Probation and Parole - Parole

Trends in Parole

Since the mid-1990s there has been a trend among the states to abolish discretionary paroles in favor of mandatory paroles. Discretionary parole is administered by parole boards. Their members examine the criminal history of prisoners and the candidates' prison records and reach decisions on whether to release a prisoner from incarceration now or not. Mandatory parole is legislatively imposed at the state level and, with some exceptions, takes away the discretion of parole boards. Mandatory parole provisions ensure that sentences for the same crime require TABLE 8.5
Adults on probation, by region and jurisdiction, 2003

Region and jurisdiction	Probation population, 1/1/03	2003		Probation population, 12/31/03	Percent change, 2003	Number on probation per 100,000 adult residents, 12/31/03
		Entries	Exits
U.S. total	4,024,067	2,229,668	2,179,847	4,073,987	1.2%	1,876
Federal	31,330	13,989	14,449	30,599	−2.3%	14
State	3,992,737	2,215,679	2,165,398	4,043,388	1.3	1,862
Northeast	629,503	233,044	247,722	614,825	−2.3%	1,491
Connecticut	50,984	24,384	23,176	52,192	2.4	1,983
Maine	9,446	6,625	6,216	9,855	4.3	984
Massachusettsa,b,c	131,319	56,933	61,117	127,135	h	2,585
New Hampshired	3,702	1,480	1,052	4,130	11.6	426
New Jersey	134,290	40,601	50,610	124,281	−7.5	1,907
New Yorkb	132,966	39,590	48,261	124,295	−6.5	859
Pennsylvaniac	130,786	52,072	45,652	137,206	4.9	1,454
Rhode Island	25,914	6,451	6,436	25,929	0.1	3,143
Vermont	10,096	4,908	5,202	9,802	−2.9	2,085
Midwest	937,378	606,152	607,511	936,387	−0.1%	1,926
Illinois	141,544	63,000	60,090	144,454	2.1	1,542
Indiana	114,209	94,741	97,324	111,626	−2.3	2,424
Iowa	19,970	14,600	13,685	20,885	4.6	945
Kansasc	15,217	23,315	23,981	14,551	−4.4	725
Michiganc,d	174,577	130,857	129,029	176,392	1.0	2,364
Minnesota	122,692	59,517	71,484	110,725	−9.8	2,953
Missouri	54,584	26,512	25,486	55,610	1.9	1,305
Nebraska	16,468	15,845	13,901	18,412	11.8	1,432
North Dakota	3,229	2,332	2,059	3,502	8.5	737
Ohioc,d	215,186	146,723	142,616	219,658	2.1	2,573
South Dakota	5,088	3,261	3,129	5,236	2.9	933
Wisconsin	54,614	25,449	24,727	55,336	1.3	1,354
South	1,623,038	960,243	910,074	1,673,206	3.1%	2,135
Alabama	39,713	15,152	15,213	39,652	−0.2	1,177
Arkansas	27,377	9,168	8,419	28,126	2.7	1,380
Delaware	20,201	13,962	15,242	18,921	−6.3	3,058
District of Columbiac,d	9,389	6,597	8,755	7,231	h	1,612
Floridac,d	291,315	257,539	261,212	287,641	−1.3	2,169
Georgiac,e	367,349	230,686	173,650	424,385	h	h
Kentuckyc	24,480	16,165	11,949	28,696	17.2	921
Louisiana	36,257	13,875	13,455	36,677	1.2	1,120
Maryland	81,982	39,037	43,144	77,875	−5.0	1,890
Mississippic,f	16,633	8,773	6,290	19,116	14.9	911
North Carolina	112,900	60,782	60,521	113,161	0.2	1,770
Oklahomad	29,881	15,299	16,854	28,326	−5.2	1,082
South Carolina	41,574	14,760	16,287	40,047	−3.7	1,285
Tennesseec	42,712	24,256	24,132	42,836	0.3	968
Texas	434,486	200,450	202,947	431,989	−0.6	2,698
Virginia	40,359	30,669	29,365	41,663	3.2	743
West Virginiac	6,430	3,072	2,638	6,864	6.7	487

TABLE 8.5
Adults on probation, by region and jurisdiction, 2003 [CONTINUED]
SOURCE: Lauren E. Glaze and Seri Palla, "Table 2. Adults on Probation, 2003," in Probation and Parole in the United States, 2003, Bureau of Justice Statistics, July 2004, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/ppus03.pdf (accessed April 2, 2005)

Region and jurisdiction	Probation population, 1/1/03	2003		Probation population, 12/31/03	Percent change, 2003	Number on probation per 100,000 adult residents, 12/31/03
		Entries	Exits
West	802,818	416,241	400,092	818,970	2.0%	1,672
Alaska	5,229	973	796	5,406	3.4	1,185
Arizonad	66,485	39,115	39,795	65,805	−1.0	1,586
Californiad	358,121	180,636	164,059	374,701	4.6	1,441
Coloradoc,d	57,328	28,954	30,985	55,297	−3.5	1,623
Hawaii	16,772	7,006	6,126	17,652	5.2	1,822
Idahod,g	31,361	25,360	24,501	32,220	2.7	h
Montana	6,703	3,898	3,687	6,914	3.1	1,006
Nevada	12,290	5,869	6,000	12,159	−1.1	716
New Mexico	16,287	7,662	7,813	16,136	−0.9	1,186
Oregon	45,397	16,275	16,847	44,825	−1.3	1,662
Utah	10,646	5,429	5,696	10,379	−2.5	646
Washingtonc,d	171,603	93,132	91,921	172,814	0.7	3,767
Wyoming	4,596	1,932	1,866	4,662	1.4	1,255
Note: Because of incomplete data, the population for some jurisdictions on December 31, 2003, does not equal the population on January 1, 2003, plus entries, minus exits.
a Data are for June 30, 2002, and 2003. Some data for June 30, 2002, were estimated.
b Due to change in reporting criteria, data are not comparable to previous reports.
c Data for entries and exits were estimated for nonreporting agencies.
d All data were estimated.
e Counts include private agency cases and may overstate the number under supervision.
f Data are for year ending December 1, 2003.
g Counts include estimates for misdemeanors based on admissions.
h Not calculated.

TABLE 8.6
Probation population statistics, 2003
SOURCE: Adapted from Lauren E. Glaze and Seri Palla, "Table 1. Community Corrections among the States, Yearend 2003," in Probation and Parole in the United States, 2003, Bureau of Justice Statistics, July 2004, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/ppus03.pdf (accessed April 2, 2005)

10 states with the largest 2003 community corrections populations	Number supervised	10 states with the largest percent increase	Percent increase, 2002–03	10 states with the highest rates of supervision, 2003	Persons supervised per 100,000 adult U.S. residents*	10 states with the lowest rates of supervision, 2003	Persons supervised per 100,000 adult .residents*
Texas	431,989	Kentucky	17.2%	Washington	3,767	New Hampshire	426
California	374,701	Mississippi	14.9	Rhode Island	3,143	West Virginia	487
Florida	287,641	Nebraska	11.8	Delaware	3,058	Utah	646
Ohio	219,658	New Hampshire	11.6	Minnesota	2,953	Nevada	716
Michigan	176,392	North Dakota	8.5	Texas	2,698	Kansas	725
Washington	172,814	West Virginia	6.7	Massachusetts	2,585	North Dakota	737
Illinois	144,454	Hawaii	5.2	Ohio	2,573	Virginia	743
Pennsylvania	137,206	Pennsylvania	4.9	Indiana	2,424	New York	859
Massachusetts	127,135	California	4.6	Michigan	2,364	Mississippi	911
New York	124,295	Iowa	4.6	Florida	2,169	Kentucky	921
Note: This table excludes the District of Columbia, a wholly urban jurisdiction, Georgia probation counts, which included probation case-based counts for private agencies, and Idaho in which misdemeanor probation counts were not reported in 2003.
*Rates are based on the estimated number of adult state residents on December 31, 2003.

incarceration for the same length of time. The prisoner can shorten his or her sentence only by good behavior—but time off for good behavior is also prohibited in some states. In some jurisdictions parole can only begin after prisoners have served 100% of their minimum sentences.

According to a survey conducted by the National Institute of Corrections, U.S. Department of Justice, Status Report on Parole, 1995: Results of an NIC Survey (Washington, DC, November 1995), conflicting policy pressures were changing the manner in which parole was administered in 1995. These pressures came from "legislators seeking ways to be tougher on criminals" by making them serve all or a fixed proportion of their sentences. This had led to changes in some state laws that, in effect, "abolished parole" by taking discretion out of the hands of parole boards. By the early years of the new century, discretionary releases of prisoners by parole boards were decreasing as a percentage of all releases; mandatory parole releases were up; and more prisoners served out their full sentences.

The rise of mandatory paroles over discretionary paroles can be seen in Table 8.13. In 1995 the percentage of discretionary paroles was at 50%; but by 2003 discretionary paroles made up only 39% of the total. In 1995 mandatory parole made up 45% of all paroles; by 2003, 51% of those paroled were under a mandatory parole.

Characteristics of Parolees

As reported in Probation and Parole in the United States, 2003, at the end of 2003 there were 774,588 federal and state parolees in the United States. (See Table 8.14.) Most parolees (688,129) were paroled from state prisons, while 86,459 had been paroled TABLE 8.7
Outcomes of probation supervision, by offense, October 1, 2001–September 30, 2002

Most serious offense of convictiona	Number of probation terminations	Percent of probation supervisions terminating with—
		No violation	Technical violationsb			New crimec	Administrative case closures
			Drug use	Fugitive status	Other
All offenses	15,116	79.5%	3.7%	2.5%	5.9%	6.6%	1.9%
Felonies	7,733	80.4%	3.7%	2.8%	5.1%	6.0%	2.0%
Violent offenses	266	66.9%	4.5%	7.5%	8.3%	11.7%	1.1%
Murderd	17	64.7	5.9	5.9	0.0	23.5	0.0
Negligent manslaughter	0	e	e	e	e	e	e
Assault	98	49.0	6.1	15.3	13.3	15.3	1.0
Robbery	105	85.7	3.8	1.9	1.9	5.7	1.0
Sexual abused	42	61.9	2.4	4.8	14.3	14.3	2.4
Kidnapping	1	f	f	f	f	f	f
Threats against the President	3	f	f	f	f	f	f
Property offenses	4,146	81.9%	3.4%	2.6%	5.2%	5.1%	1.7%
Fraudulent	3,257	84.2%	3.1%	2.0%	4.6%	4.5%	1.6%
Embezzlement	299	89.3	2.3	1.3	3.3	2.0	1.7
Fraudd	2,406	87.0	2.0	1.9	3.7	3.7	1.7
Forgery	119	73.1	6.7	4.2	5.9	7.6	2.5
Counterfeiting	433	67.9	8.8	2.3	10.2	10.2	0.7
Other	889	73.7%	4.8%	4.9%	7.1%	7.3%	2.1%
Burglary	24	29.2	12.5	25.0	25.0	8.3	0.0
Larcenyd	704	74.4	5.1	4.7	7.1	6.5	2.1
Motor vehicle theft	56	80.4	3.6	1.8	1.8	12.5	0.0
Arson and explosives	32	81.3	0.0	6.3	6.3	6.3	0.0
Transportation and stolen property	57	77.2	3.5	3.5	3.5	7.0	5.3
Other property offensesd	16	56.3	0.0	0.0	12.5	25.0	6.3
Drug offenses	1,215	75.3%	6.5%	2.3%	5.8%	7.7%	2.4%
Trafficking	1,086	75.1	6.6	2.1	6.2	7.8	2.1
Possession and other drug offenses	129	76.7	5.4	3.9	3.1	6.2	4.7
Public-order offenses	1,458	87.2%	1.5%	1.9%	3.0%	4.0%	2.4%
Regulatory	578	85.5%	1.7%	2.8%	2.6%	4.7%	2.8%
Agriculture	1	f	f	f	f	f	f
Antitrust	13	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Food and drug	20	80.0	0.0	0.0	5.0	0.0	15.0
Transportation	17	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Civil rights	15	86.7	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	13.3
Communications	34	94.1	0.0	0.0	2.9	2.9	0.0
Custom laws	29	93.1	0.0	3.4	3.4	0.0	0.0
Postal laws	43	81.4	2.3	7.0	2.3	4.7	2.3
Other regulatory offenses	406	83.7	2.2	3.0	2.7	5.9	2.5
Other	880	88.4%	1.4%	1.4%	3.2%	3.5%	2.2%
Tax law violationsd	289	95.5	0.3	0.3	0.7	1.4	1.7
Bribery	81	88.9	1.2	2.5	1.2	3.7	2.5
Perjury, contempt, and intimidation	55	85.2	0.0	3.7	0.0	5.6	5.6
National defense	6	f	f	f	f	f	f
Escape	26	65.4	3.8	0.0	11.5	15.4	3.8
Racketeering and extortion	167	87.4	1.8	1.8	3.6	3.0	2.4
Gambling	59	96.6	1.7	0.0	0.0	1.7	0.0
Nonviolent sex offenses	60	76.7	0.0	1.7	11.7	8.3	1.7
Obscene materiald	10	f	f	f	f	f	f
Wildlife	25	96.0	4.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Environmental	14	78.6	0.0	0.0	7.1	0.0	14.3
All other offenses	88	76.1	4.5	2.3	9.1	6.8	1.1
Weapon offenses	298	67.8%	5.0%	2.3%	8.4%	13.1%	3.4%
Immigration offenses	283	78.4%	4.2%	5.7%	3.2%	7.8%	0.7%

TABLE 8.7
Outcomes of probation supervision, by offense, October 1, 2001–September 30, 2002 [CONTINUED]
SOURCE: "Table 7.3. Outcomes of Probation Supervision, by Offense, October 1, 2001–September 30, 2002," in Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics, 2002, Bureau of Justice Statistics, September 2004, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/cfjs0207.pdf (accessed March 26, 2005)

Most serious offense of convictiona	Number of probation terminations	Percent of probation supervisions terminating with—
		No violation	Technical violationsb			New crimec	Administrative case closures
			Drug use	Fugitive status	Other
Misdemeanorsd	7,383	78.5%	3.6%	2.2%	6.7%	7.2%	1.8%
Fraudulent property offense	585	88.2	1.2	1.0	4.4	2.7	2.4
Larceny	808	77.5	5.9	3.3	6.1	5.4	1.7
Drug possessiond	1,207	75.0	7.6	2.7	6.5	6.6	1.6
Immigration misdemeanors	599	53.1	1.8	3.8	9.7	30.9	0.7
Traffic offenses	2,288	82.0	2.3	1.4	7.1	5.3	1.8
Other misdemeanors	1,896	81.9	2.8	2.3	6.5	4.6	2.0
Note: Offenses for 67 felony offenders could not be classified. Only records with one or more terminations of active supervision during October 1, 2001, through September 30, 2002, were selected. Each termination was counted separately. Technical violations and terminations for new crimes are shown only if supervision terminated with incarceration or removal from active supervision for reasons of a violation.
a The most serious offense was the one with the most severe penalty imposed. If equal prison terms were imposed, or there was no imprisonment, the offense with the highest severity code, as determined by the U.S. Title and Code Criminal Offense Citations Manual, was selected.
b Supervision terminated with incarceration or removal to inactive status for violation of supervision conditions other than charges for new offenses.
c Supervision terminated with incarceration or removal to inactive status after arrest for a "major" or "minor" offense.
d In this table, "Murder" includes nonnegligent manslaughter, "sexual abuse" includes only violent sex offenses; "fraud" excludes tax fraud; "larceny" excludes transportation of stolen property; "other property offenses" excludes fraudulent property offenses, and includes destruction of property and trespassing; "tax law violations" includes tax fraud; "obscene material" denootes the mail or transport thereof; "misdemeanors" includes misdemeanors, petty offenses, and unknown offense levels; and "drug possession" also includes other drug misdemeanors.
e No cases of this type occurred in the data.
f Too few cases to obtain statistically reliable data.

TABLE 8.8
Characteristics of offenders terminating probation supervision, October 1, 2001–September 30, 2002
SOURCE: "Table 7.4. Characteristics of Offenders Terminating Probation Supervision, October 1, 2001–September 30, 2002," in Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics, 2002, Bureau of Justice Statistics, September 2004, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/cfjs0207.pdf (accessed March 26, 2005)

Offender characteristica	Number of probation terminations	Percent of probation supervisions terminating with—
		No violation	Technical violationsb			New crimec	Administrative case closures
			Drug use	Fugitive status	Other
All offendersc	15,116	79.5%	3.7%	2.5%	5.9%	6.6%	1.9%
Male/female
Male	10,836	77.8%	3.8%	2.5%	6.3%	7.6%	2.0%
Female	4,253	83.6	3.4	2.5	4.9	4.1	1.5
Race
White	9,980	81.3%	3.3%	2.2%	4.7%	6.5%	1.9%
Black	3,864	76.0	4.7	2.4	8.0	7.0	1.9
Native American	485	53.8	5.4	10.1	18.4	10.7	1.6
Asian/Pacific Islander	492	90.2	1.6	1.8	2.8	2.6	0.8
Ethnicity
Hispanic	2,408	74.3%	2.4%	3.2%	5.0%	12.9%	2.1%
Non-Hispanic	12,556	80.4	3.9	2.3	6.1	5.4	1.8
Age
16–18 years	157	47.1%	10.2%	8.3%	15.9%	17.2%	1.3%
19–20 years	615	59.0	8.1	5.5	12.2	13.2	2.0
21–30 years	4,465	72.1	5.0	3.5	8.0	9.9	1.5
31–40 years	4,023	80.4	4.0	2.4	5.9	6.0	1.4
Over 40 years	5,851	87.5	1.8	1.3	3.4	3.5	2.5
Education
Less than high school graduate	3,679	69.6%	5.9%	4.1%	9.1%	9.2%	2.1%
High school graduate	5,419	80.1	4.0	2.5	6.2	5.7	1.6
Some college	3,368	86.5	2.2	1.4	3.9	4.3	1.7
College graduate	1,881	90.9	1.1	0.9	2.8	2.3	2.2
Drug abuse
No known abuse	11,894	84.0%	1.8%	1.8%	4.7%	5.8%	1.9%
Drug history	3,222	62.9	10.3	5.1	10.4	9.5	1.8
a Violation of supervision conditions to her than charges for new offenses.
b Includes both "major" and "minor" offenses.
c Total includes offenders whose characteristics could not be determined.

TABLE 8.9
Persons under the supervision of the federal probation system and authorized probation officers, 1975–2003
SOURCE: Kathleen Maguire and Ann L. Pastore, editors, "Table 6.7. Persons under the Supervision of the Federal Probation System and Authorized Probation Officers, 1975–2003," in Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics, Bureau of Justice Statistics, August 2004, http://www.albany.edu/sourcebook/pdf/t67.pdf (accessed April 3, 2005)

	Number of persons under supervision	Number of probation officers
1975	64,261	1,377
1976	64,246	1,452
1977	64,427	1,578
1978	66,681	1,604
1979	66,087	1,604
1980	64,450	1,604
1981	59,016	1,534
1982	58,373	1,637
1983	60,180	1,574
1984	63,092	1,690
1985	65,999	1,758
1986	69,656	1,847
1987	73,432	1,879
1988	76,366	2,046
1989	77,284	2,146
1990	80,592	2,361
1991	83,012	2,802
1992	85,920	3,316
1993	86,823	3,516*
1994	89,103	NA
1995	85,822	NA
1996	88,966	3,473
1997	91,434	3,603
1998	93,737	3,842
1999	97,190	3,913
2000	100,395	3,981
2001	104,715	4,345
2002	108,792	4,476
2003	110,621	4,560
Note: Persons under supervision of the Federal Probation System include persons placed on probation—either by U.S. district courts, U.S. magistrate judges, or at the request of U.S. attorneys (pretrial diversion/deferred prosecution)—and federal offenders released from confinement on parole, supervised release, or mandatory release.
The "number of persons under supervision" data for 1975–87 are reported for the 12-month period ending June 30. Beginning in 1988, these data are reported for the federal fiscal year, which is the 12-month period ending September 30. The "number of probation officers" data for 1975–90 are reported as of June 30. Beginning in 1991, these data are reported as of September 30.
*Approximate.

from federal prisons. The number of parolees grew by 3.1% from 2002 to 2003, almost double the average annual increase of 1.7% since 1995. Since 1995, the number of parolees has increased by 95,167, or 14%. The 23,654 new parolees added to the total number in 2003 was the largest single increase during this period. (See Table 8.3.)

In 2003, 13% of parolees were women, up from 12% in 2000 and 10% in 1995. (See Table 8.13.) In 1995 the percentage of parolees who were white was 34%, while 45% were African-Americans and 21% were Hispanic. Eight years later, whites made up a larger percentage of those on parole, while African-Americans and Hispanics showed a decline. In 2003, 40% of those on parole were white, 41% were African-American, and 18% were Hispanic. Native Americans and Alaska Natives were 1% of parolees as were Asians, Pacific Islanders, and Native Hawaiians as a group. In general, the gender and racial/ethnic distribution of parolees more closely matched that of the prison population than the distribution of people on probation matched the prison population.

Table 8.13 also shows that 83% of parolees were under the active supervision of parole officers in 2003. Of parolees leaving parole, only 47% had successfully completed the terms of their parole. Parolees, of course, are more serious offenders as a group than are probationers, 95% having been sentenced to one year or more of prison for felonies.

Parole Geography

Maine had the fewest parolees in the nation in 2003, a total of thirty-two persons, or three per 100,000 of population. The highest number proportionally to population occurred in the District of Columbia (1,129 per 100,000 adult residents) and in Pennsylvania (1,084 per 100,000 adult residents). (See Table 8.14.) The U.S. average was 357, a value that also includes those on parole from federal institutions. California (110,338), Texas (102,271), and Pennsylvania (102,244) had the largest numbers of parolees. (See Table 8.15.) Several states saw large increases in their numbers of parolees: North Dakota (52.7% increase), Alabama (30.9%), and Kentucky (26.9%). North Dakota's percentage increase, while being the largest of all the states, represented a total of only 226 parolees in that state at the end of 2003. Overall, the Midwest saw the greatest increase in parolees (6.4%) in 2003, while the West saw a decline of 0.3%. (See Table 8.14.)

Parole Violation and Rearrest Trends

The overall success rate for parolees has remained fairly stable for several years. As shown in Table 8.13, 45% of individuals on parole completed their sentences successfully in 1995. In 2003, 47% of paroles ended successfully.

The success rate for federal parolees is higher than the national average discussed above. In 2002, 57.5% of federal parolees completed their sentences successfully. (See Table 8.16.) Of those who had committed violent offenses, the success rate was 43.3%. For those who had committed property offenses, the success rate was 62%. Two-thirds of drug offenders (67.7%) completed their parole sentences successfully.

Of those who violated federal parole in the twelve months ending September 30, 2002, most had either violated their parole by committing a new crime or by using drugs. (See Table 8.17.) Male parolees were more than twice as likely to commit a new crime than were female parolees, and they were five times as likely to use drugs than were female parolees. The success rate for white parolees was 63.8%, for Hispanics it was 62.1%, and for African-Americans it was 49.1%. The level of education seemed to make a difference in the success rates of parolees. Those with college degrees had a success rate of 78.7%, but those with less than a high school education had a success rate of only 53.4%. Drug use also had an impact. Those with no known drug abuse problem had a success rate of 66.1%. Those with a known history of drug abuse had a success rate of only 47.6%.

TABLE 8.10
Federal offenders under supervision, by offense, September 30, 2002

Most serious offense of convictiona	Total offenders under supervision		Type of supervision
			Probation		Supervised release		Parole
	Number	Percent	Number	Percent	Number	Percent	Number	Percent
All offensesb	107,367	100.0%	30,577	100.0%	73,229	100.0%	3,561	100.0%
Feloniesc	97,518	90.8%	21,290	69.5%	72,673	99.2%	3,555	99.8%
Violent offenses	6,281	5.9%	527	1.7%	4,518	6.2%	1,236	34.7%
Murderd	427	0.4	21	0.1	217	0.3	189	5.3
Negligent manslaughter	9	e	e	e	7	e	2	0.1
Assault	647	0.6	138	0.5	440	0.6	69	1.9
Robbery	4,490	4.2	255	0.8	3,384	4.6	851	23.9
Sexual abused	460	0.4	97	0.3	324	0.4	39	1.1
Kidnapping	206	0.2	11	e	109	0.1	86	2.4
Threats against the President	42	e	5	e	37	0.1	0	0.0
Property offenses	29,268	27.3%	11,506	37.8%	17,462	23.9%	300	8.4%
Fraudulent	24,439	22.8%	9,310	30.6%	14,983	20.5%	146	4.1%
Embezzlement	3,138	2.9	948	3.1	2,183	3.0	7	0.2
Fraudd	18,486	17.2	7,042	23.1	11,324	15.5	120	3.4
Forgery	415	0.4	200	0.7	203	0.3	12	0.3
Counterfeiting	2,400	2.2	1,120	3.7	1,273	1.7	7	0.2
Other	4,829	4.5%	2,196	7.2%	2,479	3.4%	154	4.3%
Burglary	276	0.3	54	0.2	149	0.2	73	2.1
Larcenyd	3,367	3.1	1,803	5.9	1,524	2.1	40	1.1
Motor vehicle theft	431	0.4	110	0.4	307	0.4	14	0.4
Arson and explosives	329	0.3	61	0.2	254	0.3	14	0.4
Transportation of stolen property	356	0.3	133	0.4	214	0.3	9	0.3
Other property offensesd	70	0.1	35	0.1	31	e	4	0.1
Drug offenses	44,980	42.0%	3,850	12.6%	39,536	54.0%	1,594	44.8%
Trafficking	40,414	37.7	3,487	11.5	35,491	48.5	1,436	40.4
Other drug offenses	4,566	4.3	363	1.2	4,045	5.5	158	4.4
Public-order offenses	9,039	8.4%	3,657	12.0%	5,119	7.0%	263	7.4%
Regulatory	2,570	2.4%	1,426	4.7%	1,115	1.5%	29	0.8%
Agriculture	4	e	2	e	2	e	0	0.0
Antitrust	27	e	17	0.1	10	e	0	0.0
Food and drug	95	0.1	72	0.2	23	e	0	0.0
Transportation	98	0.1	62	0.2	33	e	3	0.1
Civil rights	149	0.1	29	0.1	116	0.2	4	0.1
Communications	136	0.1	92	0.3	44	0.1	0	0.0
Custom laws	153	0.1	69	0.2	83	0.1	1	e
Postal laws	130	0.1	81	0.3	48	0.1	1	e
Other regulatory offenses	1,778	1.7	1,002	3.3	756	1.0	20	0.6
Other	6,469	6.0%	2,231	7.3%	4,004	5.5%	234	6.6%
Tax law violationsd	1,336	1.2	735	2.4	595	0.8	6	0.2
Bribery	386	0.4	201	0.7	182	0.2	3	0.1
Perjury, contempt, and intimidation	334	0.3	140	0.5	185	0.3	9	0.3
National defense	47	e	14	e	17	e	16	0.4
Escape	282	0.3	49	0.2	210	0.3	23	0.6
Racketeering and extortion	2,246	2.1	434	1.4	1,681	2.3	131	3.7
Gambling	164	0.2	79	0.3	85	0.1	0	0.0
Nonviolent sex offenses	1,006	0.9	208	0.7	764	1.0	34	1.0
Obscene materiald	66	0.1	23	0.1	43	0.1	0	0.0
Wildlife	99	0.1	58	0.2	41	0.1	0	0.0
Environmental	40	e	26	0.1	14	e	0	0.0
All other offenses	463	0.4	264	0.9	187	0.3	12	0.3
Weapon offenses	5,662	5.3%	889	2.9%	4,618	6.3%	155	4.4%
Immigration offenses	2,095	2.0%	727	2.4%	1,364	1.9%	4	0.1%

TABLE 8.10
Federal offenders under supervision, by offense, September 30, 2002 [CONTINUED]
SOURCE: "Table 7.1. Federal Offenders under Supervision, by Offense, September 30, 2002," in Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics, 2002, Bureau of Justice Statistics, September 2004, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/cfjs0207.pdf (accessed March 26, 2005)

Most serious offense of convictiona	Total offenders under supervision		Type of supervision
			Probation		Supervised release		Parole
	Number	Percent	Number	Percent	Number	Percent	Number	Percent
Misdemeanorsd	9,849	9.2%	9,287	30.5%	556	0.8%	6	0.2%
Fraudulent property offenses	1,104	1.0	1,042	3.4	62	0.1	0	0.0
Larceny	1,187	1.1	1,090	3.6	97	0.1	0	0.0
Drug possessiond	1,715	1.6	1,589	5.2	122	0.2	4	0.1
Immigration misdemeanors	817	0.8	805	2.6	12	e	0	0.0
Traffic offenses	2,162	2.0	2,077	6.8	85	0.1	0	0.0
Other misdemeanors	2,864	2.7	2,684	8.8	178	0.2	2	0.1
aThe most serious offense was the one with the most severe penalty imposed. If equal prison terms were imposed, or there was no imprisonment, the offense with the highest severity code, as determined by the U.S. Title and Code Criminal Offense Citations Manual, was selected.
b Total includes offenders whose offense category could not be determined. Year end pending cases (that is, records with offenders who were under active supervision as of the end of the fiscal year, September 30, 2002) were selected. Corporate defendants were excluded.
cThe are 193 felony offenders for whom an offense category was unknown or indeterminable. These include 134 offenders under probation, 56 under supervised release, and 3 under parole.
d In this table, "murder" includes nonnegligent manslaughter; "sexual abuse" includes only violent sex offenses; "fraud" excludes tax fraud; "larceny" excludes transportation of stolen property; "other property offenses" excludes fraudulent property offenses, and includes destruction of property and trespassing; "tax law violations" includes tax fraud; "obscene material" denotes the mail or transport thereof; "misdemeanors" includes misdemeanors, petty offenses, and unknown offense levels; and "drug possession" also includes other drug misdemeanors.
eLess than .05%

TABLE 8.11
Outcomes of supervised release, by offense, October 1, 2001–September 30, 2002

Most serious offense of convictiona	Number of supervised release terminations	Percent of supervised releases terminating with—
		No violation	Techinical violationsb			New crimec	Administrative case closures
			Drug use	Fugitive status	Other
All offenses	27,678	62.2%	8.4%	5.1%	9.0%	13.1%	2.2%
Felonies	27,067	62.1%	8.4%	5.1%	9.0%	13.1%	2.2%
Violent offenses	2,121	41.4%	12.5%	8.7%	16.7%	17.3%	3.4%
Murderd	104	40.4	7.7	22.1	15.4	13.5	1.0
Negligent manslaughter	5	f	f	f	f	f	f
Assault	272	38.2	6.6	12.5	20.2	19.5	2.9
Robbery	1,522	42.4	14.8	7.2	15.1	17.4	3.2
Sexual abused	166	38.6	7.8	9.6	24.7	14.5	4.8
Kidnapping	31	54.8	f	f	16.1	25.8	3.2
Threats against the President	21	19.0	9.5	9.5	33.3	4.8	23.8
Property offenses	7,195	69.2%	5.5%	4.7%	9.0%	9.8%	1.8%
Fraudulent	5,898	71.7%	4.9%	4.0%	8.4%	9.1%	1.9%
Embezzlement	736	84.0	1.8	2.7	5.8	5.0	0.7
Fraudd	4,381	72.6	4.5	3.8	8.2	8.7	2.2
Forgery	109	53.2	8.3	4.6	16.5	17.4	f
Counterfeiting	672	55.5	10.6	7.0	11.2	14.1	1.6
Other	1,297	57.7%	8.2%	7.9%	11.8%	13.0%	1.5%
Burglary	99	34.3	5.1	10.1	23.2	24.2	3.0
Larcenyd	791	56.0	9.9	8.6	12.3	12.0	1.3
Motor vehicle theft	152	60.5	8.6	6.6	7.9	14.5	2.0
Arson and explosives	116	67.2	3.4	6.0	12.9	8.6	1.7
Transportation and stolen property	119	75.6	4.2	5.0	2.5	11.8	0.8
Other property offensesd	20	55.0	5.0	5.0	15.0	20.0	f
Drug offenses	12,320	64.1%	9.6%	4.5%	7.5%	12.3%	2.1%
Trafficking	11,090	63.5	9.8	4.7	7.4	12.4	2.1
Possession and other drug offenses	1,230	69.3	8.0	2.1	7.6	11.0	2.0
Public-order offenses	2,295	73.2%	4.3%	4.0%	6.8%	9.3%	2.4%
Regulatory	654	69.7%	5.2%	6.7%	5.7%	10.1%	2.6%
Agriculture	0	e	e	e	e	e	e
Antitrust	5	f	f	f	f	f	f
Food and drug	16	81.3	12.5	f	f	f	6.3
Transportation	19	89.5	f	f	10.5	f	f
Civil rights	58	77.6	5.2	3.4	1.7	10.3	1.7
Communications	23	87.0	4.3	0.0	4.3	4.3	f
Custom laws	48	58.3	4.2	10.4	6.3	8.3	12.5
Postal laws	20	55.0	5.0	10.0	30.0	f	f
Other regulatory offenses	465	68.2	5.4	7.5	5.2	11.8	1.9
Other	1,641	74.6%	4.0%	2.9%	7.3%	9.0%	2.3%
Tax law violationsd	351	91.5	0.9	1.4	2.8	2.3	1.1
Bribery	60	91.7	1.7	f	f	5.0	1.7
Perjury, contempt, and intimidation	102	76.5	5.9	f	5.9	9.8	2.0
National defense	11	81.8	f	f	f	9.1	9.1
Escape	179	39.7	10.6	10.1	13.4	23.5	2.8
Racketeering and extortion	564	75.7	4.8	1.8	5.7	8.5	3.5
Gambling	37	91.9	f	2.7	5.4	f	f
Nonviolent sex offenses	195	69.2	1.0	4.1	14.9	9.7	1.0
Obscene materiald	20	70.0	f	f	15.0	15.0	f
Wildlife	8	f	f	f	f	f	f
Environmental	7	f	f	f	f	f	f
All other offenses	107	63.6	6.5	4.7	11.2	12.1	1.9
Weapon offenses	2,128	49.0%	11.8%	6.2%	11.8%	18.1%	3.1%
Immigration offenses	972	34.1%	7.3%	9.1%	9.8%	38.3%	1.5%

TABLE 8.11
Outcomes of supervised release, by offense, October 1, 2001–September 30, 2002 [CONTINUED]
SOURCE: "Table 7.5. Outcomes of Supervised Release, by Offense, October 1, 2001–September 30, 2002," in Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics, 2002, Bureau of Justice Statistics, September 2004, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/cfjs0207.pdf (accessed March 26, 2005)

Most serious offense of convictiona	Number of supervised release terminations	Percent of supervised releases terminating with—
		No violation	Techinical violationsb			New crimec	Administrative case closures
			Drug use	Fugitive status	Other
Misdemeanorsd	611	63.2%	8.8%	4.1%	10.8%	10.6%	2.5%
Fraudulent property offense	66	68.2	9.1	1.5	10.6	7.6	3.0
Larceny	114	64.0	8.8	3.5	10.5	11.4	1.8
Drug possessiond	173	56.6	12.7	5.2	11.0	14.5	f
Immigration misdemeanors	12	75.0	f	8.3	f	16.7	f
Traffic offenses	69	68.1	7.2	1.4	13.0	8.7	1.4
Other misdemeanors	177	64.4	6.2	5.1	10.7	7.9	5.6
Note: Offenses for 36 felony offenders could not be classified. Only records with one or more terminations of active supervision during October 1, 2001, through September 30, 2002, were selected. Each termination was counted separately. Technical violations and terminations for new crimes are shown only if supervision terminated with incarceration or removal from active supervision for reasons of a violation.
a The most serious offense was the one with the most severe penalty imposed. If equal prison terms were imposed, or there was no imprisonment, the offense with the highest severity code, as determined by the U.S. Title and Code Criminal Offense Citations Manual, was selected.
b Supervision terminated with incarceration or removal to inactive status for violation of supervision conditions other than charges for new offenses.
c Supervision terminated with incarceration or removal to inactive status after arrest for a "major" or "minor" offense.
d In this table, "murder" includes nonnegligent manslaughter, "sexual abuse" includes only violent sex offenses; "fraud" excludes tax fraud; "larceny" excludes transportation of stolen property; "other property offenses" excludes fraudulent property offenses, and includes destruction of property and trespassing; "tax law violations" includes tax fraud; "obscene material" denotes the mail or transport thereof; "misdemeanors" includes misdemeanors, petty offenses, and unknown offense levels; and "drug possession" also includes other drug misdemeanors.
e No cases of this type occurred in the data.
f Too few cases to obtain statistically reliable data.

TABLE 8.12
Characteristics of offenders terminating supervised release, October 1, 2001–September 30, 2002
SOURCE: "Table 7.6. Characteristics of Offenders Terminating Supervised Release, October 1, 2001–September 30, 2002," in Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics, 2002, Bureau of Justice Statistics, September 2004, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/cfjs0207.pdf (accessed March 26, 2005)

Offender characteristic	Number of supervised release terminations	Percent of supervised releases terminating with—
		No violation	Technical violationsb			New crimeb	Administrative case closures
			Drug use	Fugitive status	Other
All offendersc	27,678	62.2%	8.4%	5.1%	9.0%	13.1%	2.2%
Male/female
Male	23,103	59.9%	8.7%	5.3%	9.5%	14.3%	2.4%
Female	4,563	73.6	7.1	4.0	6.5	7.2	1.6
Race
White	17,331	64.9%	7.8%	5.2%	7.6%	12.3%	2.2%
Black	8,639	57.3	9.9	4.4	10.9	15.2	2.3
Native American	781	36.9	8.2	14.5	22.0	16.4	2.0
Asian/Pacific Islander	715	78.3	6.7	2.7	7.3	3.6	1.4
Ethnicity
Hispanic	5,684	56.8%	8.0%	7.6%	8.0%	17.8%	1.8%
Non-Hispanic	21,824	63.5	8.6	4.5	9.3	11.9	2.3
Age
16–18 years	1	d	d	d	d	d	d
19–20 years	136	16.9	11.8	17.6	21.3	31.6	0.7
21–30 years	7,146	46.8	11.5	7.8	13.6	18.8	1.5
31–40 years	9,378	59.8	9.5	5.0	9.2	14.7	1.8
Over 40 years	11,017	74.7	5.4	3.3	5.7	7.8	3.1
Education
Less than high school graduate	10,543	53.0%	10.2%	6.8%	11.0%	16.7%	2.3%
High school graduate	9,539	62.7	9.4	4.7	8.9	12.2	2.1
Some college	5,249	72.5	5.8	3.2	7.1	9.2	2.2
College graduate	1,850	87.2	1.7	1.7	3.7	3.6	2.2
Drug abuse
No known abuse	14,902	71.1%	3.8%	3.8%	7.2%	11.7%	2.4%
Drug history	12,776	51.7	13.8	6.6	11.1	14.7	2.1
a Violation of supervision conditions other than charges for new offenses.
b Includes both "major" and "minor" offenses.
c Total includes offenders whose characteristics could not be determined.
d Too few cases to obtain statistically reliable data.

TABLE 8.13
Characteristics of adults on parole, 1995, 2000, and 2003
SOURCE: Lauren E. Glaze and Seri Palla, "Table 7. Characteristics of Adults on Parole, 1995, 2000, and 2003," in Probation and Parole in the United States, 2003, Bureau of Justice Statistics, July 2004, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/ppus03.pdf (accessed April 2, 2005)

Characteristic	1995	2000	2003
Total	100%	100%	100%
Gender
Male	90%	88%	87%
Female	10	12	13
Race
White	34%	38%	40%
Black	45	40	41
Hispanic	21	21	18
American Indian/Alaska Native	1	1	1
Asian/Pacific Islandera	d	d	1
Status of supervision
Active	78%	83%	83%
Inactive	11	4	4
Absconder	6	7	7
Supervised out of state	4	5	4
Other	d	1	1
Sentence length
Less than 1 year	6%	3%	5%
1 year or more	94	97	95
Type of offense
Violent	c	c	28%
Property	c	c	26
Drug	c	c	36
Other	c	c	10
Adults entering parole
Discretionary parole	50%	37%	39%
Mandatory parole	45	54	51
Reinstatement	4	6	8
Other	2	2	2
Adults leaving parole
Successful completion	45%	43%	47%
Returned to incarceration	41	42	38
With new sentence	12	11	11
With revocation pending	18	30	26
Other	11	1 1
Absconderb	c	9	9
Other unsuccessfulb	c	2	1
Transferred	2	1	1
Death	1	1	1
Other	10	2	2
Note: For every characteristic there were persons of unknown status or type. Detail may not sum to total because of rounding.
a Includes Native Hawaiians.
b In 1995 "absconder" and "other unsuccessful" statuses were reported among "other."
c Not available.
d Less than 0.5%.

TABLE 8.14
Adults on parole, 2003
SOURCE: Lauren E. Glaze and Seri Palla, "Table 5. Adults on Parole, 2003," in Probation and Parole in the United States, 2003, Bureau of Justice Statistics, July 2004, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/ppus03.pdf (accessed April 2, 2005)

Region and jurisdiction	Parole population, 1/1/03	2003		Parole population, 12/31/03	Percent change, 2003	Number on parole per 100,000 adult residents, 12/31/03
		Entries	Exits
U.S. total	750,934	492,727	470,538	774,588	3.1%	357
Federal	83,063	33,590	31,088	86,459	4.1%	40
State	667,871	459,137	439,450	688,129	3.0	317
Northeast	174,591	77,381	71,903	180,069	3.1%	437
Connecticut	2,186	3,260	2,847	2,599	18.9	99
Maine	32	0	0	32	0.0	3
Massachusetts	3,951	6,305	6,552	3,704	−6.3	370
New Hampshirea	963	719	482	1,200	24.6	124
New Jersey	12,576	10,322	9,650	13,248	5.3	203
New York	55,990	25,049	25,186	55,853	−0.2	386
Pennsylvaniab	97,712	30,870	26,338	102,244	4.6	1,084
Rhode Island	384	456	448	392	2.1	48
Vermont	797	400	400	797	0.0	170
Midwest	114,173	95,242	87,882	121,533	6.4%	250
Illinois	35,458	32,476	32,926	35,008	−1.3	374
Indiana	5,877	7,304	6,162	7,019	19.4	152
Iowac	2,787	2,787	2,475	3,099	11.2	140
Kansasc	3,990	4,146	3,991	4,145	3.9	207
Michigan	17,648	12,579	9,994	20,233	14.6	271
Minnesota	3,577	4,121	4,102	3,596	0.5	96
Missouri	13,533	10,407	8,720	15,220	12.5	357
Nebraska	574	839	763	650	13.2	51
North Dakota	148	585	507	226	52.7	48
Ohio	17,853	11,670	11,096	18,427	3.2	216
South Dakota	1,640	1,451	1,147	1,944	18.5	346
Wisconsin	11,088	6,877	5,999	11,966	7.9	293
South	219,849	104,142	96,351	227,668	3.6%	291
Alabama	5,309	4,098	2,457	6,950	30.9	206
Arkansas	12,128	7,379	5,813	13,694	12.9	672
Delaware	551	217	239	529	−4.0	85
District of Columbiaa,b	5,297	3,136	3,369	5,064	e	1,129
Florida	5,223	4,409	4,680	4,952	−5.2	37
Georgia	20,822	11,738	10,391	22,135	6.3	344
Kentuckyc	5,968	4,719	3,115	7,572	26.9	243
Louisiana	23,049	13,468	11,452	25,065	8.7	766
Maryland	13,271	8,059	7,588	13,742	3.5	334
Mississippid	1,816	1,103	963	1,816	0.0	87
North Carolina	2,805	3,214	3,342	2,677	−4.6	42
Oklahomaa	3,573	1,995	1,521	4,047	e	155
South Carolina	3,491	1,025	1,306	3,210	−8.0	103
Tennessee	7,949	3,130	3,314	7,967	0.2	180
Texasa	103,068	32,847	33,644	102,271	−0.8	639
Virginia	4,530	2,779	2,475	4,834	6.7	86
West Virginia	999	826	682	1,143	14.4	81
West	159,258	182,371	183,313	158,859	−0.3%	324
Alaskac	900	614	587	927	e	203
Arizonab	4,587	8,895	8,115	5,367	17.0	129
Californiac	113,185	148,915	152,305	110,338	−2.5	424
Colorado	6,215	5,298	4,954	6,559	5.5	193
Hawaii	2,525	906	1,191	2,240	−11.3	231
Idaho	1,961	1,486	1,118	2,329	18.8	236
Montanac	845	601	631	815	−3.6	119
Nevada	3,971	2,956	2,801	4,126	3.9	243
New Mexico	1,962	1,977	1,532	2,407	22.7	177
Oregon	19,090	8,059	7,380	19,769	3.6	733
Utah	3,352	2,300	2,353	3,299	−1.6	205
Washingtona	95	45	35	105	10.5	2
Wyoming	570	319	311	578	1.4	156
Note: Because of incomplete data, the population on December 31, 2003, does not equal the population on January 1, 2003, plus entries, minus exits.
a All data were estimated.
b Data for entries and exits were estimated for nonreporting agencies.
c Excludes parolees in one of the following categories: absconder, out of state, or inactive.
d Data are for the year ending December 1, 2003.
e Not calculated.

TABLE 8.15
Parole population statistics, 2003
SOURCE: Adapted from Lauren E. Glaze and Seri Palla, "Table 1. Community Corrections among the States, Yearend 2003," in Probation and Parole in the United States, 2003, Bureau of Justice Statistics, July 2004, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/ppus03.pdf (accessed April 3, 2005)

10 states with the largest 2003 community corrections populations	Number supervised	10 states with the largest Percent increase	Percent increase, 2002–03	10 states with the highest rates of supervision, 2003	Persons supervised per 100,000 adult U.S. residents*	10 states with the lowest rates of supervision, 2003	Persons supervised per 100,000 adult U.S. residents*
California	110,338	North Dakota	52.7%	Pennsylvania	1,084	Washington	2
Texas	102,271	Alabama	30.9	Louisiana	766	Maine	3
Pennsylvania	102,244	Kentucky	26.9	Oregon	733	Florida	37
New York	55,853	New Hampshire	24.6	Arkansas	672	North Carolina	42
Illinois	35,008	New Mexico	22.7	Texas	639	Rhode Island	48
Louisiana	25,065	Indiana	19.4	California	424	North Dakota	48
Georgia	22,135	Connecticut	18.9	New York	386	Nebraska	51
Michigan	20,233	Idaho	18.8	Illinois	374	West Virginia	81
Oregon	19,769	South Dakota	18.5	Massachusetts	370	Delaware	85
Ohio	18,427	Arizona	17.0	Missouri	357	Virginia	86
Note: This table excludes the District of Columbia, a wholly urban jurisdiction, Georgia probation counts, which included probation case-based counts for private agencies, and Idaho in which misdemeanor probation counts were not reported in 2003.
*Rates are based on the estimated number of adult state residents on December 31, 2003.

TABLE 8.16
Outcomes of parole, by offense, October 1, 2001–September 30, 2002
SOURCE: "Table 7.7. Outcomes of Parole, by Offense, October 1, 2001–September 30, 2002," in Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics, 2002, Bureau of Justice Statistics, September 2004, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/cfjs0207.pdf (accessed March 26, 2005)

Most serious offense of convictiona	Number of parole terminations	Percent of paroles terminating with—
		No violation	Technical violationsb			New crimec	Administrative case closures
			Drug use	Fugitive status	Other
All offenses	1,817	57.5%	8.8%	4.7%	9.9%	12.7%	6.5%
Felonies	1,807	57.5%	8.9%	4.7%	9.8%	12.7%	6.5%
Violent offenses	610	43.3%	14.4%	6.7%	11.8%	16.4%	7.4%
Murderd	46	41.3	13.0	4.3	21.7	10.9	8.7
Assault	33	48.5	3.0	12.1	12.1	18.2	6.1
Robbery	470	43.8	15.5	6.0	10.9	15.5	8.3
Sexual abused	17	47.1	5.9	23.5	11.8	11.8	0.0
Kidnapping	42	33.3	14.3	7.1	11.9	33.3	0.0
Property offenses	179	62.0%	2.8%	2.8%	12.3%	16.2%	3.9%
Fraudulent	97	69.1%	0.0%	1.0%	9.3%	17.5%	3.1%
Embezzlement	10	e	e	e	e	e	e
Fraudd	78	69.2	0.0	1.3	10.3	15.4	3.8
Forgery	6	e	e	e	e	e	e
Counterfeiting	3	e	e	e	e	e	e
Other	82	53.7%	6.1%	4.9%	15.9%	14.6%	4.9%
Burglary	28	42.9	3.6	3.6	17.9	25.0	7.1
Larcenyd	27	63.0	11.1	3.7	14.8	3.7	3.7
Motor vehicle theft	10	e	e	e	e	e	e
Arson and explosives	7	e	e	e	e	e	e
Transportation and stolen property	9	e	e	e	e	e	e
Drug offenses	809	67.7%	6.4%	2.7%	6.7%	10.0%	6.4%
Trafficking	735	68.4	6.3	2.7	6.3	9.9	6.4
Possession and other drug offenses	74	60.8	8.1	2.7	10.8	10.8	6.8
Public-order offenses	125	58.4%	5.6%	5.6%	12.8%	9.6%	8.0%
Regulatory	15	46.7%	13.3%	6.7%	20.0%	6.7%	6.7%
Other	110	60.0%	4.5%	5.5%	11.8%	10.0%	8.2%
Escape	19	42.1	10.5	5.3	26.3	5.3	10.5
Racketeering and extortion	56	66.1	0.0	7.1	1.8	17.9	7.1
Nonviolent sex offenses	17	47.1	11.8	5.9	29.4	0.0	5.9
Weapon offenses	82	51.2%	8.5%	12.2%	15.9%	8.5%	3.7%
Immigration offenses	1	e	e	e	e	e	e
Misdemeanorsd	10	e	e	e	e	e	e
a The most serious offense was the one with the most severe penalty imposed. If equal prison terms were imposed, or there was no imprisonment, the offense with the highest severity code, as determined by the U.S. Title and Code Criminal Offense Citations Manual, was selected.
b Supervision terminated with incarceration or removal to inactive status for violation of supervision conditions other than charges for new offenses.
c Supervision terminated with incarceration or removal to inactive status after arrest for a "major" or "minor" offense.
d In this table, "murder" includes nonnegligent manslaughter; "sexual abuse" includes only violent sex offenses; "fraud" excludes tax fraud; "larceny" excludes transportation of stolen property; "tax law violations" includes tax fraud; "misdemeanors" includes misdemeanors, petty offenses, and unknown offense levels.
e Too few cases to obtain statistically reliable data.

TABLE 8.17
Characteristics of offenders terminating parole, October 1, 2001–September 30, 2002
SOURCE: "Table 7.8. Characteristics of Offenders Terminating Parole, October 1, 2001–September 30, 2002," in Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics, 2002, Bureau of Justice Statistics, September 2004, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/cfjs0207.pdf (accessed March 26, 2005)

Offender characteristic	Number of parole terminations	Percent terminating parole with—
		No violation	Technical violationsa			New crimeb	Administrative case closures
			Drug use	Fugitive status	Other
All offendersc	1,817	57.5%	8.8%	4.7%	9.9%	12.7%	6.5%
Male/female
Male	1,756	57.0%	9.1%	4.6%	9.8%	12.9%	6.6%
Female	57	71.9	1.8	8.8	8.8	5.3	3.5
Race
White	1,027	63.8%	7.2%	3.9%	6.0%	12.1%	7.0%
Black	678	49.1	11.7	5.8	13.3	14.2	6.0
Native American	31	48.4	3.2	9.7	25.8	12.9	0.0
Asian/Pacific Islander	10	d	d	d	d	d	d
Ethnicity
Hispanic	227	62.1%	11.5%	3.5%	6.2%	12.8%	4.0%
Non-Hispanic	1,579	56.8	8.5	4.9	10.3	12.6	6.9
Age
21–30 years	47	53.2%	8.5%	8.5%	10.6%	14.9%	4.3%
31–40 years	271	48.7	12.9	4.1	17.3	12.9	4.1
Over 40 years	1,499	59.2	8.1	4.7	8.5	12.5	7.0
Education
Less than high school graduate	824	53.4%	10.2%	5.5%	10.0%	13.2%	7.8%
High school graduate	624	56.9	9.5	4.3	10.7	13.0	5.6
Some college	236	67.8	5.5	4.7	5.5	10.6	5.9
College graduate	89	78.7	0.0	0.0	7.9	9.0	4.5
Drug abuse
No known abuse	966	66.1%	4.7%	3.6%	8.4%	11.1%	6.1%
Drug history	851	47.6	13.5	6.0	11.5	14.5	6.9
a Violation of supervision conditions other than charges for new offenses.
b Includes both "major" and "minor" offenses.
c Total includes offenders whose characteristics could not be determined.
d Too few cases to obtain statistically reliable data.