See also Income
Welfare reform
AFDC and TANF expenditures compared, 93t, 94t
at-risk groups, 153-155
caseload, 9, 10t
characteristics of recipients remaining on rolls, 146
child care, 142-143
children in poverty, 153
criticisms, 91, 154-155
legislation, 6
maintenance-of-effort levels, 94, 95t
marriage promotion, 145
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (1996), 9, 10-13
recipients' opinions of, 146
savings, 151-152
state programs, 3-4
support services, 152-153
Survey of Income and Program Participation (Census Bureau), 87, 89
welfare-to-work programs, 127
work incentives, 150-151
work participation, 146-147, 150-151
Welfare-to-work programs
evaluation of, 142
history of, 127-131
job finding and creation, 132, 142
poverty status, 145-146
support services, 142-143
TANF work requirements, 131-132
welfare reform, 127
What Welfare Recipients and the Fathers of Their Children Are Saying about Welfare Reform (Burton et al.), 146
White Americans
AFDC/TANF recipients, 102t
earnings, 70t
Head Start enrollment, 123t
household income, 71t-74t
households and family structure, 57t
hunger prevalence, 35f, 36t
labor force participants and poverty status, 75t
Medicaid, children covered by, 120(f8.4)
participation rates for means-tested programs, 88t
poverty rates, 18, 20t-23t
WIA (Workforce Investment Act), 129, 131, 132t
WIC (Women, Infants, and Children) program, 114-116, 118t
Widows, 92
WIN (Work Incentive) program, 128
Women
birth rates for unmarried women, 105f
earnings, 69, 70t
single-parent families, 56
welfare recipients, 79, 86
Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program, 114-116, 118t
working poor, 69
Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program, 114-116, 118t
Work Incentive (WIN) program, 128 "Work Opportunities for People Leaving
Welfare" (Nightingale), 154
Work requirements. See Welfare-to-work
Workfare. See Welfare-to-work programs
Workforce Investment Act (WIA), 129, 131, 132t
Working poor, 30(f3.3), 69-71, 75t, 77t, 117
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