According to Census 2000, Americans of Hispanic origin are the largest minority group in the United States, at 12.5 percent of the population. (See Table 1.1.) Their population in the United States is growing rapidly. In 1950 Hispanics comprised less than 3 percent of the population. By 1980 they represented 6.4 percent of the population (14.6 million). In 1990 Hispanics totaled about 22.5 million, representing 9.1 percent of the total U.S. population,
TABLE 1.3
Projections of the resident population by race, Hispanic origin, and nativity, middle series, 2050–2070
(Numbers in thousands.)
| July 1, 2050 | July 1, 2055 | July 1, 2060 | July 1, 2065 | July 1, 2070 | |
| Total | |||||
| Population | 403,686 | 417,477 | 432,010 | 447,415 | 463,639 |
| Percent of total | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
| Native population | 349,890 | 362,093 | 375,306 | 389,605 | 404,894 |
| Percent of total | 86.7 | 86.7 | 86.9 | 87.1 | 87.3 |
| Foreign-born population | 53,796 | 55,384 | 56,704 | 57,809 | 58,744 |
| Percent of total | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.1 | 12.9 | 12.7 |
| White | |||||
| Population | 302,453 | 310,300 | 318,752 | 327,907 | 337,719 |
| Percent of total | 74.9 | 74.3 | 73.8 | 73.3 | 72.8 |
| Native population | 273,794 | 281,302 | 289,574 | 298,674 | 308,525 |
| Percent of group | 90.5 | 90.7 | 90.8 | 91.1 | 91.4 |
| Foreign-born population | 28,659 | 28,997 | 29,178 | 29,233 | 29,193 |
| Percent of group | 9.5 | 9.3 | 9.2 | 8.9 | 8.6 |
| Black | |||||
| Population | 59,239 | 61,627 | 64,055 | 66,544 | 69,096 |
| Percent of total | 14.7 | 14.8 | 14.8 | 14.9 | 14.9 |
| Native population | 51,887 | 53,905 | 55,998 | 58,183 | 60,454 |
| Percent of group | 87.6 | 87.5 | 87.4 | 87.4 | 87.5 |
| Foreign-born population | 7,352 | 7,721 | 8,056 | 8,361 | 8,641 |
| Percent of group | 12.4 | 12.5 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.5 |
| American Indian | |||||
| Population | 4,405 | 4,602 | 4,802 | 5,005 | 5,208 |
| Percent of total | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 |
| Native population | 4,024 | 4,210 | 4,401 | 4,596 | 4,794 |
| Percent of group | 91.4 | 91.5 | 91.6 | 91.8 | 92.0 |
| Foreign-born population | 380 | 392 | 401 | 408 | 414 |
| Percent of group | 8.6 | 8.5 | 8.4 | 8.2 | 8.0 |
| Asian and Pacific Islander | |||||
| Population | 37,589 | 40,947 | 44,400 | 47,958 | 51,614 |
| Percent of total | 9.3 | 9.8 | 10.3 | 10.7 | 11.1 |
| Native population | 20,184 | 22,674 | 25,331 | 28,152 | 31,119 |
| Percent of group | 53.7 | 55.4 | 57.1 | 58.7 | 60.3 |
| Foreign-born population | 17,404 | 18,273 | 19,068 | 19,805 | 20,495 |
| Percent of group | 46.3 | 44.6 | 42.9 | 41.3 | 39.7 |
| Hispanic | |||||
| Population | 98,228 | 106,370 | 114,796 | 123,508 | 132,492 |
| Percent of total | 24.3 | 25.5 | 26.6 | 27.6 | 28.6 |
| Native population | 78,598 | 86,684 | 95,168 | 104,025 | 113,212 |
| Percent of group | 80.0 | 81.5 | 82.9 | 84.2 | 85.4 |
| Foreign-born population | 19,629 | 19,685 | 19,627 | 19,483 | 19,280 |
| Percent of group | 20.0 | 18.5 | 17.1 | 15.8 | 14.6 |
| White, Non-Hispanic | |||||
| Population | 212,990 | 213,418 | 214,190 | 215,405 | 217,028 |
| Percent of total | 52.8 | 51.1 | 49.6 | 48.1 | 46.8 |
| Native population | 201,988 | 202,115 | 202,643 | 203,659 | 205,125 |
| Percent of group | 94.8 | 94.7 | 94.6 | 94.5 | 94.5 |
| Foreign-born population | 11,002 | 11,302 | 11,547 | 11,745 | 11,902 |
| Percent of group | 5.2 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 5.5 |
| Black, Non-Hispanic | |||||
| Population | 53,466 | 55,369 | 57,297 | 59,268 | 61,286 |
| Percent of total | 13.2 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.2 | 13.2 |
| Native population | 47,399 | 48,941 | 50,534 | 52,195 | 53,924 |
| Percent of group | 88.7 | 88.4 | 88.2 | 88.1 | 88.0 |
| Foreign-born population | 6,066 | 6,428 | 6,763 | 7,073 | 7,361 |
| Percent of group | 11.3 | 11.6 | 11.8 | 11.9 | 12.0 |
TABLE 1.3
Projections of the resident population by race, Hispanic origin, and nativity, middle series, 2050–2070 [CONTINUED]
| July 1, 2050 | July 1, 2055 | July 1, 2060 | July 1, 2065 | July 1, 2070 | |
| American Indian, Non-Hispanic | |||||
| Population | 3,241 | 3,345 | 3,448 | 3,551 | 3,652 |
| Percent of total | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 |
| Native population | 3,120 | 3,218 | 3,316 | 3,413 | 3,511 |
| Percent of group | 96.3 | 96.2 | 96.2 | 96.1 | 96.1 |
| Foreign-born population | 120 | 126 | 132 | 137 | 141 |
| Percent of group | 3.7 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 3.9 |
| Asian and Pacific Islander, Non-Hispanic | |||||
| Population | 35,759 | 38,974 | 42,277 | 45,681 | 49,179 |
| Percent of total | 8.9 | 9.3 | 9.8 | 10.2 | 10.6 |
| Native population | 18,783 | 21,133 | 23,643 | 26,311 | 29,121 |
| Percent of group | 52.5 | 54.2 | 55.9 | 57.6 | 59.2 |
| Foreign-born population | 16,976 | 17,840 | 18,633 | 19,369 | 20,057 |
| Percent of group | 47.5 | 45.8 | 44.1 | 42.4 | 40.8 |
| SOURCE: "Table NP-T5-G. Projections of the Resident Population by Race, Hispanic Origin, and Nativity: Middle Series, 2050 to 2070," U.S. Census Bureau, Population Projections Program, Population Division, Washington, DC, 2000 [Online] http://www.census.gov/population/www/projections/natsum-T5.html [accessed March 1, 2004] | |||||
or one out of every eleven persons. In Census 2000 the number rose to some 35.3 million. The Census Bureau predicts that by 2050, Hispanics will make up 24.3 percent of the population, and by 2070, there will be nearly 132.5 million persons of Hispanic descent, making up 28.6 percent of the total population. (See Table 1.3.)
Immigration and high birth rates are two major reasons for the large growth of the Hispanic population. As a result of the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (PL 99-603), by 1992 about 2.6 million Mexicans were granted legal status in the United States. In 1997 the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) estimated that, as of October 1996, approximately five million (with a range of 4.6 to 5.4 million) illegal aliens lived in the United States, with the majority (2.7 million) coming from Mexico. In 2002 the Department of Justice estimated that the number of illegal aliens had risen to 7.6 million, although there was no indication how many of these people came from Mexico.
The Census Bureau counts all persons in the United States regardless of legal status, although illegal aliens are likely to be undercounted. Many members of the Hispanic community, particularly those who immigrated to the United States in recent years, have yet to become citizens. While 74.2 percent of Hispanics who entered the country before 1970 became citizens by 2000, only 6.7 percent of those who entered the country between 1990 and 2000 became citizens by 2000. (See Figure 1.2.)
Hispanic Origins
Hispanic Americans trace their origins to a number of countries. In a population survey in March 2000, the Census Bureau reported that 66.1 percent of the Hispanics in the United States were of Mexican heritage. (See Figure 1.3.) Approximately 14.5 percent were of Central and South American origin, and 9 percent were of Puerto Rican heritage. Another 6.4 percent had origins in the Caribbean and other countries, while 4 percent were of
FIGURE 1.1
Question on race from Census 2000
Cuban descent. The differences in origin can often mean significant variations in where Hispanics live, their education, income, and living conditions.
Fertility
The fertility rate refers to the number of live births per 1,000 women ages fifteen to forty-four in a specified group. The National Center for Health Statistics in 2000 found that Hispanic women had a higher fertility rate than non-Hispanic women. According to the National Vital Statistics Report, in 2000, there were 105.9 births per 1,000 Hispanic women ages fifteen to forty-four, compared to a fertility rate of 61.8 births per 1,000 non-Hispanic women. Among subsets of Hispanics, the fertility rate varied widely. In 2000 Mexican women had a fertility rate of 115.1 births per 1,000 women, while Puerto Rican women had a fertility rate of 84.3 births, and Cuban women had a fertility rate of 57.3 births. (See Table 1.4.)
A Younger Population
According to Census 2000, the median age (half are older, half are younger) of Hispanics was 25.8 years, considerably lower than the median age of the non-Hispanic white population of 38.6 years, indicating a great concentration of younger people. More than one-third (35 percent) of all Hispanics were less than eighteen years old, compared to 22.6 percent of the non-Hispanic white population. Only 4.9 percent of Hispanics were found by
FIGURE 1.2
U.S. citizenship of the foreign-born Hispanic population by year of entry, 2000
(In percent)
Census 2000 to be sixty-five years and older, compared to 15 percent of non-Hispanic whites. (See Table 1.5.)
Geographic Distribution
The majority of Hispanic Americans live in the western United States. As of March 2000, 44.7 percent of Hispanics lived in the West, followed by 33.2 percent in the South. Some 14.1 percent of Hispanics lived in the Northeast, while only 7.9 percent lived in the Midwest. (See Figure 1.4.)
Despite the disparity in the numbers of Hispanics living in different regions of the country, the likelihood of Hispanics living in a particular place depends upon their country of descent. According to Census 2000, Hispanics of Mexican descent made up 18.1 percent of the West population—the area of the country where they were most likely to live. (See Table 1.6.) Hispanics of Puerto Rican descent were more likely to live in the Northeast, where they made up 3.9 percent of the population. (See Table 1.7.) Hispanics of Cuban descent were more concentrated in the South, where they comprised 0.9 percent of the population. (See Table 1.8.)
Mexican Americans
The majority of Hispanic Americans are descendants of the Spanish and Mexican people who lived in the West and Southwest when those regions were first Spanish
FIGURE 1.3
Hispanics by origin, 2000
(In percent)
(starting in the 1500s) and later Mexican territory (after Mexico gained its independence from Spain in 1821). Their forebears were absorbed into the United States when Texas revolted, broke away from Mexico, became a republic, and then finally joined the United States during the 1840s. The Mexican-American War (1846–48) added California, the Southwest (Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, and Colorado), and the Rio Grande boundary to the United States with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. As a result, Hispanics living in those areas became Americans.
The Mexican-origin population, which more than doubled in the last two decades of the twentieth century, continues to grow. Hispanic Americans of Mexican origin numbered 20.6 million, or 7.3 percent of the country's total population, according to Census 2000. (See Table 1.1.) They remain concentrated for the most part in the West and in the South. (See Table 1.6 and Table 1.8.)
According to Census 2000, Hispanics made up 19.3 percent of the population of central cities inside metropolitan areas. Hispanics of Mexican descent alone accounted for 11 percent of that population. (See Table 1.9.) Residents with Mexican origins also outnumbered other Hispanics living outside metropolitan areas. According to Census 2000, Hispanics of Mexican descent made up 3.8 percent of the total population outside metropolitan areas, compared with Hispanics of Puerto Rican descent (0.2 percent) and Cuban Americans (0.1 percent). (See Table 1.10.)
FIGURE 1.4
Population by Hispanic origin and region of residence, 2000
(As a percent of each population)
Puerto Rican Americans
The situation of Puerto Ricans is unique in American society. Ceded to the United States by the Treaty of Paris in 1898, which ended the Spanish-American War, the Caribbean island of Puerto Rico, formerly a Spanish colony, became a U.S. commonwealth. In 1917 the Revised Organic Act (the Jones Act) granted the island a bill of rights and its own legislature. It also conferred U.S. citizenship to all Puerto Ricans.
Following World War II (1939–45), an industrialization program was launched in Puerto Rico. While the program benefited many, it sharply reduced the number of agricultural jobs, driving many rural residents to the cities. Combined with a high birth rate, this led to unemployment, overcrowding, and poverty. More recently, industries have moved away in search of cheaper labor, further compounding the economic problems. As a result, between 1940 and 1970, approximately 750,000 Puerto Ricans immigrated to the U.S. mainland. In 1940 fewer than 70,000 Puerto Ricans lived in the contiguous United States; in 1999, three million called the United States home. Partly because of the relative ease with which Puerto Ricans can travel in the United States, many move freely between the United States and Puerto Rico.
Most of the first Puerto Ricans who arrived in the United States settled in New York City in the Manhattan neighborhood of East Harlem, which came to be known
TABLE 1.4
Live births, birth rates, and fertility rates by Hispanic origin of mother and by race for mothers of non-Hispanic origin, 1989–2000
[Birth rates are live births per 1,000 population in specified group. Fertility rates are live births per 1,000 women aged 15-44 years in specified group]
| Hispanic | Non-Hispanic | |||||||||
| Measure and year | All origins1 | Total | Mexican | Puerto Rican | Cuban | Central and South American | Other and unknown Hispanic | Total2 | White | Black |
| Number | ||||||||||
| 2000 | 4,058,814 | 815,868 | 581,915 | 58,124 | 13,429 | 113,344 | 49,056 | 3,199,994 | 2,362,968 | 604,346 |
| 1999 | 3,959,417 | 764,339 | 540,674 | 57,138 | 13,088 | 103,307 | 50,132 | 3,147,580 | 2,346,450 | 588,981 |
| 1998 | 3,941,553 | 734,661 | 516,011 | 57,349 | 13,226 | 98,226 | 49,849 | 3,158,975 | 2,361,462 | 593,127 |
| 1997 | 3,880,894 | 709,767 | 499,024 | 55,450 | 12,887 | 97,405 | 45,001 | 3,115,174 | 2,333,363 | 581,431 |
| 1996 | 3,891,494 | 701,339 | 489,666 | 54,863 | 12,613 | 97,888 | 46,309 | 3,133,484 | 2,358,989 | 578,099 |
| 1995 | 3,899,589 | 679,768 | 469,615 | 54,824 | 12,473 | 94,996 | 47,860 | 3,160,495 | 2,382,638 | 587,781 |
| 1994 | 3,952,767 | 665,026 | 454,536 | 57,240 | 11,889 | 93,485 | 47,876 | 3,245,115 | 2,438,855 | 619,198 |
| 1993 | 4,000,240 | 654,418 | 443,733 | 58,102 | 11,916 | 92,371 | 48,296 | 3,295,345 | 2,472,031 | 641,273 |
| 19923 | 4,049,024 | 643,271 | 432,047 | 59,569 | 11,472 | 89,031 | 51,152 | 3,365,862 | 2,527,207 | 657,450 |
| 19913 | 4,094,566 | 623,085 | 411,233 | 59,833 | 11,058 | 86,908 | 54,053 | 3,434,464 | 2,589,878 | 666,758 |
| 19904 | 4,092,994 | 595,073 | 385,640 | 58,807 | 11,311 | 83,008 | 56,307 | 3,457,417 | 2,626,500 | 661,701 |
| 19895 | 3,903,012 | 532,249 | 327,233 | 56,229 | 10,842 | 72,443 | 65,502 | 3,297,493 | 2,526,367 | 611,269 |
| Birth rate | ||||||||||
| 20006 | 14.7 | 25.1 | 27.1 | 20.2 | 10.4 | 23.9 | 13.4 | 12.2 | 18.1 | |
| 19996 | 14.5 | 24.4 | 26.4 | 19.4 | 9.7 | 23.4 | 13.2 | 12.2 | 17.9 | |
| 19986 | 14.6 | 24.3 | 26.4 | 19.0 | 10.0 | 23.2 | 13.4 | 12.3 | 18.2 | |
| 19976 | 14.5 | 24.2 | 26.8 | 18.1 | 10.1 | 22.4 | 13.3 | 12.2 | 18.1 | |
| 19966 | 14.7 | 24.8 | 27.4 | 17.9 | 10.7 | 23.4 | 13.5 | 12.4 | 18.3 | |
| 19956 | 14.8 | 25.2 | 26.9 | 19.7 | 11.0 | 25.3 | 13.7 | 12.6 | 18.8 | |
| 19946 | 15.2 | 25.5 | 27.0 | 21.4 | 10.8 | 25.7 | 14.0 | 12.8 | 20.0 | |
| 19936 | 15.5 | 26.0 | 27.4 | 21.9 | 10.5 | 26.9 | 14.4 | 13.1 | 21.1 | |
| 19926, 7 | 15.9 | 26.5 | 27.8 | 23.2 | 10.1 | 27.9 | 14.8 | 13.5 | 21.9 | |
| 19916, 7 | 16.3 | 26.7 | 29.2 | 21.0 | 10.1 | 26.5 | 15.2 | 13.9 | 22.5 | |
| 19904, 6 | 16.7 | 26.7 | 28.7 | 21.6 | 10.9 | 27.5 | 15.7 | 14.4 | 23.0 | |
| 19895, 6 | 16.3 | 26.2 | 25.7 | 23.7 | 10.0 | 28.3 | 15.4 | 14.2 | 22.8 | |
| Fertility rate | ||||||||||
| 20006 | 67.5 | 105.9 | 115.1 | 84.3 | 57.3 | 94.3 | 61.8 | 58.5 | 73.7 | |
| 19996 | 65.9 | 102.0 | 111.6 | 77.7 | 51.2 | 92.6 | 60.7 | 57.8 | 72.2 | |
| 19986 | 65.6 | 101.1 | 112.1 | 75.5 | 50.1 | 90.2 | 60.7 | 57.7 | 73.0 | |
| 19976 | 65.0 | 102.8 | 116.6 | 71.7 | 57.4 | 87.6 | 60.1 | 57.0 | 72.4 | |
| 19966 | 65.3 | 104.9 | 119.3 | 71.3 | 58.9 | 90.2 | 60.3 | 57.3 | 72.5 | |
| 19956 | 65.6 | 105.0 | 117.0 | 75.7 | 55.1 | 94.5 | 60.8 | 57.6 | 74.5 | |
| 19946 | 66.7 | 105.6 | 115.4 | 81.9 | 55.9 | 97.7 | 62.0 | 58.3 | 79.0 | |
| 19936 | 67.6 | 106.9 | 114.8 | 82.5 | 55.5 | 105.0 | 63.1 | 59.0 | 82.7 | |
| 19926, 7 | 68.9 | 108.6 | 116.0 | 89.9 | 50.3 | 107.0 | 64.4 | 60.2 | 85.5 | |
| 19916, 7 | 69.6 | 108.1 | 121.6 | 80.9 | 49.1 | 99.3 | 65.4 | 61.0 | 87.6 | |
| 19904, 6 | 71.0 | 107.7 | 118.9 | 82.9 | 52.6 | 102.7 | 67.1 | 62.8 | 89.0 | |
| 19895, 6 | 69.2 | 104.9 | 106.6 | 86.6 | 49.8 | 95.8 | 65.7 | 60.5 | 84.8 | |
| 1Includes origin not stated. | ||||||||||
| 2Includes races other than white and black. | ||||||||||
| 3Excludes data for New Hampshire, which did not report Hispanic origin. | ||||||||||
| 4Excludes data for New Hampshire and Oklahoma, which did not report Hispanic origin. | ||||||||||
| 5Excludes data for Louisiana, New Hampshire, and Oklahoma, which did not report Hispanic origin. | ||||||||||
| 6Rates for the Central and South American population include other and unknown Hispanic. | ||||||||||
| 7Rates are estimated for the United States based on birth data for 49 states and the District of Columbia. Births for New Hampshire that did not report Hispanic origin are included in the rates for non-Hispanic women. | ||||||||||
| Note: Race and Hispanic origin are reported separately on birth certificates. Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. In this table Hispanic women are classified only by place of origin; non-Hispanic women are classified by race. Rates for some population groups, particularly Hispanic and Asian or Pacific Islander, may be overstated for more recent years. | ||||||||||
| SOURCE: Joyce A. Martin, Brady E. Hamilton, Stephanie J. Ventura, Fay Menacker, and Melissa M. Park, "Table 6. Live Births, Birth Rates, and Fertility Rates by Hispanic Origin of Mother and by Race for Mothers of Non-Hispanic Origin: United States, 1989–2000," in "Births: Final Data for 2000," National Vital Statistics Reports, vol. 50, no. 5, February 12, 2002 | ||||||||||
as El Barrio (the neighborhood). Eventually, Puerto Rican immigrants moved in greater numbers to other boroughs of the city and into New Jersey.
Census 2000 listed 3.4 million Hispanics of Puerto Rican descent, making up 1.2 percent of the total population. (See Table 1.1.) They are more likely to live in the Northeast and reside mainly inside central cities in metropolitan areas, where they make up 2.3 percent of the population in such areas. (See Table 1.9.)
Cuban Americans
Cuban Americans are the third-largest group of Hispanic Americans and numbered 1.2 million as of Census 2000. (See Table 1.1.) Fleeing Cuba during the early 1960s after the regime of Fulgencio Batista was overthrown by Fidel Castro, many Cubans settled in Miami, Florida, and surrounding Dade County. Most of these political refugees were older, middle class, and educated. Many fled to be able to maintain a capitalist way of life,
TABLE 1.5
Total population by age, race and Hispanic or Latino origin, 2000
| Race | |||||||||||
| One race | |||||||||||
| Age | Total population | Total | White | Black or African American | American Indian and Alaska Native | Asian | Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander | Some other race | Two or more races | Hispanic or Latino (of any race) | White alone, not Hispanic or Latino |
| Five-year age groups | |||||||||||
| Total population | 281 421 906 | 274 595 678 | 211 460 626 | 34 658 190 | 2 475 956 | 10 242 998 | 398 835 | 15 359 073 | 6 826 228 | 35 305 818 | 194 552 774 |
| Under 5 years | 19 175 798 | 18 227 583 | 12 859 892 | 2 804 786 | 213 052 | 670 406 | 33 391 | 1 646 056 | 948 215 | 3 717 974 | 11 194 346 |
| 5 to 9 years | 20 549 505 | 19 719 732 | 13 944 882 | 3 205 512 | 239 007 | 680 536 | 36 503 | 1 613 292 | 829 773 | 3 623 680 | 12 303 903 |
| 10 to 14 years | 20 528 072 | 19 824 608 | 14 322 638 | 3 121 530 | 245 677 | 684 525 | 35 772 | 1 414 466 | 703 464 | 3 163 412 | 12 882 540 |
| 15 to 19 years | 20 219 890 | 19 597 998 | 14 167 148 | 2 929 553 | 232 351 | 746 511 | 37 328 | 1 485 107 | 621 892 | 3 171 646 | 12 759 934 |
| 20 to 24 years | 18 964 001 | 18 411 917 | 13 064 891 | 2 628 752 | 198 010 | 816 452 | 38 693 | 1 665 119 | 552 084 | 3 409 427 | 11 594 742 |
| 25 to 29 years | 19 381 336 | 18 868 887 | 13 501 773 | 2 548 968 | 186 689 | 986 222 | 35 224 | 1 610 011 | 512 449 | 3 385 334 | 11 990 863 |
| 30 to 34 years | 20 510 388 | 20 026 210 | 14 818 786 | 2 618 602 | 186 072 | 949 418 | 33 129 | 1 420 203 | 484 178 | 3 124 901 | 13 365 410 |
| 35 to 39 years | 22 706 664 | 22 235 945 | 17 031 493 | 2 826 361 | 202 013 | 909 439 | 33 031 | 1 233 608 | 470 719 | 2 825 158 | 15 665 973 |
| 40 to 44 years | 22 441 863 | 22 021 176 | 17 265 995 | 2 700 418 | 189 201 | 846 118 | 28 760 | 990 684 | 420 687 | 2 304 152 | 16 135 362 |
| 45 to 49 years | 20 092 404 | 19 754 156 | 15 810 626 | 2 275 191 | 159 422 | 749 777 | 23 675 | 735 465 | 338 248 | 1 775 168 | 14 908 211 |
| 50 to 54 years | 17 585 548 | 17 316 932 | 14 213 875 | 1 805 457 | 128 303 | 626 255 | 18 938 | 524 104 | 268 616 | 1 360 935 | 13 478 949 |
| 55 to 59 years | 13 469 237 | 13 280 566 | 11 107 247 | 1 306 641 | 90 531 | 433 749 | 13 428 | 328 970 | 188 671 | 960 033 | 10 545 669 |
| 60 to 64 years | 10 805 447 | 10 662 421 | 8 945 842 | 1 063 469 | 67 189 | 342 795 | 10 142 | 232 984 | 143 026 | 750 407 | 8 482 012 |
| 65 to 69 years | 9 533 545 | 9 421 591 | 8 040 225 | 881 786 | 49 463 | 274 085 | 7 698 | 168 334 | 111 954 | 599 353 | 7 650 827 |
| 70 to 74 years | 8 857 441 | 8 766 843 | 7 648 193 | 731 386 | 36 434 | 220 066 | 5 529 | 125 235 | 90 598 | 477 266 | 7 327 622 |
| 75 to 79 years | 7 415 813 | 7 348 823 | 6 530 019 | 550 024 | 25 608 | 155 965 | 3 614 | 83 593 | 66 990 | 326 726 | 6 307 373 |
| 80 to 84 years | 4 945 367 | 4 904 714 | 4 408 597 | 346 465 | 14 646 | 88 183 | 2 155 | 44 668 | 40 653 | 179 538 | 4 284 906 |
| 85 years and over | 4 239 587 | 4 205 576 | 3 778 504 | 313 289 | 12 288 | 62 496 | 1 825 | 37 174 | 34 011 | 150 708 | 3 674 132 |
| Selected age groups | |||||||||||
| Under 18 years | 72 293 812 | 69 436 926 | 49 598 289 | 10 885 696 | 840 312 | 2 464 999 | 127 179 | 5 520 451 | 2 856 886 | 12 342 259 | 44 027 087 |
| Under 1 year | 3 805 648 | 3 602 103 | 2 535 928 | 548 955 | 42 167 | 129 803 | 6 464 | 338 786 | 203 545 | 771 053 | 2 190 838 |
| 1 to 4 years | 15 370 150 | 14 625 480 | 10 323 964 | 2 255 831 | 170 885 | 540 603 | 26 927 | 1 307 270 | 744 670 | 2 946 921 | 9 003 508 |
| 5 to 13 years | 37 025 346 | 35 623 089 | 25 411 015 | 5 727 934 | 436 694 | 1 227 263 | 65 181 | 2 755 002 | 1 402 257 | 6 185 947 | 22 601 452 |
| 14 to 17 years | 16 092 668 | 15 586 254 | 11 327 382 | 2 352 976 | 190 566 | 567 330 | 28 607 | 1 119 393 | 506 414 | 2 438 338 | 10 231 289 |
| 18 to 64 years | 174 136 341 | 170 511 205 | 131 456 799 | 20 949 544 | 1 497 205 | 6 977 204 | 250 835 | 9 379 618 | 3 625 136 | 21 229 968 | 121 280 827 |
| 18 to 24 years | 27 143 454 | 26 344 912 | 18 761 162 | 3 804 437 | 287 785 | 1 133 431 | 54 508 | 2 303 589 | 798 542 | 4 743 880 | 16 708 378 |
| 25 to 44 years | 85 040 251 | 83 152 218 | 62 618 047 | 10 694 349 | 763 975 | 3 691 197 | 130 144 | 5 254 506 | 1 888 033 | 11 639 545 | 57 157 608 |
| 45 to 64 years | 61 952 636 | 61 014 075 | 50 077 590 | 6 450 758 | 445 445 | 2 152 576 | 66 183 | 1 821 523 | 938 561 | 4 846 543 | 47 414 841 |
| 65 years and over | 34 991 753 | 34 647 547 | 30 405 538 | 2 822 950 | 138 439 | 800 795 | 20 821 | 459 004 | 344 206 | 1 733 591 | 29 244 860 |
| 16 years and over | 217 149 127 | 212 931 366 | 167 496 002 | 24 938 758 | 1 730 434 | 8 067 815 | 286 008 | 10 412 349 | 4 217 761 | 24 203 944 | 155 603 375 |
| 18 years and over | 209 128 094 | 205 158 752 | 161 862 337 | 23 772 494 | 1 635 644 | 7 777 999 | 271 656 | 9 838 622 | 3 969 342 | 22 963 559 | 150 525 687 |
| 21 years and over | 196 899 193 | 193 295 686 | 153 365 469 | 22 015 342 | 1 503 158 | 7 298 935 | 247 716 | 8 865 066 | 3 603 507 | 20 938 932 | 142 909 556 |
| 50 years and over | 76 851 985 | 75 907 466 | 64 672 502 | 6 998 517 | 424 462 | 2 203 594 | 63 329 | 1 545 062 | 944 519 | 4 804 966 | 61 751 490 |
| 55 years and over | 59 266 437 | 58 590 534 | 50 458 627 | 5 193 060 | 296 159 | 1 577 339 | 44 391 | 1 020 958 | 675 903 | 3 444 031 | 48 272 541 |
| 60 years and over | 45 797 200 | 45 309 968 | 39 351 380 | 3 886 419 | 205 628 | 1 143 590 | 30 963 | 691 988 | 487 232 | 2 483 998 | 37 726 872 |
| 62 years and over | 41 256 029 | 40 830 934 | 35 605 726 | 3 436 327 | 176 248 | 996 678 | 26 539 | 589 416 | 425 095 | 2 162 289 | 34 177 279 |
| 67 years and over | 31 101 522 | 30 805 496 | 27 156 414 | 2 445 876 | 116 797 | 684 051 | 17 437 | 384 921 | 296 026 | 1 477 367 | 26 159 804 |
| 72 years and over | 21 794 764 | 21 601 789 | 19 222 626 | 1 630 168 | 72 803 | 430 949 | 10 674 | 234 569 | 192 975 | 923 393 | 18 591 941 |
| 75 years and over | 16 600 767 | 16 459 113 | 14 717 120 | 1 209 778 | 52 542 | 306 644 | 7 594 | 165 435 | 141 654 | 656 972 | 14 266 411 |
| Median age (years) | 35.3 | 35.6 | 37.7 | 30.2 | 28.0 | 32.7 | 27.5 | 24.6 | 22.7 | 25.8 | 38.6 |
| Percent distribution | |||||||||||
| Total population | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
| Under 18 years | 25.7 | 25.3 | 23.5 | 31.4 | 33.9 | 24.1 | 31.9 | 35.9 | 41.9 | 35.0 | 22.6 |
| Under 1 year | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 2.2 | 3.0 | 2.2 | 1.1 |
| 1 to 4 years | 5.5 | 5.3 | 4.9 | 6.5 | 6.9 | 5.3 | 6.8 | 8.5 | 10.9 | 8.3 | 4.6 |
| 5 to 13 years | 13.2 | 13.0 | 12.0 | 16.5 | 17.6 | 12.0 | 16.3 | 17.9 | 20.5 | 17.5 | 11.6 |
| 14 to 17 years | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.4 | 6.8 | 7.7 | 5.5 | 7.2 | 7.3 | 7.4 | 6.9 | 5.3 |
| 18 to 64 years | 61.9 | 62.1 | 62.2 | 60.4 | 60.5 | 68.1 | 62.9 | 61.1 | 53.1 | 60.1 | 62.3 |
| 18 to 24 years | 9.6 | 9.6 | 8.9 | 11.0 | 11.6 | 11.1 | 13.7 | 15.0 | 11.7 | 13.4 | 8.6 |
| 25 to 44 years | 30.2 | 30.3 | 29.6 | 30.9 | 30.9 | 36.0 | 32.6 | 34.2 | 27.7 | 33.0 | 29.4 |
| 45 to 64 years | 22.0 | 22.2 | 23.7 | 18.6 | 18.0 | 21.0 | 16.6 | 11.9 | 13.7 | 13.7 | 24.4 |
| 65 years and over | 12.4 | 12.6 | 14.4 | 8.1 | 5.6 | 7.8 | 5.2 | 3.0 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 15.0 |
| SOURCE: "Table 1. Total Population by Age, Race and Hispanic or Latino Origin for the United States: 2000," in Population by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic or Latino Origin for the United States: 2000, U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, DC, 2000 | |||||||||||
and many succeeded in achieving economic prosperity in the United States. While language differences caused initial difficulties, most adapted well, and Cubans are the most economically successful of the Hispanic ethnic groups. Unlike Americans of Mexican and Puerto Rican backgrounds, who began migrating throughout the country
TABLE 1.6
Profile of general demographic characteristics in the western United States, 2000
| Subject | Number | Percent | Subject | Number | Percent |
| Total population | 63,197,932 | 100.0 | Hispanic or Latino and race | ||
| Total population | 63,197,932 | 100.0 | |||
| Sex and age | Hispanic or Latino (of any race) | 15,340,503 | 24.3 | ||
| Male | 31,543,478 | 49.9 | Mexican | 11,413,265 | 18.1 |
| Female | 31,654,454 | 50.1 | Puerto Rican | 246,936 | 0.4 |
| Cuban | 105,994 | 0.2 | |||
| Under 5 years | 4,579,212 | 7.2 | Other Hispanic or Latino | 3,574,308 | 5.7 |
| 5 to 9 years | 4,903,683 | 7.8 | Not Hispanic or Latino | 47,857,429 | 75.7 |
| 10 to 14 years | 4,768,303 | 7.5 | White alone | 36,911,587 | 58.4 |
| 15 to 19 years | 4,642,608 | 7.3 | |||
| 20 to 24 years | 4,456,555 | 7.1 | Relationship | ||
| 25 to 34 years | 9,408,543 | 14.9 | Total population | 63,197,932 | 100.0 |
| 35 to 44 years | 10,115,035 | 16.0 | In households | 61,715,566 | 97.7 |
| 45 to 54 years | 8,324,716 | 13.2 | Householder | 22,444,733 | 35.5 |
| 55 to 59 years | 2,851,529 | 4.5 | Spouse | 11,661,687 | 18.5 |
| 60 to 64 years | 2,225,619 | 3.5 | Child | 19,178,218 | 30.3 |
| 65 to 74 years | 3,663,151 | 5.8 | Own child under 18 years | 15,037,150 | 23.8 |
| 75 to 84 years | 2,452,691 | 3.9 | Other relatives | 4,320,035 | 6.8 |
| 85 years and over | 806,287 | 1.3 | Under 18 years | 1,527,802 | 2.4 |
| Median age (years) | 33.8 | (X) | Nonrelatives | 4,110,893 | 6.5 |
| Unmarried partner | 1,329,557 | 2.1 | |||
| 18 years and over | 46,166,472 | 73.1 | In group quarters | 1,482,366 | 2.3 |
| Male | 22,804,041 | 36.1 | Institutionalized population | 736,262 | 1.2 |
| Female | 23,362,431 | 37.0 | Noninstitutionalized population | 746,104 | 1.2 |
| 21 years and over | 43,382,822 | 68.6 | |||
| 62 years and over | 8,202,618 | 13.0 | Household by type | ||
| 65 years and over | 6,922,129 | 11.0 | Total households | 22,444,733 | 100.0 |
| Male | 2,964,071 | 4.7 | Family households (families) | 15,311,714 | 68.2 |
| Female | 3,958,058 | 6.3 | With own children under 18 years | 7,759,087 | 34.6 |
| Married-couple family | 11,661,687 | 52.0 | |||
| Race | With own children under 18 years | 5,652,802 | 25.2 | ||
| One race | 60,469,648 | 95.7 | Female householder, no husband present | 2,576,277 | 11.5 |
| White | 43,274,074 | 68.5 | With own children under 18 years | 1,544,286 | 6.9 |
| Black or African American | 3,076,884 | 4.9 | Nonfamily households | 7,133,019 | 31.8 |
| American Indian and Alaska Native | 1,187,989 | 1.9 | Householder living alone | 5,436,513 | 24.2 |
| Asian | 5,003,611 | 7.9 | Householder 65 years and over | 1,760,101 | 7.8 |
| Asian Indian | 390,737 | 0.6 | |||
| Chinese | 1,186,226 | 1.9 | Households with individuals under 18 years | 8,539,077 | 38.0 |
| Filipino | 1,252,610 | 2.0 | Households with individuals 65 years and over | 4,900,382 | 21.8 |
| Japanese | 579,870 | 0.9 | Average household size | 2.75 | (X) |
| Korean | 474,090 | 0.8 | Average family size | 3.30 | (X) |
| Vietnamese | 564,424 | 0.9 | |||
| Other Asian1 | 555,654 | 0.9 | Housing occupancy | ||
| Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander | 304,246 | 0.5 | Total housing units | 24,378,020 | 100.0 |
| Native Hawaiian | 117,853 | 0.2 | Occupied housing units | 22,444,733 | 92.1 |
| Guamanian or Chamorro | 34,427 | 0.1 | Vacant housing units | 1,933,287 | 7.9 |
| Samoan | 73,306 | 0.1 | For seasonal, recreational, or | ||
| Other Pacific Islander2 | 78,660 | 0.1 | occasional use | 737,629 | 3.0 |
| Some other race | 7,622,844 | 12.1 | |||
| Two or more races | 2,728,284 | 4.3 | Homeowner vacancy rate (percent) | 1.7 | (X) |
| Rental vacancy rate (percent) | 5.4 | (X) | |||
| Race alone or in combination with one or more other races:3 | Housing tenure | ||||
| White | 45,522,199 | 72.0 | Occupied housing units | 22,444,733 | 100.0 |
| Black or African American | 3,495,625 | 5.5 | Owner-occupied housing units | 13,802,820 | 61.5 |
| American Indian and Alaska Native | 1,771,244 | 2.8 | Renter-occupied housing units | 8,641,913 | 38.5 |
| Asian | 5,870,499 | 9.3 | |||
| Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander | 637,196 | 1.0 | Average household size of owner-occupied units | 2.82 | (X) |
| Some other race | 8,893,349 | 14.1 | Average household size of renter-occupied units | 2.64 | (X) |
| -Represents zero or rounds to zero. (X) Not applicable. | |||||
| 1Other Asian alone, or two or more Asian categories. | |||||
| 2Other Pacific Islander alone, or two or more Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander categories. | |||||
| 3In combination with one or more of the other races listed. The six numbers may add to more than the total population and the six percentages may add to more than 100 percent because individuals may report more than one race. | |||||
| SOURCE: "Table DP-1. Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000, Geographic Area: West Region," in Profiles of General Demographic Characteristics 2000, U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, DC, May 2001 | |||||
during the 1990s, the Cuban population has generally remained concentrated in Florida, although large numbers also live in New Jersey, New York, and California.
In 1980 Castro's forces ousted 125,000 people from Cuba in what became known as the Mariel Boatlift, named after the town in Cuba from which they sailed. Because
TABLE 1.7
Profile of general demographic characteristics in the northeastern United States, 2000
| Subject | Number | Percent | Subject | Number | Percent |
| Total population | 53,594,378 | 100.0 | Hispanic or Latino and race | ||
| Total population | 53,594,378 | 100.0 | |||
| Sex and age | Hispanic or Latino (of any race) | 5,254,087 | 9.8 | ||
| Male | 25,897,327 | 48.3 | Mexican | 479,169 | 0.9 |
| Female | 27,697,051 | 51.7 | Puerto Rican | 2,074,574 | 3.9 |
| Cuban | 168,959 | 0.3 | |||
| Under 5 years | 3,395,914 | 6.3 | Other Hispanic or Latino | 2,531,385 | 4.7 |
| 5 to 9 years | 3,743,901 | 7.0 | Not Hispanic or Latino | 48,340,291 | 90.2 |
| 10 to 14 years | 3,761,967 | 7.0 | White alone | 39,327,262 | 73.4 |
| 15 to 19 years | 3,593,498 | 6.7 | |||
| 20 to 24 years | 3,310,411 | 6.2 | Relationship | ||
| 25 to 34 years | 7,417,849 | 13.8 | Total population | 53,594,378 | 100.0 |
| 35 to 44 years | 8,807,882 | 16.4 | In households | 51,926,613 | 96.9 |
| 45 to 54 years | 7,383,303 | 13.8 | Householder | 20,285,622 | 37.9 |
| 55 to 59 years | 2,676,017 | 5.0 | Spouse | 10,127,653 | 18.9 |
| 60 to 64 years | 2,131,354 | 4.0 | Child | 15,898,920 | 29.7 |
| 65 to 74 years | 3,768,272 | 7.0 | Own child under 18 years | 11,779,791 | 22.0 |
| 75 to 84 years | 2,665,551 | 5.0 | Other relatives | 2,911,203 | 5.4 |
| 85 years and over | 938,459 | 1.8 | Under 18 years | 965,446 | 1.8 |
| Median age (years) | 36.8 | (X) | Nonrelatives | 2,703,215 | 5.0 |
| Unmarried partner | 1,077,988 | 2.0 | |||
| 18 years and over | 40,546,595 | 75.7 | In group quarters | 1,667,765 | 3.1 |
| Male | 19,209,254 | 35.8 | Institutionalized population | 776,269 | 1.4 |
| Female | 21,337,341 | 39.8 | Noninstitutionalized population | 891,496 | 1.7 |
| 21 years and over | 38,389,981 | 71.6 | |||
| 62 years and over | 8,608,845 | 16.1 | Household by type | ||
| 65 years and over | 7,372,282 | 13.8 | Total households | 20,285,622 | 100.0 |
| Male | 2,952,387 | 5.5 | Family households (families) | 13,547,677 | 66.8 |
| Female | 4,419,895 | 8.2 | With own children under 18 years | 6,372,906 | 31.4 |
| Married-couple family | 10,127,653 | 49.9 | |||
| Race | With own children under 18 years | 4,576,777 | 22.6 | ||
| One race | 52,365,917 | 97.7 | Female householder, no husband present | 2,594,091 | 12.8 |
| White | 41,533,502 | 77.5 | With own children under 18 years | 1,428,982 | 7.0 |
| Black or African American | 6,099,881 | 11.4 | Nonfamily households | 6,737,945 | 33.2 |
| American Indian and Alaska Native | 162,558 | 0.3 | Householder living alone | 5,519,312 | 27.2 |
| Asian | 2,119,426 | 4.0 | Householder 65 years and over | 2,125,149 | 10.5 |
| Asian Indian | 554,302 | 1.0 | |||
| Chinese | 691,755 | 1.3 | Households with individuals under 18 years | 6,956,202 | 34.3 |
| Filipino | 202,100 | 0.4 | Households with individuals 65 years and over | 5,212,164 | 25.7 |
| Japanese | 76,350 | 0.1 | Average household size | 2.56 | (X) |
| Korean | 246,144 | 0.5 | Average family size | 3.14 | (X) |
| Vietnamese | 115,487 | 0.2 | |||
| Other Asian1 | 233,288 | 0.4 | Housing occupancy | ||
| Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander | 20,880 | – | Total housing units | 22,180,440 | 100.0 |
| Native Hawaiian | 4,493 | – | Occupied housing units | 20,285,622 | 91.5 |
| Guamanian or Chamorro | 4,595 | – | Vacant housing units | 1,894,818 | 8.5 |
| Samoan | 3,821 | – | For seasonal, recreational, or | ||
| Other Pacific Islander2 | 7,971 | – | occasional use | 823,429 | 3.7 |
| Some other race | 2,429,670 | 4.5 | |||
| Two or more races | 1,228,461 | 2.3 | Homeowner vacancy rate (percent) | 1.4 | (X) |
| Rental vacancy rate (percent) | 5.0 | (X) | |||
| Race alone or in combination with one or more other races:3 | Housing tenure | ||||
| White | 42,395,625 | 79.1 | Occupied housing units | 20,285,622 | 100.0 |
| Black or African American | 6,556,909 | 12.2 | Owner-occupied housing units | 12,651,302 | 62.4 |
| American Indian and Alaska Native | 374,035 | 0.7 | Renter-occupied housing units | 7,634,320 | 37.6 |
| Asian | 2,368,297 | 4.4 | |||
| Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander | 63,907 | 0.1 | Average household size of owner-occupied units | 2.71 | (X) |
| Some other race | 3,138,918 | 5.9 | Average household size of renter-occupied units | 2.30 | (X) |
| -Represents zero or rounds to zero. (X) Not applicable. | |||||
| 1Other Asian alone, or two or more Asian categories. | |||||
| 2Other Pacific Islander alone, or two or more Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander categories. | |||||
| 3In combination with one or more of the other races listed. The six numbers may add to more than the total population and the six percentages may add to more than 100 percent because individuals may report more than one race. | |||||
| SOURCE: "Table DP-1. Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000, Geographic Area: Northeast Region," in Profiles of General Demographic Characteristics 2000, U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, DC, May 2001 | |||||
most of these new immigrants were from less wealthy and less educated backgrounds than their predecessors, and some were actually criminals or people who were mentally ill, many had difficulty fitting into the existing Cuban communities in the United States. Also, unlike the Cubans who came before them, they had spent twenty years living under a communist government very different from the democratic government they encountered in the United States.
TABLE 1.8
Profile of general demographic characteristics in the southern United States, 2000
| Subject | Number | Percent | Subject | Number | Percent |
| Total population | 100,236,820 | 100.0 | Hispanic or Latino and race | ||
| Total population | 100,236,820 | 100.0 | |||
| Sex and age | Hispanic or Latino (of any race) | 11,586,696 | 11.6 | ||
| Male | 49,057,320 | 48.9 | Mexican | 6,548,081 | 6.5 |
| Female | 51,179,500 | 51.1 | Puerto Rican | 759,305 | 0.8 |
| Cuban | 921,427 | 0.9 | |||
| Under 5 years | 6,847,503 | 6.8 | Other Hispanic or Latino | 3,357,883 | 3.3 |
| 5 to 9 years | 7,213,897 | 7.2 | Not Hispanic or Latino | 88,650,124 | 88.4 |
| 10 to 14 years | 7,233,891 | 7.2 | White alone | 65,927,794 | 65.8 |
| 15 to 19 years | 7,217,184 | 7.2 | |||
| 20 to 24 years | 6,880,955 | 6.9 | Relationship | ||
| 25 to 34 years | 14,319,343 | 14.3 | Total population | 100,236,820 | 100.0 |
| 35 to 44 years | 15,947,301 | 15.9 | In households | 97,400,148 | 97.2 |
| 45 to 54 years | 13,295,731 | 13.3 | Householder | 38,015,214 | 37.9 |
| 55 to 59 years | 4,871,216 | 4.9 | Spouse | 19,740,328 | 19.7 |
| 60 to 64 years | 3,971,532 | 4.0 | Child | 29,065,944 | 29.0 |
| 65 to 74 years | 6,711,853 | 6.7 | Own child under 18 years | 22,499,811 | 22.4 |
| 75 to 84 years | 4,295,868 | 4.3 | Other relatives | 5,833,561 | 5.8 |
| 85 years and over | 1,430,546 | 1.4 | Under 18 years | 2,476,865 | 2.5 |
| Median age (years) | 35.3 | (X) | Nonrelatives | 4,745,101 | 4.7 |
| Unmarried partner | 1,809,254 | 1.8 | |||
| 18 years and over | 74,669,917 | 74.5 | In group quarters | 2,836,672 | 2.8 |
| Male | 35,958,852 | 35.9 | Institutionalized population | 1,604,097 | 1.6 |
| Female | 38,711,065 | 38.6 | Noninstitutionalized population | 1,232,575 | 1.2 |
| 21 years and over | 70,252,266 | 70.1 | |||
| 62 years and over | 14,748,176 | 14.7 | Household by type | ||
| 65 years and over | 12,438,267 | 12.4 | Total households | 38,015,214 | 100.0 |
| Male | 5,129,011 | 5.1 | Family households (families) | 26,257,626 | 69.1 |
| Female | 7,309,256 | 7.3 | With own children under 18 years | 12,436,531 | 32.7 |
| Married-couple family | 19,740,328 | 51.9 | |||
| Race | With own children under 18 years | 8,764,414 | 23.1 | ||
| One race | 98,389,805 | 98.2 | Female householder, no husband present | 4,971,496 | 13.1 |
| White | 72,819,399 | 72.6 | With own children under 18 years | 2,910,498 7.7 | |
| Black or African American | 18,981,692 | 18.9 | Nonfamily households | 11,757,588 | 30.9 |
| American Indian and Alaska Native | 725,919 | 0.7 | Householder living alone | 9,630,163 | 25.3 |
| Asian | 1,922,407 | 1.9 | Householder 65 years and over | 3,396,582 | 8.9 |
| Asian Indian | 440,714 | 0.4 | |||
| Chinese | 342,523 | 0.3 | Households with individuals under 18 years | 13,852,937 | 36.4 |
| Filipino | 244,547 | 0.2 | Households with individuals 65 years and over | 8,814,434 | 23.2 |
| Japanese | 77,468 | 0.1 | Average household size | 2.56 | (X) |
| Korean | 224,260 | 0.2 | Average family size | 3.08 | (X) |
| Vietnamese | 335,679 | 0.3 | |||
| Other Asian1 | 257,216 | 0.3 | Housing occupancy | ||
| Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander | 51,217 | 0.1 | Total housing units | 42,382,546 | 100.0 |
| Native Hawaiian | 12,494 | – | Occupied housing units | 38,015,214 | 89.7 |
| Guamanian or Chamorro | 14,631 | – | Vacant housing units | 4,367,332 | 10.3 |
| Samoan | 8,813 | – | For seasonal, recreational, or | ||
| Other Pacific Islander2 | 15,279 | – | occasional use | 1,302,807 | 3.1 |
| Some other race | 3,889,171 | 3.9 | |||
| Two or more races | 1,847,015 | 1.8 | Homeowner vacancy rate (percent) | 1.9 | (X) |
| Rental vacancy rate (percent) | 8.7 | (X) | |||
| Race alone or in combination with one or more other races:3 | Housing tenure | ||||
| White | 74,303,744 | 74.1 | Occupied housing units | 38,015,214 | 100.0 |
| Black or African American | 19,528,231 | 19.5 | Owner-occupied housing units | 25,987,886 | 68.4 |
| American Indian and Alaska Native | 1,259,230 | 1.3 | Renter-occupied housing units | 12,027,328 | 31.6 |
| Asian | 2,267,094 | 2.3 | |||
| Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander | 117,947 | 0.1 | Average household size of owner-occupied units | 2.63 | (X) |
| Some other race | 4,719,249 | 4.7 | Average household size of renter-occupied units | 2.41 | (X) |
| –Represents zero or rounds to zero. (X) Not applicable. | |||||
| 1Other Asian alone, or two or more Asian categories. | |||||
| 2Other Pacific Islander alone, or two or more Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander categories. | |||||
| 3In combination with one or more of the other races listed. The six numbers may add to more than the total population and the six percentages may add to more than 100 percent because individuals may report more than one race. | |||||
| SOURCE: "Table DP-1. Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000, Geographic Area: South Region," in Profiles of General Demographic Characteristics 2000, U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, DC, May 2001 | |||||
In 1993 and 1994 more than 29,000 Cubans tried to enter the United States after fleeing a severe economic crisis in their own country. Most attempted the trip by boats and rafts, but were intercepted by the U.S. Coast Guard and taken back to Cuba, where they were detained at the U.S. Air Force base at Guantanamo Bay. By January 1996 most detainees had been allowed to enter the United States, and the detention camps were closed.
TABLE 1.9
Profile of general demographic characteristics inside central cities in metropolitan ares, 2000
| Subject | Number | Percent | Subject | Number | Percent |
| Total population | 85,401,127 | 100.0 | Hispanic or Latino and race | ||
| Total population | 85,401,127 | 100.0 | |||
| Sex and age | Hispanic or Latino (of any race) | 16,459,217 | 19.3 | ||
| Male | 41,517,287 | 48.6 | Mexican | 9,407,070 | 11.0 |
| Female | 43,883,840 | 51.4 | Puerto Rican | 1,973,596 | 2.3 |
| Cuban | 339,443 | 0.4 | |||
| Under 5 years | 6,086,807 | 7.1 | Other Hispanic or Latino | 4,739,108 | 5.5 |
| 5 to 9 years | 6,191,412 | 7.2 | Not Hispanic or Latino | 68,941,910 | 80.7 |
| 10 to 14 years | 5,820,641 | 6.8 | White alone | 43,891,379 | 51.4 |
| 15 to 19 years | 6,229,626 | 7.3 | |||
| 20 to 24 years | 7,365,797 | 8.6 | Relationship | ||
| 25 to 34 years | 13,935,332 | 16.3 | Total population | 85,401,127 | 100.0 |
| 35 to 44 years | 13,021,399 | 15.2 | In households | 82,487,335 | 96.6 |
| 45 to 54 years | 10,441,623 | 12.2 | Householder | 32,753,918 | 38.4 |
| 55 to 59 years | 3,571,680 | 4.2 | Spouse | 13,232,903 | 15.5 |
| 60 to 64 years | 2,880,503 | 3.4 | Child | 24,394,149 | 28.6 |
| 65 to 74 years | 5,016,687 | 5.9 | Own child under 18 years | 18,487,304, | 21.6 |
| 75 to 84 years | 3,557,918 | 4.2 | Other relatives | 6,163,975 | 7.2 |
| 85 years and over | 1,281,702 | 1.5 | Under 18 years | 2,370,360 | 2.8 |
| Median age (years) | 32.7 | (X) | Nonrelatives | 5,942,390 | 7.0 |
| Unmarried partner | 1,956,841 | 2.3 | |||
| 18 years and over | 63,935,306 | 74.9 | In group quarters | 2,913,792 | 3.4 |
| Male | 30,552,343 | 35.8 | Institutionalized population | 1,122,911 | 1.3 |
| Female | 33,382,963 | 39.1 | Noninstitutionalized population | 1,790,881 | 2.1 |
| 21 years and over | 59,515,710 | 69.7 | |||
| 62 years and over | 11,523,613 | 13.5 | Household by type | ||
| 65 years and over | 9,856,307 | 11.5 | Total households | 32,753,918 | 100.0 |
| Male | 3,860,393 | 4.5 | Family households (families) | 19,887,988 | 60.7 |
| Female | 5,995,914 | 7.0 | With own children under 18 years | 9,842,765 | 30.1 |
| Married-couple family | 13,232,903 | 40.4 | |||
| Race | With own children under 18 years | 6,097,762 | 18.6 | ||
| One race | 82,596,807 | 96.7 | Female householder, no husband present | 5,133,109 | 15.7 |
| White | 51,220,698 | 60.0 | With own children under 18 years | 3,048,934 | 9.3 |
| Black or African American | 18,413,537 | 21.6 | Nonfamily households | 12,865,930 | 39.3 |
| American Indian and Alaska Native | 621,504 | 0.7 | Householder living alone | 10,146,021 | 31.0 |
| Asian | 4,565,739 | 5.3 | Householder 65 years and over | 3,046,325 | 9.3 |
| Asian Indian | 629,328 | 0.7 | |||
| Chinese | 1,200,007 | 1.4 | Households with individuals under 18 years | 11,082,094 | 33.8 |
| Filipino | 759,370 | 0.9 | Households with individuals 65 years and over | 7,136,657 | 21.8 |
| Japanese | 325,571 | 0.4 | Average household size | 2.52 | (X) |
| Korean | 425,384 | 0.5 | Average family size | 3.20 | (X) |
| Vietnamese | 553,336 | 0.6 | |||
| Other Asian1 | 672,743 | 0.8 | Housing occupancy | ||
| Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander | 138,381 | 0.2 | Total housing units | 35,414,873 | 100.0 |
| Native Hawaiian | 35,493 | – | Occupied housing units | 32,753,918 | 92.5 |
| Guamanian or Chamorro | 22,586 | – | Vacant housing units | 2,660,955 | 7.5 |
| Samoan | 36,899 | – | For seasonal, recreational, or | ||
| Other Pacific Islander2 | 43,403 | 0.1 | occasional use | 309,299 | 0.9 |
| Some other race | 7,636,948 | 8.9 | |||
| Two or more races | 2,804,320 | 3.3 | Homeowner vacancy rate (percent) | 1.9 | (X) |
| Rental vacancy rate (percent) | 6.5 | (X) | |||
| Race alone or in combination with one or more other races:3 | Housing tenure | ||||
| White | 53,337,923 | 62.5 | Occupied housing units | 32,753,918 | 100.0 |
| Black or African American | 19,261,202 | 22.6 | Owner-occupied housing units | 16,541,014 | 50.5 |
| American Indian and Alaska Native | 1,168,477 | 1.4 | Renter-occupied housing units | 16,212,904 | 49.5 |
| Asian | 5,202,866 | 6.1 | |||
| Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander | 296,810 | 0.3 | Average household size of owner-occupied units | 2.65 | (X) |
| Some other race | 9,136,620 | 10.7 | Average household size of renter-occupied units | 2.38 | (X) |
| –Represents zero or rounds to zero. (X) Not applicable. | |||||
| 1Other Asian alone, or two or more Asian categories. | |||||
| 2Other Pacific Islander alone, or two or more Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander categories. | |||||
| 3In combination with one or more of the other races listed. The six numbers may add to more than the total population and the six percentages may add to more than 100 percent because individuals may report more than one race. | |||||
| SOURCE: "Table DP-1. Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000, Geographic Area: United States, Inside Metropolitan Areas, Inside Central Cities," in Profiles of General Demographic Characteristics 2000, U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, DC, May 2001 | |||||
A case that highlighted the plight of Cuban immigrants was that of six-year-old Elian Gonzalez. In November 1999 Gonzalez, along with his mother, left Cuba for the United States in a boat with several other Cubans seeking refuge in the United States. The boat capsized and several passengers drowned, including Gonzalez's mother. The six-year-old was saved and taken to live with his mother's relatives in Miami, Florida. When his father,
TABLE 1.10
Profile of general demographic characteristics outside metropolitan areas, 2000
| Subject | Number | Percent | Subject | Number | Percent | |
| Total population | 55,440,227 | 100.0 | Hispanic or Latino and race Total population | 55,440,227 | 100.0 | |
| Sex and age | Hispanic or Latino (of any race) | 3,131,876 | 5.6 | |||
| Male | 27,477,604 | 49.6 | Mexican | 2,132,552 | 3.8 | |
| Female | 27,962,623 | 50.4 | Puerto Rican | 125,015 | 0.2 | |
| Cuban | 36,131 | 0.1 | ||||
| Under 5 years | 3,498,652 | 6.3 | Other Hispanic or Latino | 838,178 | 1.5 | |
| 5 to 9 years | 3,850,619 | 6.9 | Not Hispanic or Latino | 52,308,351 | 94.4 | |
| 10 to 14 years | 4,104,951 | 7.4 | White alone | 45,437,147 | 82.0 | |
| 15 to 19 years | 4,239,028 | 7.6 | ||||
| 20 to 24 years | 3,527,020 | 6.4 | Relationship | |||
| 25 to 34 years | 6,773,709 | 12.2 | Total population | 55,440,227 | 100.0 | |
| 35 to 44 years | 8,382,621 | 15.1 | In households | 53,404,450 | 96.3 | |
| 45 to 54 years | 7,531,671 | 13.6 | Householder | 21,175,216 | 38.2 | |
| 55 to 59 years | 2,907,616 | 5.2 | Spouse | 11,735,239 | 21.2 | |
| 60 to 64 years | 2,490,647 | 4.5 | Child | 15,883,595 | 28.6 | |
| 65 to 74 years | 4,282,547 | 7.7 | Own child under 18 years | 12,563,096 | 22.7 | |
| 75 to 84 years | 2,828,862 | 5.1 | Other relatives | 2,316,199 | 4.2 | |
| 85 years and over | 1,022,284 | 1.8 | Under 18 years | 1,066,135 | 1.9 | |
| Median age (years) | 37.2 | (X) | Nonrelatives | 2,294,201 | 4.1 | |
| Unmarried partner | 1,019,280 | 1.8 | ||||
| 18 years and over | 41,434,525 | 74.7 | In group quarters | 2,035,777 | 3.7 | |
| Male | 20,281,093 | 36.6 | Institutionalized population | 1,315,638 | 2.4 | |
| Female | 21,153,432 | 38.2 | Noninstitutionalized population | 720,139 | 1.3 | |
| 21 years and over | 38,945,868 | 70.2 | ||||
| 62 years and over | 9,595,364 | 17.3 | Household by type | |||
| 65 years and over | 8,133,693 | 14.7 | Total households | 21,175,216 | 100.0 | |
| Male | 3,427,381 | 6.2 | Family households (families) | 14,837,486 | 70.1 | |
| Female | 4,706,312 | 8.5 | With own children under 18 years | 6,755,517 | 31.9 | |
| Married-couple family | 11,735,239 | 55.4 | ||||
| Race | With own children under 18 years | 4,923,492 | 23.3 | |||
| One race | 54,604,665 | 98.5 | Female householder, no husband present | 2,265,103 | 10.7 | |
| White | 46,991,330 | 84.8 | With own children under 18 years | 1,363,232 | 6.4 | |
| Black or African American | 4,764,919 | 8.6 | Nonfamily households | 6,337,730 | 29.9 | |
| American Indian and Alaska Native | 1,054,824 | 1.9 | Householder living alone | 5,362,361 | 25.3 | |
| Asian | 416,888 | 0.8 | Householder 65 years and over | 2,346,001 | 11.1 | |
| Asian Indian | 53,218 | 0.1 | ||||
| Chinese | 56,714 | 0.1 | Households with individuals under 18 years | 7,417,411 | 35.0 | |
| Filipino | 101,229 | 0.2 | Households with individuals 65 years and over | 5,659,960 | 26.7 | |
| Japanese | 71,789 | 0.1 | Average household size | 2.52 | (X) | |
| Korean | 42,029 | 0.1 | Average family size | 3.02 | (X) | |
| Vietnamese | 28,266 | 0.1 | ||||
| Other Asian1 | 63,643 | 0.1 | Housing occupancy | |||
| Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander | 59,820 | 0.1 | Total housing units | 25,091,681 | 100.0 | |
| Native Hawaiian | 37,782 | 0.1 | Occupied housing units | 21,175,216 | 84.4 | |
| Guamanian or Chamorro | 5,856 | – | Vacant housing units | 3,916,465 | 15.6 | |
| Samoan | 5,620 | – | For seasonal, recreational, or | |||
| Other Pacific Islander2 | 10,562 | – | occasional use | 1,937,838 | 7.7 | |
| Some other race | 1,316,884 | 2.4 | ||||
| Two or more races | 835,562 | 1.5 | Homeowner vacancy rate (percent) | 2.1 | (X) | |
| Rental vacancy rate (percent) | 9.3 | (X) | ||||
| Race alone or in combination with one or more other races:3 | Housing tenure | |||||
| White | 47,724,236 | 86.1 | Occupied housing units | 21,175,216 | 100.0 | |
| Black or African American | 4,922,900 | 8.9 | Owner-occupied housing units | 15,655,003 | 73.9 | |
| American Indian and Alaska Native | 1,420,577 | 2.6 | Renter-occupied housing units | 5,520,213 | 26.1 | |
| Asian | 585,781 | 1.1 | ||||
| Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander | 145,791 | 0.3 | Average household size of owner-occupied units | 2.57 | (X) | |
| Some other race | 1,552,445 | 2.8 | Average household size of renter-occupied units | 2.38 | (X) | |
| –Represents zero or rounds to zero. (X) Not applicable. | ||||||
| 1Other Asian alone, or two or more Asian categories. | ||||||
| 2Other Pacific Islander alone, or two or more Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander categories. | ||||||
| 3In combination with one or more of the other races listed. The six numbers may add to more than the total population and the six percentages may add to more than 100 percent because individuals may report more than one race. | ||||||
| SOURCE: "Table DP-1. Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000, Geographic Area: United States, Outside Metropolitan Areas," in Profiles of General Demographic Characteristics 2000, U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, DC, May 2001 | ||||||
who still lived in Cuba, demanded that Gonzalez be returned to him, it touched off a custody war between the father and the Florida relatives that quickly escalated and captured the attention of the media and the nation. The INS ruled that Gonzalez was to be returned to Cuba to his father, a decision that was ultimately upheld despite several legal challenges. However, many Cuban Americans pointed to the hardships under the communist rule of Castro as grounds for allowing Gonzalez to stay in the United States. Others asserted that regardless of the political situation in Cuba, the United States had no right to keep young Elian from his father, who wanted to remain in Cuba.
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