Women and Children in Poverty - Poverty's Youngest Victims

According to the report State of the World's Children 2006: Excluded and Invisible (2005, http://www.unicef.org/egypt/sowc06_fullreport.pdf) by the United Nations Children's Fund's (UNICEF), the least developed FIGURE 7.10 The least developed countries are the richest in children, 2004 "Figure 2.1. The Least Developed Countries Are the Richest In Children," in The State of the World's Children 2006, United Nations Children's Fund, 2005, http://www.unicef.org/sowc06/pdfs/sowc0506_eps_charts.pdf (accessed April 8, 2006). Data based on calculations from United Nations Population Division.countries in the world are home to the greatest number of children—49% of the total population of least developed countries was under eighteen years old in 2004; in developing countries children under eighteen made up 37% of the total population. (See Figure 7.10.)

Children are more vulnerable to the effects of poverty than any other demographic group, and because their numbers in poor countries are so high, they suffer disproportionately from the disease, hunger, abuse, and exploitation that so often go hand in hand with poverty. UNICEF reports that "more than one billion children suffer from one or more extreme forms of deprivation in adequate nutrition, safe drinking water, decent sanitation facilities, health-care services, shelter, education and information." As Figure 7.11 shows, 30.7% of children in developing countries have no access to a toilet, while 33.9% live in homes with more than five people per room. For 21.1%, there is access only to untreated, potentially hazardous, water sources. Furthermore, 13.1% have never been to school. Underdeveloped and developing countries overall have the highest rates of children not attending school, as shown in Figure 7.12. Whereas 96% of girls and 95% of boys in developed countries are enrolled in primary school, just 65% of girls and 71% of boys in underdeveloped ("least developed") countries are enrolled in primary school. Even fewer poor children are enrolled in secondary school: 26% of girls and 30% of boys in underdeveloped countries, versus 92% of girls and 91% of boys in developed countries.

FIGURE 7.11 Severe deprivation among children in the developing world, by different deprivations, 2003 "Figure 2.1. Severe Deprivation among Children in the Developing World, by Different Deprivations," in The State of the World's Children 2006, United Nations Children's Fund, 2005, http://www.unicef.org/sowc06/pdfs/figure2_1_2005.pdf (accessed April 8, 2006). Data from Gordon, David, et al., Child Poverty in the Developing World, The Policy Press, Bristol, UK, October 2003.

FIGURE 7.12 Children living in the poorest countries are most at risk of missing out on primary and secondary school, 2000–04 "Figure 2.2 Children Living in the Poorest Countries Are Most at Risk of Missing Out on Primary and Secondary School," in The State of the World's Children 2006, United Nations Children's Fund, 2005, http://www.unicef.org/sowc06/pdfs/sowc0506_eps_charts.pdf (accessed April 8, 2006). Data from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS)

Table 7.8 lists each country's rank according to its under-five mortality rate, as well as each country's infant and under-five mortality rates, life expectancy, literacy and education rates, and gross national per capita income. In general, life expectancy at birth increases as gross national income per capita increases. Infant and under-five mortality rates improved overall between 1990 and 2004 in least developed, developing, and industrialized countries.

Table 7.9 shows the status of child protection in countries around the world. Western and Central African countries have the overall highest percentage of children involved in child labor (41% of both girls and boys). At 46%, South Asia has the highest rate of child marriage of any geographic region, followed closely by Western and Central Africa, at 45%.

Child poverty is not limited to low-income countries. In eleven out of the fifteen countries belonging to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), child poverty increased from the period of the late 1980s–early 1990s through the late 1990s–early 2000s. In this group, Mexico had the highest rate of child poverty, rising from 24.7% in the earlier period to 27.7% in the later period. The United States had the second highest rate; even with a drop from 24.3% to 21.9%, the U.S. child poverty rate far exceeded the rate of all other OECD countries except Mexico. In the United Kingdom the drop from 18.5% to 15.4% was due in large part to the commitment

TABLE 7.8 Under-five mortality rank and other development indicators, by country, 1990–2004

TABLE 7.8
Under-five mortality rank and other development indicators, by country, 1990–2004
Countries and territories	Under-5 mortality rank	Under-5 mortality rate		Infant mortality rate (under 1)a		Total population (thousands) 2004	Annual number of births (thousands) 2004	Annual number of under-5 deaths (thousands) 2004	Gross national income per capita (US$)b 2004	Life expectancy at birth (years)c 2004	Total adult literacy rated 2000–2004g	Net primary school enrolment/attendance (percent)e 1996–2004g	Percent share of household Incomef 1993–2003g
		1990	2004	1990	2004								Lowest 40%	Highest 20%
Afghanistan	4	260	257	168	165	28,574	1,395	359	250m	46	—	53l	—	—
Albania	125	45	19	37	17	3,112	53	1	2,080	74	99	95	23	37
Algeria	79	69	40	54	35	32,358	671	27	2,280	71	70	94l	19	43
Andorra	159	—	7	—	6	67	1	0	k	—	—	89	—	—
Angola	2	260	260	154	154	15,490	749	195	1,030	41	67	58l	—	—
Antigua and Barbuda	143	—	12	—	11	81	2	0	10,000	—	—	—	—	—
Argentina	127	29	18	26	16	38,372	685	12	3,720	75	97	—	10	56
Armenia	90	60	32	52	29	3,026	34	1	1,120	72	99	97l	18	45
Australia	162	10	6	8	5	19,942	249	1	26,900	81	—	97	18	41
Austria	172	10	5	8	5	8,171	75	0	32,300	79	—	90	21	39
Azerbaijan	51	105	90	84	75	8,355	132	12	950	67	99	91l	19	45
Bahamas	140	29	13	24	10	319	6	0	14,920m	70	—	86	—	—
Bahrain	148	19	11	15	9	716	13	0	10,840m	75	88	86l	—	—
Bangladesh	58	149	77	100	56	139,215	3,738	288	440	63	41	79l	22	41
Barbados	143	16	12	14	10	269	3	0	9,270m	75	100	100	—	—
Belarus	148	17	11	13	9	9,811	91	1	2,120	68	100	94	21	39
Belgium	172	10	5	8	4	10,400	111	1	31,030	79	—	100	22	37
Belize	81	49	39	39	32	264	7	0	3,940	72	77	99	—	—
Benin	23	185	152	111	90	8,177	341	52	530	54	34	54l	—	—
Bhutan	56	166	80	107	67	2,116	64	5	760	63	—	—	—	—
Bolivia	62	125	69	89	54	9,009	265	18	960	64	87	78l	13	49
Bosnia and Herzegovina	131	22	15	18	13	3,909	37	1	2,040	74	95	86l	24	36
Botswana	41	58	116	45	84	1,769	46	5	4,340	35	79	84l	7	70
Brazil	88	60	34	50	32	183,913	3,728	127	3,090	71	88	95l	8	63
Brunei Darussalam	150	11	9	10	8	366	8	0	24,100m	77	93	—	—	—
Bulgaria	131	18	15	15	12	7,780	67	1	2,740	72	98	90	20	39
Burkina Faso	16	210	192	113	97	12,822	601	115	360	48	13	321	12	61
Burundi	17	190	190	114	114	7,282	330	63	90	44	59	47l	15	48
Cambodia	26	115	141	80	97	13,798	422	60	320	57	74	65l	18	48
Cameroon	25	139	149	85	87	16,038	562	84	800	46	68	75l	15	51
Canada	162	8	6	7	5	31,958	328	2	28,390	80	—	100	20	40
Cape Verde	86	60	36	45	27	495	15	1	1,770	71	76	99	—	—
Central African Republic	15	168	193	102	115	3,986	149	29	310	39	49	43l	7	65
Chad	12	203	200	117	117	9,448	456	91	260	44	26	391	—	—
Chile	152	21	8	17	8	16,124	249	2	4,910	78	96	85	10	62
China	93	49	31	38	26	1,307,989	17,372	539	1,290	72	91	99	14	50
Colombia	113	36	21	30	18	44,915	970	20	2,000	73	94	931	9	62
Comoros	61	120	70	88	52	777	28	2	530	64	56	31l	—	—
Congo	44	110	108	83	81	3,883	172	19	770	52	83	54	—	—
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	8	205	205	129	129	55,853	2,788	572	120	44	65	52l	—	—

TABLE 7.8 Under-five mortality rank and other development indicators, by country, 1990–2004 [CONTINUED]

TABLE 7.8
Under-five mortality rank and other development indicators, by country, 1990–2004 [CONTINUED]
Countries and territories	Under-5 mortality rank	Under-5 mortality rate		Infant mortality rate (under 1)a		Total population (thousands) 2004	Annual number of births (thousands) 2004	Annual number of under-5 deaths (thousands) 2004	Gross national income per capita (US$)b 2004	Life expectancy at birth (years)c 2004	Total adult literacy rated 2000–2004g	Net primary school enrolment/attendance (percent)e 1996–2004g	Percent share of household Incomef 1993–2003g
		1990	2004	1990	2004								Lowest 40%	Highest 20%
Cook Islands	113	32	21	26	18	18	0	0	—	—	—	—	—	—
Costa Rica	140	18	13	16	11	4,253	79	1	4,670	78	96	90	13	52
Côte d'Ivoire	14	157	194	103	117	17,872	661	128	770	46	48	58l	14	51
Croatia	159	12	7	11	6	4,540	41	0	6,590	75	98	89	21	40
Cuba	159	13	7	11	6	11,245	136	1	1,170m	78	100	93	—	—
Cyprus	172	12	5	10	5	826	10	0	17,580	79	97	96	—	—
Czech Republic	185	13	4	11	4	10,229	91	0	9,150	76	—	87	25	36
Denmark	172	9	5	8	4	5,414	63	0	40,650	77	—	100	23	36
Djibouti	31	163	126	122	101	779	27	3	1,030	53	—	36	—	—
Dominica	135	17	14	15	13	79	2	0	3,650	—	—	81	—	—
Dominican Republic	90	65	32	50	27	8,768	211	7	2,080	68	88	92l	14	53
Ecuador	104	57	26	43	23	13,040	296	8	2,180	75	91	100	11	58
Egypt	86	104	36	76	26	72,642	1,890	68	1,310	70	56	83l	21	44
El Salvador	98	60	28	47	24	6,762	166	5	2,350	71	80	90	10	57
Equatorial Guinea	9	170	204	103	122	492	21	4	j	43	84	62l	—	—
Eritrea	54	147	82	88	52	4,232	166	14	180	54	—	63l	—	—
Estonia	152	16	8	12	6	1,335	13	0	7,010	72	100	95	18	44
Ethiopia	20	204	166	131	110	75,600	3,064	509	110	48	42	31l	22	39
Fiji	120	31	20	25	16	841	19	0	2,690	68	93	100	—	—
Finland	185	7	4	6	3	5,235	55	0	32,790	79	—	100	24	37
France	172	9	5	7	4	60,257	744	4	30,090	80	—	99	20	40
Gabon	49	92	91	60	60	1,362	42	4	3,940	54	—	94l	—	—
Gambia	36	154	122	103	89	1,478	52	6	290	56	—	53l	14	53
Georgia	75	47	45	43	41	4,518	50	2	1,040	71	—	89	18	44
Germany	172	9	5	7	4	82,645	687	3	30,120	79	—	83	22	37
Ghana	42	122	112	75	68	21,664	679	76	380	57	54	61l	16	47
Greece	172	11	5	10	4	11,098	102	1	16,610	78	91	99	19	44
Grenada	113	37	21	30	18	102	2	0	3,760	—	—	84	—	—
Guatemala	75	82	45	60	33	12,295	433	19	2,130	68	69	78l	9	64
Guinea	22	240	155	145	101	9,202	383	59	460	54	—	57l	17	47
Guinea-Bissau	10	253	203	153	126	1,540	77	16	160	45	—	41l	14	53
Guyana	67	88	64	64	48	750	16	1	990	64	—	97l	—	—
Haiti	40	150	117	102	74	8,407	253	30	390	52	52	54l	—	—
Holy See	—	—	—	—	1	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Honduras	78	59	41	44	31	7,048	206	8	1,030	68	80	87	9	59
Hungary	152	17	8	15	7	10,124	95	1	8,270	73	99	91	23	37
Iceland	192	7	3	6	2	292	4	0	38,620	81	—	100	—	—
India	52	123	85	84	62	1,087,124	26,000	2,210	620	64	61	77l	21	43
Indonesia	83	91	38	60	30	220,077	4,513	171	1,140	67	88	94l	20	43

TABLE 7.8 Under-five mortality rank and other development indicators, by country, 1990–2004 [CONTINUED]

TABLE 7.8
Under-five mortality rank and other development indicators, by country, 1990–2004 [CONTINUED]
Countries and territories	Under-5 mortality rank	Under-5 mortality rate		Infant mortality rate (under 1)a		Total population (thousands) 2004	Annual number of births (thousands) 2004	Annual number of under-5 deaths (thousands) 2004	Gross national income per capita (US$)b 2004	Life expectancy at birth (years)c 2004	Total adult literacy rated 2000–2004g	Net primary school enrolment/attendance (percent)e 1996–2004g	Percent share of household Incomef 1993–2003g
		1990	2004	1990	2004								Lowest 40%	Highest 20%
Iran (Islamic Republic of)	83	72	38	54	32	68,803	1,308	50	2,300	71	77	86	15	50
Iraq	33	50	125	40	102	28,057	972	122	2,170m	59	—	78l	—	—
Ireland	162	10	6	8	5	4,080	63	0	34,280	78	—	96	19	43
Israel	162	12	6	10	5	6,601	134	1	17,380	80	97	99	18	44
Italy	172	9	5	9	4	58,033	531	3	26,120	80	—	99	19	42
Jamaica	120	20	20	17	17	2,639	52	1	2,900	71	88	95	17	46
Japan	185	6	4	5	3	127,923	1,169	5	37,180	82	—	100	25	36
Jordan	101	40	27	33	23	5,561	150	4	2,140	72	90	99l	19	44
Kazakhstan	60	63	73	53	63	14,839	237	17	2,260	63	100	91l	20	40
Kenya	37	97	120	64	79	33,467	1,322	159	460	48	74	78l	16	49
Kiribati	66	88	65	65	49	97	2	0	970	—	—	—	—	—
Korea, Democratic People's Republic of	71	55	55	42	42	22,384	349	19	h	63	—	—	—	—
Korea, Republic of	162	9	6	8	5	47,645	467	3	13,980	77	—	100	22	38
Kuwait	143	16	12	14	10	2,606	50	1	16,340m	77	83	83	—	—
Kyrgyzstan	64	80	68	68	58	5,204	116	8	400	67	99	89l	20	43
Lao People's Democratic Republic	53	163	83	120	65	5,792	204	17	390	55	69	62l	19	45
Latvia	143	18	12	14	10	2,318	21	0	5,460	72	100	86	20	41
Lebanon	93	37	31	32	27	3,540	66	2	4,980	72	—	97l	—	—
Lesotho	54	120	82	84	61	1,798	50	4	740	35	81	65l	6	67
Liberia	5	235	235	157	157	3,241	164	39	110	42	56	70	—	—
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya	120	41	20	35	18	5,740	133	3	4,450	74	82	—	—	—
Liechtenstein	172	10	5	9	4	34	0	0	k	—	—	—	—	—
Lithuania	152	13	8	10	8	3,443	31	0	5,740	73	100	91	21	40
Luxembourg	162	10	6	7	5	459	6	0	56,230	79	—	90	—	—
Madagascar	35	168	123	103	76	18,113	704	87	300	56	71	76l	13	54
Malawi	19	241	175	146	110	12,608	550	96	170	40	64	76l	13	56
Malaysia	143	22	12	16	10	24,894	549	7	4,650	73	89	93	13	54
Maldives	74	111	46	79	35	321	10	0	2,510	67	96	92	—	—
Mali	7	250	219	140	121	13,124	647	142	360	48	19	39l	13	56
Malta	162	11	6	9	5	400	4	0	12,250	79	88	96	—	—
Marshall lslands	69	92	59	63	52	60	0	0	2,370	—	—	84	—	—
Mauritania	33	133	125	85	78	2,980	123	15	420	53	51	44l	17	46
Mauritius	131	23	15	21	14	1,233	20	0	4,640	72	84	97	—	—
Mexico	98	46	28	37	23	105,699	2,201	62	6,770	75	90	99	10	59
Micronesia (Federated States of)	110	31	23	26	19	110	3	0	1,990	68	—	—	—	—
Moldova, Republic of	98	40	28	30	23	4,218	43	1	710	68	96	98l	18	44
Monaco	172	9	5	7	4	35	0	0	k	—	—	—	—	—

TABLE 7.8 Under-five mortality rank and other development indicators, by country, 1990–2004 [CONTINUED]

TABLE 7.8
Under-five mortality rank and other development indicators, by country, 1990–2004 [CONTINUED]
Countries and territories	Under-5 mortality rank	Under-5 mortality rate		Infant mortality rate (under 1)a		Total population (thousands) 2004	Annual number of births (thousands) 2004	Annual number of under-5 deaths (thousands) 2004	Gross national income per capita (US$)b 2004	Life expectancy at birth (years)c 2004	Total adult literacy rated 2000–2004g	Net primary school enrolment/attendance (percent)e 1996–2004g	Percent share of household Incomef 1993–2003g
		1990	2004	1990	2004								Lowest 40%	Highest 20%
Mongolia	72	108	52	78	41	2,614	58	3	590	65	98	79l	16	51
Morocco	77	89	43	69	38	31,020	713	31	1,520	70	51	89l	17	47
Mozambique	23	235	152	158	104	19,424	769	117	250	42	46	60l	17	47
Myanmar	45	130	106	91	76	50,004	992	105	220m	61	90	80l	—	—
Namibia	68	86	63	60	47	2,009	56	4	2,370	47	85	78l	4	79
Nauru	95	—	30	—	25	13	0	0	—	—	—	81	—	—
Nepal	59	145	76	100	59	26,591	786	60	260	62	49	74l	19	45
Netherlands	162	9	6	7	5	16,226	190	1	31,700	79	—	99	21	39
New Zealand	162	11	6	8	5	3,989	55	0	20,310	79	—	100	18	44
Nicaragua	83	68	38	52	31	5,376	153	6	790	70	77	80l	15	49
Niger	3	320	259	191	152	13,499	734	190	230	45	14	30l	10	53
Nigeria	13	230	197	120	101	128,709	5,323	1,049	390	43	67	62l	13	56
Niue	—	—	—	—	—	1	0	—	—	—	—	99	—	—
Norway	185	9	4	7	4	4,598	55	0	52,030	80	—	100	24	37
Occupied Palestinian territory	107	40	24	34	22	3,587	136	3	1,110m	73	92	91	—	—
Oman	140	32	13	25	10	2,534	64	1	7,830m	74	74	72	—	—
Pakistan	47	130	101	100	80	154,794	4,729	478	600	63	49	56l	21	42
Palau	101	34	27	28	22	20	0	0	6,870	—	—	96	—	—
Panama	107	34	24	27	19	3,175	70	2	4,450	75	92	100	9	60
Papua New Guinea	48	101	93	74	68	5,772	176	16	580	56	57	74	12	57
Paraguay	107	41	24	33	21	6,017	175	4	1,170	71	92	89	9	61
Peru	97	80	29	60	24	27,562	627	18	2,360	70	88	96l	11	53
Philippines	88	62	34	41	26	81,617	2,026	69	1,170	71	93	88l	14	52
Poland	152	18	8	19	7	38,559	365	3	6,090	75	—	98	20	41
Portugal	172	14	5	11	4	10,441	112	1	14,350	78	—	100	17	46
Qatar	113	26	21	21	18	777	14	0	12,000m	73	89	94	—	—
Romania	120	31	20	27	17	21,790	213	4	2,920	72	97	89	20	41
Russian Federation	113	29	21	23	17	143,899	1,511	32	3,410	65	99	90	21	39
Rwanda	10	173	203	103	118	8,882	365	74	220	44	64	75l	23m	39m
Saint Kitts and Nevis	113	36	21	30	18	42	1	0	7,600	—	—	95	—	—
Saint Lucia	135	21	14	20	13	159	3	0	4,310	73	90	99	—	—
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	112	25	22	22	18	118	2	0	3,650	71	—	90	—	—
Samoa	95	50	30	40	25	184	5	0	1,860	71	99	98	—	—
San Marino	185	14	4	13	3	28	0	0	k	—	—	—	—	—
Sao Tome and Principe	38	118	118	75	75	153	5	1	370	63	—	78l	—	—
Saudi Arabia	101	44	27	35	21	23,950	665	18	10,430	72	79	54	—	—
Senegal	29	148	137	90	78	11,386	419	57	670	56	39	48l	17	48
Serbia and Montenegro	131	28	15	24	13	10,510	122	2	2,620	74	96	96	—	—

TABLE 7.8 Under-five mortality rank and other development indicators, by country, 1990–2004 [CONTINUED]

TABLE 7.8
Under-five mortality rank and other development indicators, by country, 1990–2004 [CONTINUED]
Countries and territories	Under-5 mortality rank	Under-5 mortality rate		Infant mortality rate (under 1)a		Total population (thousands) 2004	Annual number of births (thousands) 2004	Annual number of under-5 deaths (thousands) 2004	Gross national income per capita (US$)b 2004	Life expectancy at birth (years)c 2004	Total adult literacy rated 2000–2004g	Net primary school enrolment/attendance (percent)e 1996–2004g	Percent share of household Incomef 1993–2003g
		1990	2004	1990	2004								Lowest 40%	Highest 20%
Seychelles	135	19	14	17	12	80	3	0	8,090	—	92	100	—	—
Sierra Leone	1	302	283	175	165	5,336	245	69	200	41	30	41l	3m	63m
Singapore	192	9	3	7	3	4,273	40	0	24,220	79	93	—	14	49
Slovakia	150	14	9	12	6	5,401	51	0	6,480	74	100	86	24	35
Slovenia	185	10	4	8	4	1,967	17	0	14,810	77	100	93	23	36
Solomon Islands	70	63	56	38	34	466	15	1	550	63	—	—	—	—
Somalia	6	225	225	133	133	7,964	359	81	130m	47	—	11l	—	—
South Africa	65	60	67	45	54	47,208	1,093	73	3,630	47	82	89l	10	62
Spain	172	9	5	8	3	42,646	447	2	21,210	80	—	100	20m	40m
Sri Lanka	135	32	14	26	12	20,570	330	5	1,010	74	90	—	21	42
Sudan	49	120	91	74	63	35,523	1,163	106	530	57	59	53l	—	—
Suriname	81	48	39	35	30	446	9	0	2,250	69	88	90l	—	—
Swaziland	21	110	156	78	108	1,034	30	5	1,660	31	79	72l	9	64
Sweden	185	7	4	6	3	9,008	95	0	35,770	80	—	100	23	37
Switzerland	172	9	5	7	5	7,240	68	0	48,230	81	—	99	20m	40m
Syrian Arab Republic	130	44	16	35	15	18,582	526	8	1,190	74	83	98	—	—
Tajikistan	38	128	118	99	91	6,430	186	22	280	64	99	81l	20	41
Tanzania, United Repubic of	31	161	126	102	78	37,627	1,403	177	330	46	69	82l	18	46
Thailand	113	37	21	31	18	63,694	1,015	21	2,540	70	93	85	16	50
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia	135	38	14	33	13	2,030	23	0	2,350	74	96	91	22	37
Timor-Leste	56	172	80	130	64	887	45	4	550	56	—	—	—	—
Togo	27	152	140	88	78	5,988	233	33	380	55	53	64l	—	—
Tonga	105	32	25	26	20	102	2	0	1,830	72	99	100	—	—
Trinidad and Tobago	120	33	20	28	18	1,301	19	0	8,580	70	98	96l	16m	46m
Tunisia	105	52	25	41	21	9,995	166	4	2,630	74	74	97	16	47
Turkey	90	82	32	67	28	72,220	1,505	48	3,750	69	88	88l	17	47
Turkmenistan	46	97	103	80	80	4,766	107	11	1,340	63	99	85l	16	48
Tuvalu	73	56	51	40	36	10	0	0	—	—	—	—	—	—
Uganda	28	160	138	93	80	27,821	1,412	195	270	48	69	79l	16	50
Ukraine	127	26	18	19	14	46,989	391	7	1,260	66	99	84	22	38
United Arab Emirates	152	14	8	12	7	4,284	67	1	18,060m	78	77	83	—	—
United Kingdom	162	10	6	8	5	59,479	663	4	33,940	79	—	100	18	44
United States	152	12	8	9	7	295,410	4,134	33	41,400	78	—	92	16	46
Uruguay	129	25	17	20	15	3,439	57	1	3,950	76	98	90	14	50
Uzbekistan	62	79	69	65	57	26,209	611	42	460	67	99	80l	23	36
Vanuatu	79	62	40	48	32	207	6	0	1,340	69	74	94	—	—
Venezuela	125	27	19	24	16	26,282	590	11	4,020	73	93	94l	11	53
Vietnam	110	53	23	38	17	83,123	1,644	38	550	71	90	96l	19	45
Yemen	43	142	111	98	82	20,329	826	92	570	61	49	72l	20	41
Zambia	18	180	182	101	102	11479	468	85	450	38	68	68l	11	57
Zimbabwe	30	80	129	53	79	12936	384	50	480m	37	90	79l	13	56

TABLE 7.8 Under-five mortality rank and other development indicators, by country, 1990–2004 [CONTINUED] "Table 1. Basic Indicators," in The State of the World's Children 2006, United Nations Children's Fund, 2005, http://www.unicef.org/sowc06/pdfs/sowc06_tables.pdf (accessed April 8, 2006). Data from the United Nations, The World Bank and the World Health Organization.

TABLE 7.8
Under-five mortality rank and other development indicators, by country, 1990–2004 [CONTINUED]
Countries and territories	Under-5 mortality rank	Under-5 mortality rate		Infant mortality rate (under 1)a		Total population (thousands) 2004	Annual number of births (thousands) 2004	Annual number of under-5 deaths (thousands) 2004	Gross national income per capita (US$)b 2004	Life expectancy at birth (years)c 2004	Total adult literacy rated 2000–2004g	Net primary school enrolment/attendance (percent)e 1996–2004g	Percent share of household Incomef 1993–2003g
		1990	2004	1990	2004								Lowest 40%	Highest 20%
Notes: "—" indicates data not available.
aProbability of dying between birth and exactly one year of age expressed per 1,000 live births.
bGross national income (GNI) is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. GNI per capita is gross national income divided by mid-year population. GNI per capita in US dollars is converted using the World Bank Atlas method.
cThe number of years newborn children would live if subject to the mortality risks prevailing for the cross-section of population at the time of their birth.
dPercentage of persons aged 15 and over who can read and write.
eDerived from net primary school enrolment rates as reported by UNESCO/UIS (UNESCO Institute of Statistics) and from national household survey reports of attendance at primary school or higher. The net primary school attendance ratio is defined as the percentage of children in the age group that officially corresponds to primary schooling who attend primary school or higher.
fPercentage of income received by the 20 percent of households with the highest income and by the 40 percent of households with the lowest income.
gData refer to the most recent year available during the period specified in the column heading.
hRange $825 or less.
iRange $826 to $3,255.
jRange $3,256 to $10,065.
kRange $10,066 or more.
lNational household survey.
mIndicates data that refer to years or periods other than those specified in the column heading or refer to only part of a country.
nCentral and Eastern Europe/Commonwealth of Independent States (formerly the USSR).
SOURCE: "Table 1. Basic Indicators," in The State of the World's Children 2006, United Nations Children's Fund, 2005, http://www.unicef.org/sowc06/pdfs/sowc06_tables.pdf (accessed April 8, 2006). Data from the United Nations, The World Bank and the World Health Organization.
Summary indicators
Sub-Saharan Africa		188	171	112	102	697,561	28,263	4,833	611	46	60	60	12	57
Eastern and Southern Africa	167	149	105	95	348,833	13,371	1,992	836	46	63	65	11	59
Western and Central Africa	209	191	119	109	348,728	14,892	2,844	399	46	58	55	13	53
Middle East and North Africa	81	56	59	44	371,384	9,620	539	2,308	68	67	79	17	46
South Asia		129	92	89	67	1,459,305	37,052	3,409	600	63	58	74	21	43
East Asia and Pacific		58	36	43	29	1,937,058	29,932	1,078	1,686	71	90	96	16	47
Latin America and Caribbean	54	31	43	26	548,273	11,674	362	3,649	72	90	93	10	59
CEE/CISn		54	38	44	32	404,154	5,570	212	2,667	67	97	88	20	41
Industrialized countries		10	6	9	5	956,315	10,839	65	32,232	79	—	95	19	42
Developing countries		105	87	72	59	5,166,574	119,663	10,411	1,524	65	77	80	15	50
Least developed countries		182	155	115	98	741,597	27,823	4,313	345	52	54	60	18	46
World		95	79	65	54	6,374,050	132,950	10,503	6,298	67	78	82	18	43

TABLE 7.9 Child protection by selected characteristics, selected years 1986–2004

TABLE 7.9
Child protection by selected characteristics, selected years 1986–2004
Countries and territories	Child labour (5-14 year) 1999–2004a, g			Child marriage 1986–2004b, g			Birth registration 1999–2004c, g			Female genital mutilation/cutting 1998–2004d, g
										Womene (15-49 years)			Daughtersf
	Total	Male	Female	Total	Urban	Rural	Total	Urban	Rural	Total	Urban	Rural	Total
Afghanistan	34h	31h	38h	43	—	—	6	12	4	—	—	—	—
Albania	23	26	19	—	—	—	99	99	99	—	—	—	—
Angola	22	21	23	—	—	—	29	34	19	—	—	—	—
Armenia	—	—	—	19	12	31	97	100	94	—	—	—	—
Azerbaijan	8	9	7	—	—	—	97	98	96	—	—	—	—
Bahrain	5	6	3	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Bangladesh	7	10	4	65	44	72	7	9	7	—	—	—	—
Benin	26h	23h	29h	37	25	45	70	78	66	17	13	20	6
Bolivia	21	22	20	26	22	37	82	83	79	—	—	—	—
Bosnia and
Herzegovina	11	12	10	—	—	—	98	98	99	—	—	—	—
Botswana	—	—	—	10	13	9	58	66	52	—	—	—	—
Brazil	7h	9h	4h	24	22	30	76	—	—	—	—	—	—
Burkina Faso	57h	—	—	52	22	62	—	—	—	77	75	77	32
Burundi	24	26	23	17h	36h	17h	75	71	75	—	—	—	—
Cambodia	—	—	—	25	19	26	22	30	21	—	—	—	—
Cameroon	51	52	50	43	30	51	79	94	73	1.4	1	2	—
Central African Republic	56	54	57	57	54	59	73	88	63	36	29	41	—
Chad	57	60	55	71	65	74	25	53	18	45	43	46	—
Colombia	5	7	4	21	18	34	91	95	84	—	—	—	—
Comoros	28	27	29	30	23	33	83	87	83	—	—	—	—
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	28h	26h	29h	—	—	—	34	30	36	—	—	—	—
Costa Rica	50h	71h	29h	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Cote d'lvoire	35	34	36	33	24	43	72	88	60	45	39	48	24
Cuba	—