic
227
62.1%
11.5%
3.5%
6.2%
12.8%
4.0%
Non-Hispanic
1,579
56.8
8.5
4.9
10.3
12.6
6.9
21–30 years
47
53.2%
8.5%
8.5%
10.6%
14.9%
4.3%
31–40 years
271
48.7
12.9
4.1
17.3
12.9
4.1
Over 40 years
1,499
59.2
8.1
4.7
8.5
12.5
7.0
Less than high school graduate
824
53.4%
10.2%
5.5%
10.0%
13.2%
7.8%
High school graduate
624
56.9
9.5
4.3
10.7
13.0
5.6
Some college
236
67.8
5.5
4.7
5.5
10.6
5.9
College graduate
89
78.7
0.0
0.0
7.9
9.0
4.5
No known abuse
966
66.1%
4.7%
3.6%
8.4%
11.1%
6.1%
Drug history
851
47.6
13.5
6.0
11.5
14.5
6.9
a Violation of supervision conditions other than charges for new offenses.
b Includes both "major" and "minor" offenses.
c Total includes offenders whose characteristics could not be determined.
d Too few cases to obtain statistically reliable data.
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