hyacinth macaw, 161
scarlet macaw, 155f
trade of, 162
Madagascar, 127
Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976, 90, 103
Mahogany, 161, 164
Makah of Washington State, 165
Malaria, 47
Mammals, endangered
bears, 121
big cats, 122-124
bighorn sheep, 127
bison, 128, 128f
black-footed ferret, 116-117, 117f
elephants, 125-126, 126f
endangered or threatened mammals,
February 2004, 17t, 116t
grizzly bear recovery zones, 121 (f7.6)
human encounters, 115
levels of endangerment, 115-116
marine mammals, 101-103
Northern Idaho ground squirrel, 117
Northern Idaho ground squirrel, listing factors/threats for, 118t
Northern Idaho ground squirrel probable historical distribution and primary/secondary metapopulation sites, 2003, 118f
pandas, 121-122
primates, 126-127, 127f
quagga, 128-129, 129f
rhinoceros, 124-125, 125f
Siberian tiger, 124f
threatened and endangered animal species found on National Wildlife Refuge System, 2004, 33t
wolf breeding pairs in Northern Rocky
Mountain states, 1979-2002, 119f
wolf recovery areas, central Idaho, northwest Montana, Greater Yellowstone, 2002, 120f
wolves, 117-121
wolves, red wolf, 121 (f7.5)
Manatees
endangered, 101-102
photograph of, 101f
Mangrove forests, 78-79
Maoris, 154
Marine food chain, 93 (f5.11)
Marine iguanas, 84
Marine Mammal Authorization Program, 103t
Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA)
protection of dolphins, 102
protection of whales, 101
protections of, 103-104
Marine turtles, 161
Marine waters, 83-84
Mass extinction
debate over, 4
occurrences of, 1-2
Maximum sustainable yield, 89
MBD (metabolic bone disease), 155
Mead's milkweed
endangered, 68
present/historic distribution of, by county, 69 (f4.4)
threats, recommended recovery actions, 70t
Meat trade
bush meat, 159
whale meat, 165
Medical research
animals used in, 159-161
animals used in research, experiments, testing, teaching, fiscal year 2001, 160f
whaling and, 165
Medical waste, ocean dumping, 84
Medications, plant-derived, 79-80
Medicinal plants, 80
Medicine
animals/plants used in, 156, 159, 162
observations during survey of Golden Rock, Myanmar, April 16-17, 2000, 157t-158t
plants used in, 55
Merck (pharmaceutical company), 80
Mercury
biomagnification in food chain, 85f
Florida Everglades and, 78
water pollution from, 84-85
Metabolic bone disease (MBD), 155
Metamorphosis
of amphibians, 105
of butterflies, 145
Methane
emissions, 43
greenhouse effect and, 41
rise in levels of, 42
sources, 2001, 48 (f3.10)
Mexican gray wolf, 119
Mexican spotted owl, 137
Mexico
El Chichon volcano, 44
illegal animal trade in, 155
Kemp's ridley turtles in, 111
monarch butterflies in, 146
North American Free Trade Agreement, 163
whaling sanctuary, 165
wildlife trade with U.S., 161
Michigan
extinct species in, 2t
moths in, 145
Migration
Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals, 37-38
whooping crane migration routes and nonessential experimental population area, 2002, 139f
of whooping cranes, 138
Migratory Bird Conservation Act, 131
Migratory Bird Conservation Commission, 131
Migratory songbirds endangered, 134-135
North American Breeding Bird Survey, 135-136
MIKE (Monitoring of Illegal Killing of Elephants), 125
Milankovitch Cycles, 41
Miller, Mary Beth, 115
Mining, habitat destruction from, 7
Minke whales, 170
Minnesota, 2t
Missouri, 2t
Missouri River, 97
MMPA. See Marine Mammal Protection Act
Monarch butterfly
biopesticides and, 146-147
die-off in Mexico, 146
history of, 145-146
Money
for ecosystem conservation, 29-30
endangered or threatened species with highest reported expenditures, fiscal years 1998-2000, 23t
from exotic animal trade, 155
expenditures for wildlife-related recreation, 2001, 167f
trade, profits to be made in rare-bird trade, 156t
from wildlife trade, 161
See also Funding
Monito gecko, 112-113
Monito Island, 112-113
Monitor lizards
endangered, 114
trade of, 155
Monitoring of Illegal Killing of Elephants (MIKE), 125
Monkeys, 160-161
Montana
wolf breeding pairs in Northern Rocky Mountain states, 1979-2002, 119f
wolf recovery areas, 2002, 120f
See also Yellowstone National Park (WY and MT)
Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve (Costa Rica), 106
Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer, 42
Mosquitoes
in Hawaii, 138-139
mosquito-borne diseases, 46, 47
range shifts of, 50
Moths
Blackburn's sphinx moth, 147
as indicator species, 145
pollution and, 145
Motor vehicles, 43
Mount Pinatubo eruption (Philippines), 44
Mountain gorillas, 127
Mountain lions
characteristics of, 122
encounters with humans, 115
Florida panther, 122-123
"Multispecies Conservation Plan", 16
Murres, 132
Mussels
freshwater mussels, endangered, 91-92
Higgins eye, 94 (f5.13)
pearly-mussels in upper Mississippi River drainage, decline of, 1920-2000, 93 (f5.10)
zebra mussel distribution, 1998 and 2003, 91f-92f
zebra mussels, 90, 92
Myanmar
animals/plants used in medicine, 157
observations during survey of Golden Rock, Myanmar, April 16-17, 2000, 157t-158t
Myers, Ransom, 100-101
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