at-risk species living in late-successional forests in western Oregon, Washington, and northwestern California, 64 (t4.5)
dams in, 87, 88
Klamath Basin conflict, 94-95, 97
medicinal plants in, 80
salamander loss in, 107
salmon endangered in, 93-94
spotted owls in, 137
Pacific Rim, 162
Pacific yew, 80
Padre Island National Seashore (TX), 111
Paiute cutthroat trout
endangerment, 99
population estimates from Upper Fish Valley reach of Silver King Creek, 1964-2001, 100f
recovery plan overview, 99t
summary of threats, recommended recovery actions, 100t
Palumbi, Steve, 165
Pandas, 121-122
Panther, Florida, 122-123
Panthers. See Mountain lions Parasitic trematodes, 108
Pare, Adolph, 161
Parmesan, Camille, 50
Parrots
trade in U.S., 161
trade of, 133, 155-156
trade of, countries involved in, 162
Passerines. See Songbirds Pathogens, 72
Pearly mussel species
Higgins eye, 94 (f5.13)
in upper Mississippi River drainage, decline of, 1920-2000, 93 (f5.10)
Pelican Island Bird Reservation (FL), 26
Pelicans
brown pelican, 134
oil contamination of, 132
Penguin species
global warming and, 50
threatened, 131
Peregrine falcon, 141-142
Permafrost, 46
Permian period, 1
Peru
ecotourism in, 169
endangered birds in, 131
Pesticides
biopesticides, 146-147
birds and, 132
DDT and birds, 141-142
Florida Everglades and, 78
habitat destruction from, 7
water pollution from, 81, 83
Pests, 81
Pet trade
bird trade in U.S., 161
collection of exotic species for, 154
exotic bird trade, 133
rare-bird trade, profits to be made in, 156t
reptile trade, 154-155
scarlet macaw, 155f
wild birds, 155-156
Petitions
for endangered species listing, 12-13
petition process to list a species as threatened/endangered under Endangered Species Act, 13f
Philippines
endangered birds in, 131
Mount Pinatubo eruption, 44
primate trade ban in, 160
Phytoplankton, 91
Pigs, 138-139
Pilot whales, 170
Pinipeds, 102-103
Pitcher plants, 78
Plants
alien plants known or suspected to pose significant threat to, 2003, 141t
in Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, 27-28
carbon cycle and, 43
as carbon sinks, 43-44
collection of, 154
forests, effect on carbon dioxide concentration, 49 (f3.11)
global warming and, 48, 50-51
invasive species and, 8
medicinal, 159
Plants, endangered plants and ecosystems
at-risk species living in coastal sage scrub habitats in southern California, 65t
at-risk species living in late-successional forests in western Oregon, Washington, and northwestern California, 64 (t4.5)
at-risk species living in longleaf pine or wiregrass habitats in southern coastal plain, 66t-67t
decline in plants, 55-61
distribution of six endangered plant species in mountains surrounding Los Angeles Basin, 68f
ecoregions of Alaska, level III, 2003, 74f-76f
ecoregions of United States, 73f
ecosystem boundaries, 77f
ecosystems approaches to conservation, 80
ecosystems, critically endangered, endangered, and threatened, 63t
endangered and threatened species of flowering plants, February 2004, 56t-61t
endangered and threatened species of nonflowering plants, February 2004, 61 (t4.2)
endangered forests, 68-73
endangered, list of, 3
endangered North American plants, 65-68
endangered or threatened species, February 2004, 18t-20t
endangered U.S. ecosystems, 61-62, 64
Hawaiian plants, 64-65
human-caused reductions in westside California plant communities and formations, 64 (t4.4)
Mead's milkweed, present/historic distribution of, by county, 69 (f4.4)
Mead's milkweed: threats, recommended recovery actions, 70t
plant conservation, 79-80
redwoods, 69 (f4.5)
Santa Cruz Mountains, summary of threats to insects/plants in, 152 (t9.5)
threatened and endangered plant species found on National Wildlife Refuge System, 2004, 34t
wetlands, 73-76, 78-79
wetlands, average annual net wetland loss for the conterminous U.S., 1950s- 1990s, 72 (f4.6)
wetlands, change in wetland area for selected wetland and deepwater categories, 1986-97, 71t
wetlands, change in wetlands converted to various land uses, 1986-97, 72 (f4.7)
Pliny the Elder, 81
Poaching
of animals used in medicine, 159
chiru antelope, 153
elephants, 125, 126
primates, 127
rare species, 154
rhinoceros, 124, 125
Polar bears
oil drilling in Arctic National Wildlife Refuge and, 28
terrestrial polar bear den locations (Beaufort sea population), 1981-2000, 38f
Pollution
amphibian declines from, 107
amphibians vulnerable to, 106
DDT and birds, 141-142
in Everglades, 78
moths and, 145
species endangerment from, 6, 7
water pollution, causes, 81, 83-85
Polo, Marco, 11
Po'ouli (bird), 139
Prairie dogs, 117
Prairies
black-footed ferrets and, 117
destruction of ecosystem, 62
extent of historical (pre-European) grass prairies on North American Great Plains, 62 (f4.2)
Precipitation, 48
Prescription drugs, 79-80
Primates
endangered, 126-127
orangutan, 127f
trade of, illegal, 154, 162
used in medical/scientific research, 159-161, 160f
Prince Edward Island (Canada), 153
Priority species, 161
Private property
Endangered Species Act and, 20, 23
Habitat Conservation Plans and, 15-16, 20
Protected areas, 38
Psittacines. See Parrots Public opinion, global warming, 52-53
Puerto Rico, 112-113
Puma. See Mountain lions
Putin, Vladimir, 52
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