bald eagles, 142, 142f
illegal trade of, 161-162
Earth
climate change in history of, 41
increasing temperature of, 42
See also Global warming
Earthtrust, 165
"Economic associations among causes of species endangerment in the United States" (Czech, Krausman and Devers), 7
Economy
ecotourism in Mexico and, 146
Kyoto Protocol and U.S. economy, 52
of Namibia, 162
whale watching and, 170
Ecoregions
of Alaska, level III, 2003, 74f-76f
identification of, 80
TRAFFIC'S priority ecoregions, 161
of United States, 73f
Ecosystem conservation
adaptive management, 30-31
approaches, 28-29, 80
progress in, 29-30
Ecosystems at-risk species living in late-successional forests in western Oregon, Washington, and northwestern California, 64 (t4.5)
at-risk species living in longleaf pine or wiregrass habitats in southern coastal plain, 66t-67t
conservation approaches, 80
critically endangered, endangered, and threatened, 63t
critically endangered, endangered, and threatened, distribution of types of, 62 (f4.1)
ecoregions of Alaska, level III, 2003, 74f-76f
ecoregions of United States, 73f
ecosystem boundaries, 77f
endangered forests, 68-73
endangered U.S. ecosystems, 61-62, 64
global warming effects on, 46-48, 50-51
plants, importance of, 55
prairies, extent of historical (pre-European) grass prairies on North American Great Plains, 62 (f4.2)
wetlands, 73-76, 78-79
wetlands, average annual net wetland loss for the conterminous U.S., 1950s- 1990s, 72 (f4.6)
wetlands, change in wetland area for selected wetland and deepwater categories, 1986-97, 71 (t4.9)
wetlands, change in wetlands converted to various land uses, 1986-97, 72 (f4.7)
See also Aquatic species and habitats
Ecotourism, 168-169
Edwards Dam (ME), 87-88
Edwards Manufacturing, 87-88
Eels, 90
Egret plumes, 163
El Chichon volcano (Mexico), 44
Elephants
characteristics of, 125
CITES listing status of African elephants, 164
ivory trade, 126, 161
photograph of, 126f
Emissions
carbon dioxide emissions, reduction of, 51-52
carbon dioxide, total world emissions of, 1995 and 2035, 46 (f3.6)
greenhouse gas emissions by gas, U.S., 2002, 43 (f3.3)
greenhouse gas emissions, U.S., change in, 1991-2001, 43 (f3.2)
greenhouse gases emission trends, 42-43
Kyoto Protocol and, 52
trends in U.S. greenhouse gas emissions and sinks, 1990 and 1995-2001, 45t
world carbon dioxide emissions from energy consumption, 1992-2001, 47f
Emissions trading, 52
"Endangered Ecosystems of the United States—A Preliminary Assessment of Loss and Degradation" (National Biological Service), 61-62, 64
Endangered species
amphibians, endangered or threatened, 107t
amphibians/reptiles, 105
aquatic species, 91-95, 97-106
caribou, calving locations of radio-collared female during 1983-99, 39f
clams, snails, crustaceans, endangered species of, February 2004, 96t
contributing factors in species endangerment, 6-9, 6 (f1.4)
definition of, 1
delisted species report, February 2004, 25t
endangered or threatened list, number of species that are candidates for, by state or territory, 2004, 16f
endangered or threatened species, February 2004, 17t-20t
endangered or threatened species with highest reported expenditures, fiscal years 1998-2000, 23t
Endangered Species Act, petition process to list a species as threatened or endangered under, 13f
Endangered Species List, first, 1967, 12t
endangered, threatened, proposed, candidate species found in units of National Park Service, June 1, 2001, 26 (t2.9)
endangered/threatened species and recovery plans, 2004, 3t
endangered/threatened species, proposed additions to list of, by state or territory, 2004, 14f
experimental populations, 2004, 21t-22t
fish species, endangered or threatened, February 2004, 95t
invasive species, examples of, 2004, 8t
invasive species, impact of, 9f
mass extinction and, 1-2
National Park System, areas with largest numbers of endangered, threatened, proposed, candidate species, June 1, 2001, 28 (t2.10)
in National Parks, 24-25
National Wildlife Refuge System, threatened or endangered animal species found on, 2004, 33t
National Wildlife Refuge System, threatened or endangered plant species found on, 2004, 34t
National Wildlife Refuges for endangered species, 2004, 30t-31t
northern spotted owl, 6 (f1.3)
number of, 2-6
number of endangered or threatened species, by state or territory, 2004, 5f
number of species listed as endangered or threatened per calendar year, 1980-2002, 4f
proportion of species at risk of extinction, 1997, 94 (f5.12)
reclassified threatened and endangered species, February 2004, 24t
reptiles, endangered or threatened, February 2004, 110t
species proposed for status change or delisting, February 2004, 26 (t2.8)
species proposed to be added to endangered or threatened list, 2004, 15t
terrestrial polar bear den locations (Beaufort sea population), 1981-2000, 38f
wilderness areas in national wildlife refuges and national fish hatcheries, 2002, 35t-37t
zoos and, 38-40
See also Species conservation; specific species
Endangered Species Act
adequacy of, 23
amendment in 1982, 15
argument over, 4
conserving listed species, 13-15
desert tortoises and Washington County HCP, 16, 20
endangered species list, 12
endangered/threatened species under, 3
extinct, recovered, down-listed species, 15
habitat conservation plan for San Diego County, 16
habitat conservation plans, 15-16
insects/spiders and, 145
Klamath Basin waters and, 97
listing process, 12-13
opposition to, 20, 23
passage of, 11-12
plant protection under, 79
Three Gorges Dam and, 88
turtle protection under, 110
The Endangered Species Act: A Train Wreck Ahead (Lambert), 20, 23
Endangered Species Conservation Act of 1969, 11
Endangered Species List
conservation of listed species, 13-15
delisted species report, February 2004, 25t
endangered or threatened species, February 2004, 17t-20t
experimental populations, 2004, 21t-22t
first list, 1967, 12t
habitat conservation plans and, 15-16
listing process, 12-13
number of species that are candidates for, by state or territory, 2004, 16f
peregrine falcon delisted, 142
petition process to list a species as threatened/endangered under Endangered Species Act, 13f
proposed additions to, by state or territory, 2004, 14f
reclassified threatened and endangered species, February 2004, 24t
salamanders on, 108
salmon species on, 93-94
species proposed for status change or delisting, February 2004, 26 (t2.8)
species proposed to be added to endangered or threatened list, 2004, 15t
timeliness of species listings, 23
Endangered Species Preservation Act, 1966, 11
Endrin, 132
Energy emissions standards and, 52
public opinion on global warming, 53
Energy consumption
by energy source, U.S., 2001, 48 (f3.9)
U.S., 2001, 48 (f3.8)
world carbon dioxide emissions from energy consumption, 1992-2001, 47f
England, 145
Environment
biological indicator species and, 5-6
species endangerment, contributing factors in, 6-7
U.S. land management history, 23
Environmental Investigation Agency, 163
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 84, 132
ESUs (evolutionarily significant units), 97f, 98f
European Union (EU), 52
Evans, Richard, 116
Everglades Forever Act, 78
Everglades National Park (FL)
Asian eel near, 90
endangerment of, 78
money for/acreage added, 29
Evolutionarily significant units (ESUs), 97f, 98f
Executive Order 13112 on Invasive Species, 8
Exotic species, collection of, 154-156, 155f, 156t
See also Trade, wildlife
Expenditures
endangered or threatened species with highest reported expenditures, fiscal years 1998-2000, 23t
on invasive species control, 9
for wildlife-related recreation, 2001, 167f
See also Funding
Experimental populations, 21t-22t
Extinct species
definition of, 1
extinct species in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Ohio, Wisconsin, 2t
removal from Endangered Species List, 15
Extinction
amphibians, 106
bird species, 131
debate over, 4
gastric-brooding frogs, 109
global warming and, 41
Hawaiian plants, 64
Huia bird, 154
mass extinction, 1-2
proportion of species at risk of extinction, 1997, 94 (f5.12)
quagga, 115, 129
Tasmanian tiger, 115
from trade of wildlife, 153
Yangtze River dolphins risk of, 88
"Extinction Risk from Climate Change" (Thomas), 41
Exxon Valdez oil spill
bird cleaned after, 133f
effect on birds, 132
impact of, 83-84
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