FIGURE 2.6
National Wildlife Refuge System, 2004
TABLE 2.14
Threatened and endangered animal species found on the National Wildlife Refuge System, 2004
The following list includes all of the federally listed threatened and endangered animal species that are known to occur on units of the National Wildlife Refuge System.
| Amphibians | • Mussel, ring pink (=golf stick pearly) | • Bat, Ozark big-eared |
| • Frog, California red-legged | • Mussel, winged mapleleaf | • Bear, grizzly |
| • Salamander, Cheat Mountain | • Pearlymussel, Higgin's eye | • Bear, Louisiana black |
| • Salamander, Santa Cruz long-toed | • Pearlymussel, orange-footed pimpleback | • Deer, Columbian white-tailed |
| • Toad, Arroyo | • Pearlymussel, pink mucket | • Deer, Key |
| • Toad, Wyoming | • Pigtoe, rough | • Ferret, black-footed |
| Birds | • Pocketbook, fat | • Fox, San Joaquin kit |
| • Akepa, Hawaii | • Riffleshell, northern | • Jaguar |
| • Akiapolaau | Crustaceans | • Jaguarundi |
| • Albatross, short-tailed | • Cambarus aculabrum (crayfish with no common name) | • Manatee, West Indian (Florida) |
| • Blackbird, Yellow-shouldered | • Fairy shrimp, riverside | • Mouse, Alabama beach |
| • Bobwhite, masked (quail) | • Fairy shrimp, San Diego | • Mouse, Key Largo cotton |
| • Broadbill, Guam | • Tadpole shrimp, vernal pool | • Mouse, salt marsh harvest |
| • Caracara, Audubon's crested | Fishes | • Mouse, southeastern beach |
| • Condor, California | • Catfish, Yaqui | • Ocelot |
| • Coot, Hawaiian | • Cavefish, Alabama | • Panther, Florida |
| • Crane, Mississippi sandhill | • Cavefish, Ozark | • Pronghorn, Sonoran |
| • Crane, whooping | • Chub, bonytail | • Puma, eastern |
| • Creeper, Hawaii | • Chub, humpback | • Rabbit, lower Keys |
| • Crow, Mariana | • Chub, Oregon | • Rabbit, riparian brush |
| • Curlew, Eskimo | • Chub, Yaqui | • Rat, Morro Bay kangaroo |
| • Duck, Hawaiian | • Dace, Ash Meadows speckled | • Rat, rice (=silver rice) |
| • Duck, Laysan | • Dace, Moapa | • Rat, Tipton kangaroo |
| • Eider, spectacled | • Darter, watercress | • Sea-lion, Steller (=northern) |
| • Eider, Stellar's | • Gambusia, Pecos | • Seal, Hawaiian monk |
| • Elepaio, Ohau | • Goby, tidewater | • Squirrel, Delmarva Peninsula fox |
| • Falcon, Northern Aplomado | • Madtom, Neosho | • Squirrel, Virginia northern flying |
| • Finch, Laysan | • Madtom, pygmy | • Whale, blue |
| • Finch, Nihoa | • Minnow, Rio Grande silvery | • Whale, bowhead |
| • Flycatcher, Southwestern Willow | • Poolfish (=killifish), Pahrump | • Whale, finback |
| • Gnatcatcher, Coastal California | • Pupfish, Ash Meadows Amargosa | • Whale, gray |
| • Goose, Hawaiian (=nene) | • Pupfish, desert | • Whale, humpback |
| • Hawk, Hawaiian | • Pupfish, Devils Hole | • Whale, right |
| • Jay, Florida scrub | • Pupfish, Warm Springs | • Whale, Sei |
| • Kingfisher, Guam Micronesian | • Salmon, Chinook | • Whale, sperm |
| • Kite, Everglade snail | • Shiner, beautiful | • Wolf, gray |
| • Millerbird, Nihoa | • Shiner, Pecos bluntnose | • Wolf, Mexican |
| • Moorhen (=gallilnule), Hawaiian common | • Shiner, Topeka | • Wolf, red |
| • Moorhen, Mariana common | • Squawfish, Colorado | • Woodrat, Key Largo |
| • Murrelet, marbled | • Sturgeon, gulf | Reptiles |
| • 'O'u (honeycreeper) | • Sturgeon, pallid | • Anole, Culebra Island giant |
| • Owl, northern spotted | • Sturgeon, shortnose | • Crocodile, American |
| • Pelican, brown | • Sturgeon, white, Kootenai River population | • Lizard, blunt-nosed leopard |
| • Plover, pipin | • Sucker, Lost River | • Lizard, Coachella Valley fringe-toed |
| • Plover, western snowy (Pacific coastal) | • Sucker, Razorback | • Lizard, St. Croix ground |
| • Prairie chicken, Attwater's greater | • Sucker, short-nose | • Skink, blue-tailed mole |
| • Pygmy owl, cactus ferruginous | • Topminnow, Gila (including Yaqui) | • Skink, sand |
| • Rail, California clapper | Insects | • Snake, Atlantic salt marsh |
| • Rail, light-footed clapper | • Beetle, American burying | • Snake, Eastern indigo |
| • Rail, Yuma clapper | • Beetle, valley elderberry longhorn | • Snake, giant garter |
| • Stilt, Hawaiian | • Butterfly, Karner blue | • Snake, northern copperbelly water |
| • Stork, wood | • Butterfly, Lange's metalmark | • Tortoise, desert |
| • Swiftlet, Vanikoro | • Butterfly, Quino checkerspot | • Tortoise, gopher |
| • Tern, California least | • Butterfly, Schaus swallowtail | • Turtle, green sea |
| • Tern, least (interior) | • Butterfly, Smith's blue | • Turtle, hawksbill sea |
| • Tern, roseate | • Dragonfly, Hine's emerald | • Turtle, Kemp's (=Atlantic) ridley sea |
| • Vireo, black-capped | • Naucorid, Ash Meadows | • Turtle, leatherback sea |
| • Vireo, least Bell's | Mammals | • Turtle, loggerhead sea |
| • Warbler, Bachman's | • Bat, gray | • Turtle, Plymouth redbelly |
| • Warbler, golden-cheeked | • Bat, Hawaiian hoary | • Turtle, ringed map (=sawback) |
| • Warbler, Kirtland's | • Bat, Indiana | Snails |
| • White-eye, bridled | • Bat, lesser (=Sanborn's) long-nosed | • Snail, Iowa pleistocence |
| • Woodpecker, red-cockaded | • Bat, little Mariana fruit | • Snail, Oahu tree |
| Clams | • Bat, Mariana Fruit | • Snail, Stock Island tree |
| • Clubshell | ||
| • Fanshell | ||
| SOURCE: "Threatened and Endangered Animal Species Found on the National Wildlife Refuge System," in America's National Wildlife Refuge System, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC, 2004 [Online] http://refuges.fws.gov/habitats/EndSpAnimals.html [accessed February 10, 2004] | ||
TABLE 2.15
Threatened and endangered plant species found on the National Wildlife Refuge System, 2004
The following list includes all of the federally listed threatened and endangered plant species that are known to occur on units of the National Wildlife Refuge System. The species are listed in alphabetical order by scientific name.
| • Aconitum noveboracense—northern wild monkshood | • Hesperomanni arborescens—no common name |
| • Aeschynomene virginica—sensitive joint-vetch | • Howellia aquatilus—water howellia |
| • Agalinis acuta—sandplain gerardia | • Hymenoxys aculis var. glabra—lakeside daisy |
| • Amaranthus brownii—Brown's pigweed | • Iris lacustris—Dwarf Lake iris |
| • Amaranthus pumilus—seabeach amaranth | • Isodendrion laurifolium—aupaka |
| • Apios priceana—Price's potato bean | • Ivesia kingii var. eremica—Ash Meadows ivesia |
| • Arenaria paludicola—marsh sandwort | • Lespedeza leptosyachya—prairie bush clover |
| • Aristida chasae—no common name | • Liatris ohlingerae—scrub blazingstar |
| • Asclepias meadii—Mead's milkweed | • Lilaeopsis schaffneriana var. recurva—Huachuca water umbel |
| • Asimina tetramera—four-petal pawpaw | • Lobelia gaudichaudii spp. koolauensis—no common name |
| • Asplenium scolopendrium var. americana—American hart's-tongue fern | • Lobelia oahuensis—no common name |
| • Astragalus phoenix—Ash Meadows milk-vetch | • Lomatium bradshawii—Bradshaw's desert parsley |
| • Boltonia decurrens—Decurrent false aster | • Manihot walkerae—Walker's manioc |
| • Bonamia grandiflora—Florida bonamia | • Mariscus pennatiformis ssp. bryanii—no common name |
| • Calyptranthes thomasiana—Thomas' lidflower | • Mentzelia leucophylla—Ash Meadows blazing star |
| • Centaurium namophilum—spring-loving centaury | • Nitrophila mohavensis—Amargosa niterwort |
| • Cereus eriophorus var. fragrans—fragrant prickly apple | • Oenothera deltoides ssp. howellii—Antioch Dunes evening primose |
| • Cereus robinii—Key tree-cactus | • Orcuttia californica—California orcutt grass |
| • Chamaesyce garberi (=Euphorbia garberi) Garber's spurge | • Oxypolis canbyi—Canby's dropwort |
| • Chamaesyce rockii—'akoko | • Oxytropis campestris var. chartacea—Fassett's locoweed |
| • Chionanthus pygmaeus—pygmy fringe-tree | • Paronychia chartacea (=Nyachia pulvinata)—Papery whitlow wort |
| • Chorizante pungens var pungens—Monterey spineflower | • Penstemon haydenii—blowout penstemon |
| • Cirsium pitcheri—Pitcher's thistle | • Peperomia wheeleri—Wheeler's peperomia |
| • Clermontia pyrularia—'oha wai | • Phlegmariurus nutans—wawae'iole |
| • Clitoria fragrans—Pigeon wings | • Phyllostegia hirsuta—no common name |
| • Cordylanthus maritimus ssp. maritimus—salt marsh bird's-beak | • Phyllostegia racemosa—kiponapona |
| • Cordylanthus palmatus—palmate-bracted bird's-beak | • Platanthera leucophaea—eastern prairie fringed orchid |
| • Coryphantha sneedii var. robustispina—Pima pineapple cactus | • Platanthera praeclara—western prairie fringed orchid |
| • Coryphantha sneedii var. sneedii—Sneed pincushion cactus | • Pogogyne abramsii—San Diego mesa mint |
| • Cyanea acuminata—haha | • Pogogyne nudiuscula—Otay mesa mint |
| • Cyanea humboldtiana—haha | • Polygonella basiramia (=P. ciliata var. b.)—Wireweed |
| • Cyanea koolauensis—haha | • Polystichum aleuticum—Aleutian shield-fern |
| • Cyanea schipmanii—haha | • Pritchardia remota—loulu |
| • Cyrtandra subumbellata—ha'iwale | • Prunus geniculata—scrub plum |
| • Cyrtandra viridiflora—ha'iwale | • Pteris lydgatei—no common name |
| • Dicerandra christmaii—Garett's mint | • Sanicula purpurea—no common name |
| • Echinocereus fendleri var. kuenzleri—Kuenzler hedgehog cactus | • Sarracenia oreophila—green pitcher plant |
| • Enceliopsis nudicaulis var. corrugata—Ash Meadows sunray | • Schiedea verticillata—whorled schiedea |
| • Eriogonum longifolium var. gnaphalifolium—scrub buckwheat | • Schwalbea americana—American chaffseed |
| • Eryngium aristulatum var. parishii—San Diego button celery | • Sclerocactus glaucus—Unita Basin hookless cactus |
| • Erysimum capitatum var. angustatum—Contra Costa wallflower | • Sedum integrifolium leedyi—Leedy's roseroot |
| • Eugenia woodburyana—no common name | • Serianthes nelsonii—Hayun lagu |
| • Frankenia johnstonii—Johnston's frankenia | • Sesbania tomentosa—'ohai |
| • Gardenia manii—nanu, Na'u | • Sidalcea nelsoniana—Nelson's checkermallow |
| • Goetzea elegans—beautiful goetzea | • Stahlia monosperma—cobana negra |
| • pratensis—Ash Meadows gumplant Grindelia fraxino - | • Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa—no common name |
| • Harrisia portorricensis—Higo chumbo | • Thymophylla tephroleuca—ashy dogweed |
| • Helianthus pardoxius—Pecos sunflower | • Trifolium stoloniferum—running buffalo clover |
| • Helonias bullata—Swamp pink | • Viola oahuensis—no common name |
| SOURCE: "Threatened and Endangered Plant Species Found on the National Wildlife Refuge System," in America's National Wildlife Refuge System, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC, 2004 [Online] http://refuges.fws.gov/habitats/EndSpPlants.html [accessed February 10, 2004] | |
Convention on Biological Diversity
The United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity was set up to conserve biodiversity and to promote the sustainable use of biodiversity. The Convention supports national efforts in the documentation and monitoring of biodiversity, the establishment of refuges and other protected areas, and the restoration of degraded ecosystems. It also supports goals related to the maintenance of traditional knowledge of sustainable resource use, the prevention of invasive species introductions, and the control of invasive species that are already present. Finally, it funds education programs promoting public awareness of the value of natural resources.
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) is an international agreement administered under UNEP which regulates international trade in wildlife. CITES is perhaps the single most important international agreement relating to endangered species and has contributed critically to the protection of many threatened species. The international wildlife trade is estimated to involve hundreds of millions of specimens annually.
CITES was first drafted in 1963 at a meeting of the IUCN, and went into effect in 1975. As of 2004, CITES
TABLE 2.16
Wilderness areas in national wildlife refuges and national fish hatcheries, 2002
Wilderness Area: Service land designated by Congress to be managed as a unit of the National Wilderness Preservation System, in accordance with the terms of the Wilderness Act of 1964. All Service Wilderness Areas occur within National Wildlife Refuges, with the exception of the Mount Massive Wilderness Area which is located at the Leadville National Fish Hatchery (NFH).
| Public law | |||||
| State and unit | Wilderness name | Wilderness acres | Refuge acres | Number | Date |
| Alaska | |||||
| Alaska Maritime | Aleutian Islands | 1,300,000.00 | 3,465,246.79 | 96–487 | 12-02-80 |
| Alaska Maritime | Bering Sea | 81,340.00 | 0.00 | 91–504 | 10-23-70 |
| Alaska Maritime | Bogoslof | 175.00 | 0.00 | 91–504 | 10-23-70 |
| Alaska Maritime | Chamisso | 455.00 | 0.00 | 93–632 | 01-03-75 |
| Alaska Maritime | Forrester Island | 2,832.00 | 0.00 | 91–504 | 10-23-70 |
| Alaska Maritime | Hazy Island | 32.00 | 0.00 | 91–504 | 10-23-70 |
| Alaska Maritime | Semidi | 250,000.00 | 0.00 | 96–487 | 12-02-80 |
| Alaska Maritime | Simeonof | 25,855.00 | 0.00 | 94–557 | 10-19-76 |
| Alaska Maritime | St. Lazaria | 65.00 | 0.00 | 91–504 | 10-23-70 |
| Alaska Maritime | Tuxedni | 5,566.00 | 0.00 | 91–504 | 10-23-70 |
| Alaska Maritime | Unimak | 910,000.00 | 0.00 | 96–487 | 12-02-80 |
| Arctic | Mollie Beattie | 8,000,000.00 | 19,285,922.40 | 96–487 | 12-02-80 |
| Becharof | Becharof | 400,000.00 | 1,200,017.75 | 96–487 | 12-02-80 |
| Innoko | Innoko | 1,240,000.00 | 3,850,321.21 | 96–487 | 12-02-80 |
| Izembek | Izembek | 307,981.76 | 311,075.78 | 96–487 | 12-02-80 |
| Kenai | Kenai | 1,354,247.0 | 1,908,178.23 | 96–487 | 12-02-80 |
| Koyukuk | Koyukuk | 400,000.00 | 3,550,000.53 | 96–487 | 12-02-80 |
| Selawik | Selawik | 240,000.00 | 2,150,002.01 | 96–487 | 12-02-80 |
| Togiak | Togiak | 2,270,799.79 | 4,098,740.94 | 96–487 | 12-02-80 |
| Yukon Delta | Andreafsky | 1,300,000.00 | 19,166,094.48 | 96–487 | 12-02-80 |
| Yukon Delta | Nunivak | 600,000.00 | 0.00 | 96–487 | 12-02-80 |
| State total | 18,689,348.55 | 58,985,600.12 | |||
| Arizona | |||||
| Cabreza Prieta | Cabreza Prieta | 803,418.00 | 860,041.32 | 101–628 | 11-28-90 |
| Havasu | Havasu | 14,606.00 | 30,279.82 | 101–628 | 11-28-90 |
| Imperial | Imperial | 9,220.00 | 17,809.76 | 101–628 | 11-28-90 |
| Kofa | Kofa | 516,200.00 | 666,480.00 | 101–628 | 11-28-90 |
| State total | 1,343,444.00 | 1,574,610.90 | |||
| Arkansas | |||||
| Big Lake | Big Lake | 2,143.80 | 11,036.10 | 94–557 | 10-19-76 |
| State total | 2,143.80 | 11,036.10 | |||
| California | |||||
| Farallon | Farallon | 141.00 | 211.00 | 93–550 | 12-26-74 |
| Havasu | Havasu | 3,195.00 | 7,235.34 | 103–433 | 10-31-94 |
| Imperial | Imperial | 5,836.00 | 7,958.19 | 103–433 | 10-31-94 |
| State total | 9,172.00 | 15,404.53 | |||
| Colorado | |||||
| Leadville NFH | Mount Massive | 2,560.00 | 3,065.88 | 96–560 | 12-22-80 |
| State total | 2,560.00 | 3,065.88 | |||
| Florida | |||||
| Cedar Keys | Cedar Keys | 379.00 | 891.15 | 92–364 | 08-07-72 |
| Chassahowitzka | Chassahowitzka | 23,578.93 | 30,842.91 | 94–557 | 10-19-76 |
| Great White Heron | Florida Keys | 1,900.00 | 192,787.68 | 93–632 | 01-03-75 |
| Island Bay | Island Bay | 20.24 | 20.24 | 91–504 | 10-23-70 |
| J.N. Ding Darling | J.N. Ding Darling | 2,619.13 | 6,388.28 | 94–557 | 10-19-76 |
| Key West | Florida Keys | 2,019.00 | 208,308.17 | 93–632 | 01-03-75 |
| Lake Woodruff | Lake Woodruff | 1,066.00 | 21,559.02 | 94–557 | 10-19-76 |
| National Key Deer | Florida Keys (1) | 2,278.00 | 8,952.31 | 93–632 | 01-03-75 |
| National Key Deer | Florida Keys (2) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 97–211 | 06-30-82 |
| Passage Key | Passage Key | 36.37 | 63.87 | 91–504 | 10-23-70 |
| Pelican Island | Pelican Island | 5.50 | 5,375.93 | 91–504 | 10-23-70 |
| St. Marks | St. Marks | 17,350.00 | 67,623.07 | 93–632 | 01-03-75 |
| State total | 51,252.17 | 542,812.58 | |||
| Georgia | |||||
| Blackbeard Island | Blackbeard Island | 3,000.00 | 5,617.64 | 93–632 | 10-23-70 |
| Okefenokee | Okefenokee | 353,981.00 | 391,401.99 | 93–429 | 10-01-74 |
| Wolf Island | Wolf Island | 5,125.82 | 5,125.82 | 93–632 | 01-03-75 |
| State total | 362,106.82 | 402,145.45 | |||
| Illinois | |||||
| Crab Orchard | Crab Orchard | 4,050.00 | 43,888.52 | 94–557 | 10-19-76 |
| State total | 4,050.00 | 43,888.52 | |||
TABLE 2.16
Wilderness areas in national wildlife refuges and national fish hatcheries, 2002
Wilderness Area: Service land designated by Congress to be managed as a unit of the National Wilderness Preservation System, in accordance with the terms of the Wilderness Act of 1964. All Service Wilderness Areas occur within National Wildlife Refuges, with the exception of the Mount Massive Wilderness Area which is located at the Leadville National Fish Hatchery (NFH).
| Public law | |||||
| State and unit | Wilderness name | Wilderness acres | Refuge acres | Number | Date |
| Louisiana | |||||
| Breton | Breton | 5,000.00 | 9,047.00 | 93–632 | 01-01-75 |
| Lacassine | Lacassine | 3,345.60 | 34,378.77 | 94–557 | 10-19-76 |
| State total | 8,345.60 | 43,425.77 | |||
| Maine | |||||
| Moosehorn | Baring Unit | 4,680.00 | 27,680,45 | 93–632 | 01-03-75 |
| Moosehorn | Birch Islands Unit | 6.00 | 0.00 | 91–504 | 10-23-70 |
| Moosehorn | Edmunds Unit | 2,706.00 | 0.00 | 91–504 | 10-23-70 |
| State total | 7,392.00 | 27,680.45 | |||
| Massachusetts | |||||
| Monomoy | Monomoy | 2,420.00 | 2,701.85 | 91–504 | 10-23-70 |
| State total | 2,420.00 | 2,701.85 | |||
| Michigan | |||||
| Huron | Huron Islands | 147.50 | 146.85 | 91–504 | 10-23-70 |
| Michigan Islands | Michigan Islands | 12.00 | 597.39 | 91–504 | 10-23-70 |
| Seney | Seney | 25,150.00 | 95,244.81 | 91–504 | 10-23-70 |
| State total | 25,309.50 | 95,989.05 | |||
| Minnesota | |||||
| Agassiz | Agassiz | 4,000.00 | 61,500.93 | 94–557 | 10-19-76 |
| Tamarac | Tamarac | 2,180.00 | 35,191.38 | 94–557 | 10-19-76 |
| State total | 6,180.00 | 96,692.31 | |||
| Missouri | |||||
| Mingo | Mingo | 7,730.00 | 21,745.86 | 94–557 | 10-19-76 |
| State total | 7,730.00 | 21,745.86 | |||
| Montana | |||||
| Medicine Lake | Medicine Lake | 11,366.00 | 31,484.01 | 94–557 | 10-19-76 |
| Red Rock Lakes | Red Rock Lakes | 32,350.00 | 51,744.41 | 94–557 | 10-19-76 |
| UL Bend | UL Bend (1) | 20,819.00 | 56,049.56 | 94–557 | 10-19-76 |
| UL Bend | UL Bend (2) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 98–140 | 10-31-83 |
| State total | 64,535.00 | 139,277.98 | |||
| Nebraska | |||||
| Fort Niobrara | Fort Niobrara | 4,635.00 | 19,132.53 | 94–557 | 10-19-76 |
| State total | 4,635.00 | 19,132.53 | |||
| New Jersey | |||||
| Edwin B. Forsythe | Brigantine | 6,681.00 | 45,191.13 | 93–632 | 01-03-75 |
| Great Swamp | Great Swamp | 3,660.00 | 7,530.95 | 90–532 | 09-28-68 |
| State total | 10,341.00 | 52,722.08 | |||
| New Mexico | |||||
| Bitter lake | Salt Creek | 9,621.00 | 26,608.64 | 91–504 | 10-23-70 |
| Bosque Del Apache | Chupadea Unit | 5,289.00 | 57,191.10 | 93–632 | 01-03-75 |
| Bosque Del Apache | Indian Well Unit | 5,139.00 | 0.00 | 93–632 | 01-03-75 |
| Bosque Del Apache | Little San Pascual Unit | 19,859.00 | 0.00 | 93–632 | 01-03-75 |
| State total | 39,908.00 | 81,799.74 | |||
| North Carolina | |||||
| Swanquarter | Swanquarter | 8,784.93 | 16,411.09 | 94–557 | 10-19-76 |
| State total | 8,784.93 | 16,411.09 | |||
| North Dakota | |||||
| Chase Lake | Chase Lake | 4,155.00 | 4,449.47 | 93–632 | 01-03-75 |
| Lostwood | Lostwood | 5,577.00 | 26,903.99 | 96–632 | 01-03-75 |
| State total | 9,732.00 | 31,353.46 | |||
| Ohio | |||||
| West Sister Island | West Sister Island | 77.00 | 80.13 | 93–632 | 01-03-75 |
| State total | 77.00 | 80.13 | |||
| Oklahoma | |||||
| Wichita Mountains | Charons Garden Unit | 5,723.00 | 59,019.60 | 91–50 | 10-23-70 |
| Wichita Mountains | North Mountain Unit | 2,847.00 | 0.00 | 91–504 | 10-23-70 |
| State total | 8,570.00 | 59,019.60 | |||
safeguards approximately 5,000 animal species and 28,000 plant species worldwide. These are listed in three separate CITES appendices depending on degree of endangerment. Appendix I includes species that are in immediate danger of extinction. CITES generally prohibits international trade of these species. Appendix II lists species that are likely to become in danger of extinction without strict protection from international trade. Permits may be obtained
TABLE 2.16
Wilderness areas in national wildlife refuges and national fish hatcheries, 2002
Wilderness Area: Service land designated by Congress to be managed as a unit of the National Wilderness Preservation System, in accordance with the terms of the Wilderness Act of 1964. All Service Wilderness Areas occur within National Wildlife Refuges, with the exception of the Mount Massive Wilderness Area which is located at the Leadville National Fish Hatchery (NFH).
| Public law | |||||
| State and unit | Wilderness name | Wilderness acres | Refuge acres | Number | Date |
| Oregon | |||||
| Oregon Islands | Oregon Islands (1) | 21.00 | 1,079.61 | 91–504 | 10-23-70 |
| Oregon Islands | Oregon Islands (2) | 459.00 | 0.00 | 95–450 | 10-11-78 |
| Oregon Islands | Oregon Islands (3) | 445.06 | 0.00 | 104–333 | 11-12-96 |
| Three Arch Rocks | Three Arch Rocks | 15.00 | 15.00 | 91–504 | 10-23-70 |
| State total | 940.06 | 1,095.61 | |||
| South Carolina | |||||
| Cape Romain | Cape Romain | 29,000.00 | 65,224.94 | 93–632 | 01-03-75 |
| State total | 29,000.00 | 65,224.94 | |||
| Washington | |||||
| Copalis | Washington Islands | 60.80 | 60.80 | 91–504 | 10-23-70 |
| Flattery Rocks | Washington Islands | 125.00 | 125.00 | 91–504 | 10-23-70 |
| Quillayute Needles | Washington Islands | 300.20 | 300.20 | 91–504 | 10-23-70 |
| San Juan Islands | San Juan Islands | 353.00 | 448.53 | 94–557 | 10-19-76 |
| State total | 839.00 | 934.53 | |||
| Wisconsin | |||||
| Gravel Island | Wisconsin Islands | 27.00 | 27.00 | 91–504 | 10-23-70 |
| Green Bay | Wisconsin Islands | 2.00 | 2.00 | 91–504 | 10-23-70 |
| State total | 29.00 | 29.00 | |||
| Grand total | 20,698,845.43 | 62,290,453.29 | |||
| As of 9/30/2002 | |||||
| SOURCE: "Wilderness Areas in National Wildlife Refuges and National Fish Hatcheries," in Division of Realty, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC, September 30, 2002 [Online] http://realty.fws.gov/table10.html [accessed February 11, 2004] | |||||
for the trade of Appendix II species only if trade will not harm the survival prospects of the species in the wild. Appendix III lists species whose trade is regulated in one or more nations. Any member nation can list a species in Appendix III to request international cooperation in order to prevent unsustainable levels of international trade. Nations agree to abide by CITES rules voluntarily. In 2004 there were 164 nations party to the agreement.
Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals
The Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals (also known as the CMS or Bonn Convention) recognizes that certain migratory species cross national boundaries and require protection throughout their range. This convention aims to "conserve terrestrial, marine, and avian migratory species throughout their range." CMS was originally signed in Bonn, Germany in 1979 and went into force in November 1983. As of February 2004, 85 nations in Africa, Central and South America, Asia, Europe, and Oceania were involved in the agreement. The United States and several other nations are not official parties to the agreement but nonetheless abide by its rules.
CMS provides two levels of protection to migratory species. Appendix I species are endangered and strictly protected. There are currently 107 species in this category, including the Siberian crane, white-tailed eagle, hawksbill turtle, Mediterranean monk seal, and Dama gazelle.
FIGURE 2.7
Generalized view of land status by 1961
Appendix II lists species that are less severely threatened but would nonetheless benefit from international cooperative agreements. Appendix II agreements have been drawn up for groups such as European bats, Mediterranean and Black Sea cetaceans, Baltic and North Sea cetaceans, Wadden Sea seals, African-Eurasian migratory water birds, and marine turtles. In February 2004 the CMS announced the latest agreement to come into force, the Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and
FIGURE 2.8
Terrestrial polar bear den locations (Beaufort sea population), 1981–2000
Petrels. Because these birds are highly migratory, their conservation requires broad international agreements in addition to efforts by individual nations.
Protected Areas
The IUCN's World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA) is the leading international body dedicated to the selection, establishment, and management of national parks and protected areas. It has helped set up many natural areas around the world for the protection of plant and animal species, and also maintains a database of protected areas. Protected areas often consist of a core zone where wildlife cannot legally be disturbed by human beings, surrounded by "buffer zones," transitional spaces that act as shields for the core zone. On the periphery are areas for managed human living. In 1998 there were 30,000 protected areas worldwide, covering 13.2 million square kilometers of land, freshwater habitat, and ocean. The terrestrial portion of the network, which is by far the largest, accounted for 11.7 million square kilometers—nearly 8 percent of the world's land area. A protected area is defined as "an area of land and/or sea especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity, and of natural and associated cultural resources, and managed through legal or other effective means."
Conservation biology theory advocates that protected areas should be as large as possible in order to increase biological diversity and to buffer refuges from outside pressures. The world's largest protected areas are Greenland National Park (Greenland), Ar-Rub'al-khali Wildlife Management Area (Saudi Arabia), Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (Australia), Qiang Tang Nature Reserve (China), Cape Churchill Wildlife Management Area (Canada), and the Northern Wildlife Management Zone (Saudi Arabia).
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