Demography - Native Americans

Most experts agree that the people known as Native Americans and Alaska Natives arrived in North America from northeast Asia at least 30,000 years ago during the last of the Ice Age glaciations (coverings of large areas of Earth with ice). At that time, the two continents were connected by a land bridge over what is currently the Bering Strait. Recent studies indicate that they may have actually come over many tens of thousands of years earlier.

Migrants, who settled on the northern coast of Alaska and the Yukon River Valley, which were free of ice barriers, became known as Eskimos and Aleuts. Those who ventured farther south followed the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains and continued along the mountainous spine of North America into Central and South America. There, they moved east throughout the central plains and eastern highlands of both continents and were later erroneously named Indians by exploring Spaniards. The misnomer is attributed to Christopher Columbus (1451–1506), who, upon landing in the Bahamas in 1492, thought he had reached the islands off the eastern region of Asia, called the Indies. He therefore greeted the inhabitants as "Indians." Today, many descendants of the original settlers prefer to be called Native Americans.

FIGURE 1.5
Percent distribution of the Asian population by region, 2000

FIGURE 1.7
Percent distribution of the American Indian and Alaska Native population by region, 2000

Native Americans have always been associated with having a close relationship with the earth. Some have been farmers, while others have specialized in hunting and fishing. The arrival of white men from Europe eventually changed the life Native Americans had known for thousands of years. Devastating wars, disease, the annihilation of the buffalo, and the loss of land fit for cultivation led to the elimination of much of their race.

According to Census 2000, the Native American and Alaska Native population made up less than 1 percent of the U.S. population, with 2.5 million people. An additional 1.6 million people, however, indicated on Census 2000 that they were Native American or Alaska Native in combination with one or more other races. (See Table 1.1.)

Counting the number of Americans who claimed to be Native American alone, the population increased by FIGURE 1.6
Percent distribution of the Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander population by region, 2000 516,722, or 26 percent since 1990. However, counting the number of Americans who claimed to be Native American alone or in conjunction with another race, an increase of 2.2 million, or 110 percent, was recorded between 1990 and 2000, according to the Census Bureau's report Native Population 2000. Using the Native American alone numbers, population projections by the Census Bureau showed the Native American population growing to 1.1 percent of the nation's population by the year 2050 and remaining at that level through at least 2070. (See Table 1.3.)

Geographic Distribution

Native Americans and Alaska Natives were most likely to live in the West (1.2 million). (See Table 1.6.) Approximately 48 percent of the Native American and Alaska Native alone population lived in the West, while 43 percent of the Native American and Alaska Native alone or in combination population lived in the West. (See Figure 1.7.)

Many Native Americans live on, or near, reservations, and are members of groupings called "tribes." According to Census 2000, the largest tribal groupings were the Cherokee, followed by the Navajo and the Latin American Indians. (See Figure 1.8.) Many Alaska Natives are also members of such groups. The largest tribal groupings of Alaska Natives according to Census 2000 were Eskimos, followed by Tlingit-Haida, Alaska Athabascan, and Aleut. (See Figure 1.9.)

Median Age and Birth Rate

According to Census 2000, the Native American/Alaska Native population had a median age of twenty-eight years, 7.3 years younger than the U.S. median age of 35.3. (See Table 1.5.) In 2000 the fertility rate of Native Americans and Alaska Natives was highest for women between the ages of twenty and twenty-four years of age, at 135.6 live births per 1,000 women in that age group. (See Table 1.17.)

TABLE 1.14
Ten largest places in total population and in Asian population, 2000

	Total population		Asian alone		Asian alone or in combination		Percent of total population
Place	Rank	Number	Rank	Number	Rank	Number	Asian alone	Asian alone or in combination
New York, NY	1	8,008,278	1	787,047	1	872,777	9.8	10.9
Los Angeles, CA	2	3,694,820	2	369,254	2	407,444	10.0	11.0
Chicago, IL	3	2,896,016	7	125,974	7	140,517	4.3	4.9
Houston, TX	4	1,953,631	8	103,694	8	114,140	5.3	5.8
Philadelphia, PA	5	1,517,550	11	67,654	12	74,435	4.5	4.9
Phoenix, AZ	6	1,321,045	34	26,449	30	33,194	2.0	2.5
San Diego, CA	7	1,223,400	6	166,968	6	189,413	13.6	15.5
Dallas, TX	8	1,188,580	27	32,118	27	36,665	2.7	3.1
San Antonio, TX	9	1,144,646	48	17,934	42	24,046	1.6	2.1
Detroit, MI	10	951,270	94	9,268	84	12,361	1.0	1.3
San Jose, CA	11	894,943	3	240,375	3	257,571	26.9	28.8
San Francisco, CA	13	776,733	4	239,565	4	253,477	30.8	32.6
Seattle, WA	24	563,374	10	73,910	9	84,649	13.1	15.0
Honolulu, HI*	46	371,657	5	207,588	5	251,686	55.9	67.7
Fremont, CA	85	203,413	9	75,165	10	80,979	37.0	39.8
* Honolulu, HI, is a census designated place and is not legally incorporated.
SOURCE: Jessica S. Barnes and Claudette E. Bennett, "Table 3. Ten Largest Places in Total Population and in Asian Population: 2000," in The Asian Population: 2000, U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, DC, 2000

TABLE 1.15
Ten largest places in total population and in Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander population, 2000

	Total population		Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone		Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone in combination		Percent of total population
Place	Rank	Number	Rank	Number	Rank	Number	Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone	Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone in combination
New York, NY	1	8,008,278	5	5,430	2	19,203	0.1	0.2
Los Angeles, CA	2	3,694,820	2	5,915	3	13,144	0.2	0.4
Chicago, IL	3	2,896,016	19	1,788	11	4,615	0.1	0.2
Houston, TX	4	1,953,631	23	1,182	21	2,877	0.1	0.1
Philadelphia, PA	5	1,517,550	41	729	23	2,359	-	0.2
Phoenix, AZ	6	1,321,045	20	1,766	17	3,470	0.1	0.3
San Diego, CA	7	1,223,400	3	5,853	4	10,613	0.5	0.9
Dallas, TX	8	1,188,580	51	590	44	1,461	-	0.1
San Antonio, TX	9	1,144,646	27	1,067	28	2,065	0.1	0.2
Detroit, MI	10	951,270	102	251	71	827	-	0.1
San Jose, CA	11	894,943	8	3,584	6	7,091	0.4	0.8
San Francisco, CA	13	776,733	7	3,844	8	6,273	0.5	0.8
Seattle, WA	24	563,374	11	2,804	9	4,977	0.5	0.9
Long Beach, CA	34	461,522	4	5,605	5	7,863	1.2	1.7
Sacramento, CA	40	407,018	6	3,861	7	6,833	0.9	1.7
Honolulu, HI*	46	371,657	1	25,457	1	58,130	6.8	15.6
Salt Lake City, UT	113	181,743	9	3,437	13	4,205	1.9	2.3
Hayward, CA	154	140,030	12	2,679	10	4,709	1.9	3.4
West Valley City, UT	213	108,896	10	3,157	14	3,798	2.9	3.5
-Percentage rounds to 0.0.
* Honolulu, HI is a census designated place and is not legally incorporated.
SOURCE: Elizabeth M. Grieco, "Table 3. Ten Largest Places in Total Population and in Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Population: 2000," in The Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Population: 2000, U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, DC, 2000

TABLE 1.16
Profile of general demographic characteristics inside metropolitan areas, 2000

Subject	Number	Percent	Subject	Number	Percent
Total population	225,981,679	100.0	Hispanic or Latino and race Total population	225,981,679	100.0
Sex and age			Hispanic or Latino (of any race)	32,173,942	14.2
Male	110,575,959	48.9	Mexican	18,508,159	8.2
Female	115,405,720	51.1	Puerto Rican	3,281,163	1.5
			Cuban	1,205,554	0.5
Under 5 years	15,677,146	6.9	Other Hispanic or Latino	9,179,066	4.1
5 to 9 years	16,698,886	7.4	Not Hispanic or Latino	193,807,737	85.8
10 to 14 years	16,423,121	7.3	White alone	149,115,627	66.0
15 to 19 years	15,980,862	7.1
20 to 24 years	15,436,981	6.8	Relationship
25 to 34 years	33,118,015	14.7	Total population 225,981,679	100.0
35 to 44 years	36,765,906	16.3	In households	220,238,823	97.5
45 to 54 years	30,146,281	13.3	Householder	84,304,885	37.3
55 to 59 years	10,561,621	4.7	Spouse	42,757,993	18.9
60 to 64 years	8,314,800	3.7	Child	67,509,797	29.9
65 to 74 years	14,108,439	6.2	Own child under 18 years	51,931,541	23.0
75 to 84 years	9,532,318	4.2	Other relatives	13,368,119	5.9
85 years and over	3,217,303	1.4	Under 18 years	4,976,300	2.2
Median age (years)	34.9	(X)	Nonrelatives	12,298,029	5.4
			Unmarried partner	4,456,488	2.0
18 years and over	167,693,569	74.2	In group quarters	5,742,856	2.5
Male	80,713,274	35.7	Institutionalized population	2,743,401	1.2
Female	86,980,295	38.5	Noninstitutionalized population	2,999,455	1.3
21 years and over	157,953,325	69.9
62 years and over	31,660,665	14.0	Household by type
65 years and over	26,858,060	11.9	Total households	84,304,885	100.0
Male	10,982,244	4.9	Family households (families)	56,949,861	67.6
Female	15,875,816	7.0	With own children under 18 years	27,832,851	33.0
			Married-couple family	42,757,993	50.7
Race			With own children under 18 years	19,912,013	23.6
One race	219,991,013	97.3	Female householder, no husband present	10,635,000	12.6
White	164,469,296	72.8	With own children under 18 years	6,198,642	7.4
Black or African American	29,893,271	13.2	Nonfamily households	27,355,024	32.4
American Indian and Alaska Native	1,421,132	0.6	Householder living alone	21,867,714	25.9
Asian	9,826,110	4.3	Householder 65 years and over	7,376,856	8.8
Asian Indian	1,625,547	0.7
Chinese	2,375,871	1.1	Households with individuals under 18 years	30,604,704	36.3
Filipino	1,749,085	0.8	Households with individuals 65 years and over	19,012,748	22.6
Japanese	724,911	0.3	Average household size	2.61	(X)
Korean	1,034,843	0.5	Average family size	3.17	(X)
Vietnamese	1,094,262	0.5
Other Asian1	1,221,591	0.5	Housing occupancy
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander	339,015	0.2	Total housing units	90,812,960	100.0
Native Hawaiian	102,870	–	Occupied housing units	84,304,885	92.8
Guamanian or Chamorro	52,384	–	Vacant housing units	6,508,075	7.2
Samoan	85,409	–	For seasonal, recreational, or
Other Pacific Islander2	98,352	–	occasional use	1,640,880	1.8
Some other race	14,042,189	6.2
Two or more races	5,990,666	2.7	Homeowner vacancy rate (percent)	1.6	(X)
			Rental vacancy rate (percent)	6.4	(X)
Race alone or in combination with one
or more other races:3			Housing tenure
White	169,206,739	74.9	Occupied housing units	84,304,885	100.0
Black or African American	31,496,534	13.9	Owner-occupied housing units	54,160,750	64.2
American Indian and Alaska Native	2,698,724	1.2	Renter-occupied housing units	30,144,135	35.8
Asian	11,313,047	5.0
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander	728,623	0.3	Average household size of owner-occupied units	2.73	(X)
Some other race	16,969,041	7.5	Average household size of renter-occupied units	2.41	(X)
–Represents zero or rounds to zero. (X) Not applicable.
1Other Asian alone, or two or more Asian categories.
2Other Pacific Islander alone, or two or more Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander categories.
3In combination with one or more of the other races listed. The six numbers may add to more than the total population and the six percentages may add to more than 100 percent because individuals may report more than one race.
SOURCE: "Table DP-1. Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000, Geographic Area: United States, Inside Metropolitan Areas," in Profiles of General Demographic Characteristics 2000, U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, DC, May 2001

TABLE 1.17
Total fertility rates and birth rates by age of mother, 1970–2000, and by age and race of mother, 1980–2000
[Total fertility rates are sums of birth rates for 5-year age groups multiplied by 5. Birth rates are live births per 1,000 women in specified group. Population enumerated as of April 1for 1970, 1980, and 1990, and estimated as of July 1 for all other years.]

		Age of mother
			15-19 years
Year and race	Total fertility rate	10-14 years	Total	15-17 years	18-19 years	20-24 years	25-29 years	30-34 years	35-39 years	40-44 years	45-49 years1
All races2
2000	2,130.0	0.9	48.5	27.4	79.2	112.3	121.4	94.1	40.4	7.9	0.5
1999	2,075.0	0.9	49.6	28.7	80.3	111.0	117.8	89.6	38.3	7.4	0.4
1998	2,058.5	1.0	51.1	30.4	82.0	111.2	115.9	87.4	37.4	7.3	0.4
1997	2,032.5	1.1	52.3	32.1	83.6	110.4	113.8	85.3	36.1	7.1	0.4
1996	2,027.0	1.2	54.4	33.8	86.0	110.4	113.1	83.9	35.3	6.8	0.3
1995	2,019.0	1.3	56.8	36.0	89.1	109.8	112.2	82.5	34.3	6.6	0.3
1994	2,036.0	1.4	58.9	37.6	91.5	111.1	113.9	81.5	33.7	6.4	0.3
1993	2,046.0	1.4	59.6	37.8	92.1	112.6	115.5	80.8	32.9	6.1	0.3
1992	2,065.0	1.4	60.7	37.8	94.5	114.6	117.4	80.2	32.5	5.9	0.3
1991	2,073.0	1.4	62.1	38.7	94.4	115.7	118.2	79.5	32.0	5.5	0.2
1990	2,081.0	1.4	59.9	37.5	88.6	116.5	120.2	80.8	31.7	5.5	0.2
1989	2,014.0	1.4	57.3	36.4	84.2	113.8	117.6	77.4	29.9	5.2	0.2
1988	1,934.0	1.3	53.0	33.6	79.9	110.2	114.4	74.8	28.1	4.8	0.2
1987	1,872.0	1.3	50.6	31.7	78.5	107.9	111.6	72.1	26.3	4.4	0.2
1986	1,837.5	1.3	50.2	30.5	79.6	107.4	109.8	70.1	24.4	4.1	0.2
1985	1,844.0	1.2	51.0	31.0	79.6	108.3	111.0	69.1	24.0	4.0	0.2
19843	1,806.5	1.2	50.6	31.0	77.4	106.8	108.7	67.0	22.9	3.9	0.2
19833	1,799.0	1.1	51.4	31.8	77.4	107.8	108.5	64.9	22.0	3.9	0.2
19823	1,827.5	1.1	52.4	32.3	79.4	111.6	111.0	64.1	21.2	3.9	0.2
19813	1,812.0	1.1	52.2	32.0	80.0	112.2	111.5	61.4	20.0	3.8	0.2
19803	1,839.5	1.1	53.0	32.5	82.1	115.1	112.9	61.9	19.8	3.9	0.2
19793	1,808.0	1.2	52.3	32.3	81.3	112.8	111.4	60.3	19.5	3.9	0.2
19783	1,760.0	1.2	51.5	32.2	79.8	109.9	108.5	57.8	19.0	3.9	0.2
19773	1,789.5	1.2	52.8	33.9	80.9	112.9	111.0	56.4	19.2	4.2	0.2
19763	1,738.0	1.2	52.8	34.1	80.5	110.3	106.2	53.6	19.0	4.3	0.2
19753	1,774.0	1.3	55.6	36.1	85.0	113.0	108.2	52.3	19.5	4.6	0.3
19743	1,835.0	1.2	57.5	37.3	88.7	117.7	111.5	53.8	20.2	4.8	0.3
19733	1,879.0	1.2	59.3	38.5	91.2	119.7	112.2	55.6	22.1	5.4	0.3
19723	2,010.0	1.2	61.7	39.0	96.9	130.2	117.7	59.8	24.8	6.2	0.4
19714	2,266.5	1.1	64.5	38.2	105.3	150.1	134.1	67.3	28.7	7.1	0.4
19704	2,480.0	1.2	68.3	38.8	114.7	167.8	145.1	73.3	31.7	8.1	0.5
White
2000	2,113.5	0.6	43.6	23.6	72.7	107.9	124.3	97.4	40.7	7.8	0.4
1999	2,065.0	0.6	44.6	24.8	73.5	107.0	121.1	93.2	38.8	7.3	0.4
1998	2,041.0	0.6	45.4	25.9	74.6	107.2	119.1	90.5	37.8	7.2	0.4
1997	2,009.0	0.7	46.3	27.1	75.9	106.7	116.6	87.8	36.4	6.9	0.4
1996	2,005.5	0.8	48.1	28.4	78.4	107.2	116.1	86.3	35.6	6.7	0.3
1995	1,989.0	0.8	50.1	30.0	81.2	106.3	114.8	84.6	34.5	6.4	0.3
1994	1,985.0	0.8	51.1	30.7	82.1	106.2	115.5	83.2	33.7	6.2	0.3
1993	1,982.0	0.8	51.1	30.3	82.1	106.9	116.6	82.1	32.7	5.9	0.3
1992	1,993.5	0.8	51.8	30.1	83.8	108.2	118.4	81.4	32.2	5.7	0.2
1991	1,995.5	0.8	52.8	30.7	83.5	109.0	118.8	80.5	31.8	5.2	0.2
1990	2,003.0	0.7	50.8	29.5	78.0	109.8	120.7	81.7	31.5	5.2	0.2
1989	1,931.0	0.7	47.9	28.1	72.9	106.9	117.8	78.1	29.7	4.9	0.2
1988	1,856.5	0.6	44.4	26.0	69.6	103.7	114.8	75.4	27.7	4.5	0.2
1987	1,804.5	0.6	42.5	24.6	68.9	102.3	112.3	73.0	25.9	4.1	0.2
1986	1,776.0	0.6	42.3	23.8	70.1	102.7	110.8	70.9	23.9	3.8	0.2
1985	1,787.0	0.6	43.3	24.4	70.4	104.1	112.3	69.9	23.3	3.7	0.2
19843	1,748.5	0.6	42.9	24.3	68.4	102.7	109.8	67.7	22.2	3.6	0.2
19833	1,740.5	0.6	43.9	25.0	68.8	103.8	109.4	65.3	21.3	3.6	0.2
19823	1,767.0	0.6	45.0	25.5	70.8	107.7	111.9	64.0	20.4	3.6	0.2
19813	1,748.0	0.5	44.9	25.4	71.5	108.3	112.3	61.0	19.0	3.4	0.2
19803	1,773.0	0.6	45.4	25.5	73.2	111.1	113.8	61.2	18.8	3.5	0.2
Black
2000	2,193.0	2.4	79.4	50.4	121.3	144.2	105.3	67.5	32.2	7.2	0.4
1999	2,146.5	2.6	81.0	52.0	122.8	141.7	101.9	64.5	30.8	6.5	0.3
1998	2,171.0	2.9	85.4	56.8	126.9	141.9	101.8	64.7	30.5	6.7	0.3
1997	2,154.0	3.3	88.2	60.8	130.1	139.0	99.5	64.3	29.7	6.5	0.3
1996	2,144.0	3.6	91.4	64.7	132.5	136.8	98.2	63.3	29.1	6.1	0.3
1995	2,175.0	4.2	96.1	69.7	137.1	137.1	98.6	64.0	28.7	6.0	0.3
1994	2,300.0	4.6	104.5	76.3	148.3	146.0	104.0	65.8	28.9	5.9	0.3
1993	2,384.5	4.6	108.6	79.8	151.9	152.6	108.4	67.3	29.2	5.9	0.3
1992	2,442.0	4.7	112.4	81.3	157.9	158.0	111.2	67.5	28.8	5.6	0.2
1991	2,480.0	4.8	115.5	84.1	158.6	160.9	113.1	67.7	28.3	5.5	0.2
1990	2,480.0	4.9	112.8	82.3	152.9	160.2	115.5	68.7	28.1	5.5	0.3
1989	2,432.5	5.1	111.5	81.9	151.9	156.8	114.4	66.3	26.7	5.4	0.3

TABLE 1.17
Total fertility rates and birth rates by age of mother, 1970–2000, and by age and race of mother, 1980–2000
[Total fertility rates are sums of birth rates for 5-year age groups multiplied by 5. Birth rates are live births per 1,000 women in specified group. Population enumerated as of April 1 for 1970, 1980, and 1990, and estimated as of July 1 for all other years.]

		Age of mother
			15-19 years
Year and race	Total fertility rate	10-14 years	Total	15-17 years	18-19 years	20-24 years	25-29 years	30-34 years	35-39 years	40-44 years	45-49 years1
Black (cont'd)
1988	2,298.0	4.9	102.7	75.7	142.7	149.7	108.2	63.1	25.6	5.1	0.3
1987	2,198.0	4.8	97.6	72.1	135.8	142.7	104.3	60.6	24.6	4.8	0.2
1986	2,135.5	4.7	95.8	69.3	135.1	137.3	101.1	59.3	23.8	4.8	0.3
1985	2,109.0	4.5	95.4	69.3	132.4	135.0	100.2	57.9	23.9	4.6	0.3
19843	2,070.5	4.4	94.1	69.2	128.1	132.2	98.4	56.7	23.3	4.8	0.2
19833	2,066.0	4.1	93.9	69.6	127.1	131.9	98.4	56.2	23.3	5.1	0.3
19823	2,106.5	4.0	94.3	69.7	128.9	135.4	101.3	57.5	23.3	5.1	0.4
19813	2,117.5	4.0	94.5	69.3	131.0	136.5	102.3	57.4	23.1	5.4	0.3
19803	2,176.5	4.3	97.8	72.5	135.1	140.0	103.9	59.9	23.5	5.6	0.3
American Indian5
2000	2,100.5	1.3	67.8	39.6	113.1	135.6	106.9	68.3	32.5	7.3	0.4
1999	2,056.5	1.6	67.8	41.4	110.6	137.1	102.4	64.3	30.7	7.1	0.3
1998	2,090.5	1.6	72.1	44.4	118.4	139.3	102.2	66.3	30.2	6.4	*
1997	2,047.5	1.7	71.8	45.3	117.6	134.9	100.8	64.2	29.3	6.4	0.4
1996	2,030.0	1.7	73.9	46.4	122.3	133.9	98.5	63.2	28.5	6.3	*
1995	2,033.5	1.8	78.0	47.8	130.7	132.5	98.4	62.2	27.7	6.1	*
1994	2,080.0	1.9	80.8	51.3	130.3	134.2	104.1	61.2	27.5	5.9	0.4
1993	2,141.0	1.4	83.1	53.7	130.7	139.8	107.6	62.8	27.6	5.9	*
1992	2,190.0	1.6	84.4	53.8	132.6	145.5	109.4	63.0	28.0	6.1	*
1991	2,169.0	1.6	85.0	52.7	134.3	144.9	106.9	61.9	27.2	5.9	0.4
1990	2,183.0	1.6	81.1	48.5	129.3	148.7	110.3	61.5	27.5	5.9	*
1989	2,247.0	1.5	82.7	51.6	128.9	152.4	114.2	64.8	27.4	6.4	*
1988	2,153.5	1.7	77.5	49.7	121.1	145.2	110.9	64.5	25.6	5.3	*
1987	2,099.0	1.7	77.2	48.8	122.2	140.0	107.9	63.0	24.4	5.6	*
1986	2,082.0	1.8	78.1	48.7	125.3	138.8	107.9	60.7	23.8	5.3	*
1985	2,128.0	1.7	79.2	47.7	124.1	139.1	109.6	62.6	27.4	6.0	*
19843	2,136.0	1.7	81.5	50.7	124.7	142.4	109.2	60.5	26.3	5.6	*
19833	2,180.5	1.9	84.2	55.2	121.4	145.5	113.7	58.9	25.5	6.4	*
19823	2,213.0	1.4	83.5	52.6	127.6	148.1	115.8	60.9	26.9	6.0	*
19813	2,090.0	2.1	78.4	49.7	121.5	141.2	105.6	58.9	25.2	6.6	*
19803	2,162.5	1.9	82.2	51.5	129.5	143.7	106.6	61.8	28.1	8.2	*
Asian or Pacific Islander
2000	2,072.5	0.3	21.6	11.5	37.0	72.0	125.8	120.8	60.4	12.7	0.9
1999	1,927.0	0.3	22.3	12.3	38.0	70.0	116.4	109.3	54.6	11.6	0.9
1998	1,867.5	0.4	23.1	13.8	38.3	68.8	110.4	105.1	52.8	12.0	0.9
1997	1,925.5	0.5	23.7	14.3	39.3	70.5	113.2	110.3	54.1	11.9	0.9
1996	1,907.5	0.6	24.6	14.9	40.4	70.7	111.2	109.2	52.2	12.2	0.8
1995	1,924.0	0.7	26.1	15.4	43.4	72.4	113.4	106.9	52.4	12.1	0.8
1994	1,943.0	0.7	27.1	16.1	44.1	73.1	118.6	105.2	51.3	11.6	1.0
1993	1,935.5	0.6	27.0	16.0	43.3	73.3	119.9	103.9	50.2	11.3	0.9
1992	1,942.0	0.7	26.6	15.2	43.1	74.6	121.0	103.0	50.6	11.0	0.9
1991	1,956.0	0.8	27.4	16.1	43.1	75.2	123.2	103.3	49.0	11.2	1.1
1990	2,002.5	0.7	26.4	16.0	40.2	79.2	126.3	106.5	49.6	10.7	1.1
1989	1,947.5	0.6	25.6	15.0	40.4	78.8	124.0	102.3	47.0	10.2	1.0
1988	1,983.5	0.6	24.2	13.6	39.6	80.7	128.0	104.4	47.5	10.3	1.0
1987	1,886.0	0.6	22.4	12.6	37.0	79.7	122.7	97.0	44.2	9.5	1.1
1986	1,836.0	0.5	22.8	12.1	38.8	79.2	119.9	92.6	41.9	9.3	1.0
1985	1,885.0	0.4	23.8	12.5	40.8	83.6	123.0	93.6	42.7	8.7	1.2
19843	1,892.0	0.5	24.2	12.6	40.7	86.7	124.3	92.4	40.6	8.7	1.0
19833	1,943.5	0.5	26.1	12.9	44.5	94.0	126.2	93.3	39.4	8.2	1.0
19823	2,015.5	0.4	29.4	14.0	50.8	98.9	130.9	94.4	39.2	8.8	1.1
19813	1,976.0	0.3	28.5	13.4	49.5	96.4	129.1	93.4	38.0	8.6	0.9
19803	1,953.5	0.3	26.2	12.0	46.2	93.3	127.4	96.0	38.3	8.5	0.7
*Figure does not meet standards of reliability or precision; based on fewer than 20 births in numerator.
1Beginning 1997, rates computed by relating births to women aged 45-54 years to women aged 45-49 years.
2For 1970-91 includes births to races not shown separately.
3Based on 100 percent of births in selected states and on a 50-percent sample of births in all other states.
4Based on a 50-percent sample of births.
5Includes births to Aleuts and Eskimos.
Notes: Race and Hispanic origin are reported separately on birth certificates. In this table all women (including Hispanic women) are classified only according to their race. Rates for some population groups, particularly Hispanic and Asian or Pacific Islander, may be overstated for more recent years.
SOURCE: Joyce A. Martin, Brady E. Hamilton, Stephanie J. Ventura, Fay Menacker, and Melissa M. Park, "Table 4. Total Fertility Rates and Birth Rates by Age, of Mother: United States, 1970–2000, and by Age and Race of Mother: United States, 1980-2000," in "Births: Final Data for 2000," National Vital Statistics Reports, vol. 50, no. 5, February 12, 2002

FIGURE 1.8
Ten largest American Indian tribal groupings, 2000

FIGURE 1.9
Largest Alaska Native tribal groupings, 2000