Family Life and Living Arrangements - Minority Family Structure

Married-Couple Families

The Census Bureau defines a family as two or more people living together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption. A household, however, can be family or nonfamily and is simply all people who occupy a housing unit. The proportion of married-couple families among all households declined from 1970 to 2003. According to Jason Fields in America's Families and Living Arrangements: 2003 (November 2004, http://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/p20-553.pdf), 70.6% of all households in 1970 were married couple families; that proportion had dropped to 51.5% by 2003.

Fields reports that the proportion of married-couple families among all family households declined between 1970 and 2003 for all races and ethnicities. In Household and Family Characteristics: March 1994 (September 1995, http://www.census.gov/prod/1/pop/p20-483.pdf), Steve Rawlings and Arlene Saluter report numbers from 1970 and 1980, which here are compared with Fields's TABLE 2.4 Birth rates for women under age 20, by age, race, and Hispanic origin, selected years, 1991–2004 B.E. Hamilton, S.J. Ventura, J.A. Martin, and P.D. Sutton, "Table 3. Birth Rates for Women under Age 20 Years, by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: United States, 1991, 2003, and 2004, and Percentage Change in Rates, 1991–2004 and 2003–04," in Preliminary Births for 2004, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, October 28, 2005, http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelim_births/prelim_births04.htm (accessed December 27, 2005)numbers from 2003. In 1970, 88.8% of white families were married-couple families, compared with 81.9% in 2003. Asian-Americans also maintained a proportion of married-couple families comparable to that among the white community. In 1980, 84.5% of Asian-American family households were headed by married couples; by 2003 that proportion had decreased to 80.4%. A high proportion of Hispanic families were headed by a married couple in 1970 (80.6%), but by 2003 that proportion had decreased more significantly (to 68.1%) than had the proportion of married-couple families among either whites or Asian-Americans. However, the percentage of married-couple families was the lowest, and had decreased most dramatically, among African-Americans between 1970 and 2003. In 1970, 68.3% of African-American families were married-couple families; by 2003 the rate had dropped to 46.7%.

TABLE 2.4
Birth rates for women under age 20, by age, race, and Hispanic origin, selected years, 1991–2004
[Data for 2004 are based on a continuous file of records received from the states. Rates per 1,000 women in specified group.]
Age, race, and Hispanic origin of mother	2004	2003	1991	Percent change, 2003–2004	Percent change, 1991–2004
^aIncludes data for white and black Hispanic women, not shown separately.
^bRace and Hispanic origin are reported separately on the birth certificate. Data for persons of Hispanic origin are included in the data for each race group according to the mother's reported race.
^cIncludes births to Aleuts and Eskimos.
^dIncludes all persons of Hispanic origin of any race.
SOURCE: B.E. Hamilton, S.J. Ventura, J.A. Martin, and P.D. Sutton, "Table 3. Birth Rates for Women under Age 20 Years, by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: United States, 1991, 2003, and 2004, and Percentage Change in Rates, 1991–2004 and 2003–04," in Preliminary Births for 2004, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, October 28, 2005, http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelim_births/prelim_births04.htm (accessed December 27, 2005)
10-14 years
All races and origins^a	0.7	0.6	1.4	17	−50
Non-Hispanic white^b	0.2	0.2	0.5	0	−60
Non-Hispanic black^b	1.6	1.6	4.9	0	−67
American Indian total^b,c	0.9	1.0	1.6	−10	−44
Asian or Pacific Islander total^b	0.2	0.2	0.8	0	−75
Hispanic^d	1.3	1.3	2.4	0	−46
15-19 years
All races and origins^a	41.2	41.6	61.8	−1	−33
Non-Hispanic white^b	26.8	27.4	43.4	−2	−38
Non-Hispanic black^b	62.7	64.7	118.2	−3	−47
American Indian total^b,c	52.5	53.1	84.1	−1	−38
Asian or Pacific Islander total^b	17.4	17.4	27.3	0	−36
Hispanic^d	82.6	82.3	104.6	0	−21
15-17 years
All races and origins^a	22.1	22.4	38.6	−1	−43
Non-Hispanic white^b	12.0	12.4	23.6	−3	−49
Non-Hispanic black^b	36.8	38.7	86.1	−5	−57
American Indian total^b,c	30.1	30.6	51.9	−2	−42
Asian or Pacific Islander total^b	8.9	8.8	16.3	1	−45
Hispanic^d	49.7	49.7	69.2	0	−28
18-19 years
All races and origins^a	70.0	70.7	94.0	−1	−26
Non-Hispanic white^b	48.8	50.0	70.6	−2	−31
Non-Hispanic black^b	103.3	105.3	162.2	−2	−36
American Indian total^b,c	86.8	87.3	134.2	−1	−35
Asian or Pacific Islander total^b	29.9	29.8	42.2	0	−29
Hispanic^d	133.4	132.0	155.5	1	−14

Single-Parent Households

Single-mother families numbered 3.4 million in 1970, according to Rawlings and Saluter. In 2003 they numbered 10.1 million. (See Table 2.5.) Single-father families increased from less than half a million in 1970 to 2.3 million in 2003. Most single-parent households in the United States continue to be headed by women. The proportion of family households headed by women with no husband present has grown among all racial and ethnic groups.

In 2003 Asian-Americans and whites had the lowest proportion of family households headed by single women. Among Asian-American family households, 337,000 (11.8%) were headed by a female, while 7.1 million (13.1%) white, non-Hispanic family households were headed by a female. (See Table 2.6.)

In 2003 single Hispanic women were almost twice as likely to head households as were white women, while single African-American women were more than three times as likely as white women to head households. (See Table 2.6.) In 1970, 15.3% of Hispanic family households and 27.9% of African-American family households were headed by single women, according to Rawlings and Saluter. By 2003, two million (22.3%) Hispanic family households and four million (44.8%) African-American family households were headed by single women. (See Table 2.6.)

Living Arrangements of Children

Changes in the marital circumstances of adults naturally affect the living arrangements of children. High divorce rates, an increased delay in first marriages, and more out-of-wedlock births have resulted in fewer children living with two parents. In 2003, 49.9 million (68.4%) children under age eighteen were living with two parents (not necessarily both birth parents). (See Table 2.7.) Minority children have been particularly affected by these changes.

Divorced single women are on average older than never-married women, and they tend to have more education and higher incomes as well—leading their children to have an advantage over the children of never-married women. African-American single mothers were the most likely to have never married (1.9 million, 61.6%) and the least likely to be divorced (632,000, 20.2%). Hispanic single mothers were more likely to have never married (850,000, 47%) than to be divorced (394,000, 21.8%), while white single mothers were most likely to be divorced (2.4 million, 48.5%) and least likely to have never married (1.5 million, 30.9%). (See Table 2.5.) As a group, then, the children of white single mothers tend to TABLE 2.5 Single parents, by sex and selected characteristics, 2003 Jason Fields, "Table 4. Single Parents by Sex and Selected Characteristics: 2003," in America's Families and Living Arrangements: 2003, Current Population Reports P20-553, U.S. Census Bureau, November 2004, http//www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/P20-553.pdf (accessed December 26, 2005)have an economic advantage over the children of Hispanic or African-American single mothers, while the children of black single mothers, on average, are the most economically disadvantaged of all.

TABLE 2.5
Single parents, by sex and selected characteristics, 2003
[In thousands]
Characteristic	Single fathers					Single mothers
	Total	Race and ethnicity				Total	Race and ethnicity
		White only		Black only	Hispanic (of any race)		White only		Black only	Hispanic (of any race)
		Total	Non-Hispanic	Black only	Hispanic (of any race)		Total	Non-Hispanic	Black only	Hispanic (of any race)
*Married spouse absent includes separated.
SOURCE: Jason Fields, "Table 4. Single Parents by Sex and Selected Characteristics: 2003," in America's Families and Living Arrangements: 2003, Current Population Reports P20-553, U.S. Census Bureau, November 2004, http//www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/P20-553.pdf (accessed December 26, 2005)
All single parents	2,260	1,758	1,330	353	450	10,142	6,471	4,870	3,124	1,807
Type of family group
Family household	1,915	1,506	1,176	285	346	8,139	5,155	3,960	2,591	1,357
Related subfamily	260	175	97	62	84	1,596	1,003	645	475	390
Unrelated subfamily	84	78	58	6	20	407	313	265	58	61
Number of own children under 18
1 child	1422	1101	863	228	254	5,529	3,670	2,866	1,563	904
2 children	609	485	353	84	137	2,935	1,876	1,396	915	530
3 children	170	133	90	28	43	1,223	697	484	443	246
4 or more children	58	39	24	13	15	455	228	125	203	127
Presence of own children under 18
With own children under 18	2,260	1,758	1,330	353	450	10,142	6,471	4,870	3,124	1,807
With own children under 12	1,547	1,187	846	254	360	7,417	4,624	3,385	2,391	1,405
With own children under 6	878	668	430	139	253	4,234	2,575	1,811	1,395	872
With own children under 3	530	404	261	84	152	2,287	1,364	956	789	453
With own children under 1	203	162	112	27	55	734	446	309	241	155
Education
Less than high school	450	356	170	64	195	1,966	1,267	600	585	736
High school graduate	953	742	590	146	156	3,577	2,235	1,726	1,169	586
Some college	580	426	269	113	62	3,298	2,065	1,722	1,055	396
Bachelor's degree or higher	277	234	302	29	35	1,301	904	822	315	90
Marital status
Never married	852	601	359	183	257	4,413	2,255	1,507	1,924	850
Married spouse absent*	344	264	203	53	63	1,810	1,193	773	479	480
Divorced	956	817	707	95	115	3,504	2,725	2,363	632	394
Widowed	107	76	62	22	15	416	298	228	89	83
Poverty status in 2002
Below poverty level	357	239	142	93	100	3,268	1,849	1,214	1,237	730
At or above poverty level	1,903	1,520	1,188	260	349	6,875	4,622	3,656	1,887	1,077

AFRICAN-AMERICAN CHILDREN

In 2003, 4.1 million (36.1%) African-American children under the age of eighteen lived with two parents; 5.7 million (50.8%) lived with their mothers only. A higher proportion of African-American children lived with neither parent (967,000, 8.5%) than lived with their fathers only (517,000, 4.6%). (See Table 2.7.) The Census Bureau (June 29, 2005, http://www.census.gov/population/soc-demo/hh-fam/ch3.pdf) reports that in 1970 the proportions of African-American children who lived with one parent (31.7%) or two parents (58.6%) were virtually the reverse of their living arrangements in 2003.

An increasing number of African-American children live with neither parent. A disproportionate number of them are in foster care. In the AFCARS Report (April 2005, http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/stats_research/afcars/tar/report10.pdf), the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services reports that on September 30, 2003, 35% of children in foster care were African-American. According to the Census Bureau in "National Population Estimates—Characteristics" (2005, http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/), if the number of African-American children in foster care reflected their proportion in the general population, only 16.9% of children in foster care would be African-American.

HISPANIC CHILDREN

In 2003 a higher proportion of Hispanic children (8.6 million, 64.6%) than African-American children were living with two parents, but this proportion was still lower than the proportion of white children who lived with two parents (33.8 million, 77.3%). (See Table 2.7.) More than 6.9 million (24.5%) Hispanic children lived with a single mother, and TABLE 2.6 Households by type and selected characteristics, 2003 Jason Fields, "Table 1. Households by Type and Selected Characteristics: 2003," in America's Families and Living Arrangements: 2003, Current Population Reports P20-553, U.S. Census Bureau, November 2004, http://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/p20-553.pdf (accessed December 26, 2005)737,000 (5.5%) lived with a single father. This proportion was considerably higher than among whites—6.9 million (15.8%) white children lived with a single mother and 1.9 million (4.3%) lived with a single father—but well below the proportion of African-American children living with a single parent. Approximately 702,000 (5.3%) Hispanic children lived with neither parent.

TABLE 2.6
Households by type and selected characteristics, 2003
[In thousands, except average size]
Characteristic	All households	Family households				Nonfamily households
	All households	Total	Married couple	Other families		Nonfamily households
	Number	Total	Married couple	Male householder	Female householder	Total	Male householder	Female householder
Notes: X = Not applicable.
Data are not shown separately for the other race groups because of the small sample sizes in the Current Population Survey in the 2003 Annual Social and Economic Supplement
SOURCE: Jason Fields, "Table 1. Households by Type and Selected Characteristics: 2003," in America's Families and Living Arrangements: 2003, Current Population Reports P20-553, U.S. Census Bureau, November 2004, http://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/p20-553.pdf (accessed December 26, 2005)
All households	111,278	75,596	57,320	4,656	13,620	35,682	16,020	19,662
Age of householder
15 to 24 years	6,611	3,551	1,379	789	1,383	3,060	1,507	1,552
25 to 34 years	19,056	13,438	9,536	1,011	2,892	5,617	3,343	2,274
35 to 44 years	24,069	18,741	14,001	1,087	3,652	5,328	3,278	2,051
45 to 54 years	22,623	16,863	13,297	922	2,644	5,760	2,971	2,789
55 to 64 years	16,260	11,261	9,543	413	1,305	4,999	2,023	2,976
65 years and over	22,659	11,741	9,565	434	1,743	10,918	2,898	8,020
Race and ethnicity of householder
White only	91,645	62,297	49,915	3,500	8,881	29,349	13,070	16,278
Non-Hispanic	81,166	53,845	44,101	2,674	7,070	27,321	11,968	15,353
Black only	13,465	8,928	4,165	762	4,000	4,538	2,043	2,495
Asian only	3,917	2,845	2,286	223	337	1,073	526	547
Hispanic (of any race)	11,339	9,090	6,189	872	2,029	2,249	1,228	1,021
Size of households
1 person	29,431	(X)	(X)	(X)	(X)	29,431	12,511	16,919
2 people	37,078	32,047	24,310	1,992	5,745	5,031	2,660	2,371
3 people	17,889	17,076	11,526	1,403	4,147	813	556	257
4 people	15,967	15,672	12,754	733	2,185	295	212	83
5 people	7,029	6,969	5,719	296	955	60	42	17
6 people	2,521	2,489	2,004	142	344	31	19	12
7 or more people	1,364	1,343	1,007	90	246	22	19	2
Average size	2.57	3.19	3.22	3.11	3.12	1.24	1.32	1.17
Number of related children under 18
No related children	72,367	36,685	30,261	2,240	4,183	35,682	16,020	19,662
With related children	38,911	38,911	27,059	2,416	9,437	(X)	(X)	(X)
1 child	16,511	16,511	10,378	1,429	4,704	(X)	(X)	(X)
2 children	14,333	14,333	10,800	683	2,850	(X)	(X)	(X)
3 children	5,771	5,771	4,235	220	1,317	(X)	(X)	(X)
4 or more children	2,296	2,296	1,646	84	566	(X)	(X)	(X)
Presence of own children under 18
No own children	75,310	39,628	31,406	2,741	5,481	35,682	16,020	19,662
With own children	35,968	35,968	25,914	1,915	8,139	(X)	(X)	(X)
With own children under 12	26,251	26,251	19,168	1,295	5,788	(X)	(X)	(X)
With own children under 6	15,584	15,584	11,743	729	3,111	(X)	(X)	(X)
With own children under 3	9,081	9,081	7,014	451	1,615	(X)	(X)	(X)
With own children under 1	2,917	2,917	2,255	181	481	(X)	(X)	(X)
Tenure
Owner	75,909	57,092	47,676	2,721	6,695	18,817	7,742	11,075
Renter	33,799	17,604	9,007	1,873	6,724	16,195	7,951	8,244
Occupies without payment	1,570	900	637	62	201	670	327	343

ASIAN AND PACIFIC ISLANDER CHILDREN

The Asian-American family is typically a close-knit unit, and members traditionally are respectful of the authority of the elder members of the family. As the younger generation becomes more assimilated into American culture, however, the unchallenged role of elders may not remain as strong. Even so, family tradition and honor are still held in high regard. In 2003, 2.2 million (83.1%) children of Asian and Pacific Islander descent were living with both parents, a proportion higher than that of whites. About 291,000 (10.8%) Asian and Pacific Islander children lived with their mothers only, while 76,000 (2.8%) lived with their fathers only. Approximately 87,000 (3.2%) lived with neither parent. (See Table 2.7.)

TABLE 2.7 Household relationship and living arrangements of children under 18 years^a, by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin^b, 2003

TABLE 2.7
Household relationship and living arrangements of children under 18 years^a, by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin^b, 2003
[In thousands]
	Total under 18 years	Under 1 year	1-2 years	3-5 years	6-8 years	9-11 years	12-14 years	15-17 years	Total under 6 years	Total 6-11 years	Total 12-17 years
All races, total	73,001	3,373	8,165	12,106	11,728	12,526	12,759	12,345	23,644	24,253	25,104
Both sexes
In household
Living with both parents	49,903	2,353	5,761	8,444	8,042	8,386	8,668	8,249	16,558	16,428	16,917
Living with mother only	16,770	736	1,771	2,734	2,777	3,013	2,947	2,792	5,242	5,789	5,739
Living with father only	3,323	195	360	478	461	596	582	651	1,034	1,057	1,233
Living with neither parent	3,004	88	272	450	448	531	562	652	810	979	1,215
Living with both parents
Child of householder	49,025	2,290	5,616	8,306	7,906	8,235	8,539	8,135	16,211	16,141	16,674
Grandchild of householder	546	50	112	97	87	83	67	50	260	170	117
Other relative of householder	313	11	33	36	47	64	59	63	80	111	122
Nonrelative of householder	18	2	1	4	2	5	3	1	7	7	5
Living with mother only
Child of householder	14,036	486	1,317	2,179	2,364	2,613	2,600	2,477	3,983	4,977	5,077
Grandchild of householder	1,576	186	362	350	239	194	140	107	898	433	246
Other relative of householder	606	50	50	113	73	97	103	120	213	170	224
Nonrelative of householder	552	14	42	93	101	109	104	88	149	210	192
Living with father only
Child of householder	2,867	174	302	389	389	520	501	593	865	908	1,094
Grandchild of householder	228	13	35	47	41	37	36	20	94	78	56
Other relative of householder	118	7	15	28	14	12	21	23	49	25	44
Nonrelative of householder	111	2	9	15	18	28	24	16	25	45	40
Living with neither parent^c
Grandchild of householder	1,416	35	142	235	240	272	242	249	413	512	491
Other relative of householder	796	18	48	108	96	126	182	217	175	222	399
Foster child	213	9	26	21	37	26	46	47	57	63	93
Other nonrelative of householder	580	26	56	85	75	106	93	139	167	182	232
White, non-Hispanic, total	43,759	1,961	4,710	6,996	6,854	7,511	7,806	7,921	13,666	14,365	15,728
In household
Living with both parents	33,824	1,549	3,833	5,588	5,376	5,676	5,924	5,879	10,970	11,052	11,802
Living with mother only	6,925	270	611	1,023	1,080	1,239	1,332	1,371	1,903	2,319	2,703
Living with father only	1,860	100	144	217	238	367	363	431	461	605	795
Living with neither parent	1,150	43	122	168	160	229	188	240	332	389	428
Living with both parents
Child of householder	33,443	1,526	3,758	5,533	5,320	5,615	5,864	5,828	10,817	10,935	11,692
Grandchild of householder	308	21	72	55	46	41	42	31	147	88	74
Other relative of householder	63	2	3	1	7	17	14	18	6	25	32
Nonrelative of householder	10	—	—	—	2	3	3	1	—	5	5
Living with mother only
Child of householder	5,863	178	454	806	929	1,078	1,190	1,228	1,438	2,007	2,417
Grandchild of householder	618	80	132	141	88	79	45	52	353	167	97
Other relative of householder	114	7	9	26	10	17	19	26	42	27	45
Nonrelative of householder	330	5	16	49	53	64	79	65	69	117	144
Living with father only
Child of householder	1,660	93	126	189	205	326	319	402	408	532	721
Grandchild of householder	98	5	9	17	18	19	19	11	31	37	30
Other relative of householder	26	—	2	—	3	5	7	9	2	8	16
Nonrelative of householder	76	2	7	11	11	17	18	10	20	28	28
Living with neither parent^c
Grandchild of householder	574	17	72	94	87	120	85	99	183	208	184
Other relative of householder	207	11	17	28	18	35	47	50	56	53	97
Foster child	93	1	12	10	14	13	20	23	23	27	43
Other nonrelative of householder	276	13	21	36	41	60	36	68	70	102	104
Black, total	11,340	473	1,251	1,862	1,834	2,088	2,013	1,819	3,586	3,921	3,833
In household
Living with both parents	4,094	172	419	673	638	743	782	666	1,265	1,381	1,448
Living with mother only	5,762	263	701	981	960	1,074	954	828	1,945	2,035	1,782
Living with father only	517	23	68	66	77	105	77	100	157	182	177
Living with neither parent	967	15	63	140	159	165	201	225	218	323	425
Living with both parents
Child of householder	4,019	167	410	663	627	721	772	659	1,239	1,348	1,431
Grandchild of householder	47	3	7	6	8	17	2	4	16	25	6
Other relative of householder	28	2	3	5	3	5	8	3	9	8	11

TABLE 2.7 Household relationship and living arrangements of children under 18 years^a, by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin^b, 2003 [CONTINUED]

TABLE 2.7
Household relationship and living arrangements of children under 18 years^a, by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin^b, 2003 [CONTINUED]
[In thousands]
	Total under 18 years	Under 1 year	1-2 years	3-5 years	6-8 years	9-11 years	12-14 years	15-17 years	Total under 6 years	Total 6-11 years	Total 12-17 years
Living with mother only
Child of householder	4,969	191	559	823	854	964	838	741	1,572	1,817	1,579
Grandchild of householder	481	49	113	102	68	61	51	37	264	129	88
Other relative of householder	236	17	17	49	25	35	51	41	83	60	92
Nonrelative of householder	77	6	11	8	13	15	14	9	26	28	23
Living with father only
Child of householder	427	23	56	42	64	93	60	89	122	157	149
Grandchild of householder	64	—	8	16	11	11	13	5	23	22	18
Other relative of householder	20	—	4	6	2	1	4	3	10	3	7
Nonrelative of householder	5	—	—	2	—	—	—	3	2	—	3
Living with neither parent^c
Grandchild of householder	517	6	37	79	86	91	105	113	122	177	218
Other relative of householder	281	1	13	42	47	44	64	70	56	91	134
Foster child	74	5	7	7	17	8	13	17	19	25	30
Other nonrelative of householder	94	2	6	13	9	22	19	24	20	31	43
Asian and Pacific Islanders, total	2,681	128	292	470	462	410	468	452	890	872	919
In household
Living with both parents	2,227	115	257	399	381	339	387	349	771	720	736
Living with mother only	291	7	21	51	56	49	56	50	79	106	106
Living with father only	76	4	8	10	12	2	15	25	22	15	40
Living with neither parent	87	3	6	9	12	20	10	28	18	31	38
Living with both parents
Child of householder	2,167	113	255	389	374	328	374	335	756	701	710
Grandchild of householder	24	2	1	8	3	—	6	3	12	3	9
Other relative of householder	36	—	1	2	5	11	7	10	3	16	17
Living with mother only
Child of householder	226	7	14	40	48	33	48	37	61	81	85
Grandchild of householder	15	—	2	4	4	2	3	—	6	6	3
Other relative of householder	37	—	5	5	2	8	4	12	10	11	16
Nonrelative of householder	13	—	—	2	2	6	—	2	2	8	2
Living with father only
Child of householder	57	4	6	6	7	2	13	20	16	9	32
Grandchild of householder	4	—	—	1	1	—	—	—	1	2	1
Other relative of householder	15	—	2	2	4	—	2	5	5	4	6
Living with neither parent^c
Grandchild of householder	23	2	1	2	6	5	3	5	5	11	8
Other relative of householder	40	1	4	3	2	10	3	17	8	12	20
Other nonrelative of householder	23	—	—	4	4	5	4	6	4	9	10
Hispanic, total	13,284	701	1,681	2,427	2,262	2,192	2,143	1,877	4,809	4,455	4,020
In household
Living with both parents	8,584	442	1,122	1,580	1,466	1,420	1,372	1,182	3,144	2,886	2,554
Living with mother only	3,261	167	371	572	584	570	529	467	1,110	1,155	996
Living with father only	737	66	120	159	110	101	99	81	345	211	180
Living with neither parent	702	26	68	116	102	101	143	147	210	202	290
Living with both parents
Child of householder	8,244	410	1,065	1,521	1,412	1,365	1,329	1,143	2,996	2,776	2,472
Grandchild of householder	156	23	28	28	27	24	15	11	79	51	26
Other relative of householder	176	7	27	28	27	30	28	28	62	57	57
Nonrelative of householder	8	2	1	4	—	1	—	—	7	1	—
Living with mother only
Child of householder	2,582	87	254	433	469	480	455	405	773	950	860
Grandchild of householder	365	54	85	84	58	38	32	14	222	97	46
Other relative of householder	207	25	20	27	34	34	30	37	72	68	67
Nonrelative of householder	107	1	14	29	23	18	11	12	43	41	23
Living with father only
Child of householder	597	52	95	128	91	79	83	68	275	170	151
Grandchild of householder	57	8	17	10	8	8	2	4	35	16	6
Other relative of householder	56	6	7	19	5	5	8	6	31	10	14
Nonrelative of householder	27	—	2	1	7	8	5	3	3	15	8

TABLE 2.7 Household relationship and living arrangements of children under 18 years^a, by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin^b, 2003 [CONTINUED] Adapted from "Table C2. Household Relationship and Living Arrangements of Children Under 18 Years, by Age, Sex, Race, Hispanic Origin: 2003," in America's Families and Living Arrangements: 2003, U.S. Census Bureau, September 15, 2004, http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2003.html (accessed December 27, 2005)

TABLE 2.7
Household relationship and living arrangements of children under 18 years^a, by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin^b, 2003 [CONTINUED]
[In thousands]
	Total under 18 years	Under 1 year	1-2 years	3-5 years	6-8 years	9-11 years	12-14 years	15-17 years	Total under 6 years	Total 6-11 years	Total 12-17 years
^aAll children under 18, excluding householders, subfamily reference people, and their spouses.
^bHispanics may be of any race.
^cIncludes ever married grandchildren under 18 (excluded prior to 1998).
—Represents or rounds to zero.
SOURCE: Adapted from "Table C2. Household Relationship and Living Arrangements of Children Under 18 Years, by Age, Sex, Race, Hispanic Origin: 2003," in America's Families and Living Arrangements: 2003, U.S. Census Bureau, September 15, 2004, http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2003.html (accessed December 27, 2005)
Living with neither parent^c
Grandchild of householder	241	9	25	48	46	46	40	28	81	92	68
Other relative of householder	263	5	11	37	30	35	65	79	53	66	144
Foster child	32	4	5	3	7	—	8	5	11	7	14
Other nonrelative of householder	166	9	27	29	18	19	30	33	64	38	63

HOUSING GRANDCHILDREN

Because of many factors, including the high cost of housing, substance abuse, and the inability of some parents to care for their children, many children are living with their grandparents. It is not uncommon in the African-American community for children to live with their grandparents, with or without one or both of their parents present. In 2003, 517,000 (4.6%) African-American children lived with a grandparent and neither of their parents. The proportion of children who lived with a grandparent is significantly higher when children who lived with one or both parents in the home of a grandparent are added to that total (1.1 million, 9.8%). (See Table 2.7.) In other words, nearly one in ten African-American children were living in the home of a grandparent in 2003, and nearly one in twenty were being raised exclusively by a grandparent.

Only 241,000 (1.8%) Hispanic children lived with a grandparent with neither parent present in 2003. This number jumps to 819,000 (6.2%) when children who live with one or both parents in the home of a grandparent are added. Among Asians and Pacific Islanders, 23,000 (0.8%) children under the age of eighteen lived with a grandparent and neither parent in 2003. This number climbs to 66,000 (2.5%) when children who lived with one or both parents in the home of a grandparent are counted. Among whites, only 574,000 (1.3%) children lived with a grandparent and neither parent in 2003; 1.6 million (3.6%) white children lived with a grandparent with or without a parent present. (See Table 2.7.) African-American children, then, were the most likely to be living with a grandparent, with or without a parent present, while Asian-American children were the least likely.