Volume 17 [MOT - ORM]: Anatomy to Newton
Anatomy
ANATOMY. - (a) Proboscis and Proboscidian Sheath. - The organ most characteristic of a Nemertine is without doubt the proboscis. With very few exceptions (lfalcwobdella, Akrostomum, where it has fused with the mouth to a single exterior opeiling), there is a terminal opening (subterminal in Valencinia) at the foremost tip of the body, out of which the proboscis is seen shooting backwards and forwa…
Cecolampadius
CECOLAMPADIUS,1 JOHN (1482-1531), was born at Weinsberg, a small town in the north of the modern kingdom of Wrirtemberg, but then belonging to the Palatinate. He went to school at Weinsberg and Heilbronn, and when twelve years old entered the university of Heidelberg, where he took his bachelor's degree in 1501. He seems at first to have intended to study for the profession of law, and went to Bol…
Ch2c1
CH2C1. COOH + NII2CH3--HC1+ CH2. NH(CH3). COOH ; Chloracetie acid. Aletbylamine. Methyl-amido-acetle acid. (sarkosine). CH2. NH(CH3). C0011+ (ON)N112= Sarkosine. Cyanamide. XII=C -N(02113). [CH2. COOH]. Creatine. Betalac and Neurine, two bases derived from trimethylamine, are of great physiological importance. Neurine (CII3)3 - N - (OH) CH . CH, was discovered by Liebreich as one of the congeners …
Classification
CLASSIFICATION. - The Neinertines are subdivided into three suborders : - Hoplonenzertea, Schizonemertea, and Pdixonemertea (5). The (1) Hoplonemertea embrace all the species with a stylet in the proboscis, and also Jlfalacobdella, which has an unarmed proboscis, but which, by the details of its organization and its development, must certainly be placed here (parasitism may be the cause of its inc…
Cooh Co
COOH CO .
Daguerre
DAGUERRE (V01. vi. p. 761) and PHOTOGRAPHY.
Dccc
DCCC. xxx. Ix., as one of the publications of the Bannatyne Club. The treatise occupies one hundred and sixty-two pages, and there is an introduction by Mr Mark Napier of ninety-four pages. The Arithmetic consists of three books, entitled-(1) De Computationibns Quantitatum omnibus Logistici-e speciebus communium ; (2) De Logistics Arithmetica; (3) De Logistics Geometries. At the end of this book o…
Essential Oils
ESSENTIAL OILS - the essential or volatile oils constitute a very extensive class of bodies which possess in a concentrated form the odour characteristic of the plants or vegetable substances whence they are obtained. The oils are usually contained in special cells, glands, cavities, or canals within the plants, either in a separate condition or intermixed with resinous substances, and in the latt…
Fixed Oils
FIXED OILS - the fixed or fatty oils, although varying considerably in external appearance, form in reality a well-defined and homogeneous group of substances having great similarity of chemical composition. They appear to be essential constituents of the most highly-organized forms of animal and vegetable life, being found in plants chiefly in the seed, and in animals chiefly enclosed in the cell…
Gnomaus
GNOMAUS was king of Olympia, where his wooden house was still shown in the Altis, the sacred precinct, when Pausanias visited it.
Heath
HEATH, a municipal and parliamentary borough and market-town of Glamorganshire, South Wales, is prettily situated near the mouth of the Neath, and on two railway lines, 8 miles north-east of Swansea and 39 west-northwest of Cardiff. The older streets are narrow and ill-paved; but there are several handsome villas on the slopes bordering the town. The principal buildings are the parish church of St…
Liverworts
LIVERWORTS stand below the Mosses proper in regard to the number both of species and of individuals. They are also of much more limited occurrence, for they are found, for the most part, only in damp and shady localities, and seldom occupy any large extent of ground. The most extensive growths are those of many .illarcliantiacea - as, for example, Fegatella conica, which often forms a continuous c…
Margaret Lucas, Duchess Of Newcastle
MARGARET LUCAS, DUCHESS OF NEWCASTLE (C. 1625-1673), second wife of the duke of Newcastle noticed above, was born about 1625, the youngest daughter of Thomas Lucas of St John's, near Colchester, Essex. She joined the court at Oxford in 1643 as maid of honour to, Henrietta Maria, and met there the marquis (afterwards-duke) of Newcastle, whom she married at Paris in 1645, after the battle of Marston…
Meander, Joaceiim
MEANDER, JOACEIIM (c. 1650-1680), German hymn-writer, when about twenty years of age came under the influence of a Labadist preacher (see vol. xiv. 163) named Untereyk, in his native city of Bremen. After studying at Heidelberg and Frankfort, where he formed friendships with Spanheim and Spener, he settled at Dfisseldorf as rector of the Latin school in connexion with the Reformed Church. His Laba…
Miizaffarnag Ar
MIIZAFFARNAG AR, chief town and administrative headquarters of the above district, is situated on the military road from Meerut to Landaur in 29? 28' N. lat. and 77? 44' E. long.
Miizaffarpur
MIIZAFFARPUR, chief town and administrative headquarters of the above district, is situated on the right or south bank of the Little Gandak river in 26? 7' N. lat. and 85? 26' E. long., with a population (1881) of 42,460.
Mi Sore
MI SORE or Maistrt (i.e., .Mahesh - asura, " Buffalo-demon ") is a native state in southern India, lying between 11? 40' and 15? N. lat. and 74? 40' and 78? 30' E. long.,. and surrounded entirely by British territory, with an area of 24,723 square miles. The Mysore country above the Ghats, though frequently called "the tableland," is by no means flat or a plain, but is in some parts mountainous an…
Modern Navigation
MODERN NAVIGATION, the following outline of navigation, as commonly practised in 1883, is sufficient to enable a person to conduct a ship from one port to another, or at least to show in plain simple terms the principle upon which it is done. There will be no tables or logarithms referred to which are not common to all works on navigation, and in all such books there are instructions for their use…
Modern Nestorians
MODERN NESTORIANS. - The remnants of the Aramaean Nestorians are to be found in diminishing numbers partly on Turkish, partly on Persian territory. Since the close of the 17th century the Roman Catholic mission, with its headquarters at Aleppo, has, through the powerful support of the French consuls, met with great success among the Nestorians, and has formed the converts into the so-called Chaldo…
Molheim-am-rhein
MOLHEIM-AM-RHEIN, the chief town of a circle in the district of Cologne, Prussia, lies on the right bank of the Rhine, 2 miles below Cologne. It is a pretty and well-built town, with important manufactures of silk, velvet, ribbons, sail-cloth, belting for machinery, leather articles, yarn, and chemicals. It also contains a rolling-mill, boiler-works, telegraph-works, malt manufactories, several br…
Mother-of-pearl
MOTHER-OF-PEARL. The shells of many molluscous animals display a brilliant pearly and iridescent lustre, resulting from the peculiar manner in which the layers of calcareous matter of which they are composed have been successively formed. Such shells, even when small in size, form bright and, specially to the untutored eye, attractive ornaments, and as such are used for necklaces and similar purpo…
Motherwell
MOTHERWELL, a police burgh of Lanarkshire, Scotland, is situated on the Caledonian Railway a short distance from the right bank of the Clyde, 2 miles north-east of Hamilton and 11 east-south-east of Glasgow.
Motherwell, William
MOTHERWELL, WILLIAM (1797 -1835), poet, antiquary, and journalist, born in 1797, rendered service in the collection of fugitive border poetry and wrote one or two very touching songs in the Scotch dialect, dying before he had fulfilled the promise of his earlier work. His short life was diversified by few incidents. The son of an iron' monger in Glasgow,he was educated partly in Edinburgh and part…
Motley, John Lothrop
MOTLEY, JOHN LOTHROP (1814-1877), the well-known historian of the Dutch Republic, was born on 15th April 1814 at Dorchester, now a part of Boston, Massachusetts, and from 1827 was educated at Harvard, where he graduated in 1831. He then studied for two years at Gottingen and Berlin, and after a period of European travel, chiefly in Italy, returned to America in 1834, where he became a student of l…
Motmot
MOTMOT, according to Hernandez in his Historia Avium Nova Hispanix (p. 52), published at Rome in 1651, was the Mexican name of a bird which he described well enough to leave no doubt as to what he meant ; but the word being soon after printed illomot by Nieremberg and others gave rise to the Latinized Momotus, invented by Brisson as a generic term, which has since been generally adopted by arnitho…
Motril
MOTRIL, a town of Spain in the province of Granada, is charmingly situated at the foot of an offshoot of the Sierra Nevada, on the edge of a rich alluvial plain about a mile from the Mediterranean and 40 miles south-southeast from Granada, with which it is connected by a good carriage road. The town has no buildings of special architectural or historical interest. The climate is semi-tropical, and…
Motteville, Francoise Beetaitt
MOTTEVILLE, FRANcOISE BEETAITT, MADAME DE (1621-1689), was born in 1621. She was of fair family (the poet-bishop Jean Bertaut being her kinsman), and by her mother of Spanish blood. This circumstance attracted Anne of Austria to Madame Bertaut, and the child Francoise was made a member of the queen's household and pensioned at seven years old. The influence of Richelieu, however, who constantly en…
Mott, Valentine
MOTT, VALENTINE (1785-1865), an eminent American surgeon, was born at Long Island, New York, on the 20th August 1785. He graduated at Columbia College, studied under Sir Astley Cooper in London, and also spent a winter in Edinburgh. After acting as demonstrator of anatomy he was appointed professor of surgery in Columbia College in 1809. From 1811 to 1834 he was in very extensive practice as a sur…
Moulins
MOULINS, chief town of the French department of Allier, is situated 195 miles by rail south-south-east from Paris on the right bank of the Allier, which is here crossed by a remarkable bridge about 1000 feet in length, consisting of thirteen semicircular arches. The town, which stands at an altitude of about 740 feet above sea-level, is adorned with gardens and fine boulevards, and still contains …
Mountains
MOUNTAINS.
Mount Vernon
MOUNT VERNON, a city of the United States, county seat of Knox county, Ohio, and a railway junction on the Baltimore and Ohio and the Cleveland, Mount Vernon, and Columbus Railroads, 45 miles north-north-east of Columbus.
Mouse
MOUSE. The bright and active, though mischievous, little animal known to us by the name of Mouse and its close relative the Common Rat are the most familiar and also the most typical members of the Murinx, a subfamily containing about 250 species assignable to no less than 18 distinct genera, all of which, however, are so superficially alike that one or other of the English names rat or mouse woul…
Mouse-bird
MOUSE-BIRD (Dutch .illuisvogel), the name by which in Cape Colony and Natal the members of the genus Colius 3 of Brisson are known - partly, it would seem, from their general coloration, but more probably from their singular habit of creeping along the boughs of trees with the whole tarsus applied to the branch. By the earlier systematists, who had few opportunities of examining the internal struc…
Movers, Franz Karl
MOVERS, FRANZ KARL (1806-1856), a German Orientalist, was born at Koesfeld 17th July 1806, studied at Munster, was consecrated priest in 1829, and was professor in the Catholic theological faculty at Breslau from 1839 to his death on 28th September 1856.
Mozambique
MOZAMBIQUE, a colonial province of Portugal, extending for about 1200 miles along the east coast of Africa from Cape Delgado (10? 41' S. lat.) to Lorenzo Marques on the south side of Delagoa Bay (25? 58' S. lat.). On paper it forms an imposing territory of at least 38,000 square miles without any definite limit towards the interior ; but in reality it consists of a few settlements and military pos…
Mozarab
MOZARAB, Spanish Mozdrabe, is a corruption of the Arabic Mustdrib, coll.
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus
MOZART, WOLFGANG AMADEUS 2 (1756-1791), one of the greatest musicians the world has ever produced, was born at Salzburg, 27th January 1756. He was educated by his father, Leopold Mozart, a violinist of high repute, in the service of the archbishop of Salzburg. When only three years old he shared the harpsichord lessons of his sister Maria, five years his senior. A year later he played minuets, and…
Mozdok
MOZDOK, a Russian town in the government of the Caucasus and province of Stavropol, lies on the left bank of the Tuck, 465 feet above the level of the sea, in 43? 41' N. lat. and 44? 39' E. long., 58 miles north of Vladikavkas, with which it is connected by a highroad, and 36.1 miles east of the Prochladnaya station on the RostoffVladikavkas railway. Built on the site of an oak-wood (moz, noz, thi…
Mozley, James Bowling
MOZLEY, JAMES BOWLING (1813-1878), English theologian, a native of Lincolnshire, born in 1813, was educated at Oriel College, Oxford, where he graduated in 1834.
Mtsensk
MTSENSK (popularly called Amchensk), a district town of Russia, situated in the government of Orel on the navigable Zusha river, 17 miles from its junction with the Oka, on the Moscow and Kursk railway, 32 miles to the north - east of Orel. It is mentioned in the Russian chronicles as early as 1147 as a town of the principality of Tchernigoff. Many battles were fought for its possession, and the p…
Mucilage
MUCILAGE, a term which denotes a viscid or glutinous mixture of water and any gummy vegetable substance. The principal sources of mucilaginous matters are enumerated under GUM (vol. xi. p. 276). A mucilage indicates a physical condition or property rather than any definite chemical constitution, and consequently it may possess various characters, but as a rule the term is restricted to the bodies …
Muggleton, Lodowick
MUGGLETON, LODOWICK (1610-1698), the founder of the sect of the Muggletonians, was born in Bishopsgate Street, London, about the year 1610. His father was a farrier, but he himself was bred to be a tailor. In 1651 he began to have revelations by "a motional voice," and to proclaim himself and a brother tailor, John Reeve, as the two witnesses mentioned in the Apocalypse, and as the "true prophets …
Muhlhausen
MUHLHAUSEN, a busy manufacturing town of Thuringia in the district of Erfurt, Prussia, is situated on the right bank of the Unstrut, 25 miles to the northwest of Gotha. It consists of a new and an old town surrounded by five suburbs, and with its numerous old churches and towers presents a quaint and picturesque appearance. The most interesting churches are those of the Blessed Virgin and St Blasi…
Muir, John
MUIR, JOHN (1810-1882), Sanskrit scholar, was born on 5th February 1810 in Glasgow, where his father, William Muir, was a merchant. He was educated at the grammar school of Irvine, the university of Glasgow, and the Fast India Company's college at Haileybury. He went to India in 1828, and served with distinction in various offices, as assistant secretary to the board of revenue, Allahabad, as magi…
Mula
MULA, a town of Spain, in the province of Murcia, is situated 22 miles to the westward of that town on the slope and summit of an eminence on the left bank of the Mule, a small tributary of the Segura, periodically liable to destructive floods.
Mulberry
MULBERRY. The mulberry family (Moracete) is usually included, along with the closely-allied figs, bread fruits, nettles, hops, planes, and elms, in one vast alliance of monochlamydeous Exogens, the order Urticace.T (or Ulmacem, as Baillon prefers to call it). The Moreteem include three sub-families, of which the typical genera are : Dorstenia, which is almost a Fig ; Broussonetia, the Paper Mulber…
Mule
MULE. Though this term is not unfrequently applied to the produce of two creatures of different species, and is synonymous with hybrid, yet in its ordinary acceptation it is employed to designate the offspring or " cross " between the equine and asinine species. There are two kinds of mule - the Mule proper (Equits Asinus, var. y ; Mulus ; Fr., Mulct or Grand Mulct ; Ger., Grosser Maulesel), which…
Muller, Johannes
MULLER, JOHANNES (1801 - 1858), one of the most distinguished physiologists of Germany, was born at Coblentz on 14th July 1801. He became a privat-docent in the university of Bonn in 1824. In 1826 he was appointed extraordinary professor of physiology in the same university, and he became the ordinary professor in 1830. In 1833 he was removed to the university of Berlin, where he filled the chair …
Muller, Johann Von
MULLER, JOHANN VON (1752-1809), an eminent Swiss historian, was born on 3d January 1752 at Schaffhausen, where his father was a clergyman and rector of the gymnasium. In 1769 he went to the university of Gottingen in order to study theology ; but, under the influence of Schlozer, he devoted himself chiefly to historical research. Having passed his theological examination, he was made professor of …
Muller, Karl Otfried
MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840), an eminent writer on ancient Greece, was born at Brieg in Silesia on 28th August 1797. His father was a chaplain in the Prussian army. Muller was educated partly in Breslau, partly in Berlin, where his enthusiasm in the study of Greek literature, art, and history was fostered by the influence of Boeckh. In 1817, after the publication of his first work, .Xgineticor…
Muller, -William James
MULLER, -WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845), English landscape and figure painter, was born at Bristol on 28th June 1812, and was the son of a Prussian gentleman, a writer on scientific subjects and curator of the Bristol Museum. He received a careful education, being especially trained in botany and natural history, and it was intended that lie should become an engineer; his leanings towards art were too …
Mullet
MULLET. This name is applied to two very different kinds of fishes, which are distinguished as Red Mullets and Grey Mullets. Red Mullets (genus Mullus, the name given by the ancient Romans) are marine fishes, with two short dorsal fins remote from each other : the first is composed of feeble spines, the second of branched rays ; the anal fin is similar to the second dorsal. The body is covered wit…
Mullingar
MULLINGAR, a market-town of Ireland, capital of Westmeath, is situated near the Brosna and on the Royal canal, 44 miles west by north of Dublin.
Mulready
MULREADY,WILLTAm (1786-1863), subject painter, was born at Ennis, county Clare, on 30th April 1786. When he was about five years old his father, a leather-breeches maker by trade, removed to London, where the son received a tolerable education, chiefly under Catholic priests. He was fond of reading, furtively studying Pope's Homer and other works at the book-stalls, and fonder still of drawing.1 W…
Multan
MULTAN, or MooLTAN, a district in the lieutenant-governorship of the Punjab, lying between 29? 22' and Montgomery, on the S. by the Sutlej, and on the N.W. as the district of MONTGOMERY (q.v.). Midway between and their original course may still be distinctly traced, not only by the signs of former fluvial action, but also by the existence of dried-up canals. At the present day the Beas (Bias) is t…
Multiplepoinding
MULTIPLEPOINDING is the technical term for a form of action in Scotch law by which conflicting claims to the same fund or property are determined.
Mummy
MUMMY. The origin of mummification in Egypt has given rise to much learned conjecture (see EMBALMING), now, however, superseded by positive knowledge, - a comparative study of sepulchral texts having furnished Egyptologists with convincing proof that the inviolate preservation of the body was deemed essential to the corporeal resurrection of the "justified " dead. The living man consisted of a bod…
Mumps
MUMPS (syn. C ynanche paroticima, parotitis, also " The Pranks "), a contagious disease characterized by inflammatory swelling of the parotid and other salivary glands, frequently occurring as an epidemic, and affecting mostly young persons. The disease generally sets in with symptoms of a cold or catarrh accompanied with slight febrile disturbance, but soon the nature of the ailment is announced …
Munchausen, Baron
MUNCHAUSEN, BARON, the modern Philopseudes, "of whom Ferdinand Mendez Pinto was but a type," is commonly identified with Hieronymus Karl Friedrich von Miinchausen, of Bodenswerder in Hanover, who, having entered the Russian service and served in several campaigns against the Turks, amused himself in his retirement by relating extraordinary instances of his prowess as soldier and sportsman. He died…
Muncie
MUNCIE, a city of the United States, county seat of Delaware county, Indiana, 54 miles north-east of Indianapolis.
Munday, Anthony
MUNDAY, ANTHONY (1553-1633), was one of the most versatile miscellaneous writers of the Shakespearean age. In the introduction to his comedy John a Green and John a Cumber, reprinted for the Shakespeare Society, Collier enumerates 47 works of which Munday was whole or part author, the subjects being very various - pastoral poems, journalistic tracts and pamphlets, translations of romances, plays, …
Munich
MUNICH (in German, iinchen), the capital of the kingdom of Bavaria and the fourth largest town in the German empire, is situated in an elevated and barren plain to the north of the Bavarian Alps, in 48? 8' N. lat. and 11? 35' E. long. Owing to its lofty site (1700 feet above the sea) and the proximity of the Alps the climate is rather changeable, and its mean annual temperature, 49? to 50? Fahr., …
Municipality
MUNICIPALITY. A municipality is an organization for the self-government of a city or town by means of a corporation empowered generally to maintain peace and order, and to manage the affairs of the inhabitants. Such a corporation consists of a head as a mayor or provost, and of superior members as aldermen and councillors, together with the simple corporators who are represented by the governing b…
Munster
MUNSTER, the chief town of the province of Westphalia in Prussia and formerly the capital of the important bishopric of its own name, lies in a sandy plain about halfway between Cologne and Bremen on the Aa, an insignificant affluent of the Ems. It is one of the best-preserved old towns in Germany, its quaint medileval character being most strongly impressed on the " prinzipal-markt," with its lof…
Munster, Sebastian
MUNSTER, SEBASTIAN (1489-1552), Hebraist, geographer, and mathematician, was born at Ingelheim in the Palatinate in 1489. After studying at Heidelberg and Tubingen, he entered the Franciscan order, but abandoned it for Lutheranism about 1529. Shortly afterwards he IVIiinster, a disciple of Elias Levita, was the first German to edit the Hebrew Bible (2 vols. fol., Base], 1534-1535) ; this edition w…
Muntjak
MUNTJAK, one of the native names, now generally adopted in European languages, for a small group of Deer, the members of which are indigenous to the southern and eastern parts of Asia and the adjacent islands, and which are separated by very marked characters from all their allies. They are also called " Kijang " or "Kidjang," and constitute the genus Cervulus of Blainville and most zoologists, St…
Munzer, Thomas
MUNZER, THOMAS (1490-1525),was born of poor parents at Stolberg in the Harz in 1490, was educated at Halle and Leipsic, where he graduated in 1515, was a teacher in the Martini gymnasium in Brunswick in 1517, and was appointed in the beginning of 1520 preacher in the church of St Mary at Zwickau. There he became the opponent of the friars on the one hand and of the humanist reformers on the other,…
Munzinger, Werner
MUNZINGER, WERNER (1832-1875), African traveller and linguist, was born at Olten in Switzerland, 4th April 1832. After studying at Bern, Munich, and Paris, he went to Egypt in 1852 and spent a year in Cairo studying the language. Entering a French mercantile house, he went as leader of a trading expedition to various parts of the Red Sea, fixing his quarters at Massowah in 1854 to 1855, where he a…
Muradabad, Or Moradabad
MURADABAD, or MORADABAD, a district in the lieutenant-governorship of the North-Western Provinces of India, lying between 28? 13' and 29? 15' N. lat. and 78? 7' and 79? 2' E. long., is bounded on the N. by Bijnaur and the Tarai, on the E. by Rampur state, on the S. by Budaun, and on the W. by the Ganges. The area is 2284 square miles. It lies within the great Gangetic plain, and is demarcated into…
Mural Decoration
MURAL DECORATION, there is scarcely one of the numerous branches of decorative art which has not at some time or other been applied to the ornamenting of wall-surfaces. It will be convenient to classify the various methods under different heads.' When the relief was finished, it was, as a rule, entirely painted over with much minuteness and great variety of colours. More rarely the ground was left…
Mural Decoration Painting
MURAL DECORATION PAINTING, this is naturally the most important and the most widely used of all forms of wall-decoration, as well as perhaps the earliest. Egyptian Paintings. - Egypt is the chief storehouse of ancient specimens of this, as of almost all the arts. Owing to the intimate connexion between the sculpture and paint. ing of early times, the remarks above both as to subjects and treatment…
Murano
MURANO, the ancient Ammariuno, an island in the were famous. It was here that the literary clubs of the Vigilanti, the Studiosi, the Occulti, used to meet. The town is built upon one broad main canal, where the tidal current runs with great force, and upon several smaller ones. The cathedral, S. Donato, is a fine basilica, probably of the llth century. The pavement is as richly inlaid as that of S…
Murat, Joachim
MURAT, JOACHIM (1768-1815), king of Naples and a celebrated French cavalry leader, was, according to most accounts, the younger son of an innkeeper at Bastide Fortuniere in the department of Lot, France, and was born in 1768, but by his own account Ills father was a well-to-do farmer in that village. This is most probably the truth, as after being educated at a seminary at Cahors he was entered at…
Muratori
MURATORI, Lunovico ANTONIO (1672-1750), a learned Italian scholar, historian, and antiquary, was born at Vignola in the duchy of Modena 21st October 1672. Whilst still young he attracted the attention of Father Bacchini, the librarian of the duke of Modena, by whom he was inspired with a taste for historical and antiquarian research, and introduced to the study of MSS. Having taken minor orders in…
Murchison, Sir Roderick Impey
MURCHISON, SIR RODERICK IMPEY (1792 - 1871), geologist, was descended from a small clan or sept which for many generations lived in the west of Ross-shire, furnishing factors for some of the greater lairds, occupants of farms among the western sea-lochs, and even occasionally a parish minister. His father, educated as a medical man, acquired a competent fortune in India, and while still in the pri…
Murcia
MURCIA, a maritime province of south-eastern Spain, is bounded on the E. and S. by Alicante and the Mediterranean, on the W. by Almeria and Granada, and on the N. by Albacete, and has an area of 4478 square miles. The total extent of coast is about 75 miles ; from Cape Palos westwards to Villaricos Point (where Almeria begins) it is fringed by hills reaching their greatest elevation immediately to…
Murder, Manslaughter
MURDER, MANSLAUGHTER. In the law of England the unlawful killing of a human being is either murder or manslaughter according as it is or is not accompanied by circumstances constituting the element of malice aforethought. That, according to the old definition of Coke, is the criterion by which murder is distinguished from manslaughter.' In like manner Blackstone lays it down as a "general rule" th…
Murdock, William
MURDOCK, WILLIAM (1754-1839), inventor, was born near the village of Auchinleck in Ayrshire on 25th August 1754. His father, John Murdoch (as the name is spelt in Scotland), was a millwright and miller, and William was brought up in the same occupation until 1777, when, at the age of twenty-three, he entered the employment of Boulton and Watts in the Soho Works at Birmingham. Shortly afterwards he…
Muret
MURET, or Mintrrus, MARC ANTODIE (1526-1585), French humanist, was born of respectable parentage at Muret near Limoges on 12th April 1526. Nothing is recorded of his early education, but at the age of eighteen he was already sufficiently accomplished to attract the notice of the elder Scaliger, and to be invited to prelect upon Cicero and Terence in the archiepiscopal college at Auch. He afterward…
Mure, William
MURE, WILLIAM (1799-1860), historian of Greek literature, was born at the family seat near Caldwell, Ayrshire, Scotland, 9th July 1799. He was educated at Westminster school and Edinburgh, and he spent several years at the university of Bonn, where he laid the foundations of his classical knowledge. From 1846 to 1855 lie represented the county of Renfrew in parliament in the Conservative interest,…
Murger, Henry
MURGER, HENRY (1822-1861), French man-of-letters, was born in February 1822 at Paris. His father was a concierge, with which employment he combined the trade of tailoring. At the age of fifteen Murger was sent into a lawyer's office, but the occupation was very uncongenial to him, and his father's trade still more so. He thus incurred the paternal displeasure, and in his devotion to literature and…
Muriena
MURIENA is the name of an eel common in the Mediterranean, and highly esteemed by the ancient Romans ; it was afterwards applied to the whole genus of fishes to which the Mediterranean species belongs, and which is abundantly represented in tropical and subtropical seas, especially in rocky parts or on coral reefs. Some ninety species are known. In the majority a long fin runs from the head along…
Murillo, Bartolomii Esteban
MURILLO, BARTOLOMII ESTEBAN (1617-1682), the greatest ecclesiastical painter of Spain, was the son of Gaspar Esteban Murillo and Maria Perez, and was born at Seville in 1617, probably at the very end of the year, as he was baptized on 1st January 1618. Esteban-Murillo appears to have been the compound surname of the father, but some inquirers consider that, in accordance with a frequent Andalusian…
Murom
MUROM, a district town of Russia in the province of Vladimir, on the craggy left bank of the Oka close by its junction with the' Tesha, 107 miles by rail south-east of Vladimir.
Murphy, Arthur
MURPHY, ARTHUR (1727-1805), dramatist, was the son of a Dublin merchant, and was born near Elphin in Roscommon in 1727. From 1740 to 1747 he was a student at St Omer (France). He then entered the counting-house of his uncle, a merchant at Cork. But four years afterwards he was in London, prosecuting literature as a profession and publishing The Gray's Inn Journal, a periodical in the style of The …
Murphy, Robert
MURPHY, ROBERT (1806-1843), mathematician, was the son of a poor shoemaker, and was born at Mallow in Ireland in 1806. At the age of thirteen, while working as an apprentice in his father's shop, he became known to certain gentlemen in the neighbourhood as a self-taught mathematician of wonderful precocity. Through their exertions, after attending a classical school in his native town, he was admi…
Murrain
MURRAIN, a term usually restricted to extensive outbreaks of disease in cattle, but also applied to serious disorders among sheep and pigs, is taken in this article to cover general or infectious disorders of all the domesticated animals, and as synonymous with plague or epizooty. It is now an established fact that murrains are all infectious, i.e., capable of transmission from diseased to healthy…
Murray Cod
MURRAY COD. Of the numerous freshwater Perches inhabiting the rivers and watercourses of Australia the Murray Cod (Oligorus macquariensis) is one of the largest, if not the largest, and the most celebrated on account of the excellent flavour of its flesh. In conferring upon the fishes of the new country familiar names, the early colonists were evidently guided by the fancied resemblance in taste o…
Murray, John
MURRAY, JOHN, M.D. (1778-1820), lecturer on chemistry and materia medica, was born in Edinburgh in 1778 and died in 1820: He was a clear and popular lecturer, and his books well represent the chemistry of the time, but he will be chiefly remembered on account of his opposition to Davy's theory of chlorine. In support of the old view that chlorine is a compound of oxygen and anhydrous muriatic acid…
Murray, Or Moray
MURRAY, or MORAY, JAMES STUART, SECOND EARL OF (1533-1570), regent of Scotland, was the illegitimate son of James V. by Margaret Erskine, daughter of the fourth Lord Erskine. While only in his fifth year he was appointed prior of the abbey of St Andrews in order that James V. might obtain possession of its funds. Under the tutorship of George Buchanan his intellectual training was carefully attend…
Murray, Sir Robert
MURRAY, SIR ROBERT (c. 1600-1673), one of the founders of the Royal Society, was the son of Sir Robert Murray of Craigie, Ayrshire, and was born about the beginning of the 17th century. In early life he served for some years in the French army, and, winning the favour of Richelieu, he rose to the rank of colonel. On the outbreak of the civil war he returned to Scotland and was energetic in collect…
Murree, Or Marri
MURREE, or MARRI, a sanatorium and hill station in the Rama Pindi district, Punjab, is situated in 33? 54' N. lat. and 73? 26' E. long.
Murshidabkd
MURSHIDABkD, or MoORSHEDABaD, a district in the lieutenant-governorship of Bengal, lying between 23? 43' and 24? 52' N. lat. and 87? 43' and 88? 47' E. long., is bounded along its whole frontier from the extreme N. to the S.E. by the Ganges, separating it from the Nadiya and Rajshahl districts; on the S. by Nadi)/ and Bardwan - the Jalangi river marking its boundary for a considerable distance ; a…
Murshidailid
MURSHIDAILiD, principal city of the above district, is situated on the left bank of the Bhagirathi river, in 24? 11' N. lat. and 88? 18' E. long.
Murzuk
MURZUK. See FEZZAN, vol. ix. p. 130. MUS, the name of a family of the plebeian gees of the Decii. Two members of the family, a father and a son, crowned distinguished careers in the service of Rome by a singular act of self-devotion. The father, Publius Decius Mus, won his first laurels in the Samnite war, when in 343 B.C., while serving as tribune of the soldiers, he rescued the Roman main army f…
Musaus
MUSAUS, J. K. A. (1735 -1787), a German author. He studied theology at Jena, his birthplace, and would have become the pastor of a parish but for the resistance of some peasants, who objected that he had been known to dance. In 1760 to 1762 he published in three volumes his first work, Grandison der Zweite, afterwards (in 1781-82) rewritten and issued with a new title, Der deutsche Grandison. The …
Muscat
MUSCAT, or more correctly MASKAT, the chief town of 'Oman in Arabia, lies upon the sea-coast in 23? 40' N. lat. and 58? 25' E. long., at the extremity of a small cove in the gorges of a great pass leading inland through dark mountain walls, scorched with the sun and utterly without vegetation, which rise almost right out of the sea to a height of from 300 to 500 feet on both sides of the cove. The…
Muscatine
MUSCATINE, a city of the United States, the county seat of Muscatine county, Iowa, is built on a rocky bluff on the west bank of the Mississippi, at the apex of what is known as the Great Bend.
Muscine2e
MUSCINE2E. The Muscinem are a highly interesting class of plants on account of the important part they play in the economy of nature, and also from the remarkable conditions of their development and formation. In many parts of the world it is principally the mossy covering of forests which, by collecting the rainfall like a sponge, prevents the pouring down from mountains of violent and excessive …
Muses, The
MUSES, THE, according to the view which prevailed among the Greek writers and has become a commonplace of modern literature, were nine goddesses who presided over the nine principal departments of letters : Calliope, Muse of epic poetry ; Euterpe, of lyric poetry ; Erato, of erotic poetry; Melpomene, of tragedy; Thalia, of comedy; Polyhymnia, of the hymn as used in the worship of the gods; Terpsic…
Mushroom
MUSHROOM. There are few more useful, more easily recognized, or more delicious members of the vegetable kingdom than the common mushroom (Agaricus campestris, L.). It grows in short grass in the temperate regions of all parts of the world. Many edible Fungi depend upon minute and often obscure botanical characters for their determination, and may readily be confounded with worthless or poisonous s…
Musical-box
MUSICAL-BOX, an instrument for producing by mechanical means tunes or pieces of music. The modern musical-box is an elaboration of the elegant toy musical snuff-box in vogue during the 18th century. The notes or musical sounds are produced by the vibration of steel teeth, or springs cut in a comb or fiat plate of steel. The teeth are graduated in length from end to end of the comb or plate, the lo…
Music Consonance And Dissonance
MUSIC CONSONANCE AND DISSONANCE it was already known in ancient times that lengths of the same stretched string having the ratio of any two small whole numbers form consonant intervals, or perhaps we may more correctly say smooth combinations, since the interval of a fourth (3 :4) is regarded as a dissonance in technical music, though it is a smooth combination. The question why smooth combination…
Music History
MUSIC HISTORY is the art which employs sounds as a medium of artistic expression for what is not in the province of literature, of sculpture, of painting, of acting, or of architecture. Whereas literature, whether in verse or prose, describes or states emotions, .or perceptions, or impressions ; whereas sculpture imitates the outward forms of animated beings, and physiognomically, either in the fa…
Music Scientific Basis
MUSIC SCIENTIFIC BASIS, musical sounds reach our ears through the air. This is proved by showing that a sounding body placed in a space void of air, as under the receiver of an air-pump, is unable to emit sound. It will be sufficient for our present purpose to admit that musical sounds are transmitted through the air with substantially unchanged quality, even to great distances. The law according …
Musjeus
MUSJEUS is the name of three Greek poets. The first is an almost fabulous personage, who is said to have flourished in Attica, and to have been buried on the Museum Hill in Athens. The mystic and oracular verses and usages of Attica, and especially of Eleusis, attach themselves to his name, and when this representative character is deducted nothing of his individuality remains. The second Musxus w…
Musk
MUSK, a substance of powerful and most enduring odour, is a secretion of the male Music DEER (q.v.). Three and is very inferior in point of ..odour. Good musk is of a dark purplish colour, dry, smooth, and unctuous to the touch and bitter in taste. It dissolves in boiling water to the extent of about one-half, alcohol takes up one-third of the substance, and ether and chloroform dissolve still les…
Musk-deer
MUSK-DEER, an animal belonging to the genus Moselms, of the section Pecora, a division of the Artiodactyle Ungulates (see MAMMALIA, vol. xv. p. 430), and allied to the Deer (C erindm). In many respects it differs from the typical members of that group and stands by itself as an isolated zoological form, retaining characters belonging to the older and more generalized types of ruminants before they…
Muskegon
MUSKEGON, a city of the United States, the county seat of Muskegon county, Michigan, at the upper end of Muskegon Lake, a fine sheet of water formed by the Muskegon river before it falls into Lake Michigan.
Musk-ok
MUSK-OK. The animal commonly known by this name, though approaching in size the smaller varieties of oxen, is in structure and habits closely allied to the sheep, its affinities being well expressed by the generic name 0 vibos bestowed upon it by De Blainville. The specific name Moschatus, as also the common English appellatives "musk-ox," "musk-buffalo," or " musk-sheep " applied to it by various…
Musk-rat
MUSK-RAT. A name commonly applied to an animal also called MUSQUASH (Fiber zibethious), of the sub-family Arvicolinw family Muriche.1 It is related in structure and habits to the English water-vole, but is of larger size, the head and body being about 12 inches in length and the tail but little less. It is rather a heavily-built animal, with a broad head, no distinct neck, and short limbs ; the ey…
Muslin
MUSLIN, a term embracing the thin delicate woven cotton fabrics, the lightest and most airy of all textures.
Musschenbroek, Pieter Van
MUSSCHENBROEK, PIETER VAN (1692-1764 natural philosopher, was born at Leyden in March 1692, and studied at the university of his native city. The teacher from whom he derived the most profit was the eminent mathematician Gravesande. A scientific partnership was formed in 1717 between the master and the pupil for the prosecution of natural philosophy according to the principles of Newton, and in op…
Mussel
MUSSEL, a term applied in England to two families of Lamellibranch Molluscs, - the marine Mytilacea, of which the Edible Mussel, Mytilus edulis, is the representative, and the fresh-water Unionacea, of which the River Mussel, Unio pictorum, and the Swan Mussel, Anodon cygneus, are the common British examples. It is not obvious why these fresh-water forms have been associated popularly with the Myt…
Musselburgh
MUSSELBURGH, a Scottish burgh of barony and regality, a municipal and parliamentary burgh in the parish of Inveresk and county of Midlothian, 51 miles east of Edinburgh. The burgh, which stretches about a mile along the south shore of the Firth of Forth, is intersected by the river Esk and embraces the village of Fisherrow. In the town is Pinkie House, an ancient baronial residence, formerly a sea…
Musset, Alfred De
MUSSET, ALFRED DE ( 1810-1857), poet, play-writer, and novelist, was born on the 11th December 1810 in a house in the middle of old Paris, near the Hotel Cluny. His father, Victor de Musset, who in the course of his life held several ministerial posts of importance, traced his descent back as far as 1140. In Alfred's childhood there were various things which fostered his imaginative power. He and …
Mustard
MUSTARD. The varieties of mustard-seed of commerce are produced from several species of the Cruciferous genus Brassica. Of these the principal are the Black or Brown Mustard, Brassica nigra (Sinapis nigra, L.), the White Mustard, Brassica alba, and the Sarepta Mustard, B. juncea. The finest qualities of Black and White Mustard are cultivated in the eastern counties of England. The former is a plan…
Mutiny
MUTINY.
Muttra
MUTTRA, a district in the lieutenant-governorship of the North-Western Provinces, India, lying between 27? 14' and 27? 58' N. lat. and 77? 19' and 78? 33' E. long., is bounded on the N. by Aligarh and Gurgaon, on the E. by Aligarh, Mdinpuri, and Etah, on the S. by Agra, and on the W. by Bhartpur state, with an area of 1453 square miles. The district consists of an irregular strip of territory lyin…
Muttra
MUTTRA, chief town and administrative headquarters of the above district, is situated on the right bank of the Jumna, about 30 miles above Agra, in 27? 30' N. lat. and 77? 43' E. long., with a population (1881) of 55,016, viz., males 28,769, and females 26,247. It is an ancient town, mentioned. by Fa Hian as a centre of Buddhism about 400 A.D. ; his successor Hiouen Thsang, about 650, states that …
Muzaffargarh
MUZAFFARGARH, a district in the lieutenant-governorship of the Punjab, India, lying between 29? 1' and 30? which gradually contracts until it disappears about 10 miles south of Muzaffargarh town. Although apparently a tableland, it is really composed of separate sandhills, with intermediate valleys lying at a lower level than that of the Indus, and at times flooded. Scattered amid this the country…
Muzaffarnagar Or Mozufferniigger
MUZAFFARNAGAR or MOZUFFERNIIGGER, a district in the lieutenant-governorship of the North-Western Provinces, India, lying between 29? 11' and 29? 45' N. lat. and 77? 3' and 78? 10' E. long., is bounded on the N. by Saharanpur, on the E. by the Ganges, on the S. by area is sandy and unfertile, but under irrigation the soil is rapidly improving, and in many places the villages have succeeded in intro…
Muzaffarpur Or Mozufferpore
MUZAFFARPUR or MOZUFFERPORE, a district in the lieutenant-governorship of Bengal, India, lying between 25? 30' and 26? 51' N. lat. and 84? 55' and 85? 58' E. long., is bounded on the N. by Nepal, E. by Darbhangah, on the S. by Patna, and W. by Saran and Champaran districts, with an area of 3004 square miles.
Muziano, Girolamo
MUZIANO, GIROLAMO (1528-1590?), an eminent Italian painter, was born at Acquafredda near Brescia in 1528. Under Romanino, an imitator of Titian, he studied his art, designing and colouring according to the principles of the Venetian school. But it was not until he had left his native place still in early youth, and had repaired to Rome about 1550, that he came into notice. There his pictures soon …
Mycenye
MYCENYE, one of the most ancient cities of Greece, was situated in the north-eastern extremity of the fertile Argive plain - pixy 'Apycos i.771-ofkroLo. Its situation is be the work of a rather later time. There can therefore be little doubt that the two towns were the strongholds of a single race, Tiryns commanding the sea - coast and Mycenm the inner country. The city of Argos, on the other hand…
Myddleton, Sir Hugh
MYDDLETON, SIR HUGH (c. 1555-1631), the projector of the New River scheme for supplying London with London, occupying a shop in Bassihaw (now Basinghall) Street, and he is also mentioned in the records of Denbigh, for which he was chosen M.P. in 1603, as a merchant adventurer.
Myelitis
MYELITIS (i.tv?A.Os, marrow) is a disease which by inflammation induces destructive changes in the tissues composing the spinal cord. In the acute variety the nerve elements in the affected partbecome disintegrated and softened, but repair may take place ; in the chronic form the change is slower, and the diseased area tends to become denser (sclerosed), the nerve-substance being replaced by conne…
Myriapoda
MYRIAPODA. The Myriapoda or Centipedes are usually treated of in text-books as one of the classes of the group Arthropoda, being associated in that group with the Crustacea, Arachnida, and Insecta as equivalent divisions of the animal kingdom. In consequence, however, of recent evidence which points to a community of origin of all the Tracheate forms apart from that of the Crustacea, it is probabl…
Myron
MYRON, one of the chief sculptors of the older Attic school, was born at Eleutherm on the borders of Bceotia and Attica, and flourished in the middle of the 5th century B.C. He was, like Phidias, a pupil of Ageladas of Argos. He worked almost exclusively in bronze ; the only known exception is his wooden statue of Hecate at Agina. He made some statues of gods and heroes, but these were not the wor…
Myrrh
MYRRH is a gum-resin highly esteemed by the ancients as an unguent and perfume, used for incense in temples and also in embalming. The word is Semitic ; it appears in the Old Testament as -in (Exod. xxx. 23 ; Ps. xlv. 8 ; Cant. passim), in Arabic as " morr." In Exod. (/.c.) "pure myrrh" should rather be "flowing myrrh," that is, the " myrrha stacte " of classical writers, - the finest myrrh, accor…
Myrtle
MYRTLE. The ,uiTros of the Greeks, the myrtus of the Romans, and the Myrtle, Myrtus contmunis, of botanists, as now found growing wild in many parts of the Mediterranean thick in texture, and studded with numerous receptacles ous, each consisting of a slender white filament and a small fruit is a purplish berry, consisting of the receptacle and the ovary blended into one succulent investment enclo…
Mysia
MYSIA, in ancient geography, was the name given to a province in the north - west of Asia Minor, which was bounded by Lydia and Phrygia on the S., by Bithynia on the N.E., and by the Propontis and iEgean Sea Mysia under the name of the Troad, a district which was the boundary between the two, but on this subject also there was much discrepancy among ancient geographers. The physical geography of M…
Mysore
MYSORE, the ancient capital of the above state, is situated 10 miles south-west of Seringapatam, in 12? 18' N. lat. and 76? 41' E. long., with a population of 60,292 in 1881. The town, which is spread over an area of about 3 square miles, lies at the foot of the Chamundi hill, in a valley formed by two parallel ridges running north and south. The streets generally are broad and regular, except in …
Mysteries
MYSTERIES. This name was applied to certain ceremonies in Greek religion which were esteemed peculiarly sacred and might not be freely spoken about. The subject is one of great difficulty on account of the absolute silence maintained with regard to it by many writers, and the guarded terms in which the few references to it are couched. The obligation to silence was not felt by the Christian writer…
Mysticism
MYSTICISM is a phase of thought, or rather perhaps of feeling, which from its very nature is hardly susceptible of exact definition. It appears in connexion with the ness of actual communion with the Highest. The first is the philosophic side of mysticism ; the second, its religious side. The first effort is theoretical or speculative ; the second, practical. The thought that is most intensely pre…
Mythology
MYTHOLOGY (iuvt90Aoyta) is the science which ex- amines icci;Oot, or legends of cosmogony and of gods and heroes. Mythology is also used as a term for these legends themselves. Thus when we speak of "the mythology of Greece " we mean the whole body of Greek divine and heroic and cosmogonic legends. When we speak of the "science of mythology" we refer to the various attempts which have been made to…
Mzensk
MZENSK, another form of MTSENSK (q.v.). "V denotes the dental nasal in all the languages in which our alphabet is used. But the sound which we call the dental nasal varies slightly in different languages according to the position of the point of the tongue. This may be pressed against the back of the teeth ; and then we have a true " dental " sound. But the point of the tongue may also be placed n…
Nabatieans
NABATiEANS, a famous people of ancient Arabia, whose settlements in the time of Josephus (Ant., i. 12, ? 4; comp. Jerome, Qu. in Gen. xxv.) gave the name of Nabatene to the border-land between Syria and Arabia from the Euphrates to the Red Sea. The language of Josephus suggests, and Jerome, apparently following him, directly affirms, that the name is identical with that of the Ishmaelite tribe of …
Nabha, Or Narbal
NABHA, or NARBAL, one of the Cis-Sutlej states in the Punjab, India, lying between 30? 17' and 30? 40' N. lat., and between 75? 50' and 76? 20' E. long., has an area of 863 square miles, with a population in 1881 of 261,824.
Nadim
NADIM. Abulfaraj ibn Ishalf of Baghdad, known as Ibn abi Ya!kUb al-Nadim (ob. 995 A.D.), is the author of one of the most interesting works in Arabic literature, the Fihrist, or "list of the books of all nations that were to be found in Arabic," with notices of the authors and other particulars, carried down to the year 377 A.H. (987-88- A.D.). A note in the Leyden MS. places the death of the auth…
Nadiya, Or Nuddea
NADIYA, or NUDDEA, a district in the lieutenant-governorship of Bengal, lying between 22? 52' 33" and 24? 11' N. lit., and between 88? 11' and 89? 24' 41" E. long., bounded on the N. by Itaishahf, on the E. by Pabnfi and Jessor, on the S. by the 24 Parganas, and on the W. by Bardwan, Birblnim, and Murshfdabad districts, with an area of 3104 square miles. It is emphatically a district of great rive…
Naga Hills
NAGA HILLS, a district in the south-eastern corner of the chief-commissionership of Assam, India, lies between 25? 13' and 26? 32' N. lat., and between 93? and 94? 13' E. long., being a mountainous borderland between Now-gong district and Manipur state, with an area of about 6400 square miles. It forms a wild expanse of forest, mountain, and stream. The valleys and hills are covered with dense jun…
Nagasaki
NAGASAKI, or sometimes NANGASAKI, the leading seaport on the western coasts of Japan, is situated in 32? 44' N. lat. and 129? 52' E. long., in the island of Kiu-shiu, and gives its name to a ken (province of Hizen or Hi-shiu). The harbour is formed by a beautiful inlet of the sea, stretching northward for a distance of about 4 miles, with an average width of about a mile, enclosed on both sides by…
Nagina
NAGINA, a town in Bijnaur district, North-Western Provinces of India, is situated on the road from Hardwar to Muradabad, in 29? 27' 5" N. lat. and 78? 28' 50" E. long., with a population of 20,503 in 1881.
Nagoya
NAGOYA, sometimes NOGOYA., one of the largest and most active of the cities of Japan, the chief town of Aichi ken (province of Owari), and formerly the seat of the princes of Owari (one of the "three august families" closely allied to the Tokugawa line of shoguns), lies at the head of the shallow Owari Bay, about 30 miles from Yokai-ichi, its port, with which it communicates by light-draught steam…
Nagpur
NAGPUR, a district in the division of the same name, in the Central Provinces of India, lying between 20? 36' and 21? 43' N. lat., and between 78? 17' and 79? 42' E. long., bounded on the N. by Chhindwara and Seoni, E. byBhandara, S. by Chanda and Wardha, and W. by Wardha. and Ellichpur, with an area of 3786 square miles. Nagpur district lies immediately below the great table-land of the Satpura r…
Nagy-koros
NAGY-KOROS (i.e., Great Koros) is a town, or rather an overgrown village, in Hungary, in the district and 50 miles to the south-west of Pesth.
Naharro
NAHARRO, BARTOLOMg DE TORRES, a Spanish dramatist of the period immediately preceding that of Cervantes and Lope de Vega, born at Torres in the neighbourhood of Badajoz, was for some time a captive in Algiers, and after receiving his freedom visited the court of Leo X. at Rome.
Nahum
NAHUM. " The book of the vision of Nahum the Elkoshite " " compassionate "), which stands seventh among the minor prophets, is entirely directed against Nineveh, and predicts the utter destruction of the bloody and rapacious city, its empire, and its gods by the tardy but sure and irresistible vengeance of Jehovah. The fall of Nineveh is the deliverance of Judah ; Jehovah, so terrible to His adver…
Nails
NAILS. A nail is a headed pin or spike of metal, commonly of iron. The primary and principal use of nails is in wood work (joinery and carpentery), but they are also employed in upholstery, shoemaking, saddlery, slating, sheet-metal Working, horse-shoeing, and numerous other trades. The consumption in all civilized communities is enormous, but it is exceptionally great where timber houses and wood…
Nain, Le
NAIN, LE. The three brothers Le Nain, who have of late attracted much attention, occupy a peculiar position in the history of French art. Although they figure amongst the original members of the French Academy, their works show no trace of the influences which prevailed when that body was founded. Their sober execution and choice of colour recall characteristics of the Spanish school, and when the…
Nairn
NAIRN, a small maritime county in the north-east of Scotland, is bounded W. and S. by Inverness, E. by Elgin, and N. by the Moray Firth. Its greatest length from north to south is about 20 miles, and its greatest breadth about 15 miles; the area is 114,400 acres, or about 179 square miles. The coast is low and sandy, and is skirted by sandbanks which render navigation dangerous. The eastern part o…
Nairn
NAIRN, a royal and parliamentary burgh and county frequented in summer for sea-bathing, and possesses very complete artificial baths. There is a commodious harbour with breakwater and pier. The principal exports are corn, eggs, potatoes, herrings, haddocks, freestone, and timber, and the principal imports coal, lime, and provisions. There are freestone quarries in the neighbourhood, and the town p…
Nakhichevan, Or Nakujevan
NAKHICHEVAN, or NAKUJEVAN, a city of Russian Armenia, the chief town of a circle in the government of Erivan, is situated in 39? 12' N. lat. and 45? 25' E. long., 100 miles south-east of Erivan and 267 miles from Tiflis. It occupies the brow of one of the last spurs of the Karabakh Mountains (Anti-Caucasus), 3015 feet above the sea, and looks out over the wide and beautiful valley of the Araxes. B…
Namaqualand
NAMAQUALAND, a vast region of south-western Africa, extending along the west coast for a distance of 600 miles from the south of Damaraland (22? 43' S. lat.) to the north of the county of Clanwilliam (30? 35' S. lat.), and stretching inland from SO to 350 miles. It is divided by the lower course of the Orange River into two portions - Little Namaqualand to the south, and Great Namaqualand to the n…
Names
NAMES. Names, and the study of proper names of persons and places, are not without scientific and historical importance, but, on the whole, are perhaps rather matter of curious interest. It stands to reason that, even in the earliest societies of "articulate speaking men," all known persons, places, and groups of human beings must have had names by which they could be spoken of and by which they w…
Names
NAMES, an officer in the household of Justinian, who. was charged with the reconquest and government of Italy? is one of the most important historical figures of the 6th century. He was a eunuch, but we are nowhere distinctly informed that he was of servile origin. A native of Persarmenia (that is to say, of that portion of Armenia. which was allotted to Persia by the partition of 384), he may hav…
Names, Or Nismes
NAMES, or NISMES, a city of France, chief town of the department of Gard, a bishop's see and seat of a court of appeal, lies 450 miles south-south-east of Paris by the Clermont-Ferrand Railway, and 80 miles north-west of Marseilles. The importance of the place is due to its central position between the Rhone, the Cevennes, and the sea, to the richness of the surrounding district, which before the …
Namur
NAMUR (Flem., Nctmen), capital of the above province, is picturesquely situated on both banks of the Sambre, at the point of its junction with the Meuse, 35 miles southeast from Brussels. The rivers are crossed by several stone bridges. The streets are broad and clean, and there are two or three good squares. There are almost no buildings of any considerable antiquity now standing, if the 11 th-ce…
Namur
NAMUR, a province of Belgium, is bounded on the N. by South Brabant, on the E. by Liege and Luxemburg, on the S. by France, and on the W. by Hainault, having a maximum length from north to south of 55 miles ; its greatest breadth is 45 miles, and the area 1413 square miles. The surface is much varied by hill and dale, being traversed by the forest of Ardennes, which here attains a height of about …
Nana Sahib
NANA SAHIB is the common designation of Dandhu Panth, adopted son of the ex-peshwa of the Mahrattas, Bdji Rao, who took a leading part in the great Indian mutiny, and was proclaimed peshwa by the mutineers.
Nancy
NANCY, the ancient capital of Lorraine, afterwards the chief town of the French department of Meurthe, and since 1872 that of the department of Meurthe-et-Moselle, is situated 219 miles east of Paris by railway, on the left bank of the Meurthe, 6 miles above its junction with the Moselle. It consists of two distinct portions : the old town in the north-west, between the citadel and the streets and…
Nanking
NANKING, or " the southern capital," is the name by which Keang-ning, the chief city in the province of Keangsoo, in China, has been popularly known for several centuries. The present city, which stands in 32? 5' N. lat. and 118? 47' E. long., dates only from the beginning of the Ming dynasty (1368), although it is built on the site of one which for more than two thousand years has figured under …
Nantes
NANTES, a city of France, chief town of the department of Loire-Inferieure, is situated on the right bank of the Loire, 35 miles above its mouth, in 47? 13' N. lat. and 1? 33' W. long. In population (117,555 inhabitants in 1881) it is the first city of Brittany. At Nantes the Loire receives on the left hand the Sevre Nantaise, and on the right the Erdre, which forms the outlet of the canal between…
Nanteuil, Robert
NANTEUIL, ROBERT (1623-1678), a crayonist, and one of the most eminent of French line engravers, was cabinet to that monarch. It was mainly due to his influin the shadows, in the style of Claude 3lellan, and in other prints cross-hatching like Regnesson, or stippling in the manner of Jean Boulanger ; but he gradually asserted his full individuality, modelling the faces of his portraits with the ut…
Nantucket
NANTUCKET, an island, county, and town of the United States, forming (since 1693) part of Massachusetts. The island, with an area of about 50 square miles, lies within the 10-fathom line, but is separated from the mainland by Nantucket Sound, which measures from 25 to 30 miles in breadth, and has a general depth of from 5 to 8 fathoms. With the exception of a few inconsiderable hills, the surface …
Nantwich
NANTWICH, a market-town of Cheshire, situated on two railway lines and on both sides of the Weaver, 20 miles south-east of Chester and 36 south-south-west of Manchester. There is water communication by the Grand Junction Canal, which near it joins the Ellesmere Canal. The town, which consists of three main streets, is somewhat irregularly built. The principal buildings are the church of SS. Mary a…
Naphtali
NAPHTALI, the son of Jacob by Bilhah, Rachel's maid, and uterine brother of Dan.
Naphtha
NAPHTHA, a word originally applied to the limpid liquid portion of the petroleum which exudes abundantly at Baku, cir,c., on the shores of the Caspian Sea. It is the vr'uk0a of Dioscorides, and the naphtha or bitumen liquidum candidum of Pliny. Both in commerce and in science the term is now used somewhat vaguely, but more in a generic sense, to embrace several bodies having certain properties in …
Napier
NAPIER, Stu CHARLES JAMES (1782-1853), the acknowledged hero of a family of heroes, was born at Whitehall, London, in 1782, and was the eldest son of Colonel George Napier, of the Guards (a younger son of the fifth Lord Napier), and of his wife Lady Sarah Lennox - the Lady Sarah who had charmed King George III. After the custom of those times Charles Napier had been gazetted an ensign in the 33d r…
Napier
NAPIER, a seaport and borough of New Zealand, 'on the south-east coast of North Island, is the chief town of the province of Hawke's Bay, and is built on a peninsula (known as Scinde Island) about 12 miles from the southern end of the bay, in 39? 29' S. lat. and 176? 44' E. long., about 200 miles by sea from Wellington. It is a thriving place, the centre of a large agricultural and pastoral distri…
Napier, John
NAPIER, JOHN (1550-1617), the inventor of logarithms, was born at Merchiston near Edinburgh in 1550, and was the eighth Napier of Merchiston. The first Napier of Merchiston, "Alexander Napare," acquired the Merchiston estate before the year 1438, from James I. of Scotland. He was provost of Edinburgh in 1437, and was otherwise distinguished. His eldest son Alexander, who succeeded him in 1454, was…
Napier, Sir Charles
NAPIER, SIR CHARLES (1786-1860), British admiral, was the second son of Captain the Hon. Charles Napier, R.N., and grandson of Francis, fifth Lord Napier, and thus cousin to the three famous Napiers, Sir Charles, Sir George, and Sir William, and was born at Merchiston Hall, near Falkirk, on March 6, 1786. He became a midshipman in 1800, was promoted lieutenant in 1805 and commander in 1807, and di…
Napier, Sir William Francis Patrick
NAPIER, SIR WILLIAM FRANCIS PATRICK (1785-1860), the third son of Colonel and Lady Sarah Napier, and brother of Sir Charles and Sir George Napier, was born at Cellbridge, near Dublin, on the 17th of December 1785. He became an ensign in the Royal Irish Artillery in 1800, but at once exchanged into the 62d, and was put on half-pay in 1802. He was afterwards made a cornet in the Blues by his uncle t…
Naples
NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, Gr. and Lat. Heapolis), formerly the capital of the kingdom of the Two Sicilies, and since 1860 the chief town of a province in the kingdom of Italy, is the largest and most populous city in the country, and disputes with Constantinople the claim of occupying the most beautiful site in Europe. It is situated on the northern shore of the Bay of Naples (Sinus Cumanus), in 40? 5…
Napoleon
NAPOLEON, a round game of cards. Any number may play ; about four or five makes the best game. When six play the dealer deals himself no hand, but pays or receives the same as the other players. A pack of fifty-two cards is required. The players cut for deal ; the lowest deals. The cards rank as at whist ; and the deal goes afterwards in rotation to the left, as at whist. The cards are shuffled, a…
Napoleon
NAPOLEON I, family Bonaparte (written by Napoleon's father and by himself down to 1796 Buonaparte, though the other spelling occurs in early Italian documents) was of Tuscan origin. A branch of it was settled in Corsica at least as early as the 16th century, from which time the Bonapartes appear as influential citizens of Ajaccio. They had an ancient title of nobility from the Genoese republic, an…
Napoleon Ii
NAPOLEON II. is the name given by Bonapartists to Francois Charles Joseph, duke of Reichstadt, the son of Napoleon I. and Marie Louise, who was born at Paris 20th March 1811, and died of laryngeal phthisis at Schonbrunn, near Vienna, 22d July 1832.
Napoleon Iii
NAPOLEON III. (1808-1873). Louis Napoleon, emperor of the French, was the younger son of Louis, king of Holland (brother of Napoleon I.), and of Hortense, daughter of the empress Josephine by her first husband Beauharnais. He was thus both nephew and step-grandson of Napoleon I. His father and mother were on the worst terms, and rarely lived together. Louis was born at Paris on April 20, 1808, at …
Nara
NARA, the oldest of the successive capitals of Japan, is situated in the north of Sakai ken (province of Yamato), about 65 miles east, of Ozaka, in 34? 4' N. lat. and 135? 49' E. long., on the slope of a range of picturesque hills, beautifully wooded, with cryptomerias, evergreen oaks, the rare Podocarpus Nageia, &c. From 710, when it was indicated only by a small Shinto temple ; but about a mile …
Narbonne
NARBONNE, a city of France, chief town of an arrondissement in the department of Aude, lies 5 miles from the Mediterranean, on the Robine Canal, a branch of the Canal du Midi, which connects it with the port of La Nouvelle, and on the railway from Toulouse to Cette, 93 miles east-south-east of the former city, at the point where the line for Barcelona via Perpignan breaks off. The Robine Canal div…
Narborough, Sir John
NARBOROUGH, SIR JOHN (ob. 1688), naval commander, was descended from an old Norfolk family. He received his commission in 1664, and in 1666 was promoted lieutenant for gallantry in the action with the Dutch fleet off the Downs in June of that year. After the peace he was chosen to conduct a voyage of exploration in the South Seas. He set sail from Deptford on the 26th November 1669, and entered th…
Narcissus
NARCISSUS, a genus of bulbous plants belonging to the family Amaryllidacea. There are twenty or thirty wild forms, natives of central Europe and the Mediterranean region, while one extends through Asia to Japan. From these, or rather from some of these, by cultivation and hybridization, have arisen the very numerous forms which adorn our gardens in spring (see vol. xii. p. 257). The most interesti…
Narcotics
NARCOTICS are substances having the physiological action, in a healthy animal, of producing lethargy or stupor, which may pass into a state of profound coma or unconsciousness along with complete paralysis, terminating in death. Certain substances of this class are used in medicine for the relief of pain, and are then called anodynes, whilst another group produce profound sleep, and are consequent…
Narsinhpur
NARSINHPUR,4 a district in the chief-commissionership of the Central Provinces, India, lying between 22? 45' and 23? 15' N. lat. and between 78? 38' and 79? 38' E. long., bounded on the N. by Bhopal state and by Sagar, Damoh, and Jabalpur districts, E. by Seoni, S. by Chhindwill* and W. by Hoshangabad. It forms a portion of the upper part of the Nerbudda valley. The first of those wide alluvial ba…
Narvaez
NARVAEZ, RAmoN MARIA (1800-1868), Spanish soldier and statesman, was born at Loja, Granada, on August 4, 1800, entered the army at an early age, and saw active service under Mina in Catalonia in 1822. In 1823 the French invasion caused him to retire into private life, whence he re-emerged in 1832, speedily attaining the rank of colonel. He achieved great popularity by his victory over Gomez, the C…
Narvaez, Pamfilo De
NARVAEZ, PAMFILO DE (e. 1480-1528), Spanish adventurer, was an hidalgo of Castile, born at Valladolid about 1480. He was one of the subordinates of Velazquez in the reduction of Cuba, and, after having held various posts under his governorship, was put at the head of the force sent to the Aztec coast to compel Cortes to renounce his command ; he was surprised and defeated, however, by his abler an…
Nash, Richard
NASH, RICHARD (1674-1761), better known as "Beau Nash," was born at Swansea, 18th October 1674. He was descended from an old family of good position, but his father from straitened means had become partner in a glass business. Young Nash was educated at Caermarthen grammar school and at Jesus College, Oxford. He obtained a commission in the army, which, however, he soon exchanged for- the study of…
Nash, Thomas
NASH, THOMAS (c. 1564-1601), poet, playwright, and pamphleteer, was one of the most notable literary celebrities in the brilliant last decade of the reign of Elizabeth. The exact years of his birth and death have not been ascertained ; but from the fact that he proceeded B.A. (St John's, Cambridge) in 1585 it has been conjectured that he was born about 1564, and his death was lamented in an epigra…
Nashua
NASHUA, a city of the United States, in Hillsborough county, New Hampshire, on hilly ground at the confluence of the Merrimac and the Nashua, 40 miles north-north-west of Boston by the Boston, Lowell, and Nashua Railroads.
Nashville
NASHVILLE, a city of the United States, capital and largest city of Tennessee, and seat of justice of Davidson county, stands on the Cumberland River (spanned there by a suspension bridge and a truss railway bridge with a " draw " 200 feet long), 200 miles above its junction with the Ohio, in 36? 10' N. lat. and 86? 49' W. long. Occupying a site of considerable irregularity, and dominated by the h…
Nasik
NASIK, the chief town of the district (population 22,436), is situated on the Godavari, and is considered a place of great sanctity by Hindus, who make pilgrimages to its temples from all parts of India.
Nasik, Or Nassick
NASIK, or NASSICK, a district in the Bombay presidency, India, between 19? 34' and 20? 52' N. lat., and between 73? 21' and 75? 2' E. long., bounded on the N. by Khandesh, E. by the Nizam's Dominions, S. by Ahmednagar, and W. by Thalia, (Tanna), with an area of 5940 square miles. With the exception of a few villages in the west, the whole district is situated on a table-land from 1300 to 2000 feet…
Nasir Khosrau
NASIR KHOSRAU. Abri Diu in ed din Nasir b. Khosrau, the first great didactic poet of Persia, was a descendant of the imam 'Ali Rida, and was born, according to his own statement in one of his kasidas, 394 A.H. (1,004 A.D.), at Kubadiyan, near Balkh in Khorasan. The first forty-two years of his life are obscure ; we learn from incidental remarks of his that he was a Sunnite, probably according to t…
Nasmyth, Alexander
NASMYTH, ALEXANDER (1758-1840), portrait and landscape painter, was born in Edinburgh on September 9, 1758. He studied at the Trustees' Academy under Runciman, and, having been apprenticed as an heraldic painter to a coachbuilder, he, at the age of sixteen, attracted the attention of Allan Ramsay, who took the youth with him to London, and employed him upon the subordinate portions of his works. N…
Nasmyth, Patrick
NASMYTH, PATRICK (1787-1831), the eldest son of Alexander Nasmyth, was born at Edinburgh on January 7, 1787.
Nassau
NASSAU, the capital of New Providence, and seat of government of the Bahama Islands, 25? 5' 36" N. lat., 77? 21' 15" W. long.
Nassau
NASSAU, now forming the bulk of the government district of Wiesbaden, in the Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau, was till 1866 an independent and sovereign duchy of Germany, consisting of a compact mass of territory, 1830 square miles in area, bounded on the S. and W. by the?Main and Rhine, on the N. by Westphalia, and on the E. by Hesse. This territory is divided into two nearly equal parts by the…
Nasturtium
NASTURTIUM. The common water-cress (N.onicinale), so largely used as a salad, may be taken as a representative of this genus of Cruciferw, - a genus characterized, for the most part, by pinnately divided foliage, white or yellow cruciform flowers, and long pods with a double row of seeds. The embryo root is folded up along the edges of the cotyledons, accumbent. Four species are British, but the O…
Natal
NATAL, a British colony on the south-east coast of Africa, situated nearly between 29? and 31? S. lat. and 29? and 32? E. long., is bounded on the N.E. by Zululand and the Transvaal, on the S.E. by the Indian Ocean, on the N.W. by the Orange Free State and the Transvaal, and on the S.W. by Basutoland, Griqualand East, and the country of the Pondas. It is of an irregular diamond shape, with a lengt…
Natal
NATAL, a city of Brazil, the capital of the province of Rio Grande do Norte, is situated on the eastern bank of the river of that name, 2 miles above the mouth, with its fort in 5? 45' S. lat. and 35? 13' 12" W. long.
Natchez
NATCHEZ, a city and port of entry of the United States, capital of Adams county, Mississippi, lies on the east bank of the Mississippi, 272 miles above New Orleans. Natchez-under-the-Hill, lying on a low alluvial bank, contains the steamboat landing and a few business houses. The main city, Natchez-on-the-Hill, occupies the summit of a bluff which rises nearly 200 feet above the river, and affords…
Nathanael
NATHANAEL (r_'1?, "he whom God gave," equivalent to Nethaniah or the Greek Theodore), a common name in later Old Testament times.
Natick
NATICK, a town of the United States, in Middlesex county, Massachusetts, near the left bank of the Charles River, a few miles to the south-east of Cochituate Lake, and about 18 miles west-south-west of Boston by the railway between that city and Worcester.
National Debt
NATIONAL DEBT. Details as to the national debts of individual countries are given under their respective headings, and for the economical principles of the subject the reader is referred to the articles FINANCE and POLITICAL ECONOMY. In the present article the subject will be considered briefly in what may be regarded as its technical aspects, - including the special character of the institution, …
Naude, Gabriel
NAUDE, GABRIEL (1600-1653), French librarian and scholar, was born at Paris in February 1600. An intense love for books caused him to accept, when only twenty years of age, the appointment of librarian to the president De Mesmes, whom he left in 1626 to finish his medical studies at Padua. On returninut' to Paris in 1628 he was chosen to deliver a panegyrical discourse on the medical school. The c…
Naumburg
NAUMBURG, the chief town of a circle in the district of Merseburg, Prussian Saxony, and the seat of the provincial law courts, is pleasantly situated on the Saale, near its junction with the Unstrut, in the centre of an amphitheatre of vine-clad hills. The cathedral, an imposing building in the Romanesque Transition style (1207-42), has a Gothic choir at each end, and contains some interesting med…
Nauplia
NAUPLIA, a town in the Peloponnesus, at the head of the Argolic Gulf. In the classical period it was a place of no importance, and when Pausanias lived, about 150 A.D., it was deserted. At a very early time, however, it seems to have been of greater note, being the seaport of the plain in which Argos and Mycenae are situated. A hero Nauplius took part in the Argonautic expedition; another was king…
Nautilus
NAUTILUS.
Navarino, Or Neocastro
NAVARINO, or NEOCASTRO, a seaport of the Morea, Greece, in the nomarchy of Messenia, stands on the south shore of the Bay of Navarino, in 36? 54' N. lat. and 21? 41' E. long. It consists of a citadel, situated on a high rock, and a lower town, - the whole being surrounded by a wall. The population is under 2000. The bay, one of the best harbours in Greece, about 4 miles in length by 2 in breadth, …
Navarrete, Juan Fernandez
NAVARRETE, JUAN FERNANDEZ (1526-1579), surnamed El Mudo (The Mute), an eminent Spanish painter of the Madrid school, was born at Logroiio in 1526.
Navigation
NAVIGATION is the art of conducting a ship across the ocean. It is here treated to the exclusion of seamanship, which forms a distinct subject. The present article will give, first, a view of the history of the art from the time of the epoch-making voyages of Columbus and the Portuguese, with special reference to advances made in England, and then a sketch of practical navigation as the art now st…
Navigation Laws
NAVIGATION LAWS. These laws are a branch rather of municipal law than of the general maritime law for which see SEA LAWS). They are based upon the right of a state to regulate the navigation of its own waters and to protect its own commerce, and may be divided into two classes. The first class includes all those laws, once so numerous, designed to secure a commercial monopoly to the state coasting…
Navigators' Islands, Or Samoa
NAVIGATORS' ISLANDS, or SAMOA, a group in the southern Pacific, 420 miles north-east of the Fiji Islands, lying between 13? 30' and 14? 20' S. lat., and between 169? and 173? W. long.
Navy
NAVY, the beginnings of the British navy may be traced back - to the long-continued struggle of Alfred and his successors with Danish invaders and pirates. Alfred has been called the first English admiral, as he was, it is supposed, the first English sovereign who commanded his own fleet in battle ; and it was still to check these marauders, and protect the coasts of the kingdom, that William I., …
Navy Of United States
NAVY OF UNITED STATES, the American navy came into existence shortly after the Declaration of Independence. As early as October 1775 Congress authorized the construction of two national cruisers, and, at the same time, appointed a marine committee to administer naval affairs. The first force, consisting of purchased vessels, badly fitted and built, and insufficiently equipped and manned, embraced …
Navy Personnel
NAVY PERSONNEL, the personnel of the British navy is composed of two different bodies of men, the seamen and the marines, each of which has its appropriate officers. The latter body is the subject of a separate article (see MARINES). Officers. - The officers of the navy, exclusive of the marines, are divided into two distinct branches - the military and the civil. Flag-officers are divided into th…
Nawanagab, Or Noivaniiggiir
NAWANAGAB, or NOIVANIIGGIIR, a native state lying along the southern shore of the Gulf of Cutch, Bombay Presidency, India, between 21? 44' and 22? 54' N. lat. and 68? 58' and 71? E. long., with an area of 3393 square miles and a population in 1881 of 316,147.
Nawawi
NAWAWI. Mol)yi al-Din Abti Zakarya Yabya b. Sharaf al-Nawawt, born at Nava in Jaulan, October 1233, he of the Ashrafia academy at Damascus from 1267, died at Nawa 20th December 1277, where his grave is still visited as that of a saint. To this honour he has better claims than most Moslem sheikhs, for not only was his life one of the most intense and unselfish devotion to learning, but he had the r…
Naxos
NAXOS, the earliest Greek colony in Sicily, was founded from Chalcis in 735 B.C., on the east coast immediately south of the modern town of Taormina.
Naxos
NAXOS, one of the Cyclades, a fertile island in the )Egean Sea, a little to' the east of Paros. It was rich in vines and famous for its wine, and in consequence became one of the chief seats of the worship of Bacchus. The god found Ariadne asleep on its shore, when she was deserted by Theseus. From its fertility and wealth Naxos was the most powerful of the Cyclades. A tyrant Lygdamis ruled there …
Nayagarh, Or Nyagite
NAYAGARH, or NYAGITE, a petty state in Orissa, Bengal, India, with an area of 588 square miles.
Nayler, Or Naylor
NAYLER, or NAYLOR, JAMES ( 1 61 8-1 660), a Puritan fanatic, was born at Andersloe or Ardsley in Yorkshire, in 1618. When the civil war broke out in 1641 Nayler, who was then resident in the parish of Wakefield, joined the Parliamentary army, and served as quartermaster under Lambert. In 1651 he adopted Quakerism, and became a zealous advocate of the new principles both as a preacher and writer. G…
Nazarenes
NAZARENES (Natwpaiot), an obscure Jewish-Christian sect or "heresy," existing at the time of Epiphanius in Ccele-Syria, Decapolis (Pella), and Basanitis (Cocabe). According to that authority (Pan., xxix. 7) they dated their settlement in Pella from the time of the flight of the Jewish Christians from Jerusalem, immediately before the siege in 70 A.D. ; he characterizes them as neither more nor les…
Nazareth
NAZARETH, in Galilee, now al-Nasira, the city of Mary and Joseph, and the place where our Lord spent his youth, is pleasantly situated in a hollow on the south slope of the hills (J. al-Sikh) which bound the plain of Esdraelon on the north. Though it had a synagogue (Matt. xiii. 54 ; Luke iv. 16), and is called in the Gospels a city, Nazareth must have been an obscure place in the time of Jesus, f…
Nazarite, Or Nazirite Cm
NAZARITE, or NAZIRITE CM), was the name among the Hebrews for a peculiar kind of devotee. The characteristic marks of a Nazarite were unshorn locks and abstinence from wine (Judg. xiii. 5 ; 1 Sam. i. 11 ; Amos ii. 11, 12); full regulations for the legal observance of the Nazarite vow are given in Numb. vi., where every product of the grape-vine is forbidden, and the Nazarite is further enjoined to…
Neal, Daniel
NEAL, DANIEL (1678-1743), author of the History of the Puritans, was born in London in December 1678. He received his early education at Merchant Taylors' School and at a Dissenting academy, after which he went to Holland and studied some time at the universities of Utrecht and Leyden. In 1704 he became assistant-minister of the Independent congregation of Aldersgate Street, London, and in 1706 so…
Neale, John Mason
NEALE, JOHN MASON (1818-1866), ecclesiastical historian and hymnologist, was born in London, January 24, 1818, and was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge. He became incumbent of Crawley, Sussex, in 1842, and in 1846 warden of Sackville College, East Grimstead, an appointment which he held till his death, August 6, 1866. Neale was strongly High Church in his sympathies, and in 1855 founded a si…
Neander, August
NEANDER, AUGUST (1789-1850), one of the most distinguished and influential of the modern theologians of Germany, was born, of Jewish parents, at Gottingen on January 17, 1789. His father, Emmanuel Mendel, is said to have been a common Jewish 'pedlar ; but little seems to be really known of his circumstances and character. His mother was a woman of tender and noble disposition; and from the materna…
Nearchus
NEARCHUS, son of Androtimus, one of the most distinguished officers in the army of Alexander the Great, and admiral of his fleet, with which he made an important and interesting voyage of discovery in the Indian Ocean. He was a native of Crete, but settled at Amphipolis in Macedonia, and must have been at an early period of life a person of some consideration, as we find him attached to the court …
Nebraska
NEBRASKA, a central State of the American Union, I lies between 40? and 43? N. lat. ; the Missouri flows along its eastern side, the most easterly point being 95? 25' W. long., and the boundary line separating it from Wyoming on the west is 104? W. long. It is bounded on the S. by Colorado and Kansas, on the E. by Missouri and Iowa, on the N. by Dakota, and on the W. by Wyoming and Colorado. The w…
Nebuchadnezzar
NEBUCHADNEZZAR is the familiar form, transcribed from the Hebrew "I'SNFplz?, of the name of the great BabyIonian king who carried the Jews captive, and whose reign marks the highest point of the Chaldwan empire. Another Biblical form of the word is Nebuchadrezzar (Jer. xlix. 28), and similarly Greek authors write Na/3ovxo8pOo-opos. These forms are nearer to the original name as it is found on the …
Nebular Theory
NEBULAR THEORY. The nebular theory is a famous hypothesis which has been advanced with the view of accounting for the origin of the solar system. It is emphatically a speculation ; it cannot be demonstrated by observation or established by mathematical calculation. Yet the boldness and the splendour of the nebular theory have always given it a dignity not usually attached to a doctrine which has s…
Necho
NECHO, the Biblical form (2 Kings xxiii. 29; Jerem. xlvi. 2) of the name Neku ; see EGYPT, vol. vii. p. 743, and ISRAEL, vol. xiii. p. 416.
Necker, Jacques
NECKER, JACQUES (1732-1804), finance minister of Louis XVL, and convener of the states-general of 1789, was born at Geneva in 1732. His father was a native of Ciistrin in Pomerania, and had, after the publication of some works on international law, been elected professor of public law at Geneva. Jacques Necker had been sent to Paris in 1747 to become a clerk in the bank of a friend of his father, …
Necrosis
NECROSIS.
Nectar And Ambrosia
NECTAR AND AMBROSIA are the nourishment of the gods in Homer and in Greek literature generally.
Nectarine
NECTARINE, a fruit differing from the peach in having a smooth or glabrous skin instead of a downy one.
Needle
NEEDLE. The sewing needle is an implement which has been in use from prehistoric times in all places where mankind used the skins of animals or woven fabrics for clothing. Originally the needle was made of fish-bone, bone, or ivory, and its first form was probably a rude eyeless bodkin. Needles of bone continue to this day to be used by uncivilized tribes ; but since the time of the discovery of b…
Neer, Van Der
NEER, VAN DER. Aernout and Eglon van der Neer, father and son, were painters whose lives almost filled the whole of the 17th century. I. AERNOUT VAN DER NEER; commonly called Aart or Artus, was the contemporary of Albert Cuyp and Hobbema, and so far like the latter that he lived and died in comparative obscurity. Houbraken, who knew something of Eglon, was without information as regards his father…
Nees Von Esenbeck
NEES VON ESENBECK, CHRISTIAN GOTTFRIED (1776-1858), botanist and entomologist, was born at Erbach on February 14, 1776, and was educated at Darmstadt and at Jena, where he took the degree of M.D. He spent some time in medical practice in Frankfort-onthe-Main, but in 1818 was appointed professor of botany in Erlangen. Next year he became professor of natural history in Bonn, and in 1831 he was appo…
Negapatam
NEGAPATAM, a town and the chief port of Tanjore district, Madras, India situated in 10? 45' 37" N. lat. and 79? 53' 28" E. long.
Negligence
NEGLIGENCE is in one as.pect the correlative of diligence (see DILIGENCE), in another of intention. It is the absence of diligence or the absence of intention. All definitions imply this. Negligence is a term difficult to define for more than one reason. It is used not only to denote a mental state, but the consequences resulting from a mental state. Again, the term bears a somewhat different mean…
Negro
NEGRO (Spanish and Italian Negro, from Latin Niger, pelaio, Pacific Ocean, west and east?, and lying north and south between the extreme parallels of the Philippines and Tasmania. The Negro domain thus originally comprised all Africa south of the Sahara, India south of the IndoGangetic plains, Malaysia, and the greater part of Australasia. But this domain has since prehistoric times been intruded …
Nehemiah
NEHEMIAH (1v'Yr..1?), governor of Juda3a under Artaxerxes Longimanus ; see ISRAEL, vol. xiii. p. 418.
Neisse
NEISSE, a well-built town and fortress of the first rank in the district of Oppeln, Prussian Silesia, lies at the junction of the Neisse and the Biela, and consists of the town proper on the right bank of the former river and the Friedrichstadt on the left. Of its nine churches the most interesting is the parish church of St James (Jakobikirche), dating mainly from the 12th century, but finished i…
Neleus
NELEUS, a hero of Greek mythology, was son of Poseidon by Tyro, daughter of Salmoneus, to whom the god appeared under the form of the Thessalian river-god Enipeus. The legends connected with him are exceedingly difficult to classify, the events are so unconnected and the scene shifts so rapidly from country to country. Born in Thessaly, where his brother Pelias is king of Iolcus, Neleus becomes ki…
Nellore
NELLORE, a district in Madras presidency, India, lying between 13? 25' and 15? 55' N. lat., and between 79? 9' and 80? 14' E. long., bounded on the N. by Kistna district, E. by the Bay of Bengal, S. by North Arcot and Chingleput, and W. by the Eastern Ghats, separating it from Karnal and Cuddapah. The area is 8739 square miles. The district comprises a tract of low-lying land extending from the ba…
Nelson
NELSON, a seaport of New Zealand, capital of a provincial district of the same name, prettily situated in 41? 18' S. lat. and 173? 19' E. long., on the shores of a small harbour at the bottom of Blind Bay on the northern coast of the South Island. It is a diocesan city, and contains several churches and a college. The climate is healthy, and the surrounding scenery very picturesque. The woods and …
Nelson, Horatio Nelson
NELSON, HORATIO NELSON, VISCOUNT (1758-1805), was a younger son of the Rev. Edmund Nelson, and was born at Barnham, Thorpe, Norfolk, September 29, 1758. A love of adventure and a daring spirit, which developed itself from his earliest years, inclined the future admiral to the life of the sea, and, through the interest of a maternal uncle, the lad entered the navy in 1770. It is unnecessary to dwel…
Nematoidea
NEMATOIDEA. The name .Arentatoidea (vc) ,ua, thread, ?1-603, form) was first introduced by Rudolphi, but the group had been previously recognized as distinct by Zeder under the name of Ascarides. They are now by many systematists united with the Acantleocepleali to form the order Nemathelminthes. The Nematoidea possess an elongated and thread-like form (see fig. 1), varying in length from a few li…
Nemean Games
NEMEAN GAMES. See GAMES, vol. x. p. 65. NEA.IERTINES, or NEMERTEANS (Nemertea), is the name of a subdivision of worms,' characterized by the ciliation of the skin, by the presence of a retractile proboscis, by the simple arrangement of the generative apparatus, and in certain cases by a peculiar pelagic larval stage to which the name " pilidium " has been given. Many of them are long thread-shaped…
Nemertines Development
NEMERTINES DEVELOPMENT. - The embryology of the Nemertines offers some very remarkable peculiarities. Our knowledge of more exhaustively studied, the first, as was noticed above, being characterized by peculiar larval forms, the second developing without metamorphosis. The larva of Cerebratulus is called the pilidium. In exterior shape it resembles a helmet with spike and earlobes, the spike bein…
Nemesianus
NEMESIANUS, a Roman poet who flourished about 283 B.C.
Nemesis
NEMESIS occasionally appears as a Greek goddess.
Nemesius
NEMESIUS, a Christian philosopher, author of a treatise On Human .Nature, was, according to the title of his book, bishop of Emesa (in Syria); of his life nothing further is known, and even his date is uncertain, but most probably he flourished towards the close of the 4th century. Theologically, and especially as regards his christology, he is usually claimed by the orthodox ; but his views as to…
Nenagh
NENAGH, a market and assize town of county Tipperary, province of Munster, Ireland, is finely situated in a rich though hilly country near the river Nenagh, 29 miles north of Tipperary and 95 south-west of Dublin. The principal buildings are the court-house, the barracks, and the market-house. Of the old castle, "Nenagh Round," dating from the time of King John, there still exists the circular don…
Nennius
NENNIUS, the supposed author of a Ilisto-ria Britonum, which, commencing with a description of Britain, gives the mythical origin of the Britons and Scots and an account of the Roman occupation and of the reign of Vortigern, describes the successive settlements of the Saxons, and concludes with a narrative of the twelve battles in which King Arthur, in the 6th century, is said to have defeated the…
Neophyte
NEOPHYTE (vo7;4yuros, " newly planted ") was the designation applied to newly baptized persons in the ancient church.
Neoplatonism
NEOPLATONISM. - Ilistorical Position and Significance. - The political history of the ancient world closes with the formation, under Diocletian and Constantine, of a universal state bearing the cast of Oriental as well as Greco-Roman civilization. The history of ancient philosophy ends in like manner with a universal philosophy which appropriated elements of almost all the earlier systems, and wor…
Neoptolemus
NEOPTOLEMUS was the son of Achilles and Deidamia, one of the daughters of Lycomedes of Scyros, at whose court Achilles was concealed by his mother in female attire to keep him away from the Trojan War.
Nepal, Nepaul, Or Nipal
NEPAL, NEPAUL, or NIPAL, is a small independent state, situated on the north-eastern frontier of Hindustan. It lies between 80? 15' and 88? 10' E. long. and 26? 20' and 30? 10' N. lat. Its extreme length is about 525 miles, and in breadth it varies from 90 to 140 miles. It is bounded on the N. by Tibet ; on the E. by Sikhim and the British district of Darjeeling ; on the S. by the British district…
Nepos
NEPOS, Julius, the last but one of the Roman emperors of the West, from 474 to 475, was a nephew of that Marcellinus who in the latter half of the 5th century had established a semi-independent principality in Dalmatia. After the death of Olybrius, on October 23, 472, the throne of the West remained for some months vacant, during which Italy was abandoned to lawless barbarians. On the 5th of March…
Nepos, Cornelius
NEPOS, CORNELIUS, a Roman historian, friend of Catullus, Cicero, and Pomponius Atticus, was probably a - native of Verona. Nothing is known of his life, but he is recorded to have written a universal history under the title of the problems of Latin literature whether or not any of these works have been preserved. There is a series of biographies, chiefly of Greek generals, first printed at Venice …
Neptune
NEPTUNE, the Roman god of the sea, is probably adopted from Greek religion.
Nerac
NERAC, a town of France, formerly the capital of the duchy of Albret, is situated in the department of Lot-etGaronne, on both banks of the Bayse, a navigable tributary of the Garonne, 16 miles west-south-west of Agen. It is a pretty and dourishing little place of 4803 inhabitants (1881 ; commune 7384), with cloth factories, cork-works, and a number of flour-mills ; the ruins of its castle are ente…
Nerbudda
NERBUDDA (properly NARBA.D1), one of the great rivers of India, traditionally regarded as the boundary between Hindustan proper and the Deccan. It rises on the summit of Amarkantak hill in Rewah state, in 22' "S1-171, 41' N. lat., 89? 41' E. long., and after a westward course of 800 miles through the Central Provinces and Guzerat, falls into the sea in 21? 38' N. lat., 72? 0' 30" E. long., in the …
Nereus
NEREUS, the old man of the sea, as his name (comp. vac,, modern Greek vcpcl, water) denotes, was described in Greek legend as full of wisdom and knowledge, friendly to men, but requiring compulsion before he reveals to them all that he knows. The struggle in which Heracles wrestles and overcomes him is a favourite subject of early Greek art ; Heracles, the representative of toiling active man, ben…
Neri, Philip
NERI, PHILIP (1515-1595). Filippo Neri, one of the most remarkable and individual figures amongst the ecclesiastics of the 16th century, was born at Florence, July 21, 1515, the youngest child of Francesco Neri, a lawyer of that city, and his wife Lucrezia Soldi, a woman of higher birth than her husband, and descended from a family whose members had held important public offices in the time of the…
Nero
NERO (37-68 A.D.), Roman emperor, the only child of Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus and the younger Agrippina, was born at Antium on December 15, 37 A.D., nine months after the death of the emperor Tiberius. Though on both his father's and his mother's side he came of the blood of Augustus, and the astrologers are said to have predicted that he would one day be emperor, the circumstances of his early lif…
Nertchinsk
NERTCHINSK (in full NERTCHINSKIY ZAVOD), a town and silver-mine situated in the government of Transbaikalia, 185 miles E.S.E. of the Nertchinsk noticed above (with which it is very often confounded), on the Algacha river, a few miles above its junction with the Argun.
Nertchinsk
NERTCHINSK, a district town of eastern Siberia, situated in the government of Transbaikalia, 178 miles to the east of Tchita, on the left bank of the Nertcha, 3 miles from its junction with the Shilka. It is badly built of wood, and its lower part frequently suffers from inundations. The 4000 inhabitants support themselves mainly by agriculture, tobacco-growing, and cattle breeding ; a few merchan…
Nertchinsk Mining District
NERTCHINSK MINING DISTRICT, an area of more than 2700 square miles, extending for nearly 270 miles from north to south, and comprising all the silver-mines and gold-fields situated between the Shilka and the Argun, together with a few on the left bank of the Shilka. It is traversed by several parallel chains of mountains which run from south-west to north-east, having their base on the eastern Tra…
Nerva
NERVA (32-98 A.D.), Roman emperor from 96 to 98, was called to the throne on the murder of Domitian (September 18, 96 ; Suet., Dom., 17 ; Corp. Inscr. Lat., vi. 472). His full name was Marcus Cocceius Nerva (Henzen, 5435), and his family, though of no great antiquity, had attained to considerable distinction under the emperors. The M. Cocceius Nerva who was consul in 36 B.C. was probably his great…
Nesselrode, Charles Robert
NESSELRODE, CHARLES ROBERT (1780-1862), long foreign minister of Russia, was born at Lisbon, where his father was Russian ambassador, in December 1780. Like so many other Russian statesmen and soldiers, he was sprung from German ancestors settled in Livonia. He entered early upon a diplomatic career, and at the age of twenty-five was attached to the Russian embassy in Paris. When the alliance of T…
Nestor
NESTOR., the name applied to a small but remarkable group of Parrots peculiar to the New Zealand Subregion, of which the type is the Psittacvs meridionalis of Gmelin, allusion to its hoary head, but now usually known as Nestor sometimes bright yellow. The Kaka is about the size of a Crow; but a larger species, generally resembling it, though having its plumage varied with blue and green, the Nesto…
Nestor
NESTOR (c. 1056?c. 1114), the patriarch of Russian literature, concerning whom, however, we have but little information, except that he was a monk of the Pestcherski cloister of Kieff from 1073. The only other fact of his life told us is that he was commissioned with two other monks to find the relics of St Theodosius, a mission which he succeeded in fulfilling. His history begins with the deluge,…
Nestor
NESTOR, the old warrior of the Iliad, the wise councillor of the Greek leaders, was the son of Neleus and Chloris.
Nestorius And Nestorians
NESTORIUS AND NESTORIANS. Nestorius, patriarch of Constantinople from 428 to 431, was a native of Germanicia, at the foot of Mount Taurus, in Syria. The year of his birth is unknown. At an early age ho was sent for his education to Antioch, where it is probable, though not certain, that Theodore of Mopsuestia was for some time his master. As monk in the neighbouring monastery of Euprepius, and aft…
Nests
NESTS. See BIRDS, VOL iii. p. 771. NET. A net consists of a fabric of thread, twine, or cord, the intersections of which are firmly knotted so as to form meshes or interspaces of fixed dimensions, - the meshes being usually lozenges of uniform size. The art of netting is intimately related to wc-Aving, knitting, plaiting, and pillow-lace and machine-lace making, from all of which, however, it is d…
Netscher, Gaspar
NETSCHER, GASPAR (1639-1684), portrait and genre painter, was born at Heidelberg in 1639. His father died when he was two years of age, and his mother, fleeing from the dangers of a civil war, carried him to Arnheim, where he was adopted and educated by a benevolent physician named Tullekens. At first he was destined for the profession of his patron, but his great aptitude for painting soon caused…
Nettle
NETTLE is the vernacular equivalent of the Latin Urtica, which again gives its name to the Urticacese. The species of Urtica are herbs covered with stinging hairs, and with unisexual flowers on the same or on different plants. The male flowers consist of a perianth of four greenish segments enclosing as many stamens, which latter, when freed from the restraint exercised upon them by the perianth-s…
Nettlerash, Or Urticaria
NETTLERASH, or URTICARIA, a disorder of the skin characterized by an eruption resembling the effect produced by the sting of a nettle, namely, raised red or red and white patches occurring in parts or over the whole of the surface of the body, and attended with great itching and irritation. It may be acute or chronic. In the former variety the attack appears to be connected with digestive derangem…
Nettle Tree
NETTLE TREE is the name applied to certain trees of the genus Celtis, and belonging to the family Urticace&. The best-known species have usually obliquely ovate, or lanceolate leaves, serrate at the edge, and marked by three prominent nerves. The flowers are inconspicuous, usually hermaphrodite, with a 4- or 5-parted perianth, as many stamens, a hairy disk, and a 1-celled ovary with a 2-parted sty…
Neu-brandenburg
NEU-BRANDENBURG, a flourishing town in Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Germany, situated on a small lake called the Tollenser-See, about 60 miles to the west of Stettin.
Neuburg
NEUBURG, a small town of Bavaria, in the district of Schwaben and Neuburg, is pleasantly situated on the Danube, and in 1880 contained 7690 inhabitants, three-fourths of whom are Roman Catholics.
Neuchatel
NEUCHATEL, the capital of the above canton, stands near the north end of the lake, at the mouth of the Seyon, partly on low alluvial ground and partly on the slope of the Jura. The castle (whence the name Neocomum, Neoburgum, Novum Castrum), which is situated on an eminence, is a considerable building, now occupied by the Government offices. It was formerly the residence of the princes of Neuchate…
Neuchatel, Or Neufchatel
NEUCHATEL, or NEUFCHATEL (Germ., Neuenburg), a canton of Switzerland, consisting of a section of the Jura system (see JURA) between the Doubs valley and the Lake of Neuchatel, lies between 46? 50' and 47? 10' N. lat. and 6? 25' and 7? 5' E. long. It is bounded on the N.E. and E. by Bern, on the S.E. by its lake, which separates it from Freiburg and Vaud, on the S. by Vaud, and on the W. and N.W. b…
Neuchatel, The Lake Of
NEUCHATEL, THE LAKE OF, along with the connected lakes of Morat and Bienne, is the modern representative of the large body of water which at one time occupied the whole lower valley of the Aar. It is 25 miles in length, at its broadest part it measures 6 miles, its maximum depth is 500 feet, and the area is 92 square miles. The Thiele (Germ., Zihi), which flows into it at the south-west angle, ris…
Neuhausel
NEUHAUSEL (in Hungarian, Ersek-Ujvcir), a town of Hungary, in the district of Neutra, is situated on the river Neutra and on the railway from Pressburg to Pesth, about 60 miles from each of these towns.
Neuhof, Theodor, Baron Von
NEUHOF, THEODOR, BARON VON (C. 1690-1756), who for a short time was nominally king of Corsica as Theodore I., was the son of a Westphalian noble, and was born at Metz about 1690. His father, an officer in the French service, had won the special favour of the duchess of Orleans, and on his death in 1695 his son and daughter were taken under her protection. The young baron was thus early initiated i…
Neuilly-sur-seine
NEUILLY-SUR-SEINE, a town of France, at the head of a canton in the arrondissement of St Denis (department of Seine), lies between the line of the Paris fortifications, the Bois de Boulogne, the right bank of the Seine, and the village of Levallois-Perret, which was formerly included within its limits. It is only 3i miles from the centre of Paris by the road to St Germain (a continuation iu the fo…
Neumann, Carl Friedrich
NEUMANN, CARL FRIEDRICH (1798-1870), the well-known Orientalist, was born of Jewish parents at Reichmansdorf near Bamberg, on the 22d December 1798. He began life in a merchant's office at Frankfort, but finding commerce unsuited to his taste he resigned his desk, and in 1816 entered as a student at the university of Heidelberg. From thence he went to Munich, where, under the influence of the libe…
Neu-munster
NEU-MUNSTER, a town of Prussia, in the province of Schleswig-Holstein, district of Kiel, lies on both banks of the small river Schale, in the basin of the Stiir.
Neunkirchen, Or Ober-neunkirchen
NEUNKIRCHEN, or OBER-NEUNKIRCHEN, a small manufacturing town of Prussia, in the district of Treves and circle of Ottweiler, is situated on the Blies, 12 miles to the north-west of Saarbriicken.
Neuralgia
NEURALGIA, literally nerve pain, is a term which is frequently employed both technically and popularly in a somewhat loose manner, to describe pains the origin of which is not clearly traceable. In its strict sense it denotes the existence of pain in some portion or throughout the whole of the distribution of a nerve without any distinctly recognizable structural change in the nerve or nerve centr…
Neu-ruppin
NEU-RUPPIN, the chief town of a circle in the district of Potsdam and province of Brandenburg, Prussia, lies on the west bank of a small lake (the Ruppiner See), 37 miles to the north-west of Berlin.
Neu-sandec, Or Neu-sandez
NEU-SANDEC, or NEU-SANDEZ (Polish, /TO Vi SCia), the chief town of a district in western Galicia, lies on the river Dunajec, about 45 miles to the south-east of Cracow.
Neusatz
NEUSATZ (Hungarian, Uj Vida ; Servian, Novisad), a royal free town of Hungary, in the province of hies, and the seat of a Greek non-united bishop, lies on the left bank of the Danube, opposite Peterwardein, with which it is connected by a bridge of boats. It is about 150 miles to the south of Pesth and 50 miles above Belgrade. The town is well built, and contains ten churches (Greek, Roman Catholi…
Neusohl
NEUSOHL (Hungarian, Bestercze-Bdnya ; Slavonic, Banska Bystrica), an ancient -mining town of Hungary, the capital and see of the district of Sohl, is prettily situated at the confluence of the Gran and the Bistritz, in a fertile valley enclosed by lofty hills, 85 miles to the north of Pesth. It is a well-built town, with five suburbs, and contains a Roman Catholic cathedral, an imposing Protestant…
Neuss
NEUSS, a busy manufacturing town of Rhenish Prussia, lies 4 miles to the west of Dfisseldorf and 4 miles from the west bank of the Rhine, with which it is connected by the Erft canal, uniting the Rhine and the Meuse. The chief building in the town is the church of St Quirinus, a remarkably fine example of the transition from the Round to the Pointed style ; and there are four other Roman Catholic …
Neustadt
NEUSTADT (Polish, Prudnik), a manufacturing town of Prussian Silesia, in the district of Oppeln, is situated on the river Prudnik or Prudnitz, 60 miles to the south-east of Breslau. It contains three Roman Catholic churches, a Protestant church, and a gymnasium. The chief which on the last occasion was bombarded and set on fire_ NEUSTADT, or WIENER-NEUSTADT, an important Maximilian I., who was bor…
Neu-stettin
NEU-STETTIN, a manufacturing town of Prussia, in the province of Pomerania and district of Koslin, lies on the small Streitzig lake, 90 miles to the north-east of Stettin.
Neu-strelitz
NEU-STRELITZ, the capital of the grand-duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, is charmingly situated between two small lakes, 60 miles to the north of Berlin. It is well and regularly built in the form of a star, the eight rays of which converge on a spacious market-place, adorned with a statue of Duke George (d. 1860). The ducal residence is a handsome edifice in a pseudo-Classical style, with a library …
Neu-titschein
NEU-TITSCHEIN (Czech, II. rovy Jicin), a small but thriving town of Moravia, is picturesquely situated on an outlying spur of the Carpathians, on the Titsch, an affluent of the Oder, about 70 miles to the north-east of Briinn.
Neutra
NEUTRA (Hungarian, Nyitra), the chief town of a district and bishopric of the same name in Hungary, is situated on the river Neutra, 90 miles to the east of Vienna.
Neuwied
NEUWIED, the chief town of a circle in the district of Coblentz, Rhenish Prussia, and the capital of the mediatized countship of Wied, is pleasantly situated on the right bank of the Rhine, 8 miles below Coblentz. The principal edifice in the well-built town is the handsome chateau of the princes of Wied, containing a collection of Roman antiquities, most of which were found in the neighbourhood. …
Neva
NEVA, a river of Russia which carries off into the Gulf of Finland the waters of Lakes Ladoga, Onega, and Ilmen and many smaller basins. It issues from the south-west corner of Lake Ladoga in two channels which form the island of Oriekhoff, and are obstructed by sandstone reefs, so that the better of the two has a depth of only from 7 to 16 feet in its fairway. A little farther down it becomes com…
Nevada
NEVADA, one of the most western of the States of the American Union, was formed from a portion of the territory acquired by the United States from Mexico by the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. The boundary line commences in the centre of the Colorado river, where the 35th parallel of north latitude crosses that stream (near Fort Mojave) ; thence it runs in a direct north-westerly line to the point wh…
Nevers
NEVERS, a city of France, chief town of the department of Nievre, and formerly capital of the countship of Nevers or Nivernais, is picturesquely situated at a height of 656 feet above the sea, on a hill commanding the right bank of the Loire at the confluence of the Nievre, 158 miles south-south-east of Paris by the railway to Nimes. It is the see of a bishop, and has a fine cathedral, which, dati…
Neviansk
NEVIANSK (NEVIANSKIY, or NETVINSKIY ZAVOD), a town of Russia, in the government of Perm, 62 miles to the north-north-west of Ekaterinburg, is situated on the eastern slope of the Ural mountains, in the populous valley of the Neiva, surrounded by mountains composed of talc and chlorite schists and granites, in a district very rich in iron and also in auriferous sands. The population in 1881 numbere…
Nevis
NEVIS, an island in the Federated Leeward group, British West Indies, in 17? 14' N. lat. and 62? 33' W. long., separated from St Christopher by a shallow strait 2 miles broad at the narrowest. It is a mountain rising gradually to a height of 3200 feet, the lower portion being cultivable; the total area is about 32,000 acres. The climate is healthy, the average height of the thermometer being 82? F…
Nevus
NEVUS, a term in surgery signifying that form of tumour which is almost entirely composed of enlarged blood-vessels. There are three principal varieties : - (1) the capillary nmvus, consisting of enlarged capillaries, frequently of a purplish colour, hence the term "port-wine stain "; (2) the venous nmvus, in which the veins are enlarged, of a bluish colour ; (3) the arterial nwvus, in which there…
New Albany
NEW ALBANY, a flourishing manufacturing city of the United States, in Floyd county, Indiana, occupies a good position on the left bank of the Ohio, nearly opposite the west end of Louisville, 156 miles below Cincinnati.
Newark
NEWARK (or in full NEWARK-UPON-TRENT), a municipal and parliamentary borough and market-town of Nottinghamshire, England, is situated in the midst of a flat but highly cultivated country, near the Trent, on the river Devon, and on the Great Northern and Nottingham and Lincoln Railways, 120 miles north of London, and 19 east of Nottingham. By means of a canal 1 miles in length it is connected with …
Newark
NEWARK, the principal city of the State of New Jersey, United States, is situated in Essex county, on the west bank of the Passaic river, 4 miles above Newark Bay, and covers an area of about 18 square miles. The original site was a crescent-shaped ridge, or double chain of low hills, extending from north-east to south-west, now much changed by levelling and cutting. The main part of the city is o…
Newark
NEWARK, a city of the United States, capital of Licking county, Ohio, is situated on the Licking river and coal-mines are worked in the neighbourhood.
Newark, David Leslie
NEWARK, DAVID LESLIE, Loam (1601-1682), a celebrated Scottish military character during the civil war, was born in 1601, the fifth son of Patrick Leslie of Pitcairley, commendator of Lindores, and Lady Jane Stuart, daughter of the first earl of Orkney. In his early life he, served in the armies of Gustavus Adolphus, where he rose to the rank of colonel of horse. On his return he was appointed majo…
New Bedford
NEW BEDFORD, a city and port of entry of the United States, one of the capitals of Bristol county, Massachusetts, stretches for several miles along the west side of the estuary of the Acushnet river, which opens into Buzzard Bay, and forms an excellent harbour. It is 56 miles almost due south of Boston by the Old Colony Railroad. Of the fact that it has been for a long time one of the wealthiest c…
New Berne, Or Newbern
NEW BERNE, or NEWBERN, a city of the United States, the capital of Craven county, North Carolina, and the port of entry of the district of Pamlico, is situated at the meeting of the Neuse and the Trent, on the Atlantic and North Carolina Railroad, 107 miles south-east of Raleigh.
New Brighton
NEW BRIGHTON, a post-village of the United States, in Richmond county, New York, is situated at the northeastern corner of Staten Island, 6 miles south-west of New York, with which it is connected by ferry.
New Britain
NEW BRITAIN, a city of the United States, in Hartford county, Connecticut, 10 miles south-west of Hartford by the New York and New England Railroad. It is the seat of the State normal school (the new building erected in 1881 cost $90,000), and has a public park of 74 acres, a public library, and a good water-supply from a reservoir 200 feet above the level of the streets. The principal manufacture…
New Brunswick
NEW BRUNSWICK, a province of Canada, in British North America, lying between 45? 5' and 48? 40' N. lat. and 63? 50' and 68? W. long. It is bounded on the N.W. by Quebec; N. by the Bay of Chaleur; E. by the Gulf of St Lawrence and Northumberland Strait, which separates it from Prince Edward Island ; S. by a portion of Nova Scotia, Chignecto Bay, and the Bay of Fundy; and on the W. by the State of M…
New Brunswick
NEW BRUNSWICK, a city of the United States, capital of Middlesex county, New Jersey, 31 miles by rail from New York, at the head of navigation of the Raritan river, and the eastern terminus of the Raritan and Delaware Canal. The older portion occupies the low land along the river, and has narrow irregular streets ; but the newer districts have spread over the higher grounds behind, and are both we…
Newburg, Or Newburgh
NEWBURG, or NEWBURGH, a city of the United States, the capital of Orange county, New York, occupies a commanding position on the steep slopes of the west bank of the Hudson, about 60 miles north of New York. It has a large river trade, especially in coal and lumber, contains engine-factories, a cotton-mill, a bleachery, a lawn-mower factory, &c. Hasbrouck House, an old stone mansion which served a…
Newbury
NEWBURY, a municipal borough and market-town of Berkshire, England, near the Hampshire border, is situated on the river Kennet, the Kennet and Avon Canal, and the Great Western Railway, 53 miles west of London and 16 south-west of Reading. The church of St Nicholas, in the Late Perpendicular style, is said to have been mainly built at the expense of John Winchcombe (Jack of Newbury), who sent one …
Newburyport
NEWBURYPORT, a city and port of entry of the bridges, one of which, constructed in 1792, was the first suspension bridge in America. The ground on which the city is built rises gradually to a height of about 100 feet ; along the top of the ridge, parallel with the river, runs for a distance of 3 miles High Street, the leading thoroughfare, lined with old-fashioned mansions (Caleb Cushing's, Lord T…
New Caledonia
NEW CALEDONIA, the largest island in the Pacific after New Zealand, about 240 miles long, with an average breadth of 25 miles, lies at the southern extremity of MELANEstA (q.v.), between 20? 10' and 22? 25' S. lat. and between 164? and 167? E. long., and, like all the chief islands of that chain and the chain itself, runs northwest and south-east. It was discovered by Cook in 1774, and was appropr…
New Castle
NEW CASTLE, a post-borough of the United States, the capital of Lawrence county, Pennsylvania, 2 miles above the junction of the Shenango and Mahoning (sub-tributaries of the Ohio), and 45 miles north-north-west of Pittsburg. It contains blast furnaces, rolling-mills, iron and brass foundries, tube-works, boiler-works, machine shops, planing-mills, nail factories, glass-works, grist-mills, and bre…
Newcastle
NEWCASTLE, or in full, for the sake of distinction, NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE, a city (with the constitution of a county), municipal and parliamentary borough, market-town, and seaport in the county of Northumberland, England, is situated on the north bank of the river Tyne, 8 miles above its mouth, and on the main line of the North-Eastern Railway, 276 miles north of London and 70 east of Carlisle. Som…
Newcastle, Dukes
NEWCASTLE, DUKES or.
New-chwang
NEW-CHWANG, a city of China, in the Manchurian province of Liau-tung (Sling-king or Fing-tien), is situated in 40? 25' N. lat. and 122? 40' E. long., about 35 miles (90 miles by water) from the coast of the Gulf of Liautung, on what is now a small branch of the main eastern affluent of the Liau-ho or Sua-muren. The city proper is a comparatively unimportant place with broken-down walls, but it is …
Newcomen, Thomas
NEWCOMEN, THOMAS, one of the inventors of the steam-engine, was a native of Devonshire, and was born about the middle of the 17th century.
New England
NEW ENGLAND is the north-eastern portion of the United States, comprising the six States of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island.
Newfoundland
NEWFOUNDLAND. This island, which is a British colony, lies off the eastern coast of North America, directly across the Gulf of St Lawrence. Its south-western extremity approaches within 50 miles of Cape Breton, while its most easterly projection is only 1640 miles from Valentia, on the coast of Ireland. It is situated between 46? 36' 50" and 51? 39' N. lat., and between 52? 37' and 59? 24' 50" W. …
New Granada
NEW GRANADA. The vast regions of the north-west of South America conquered by Spanish adventurers in the first half of the 16th century received from Quesada, one of the great leaders of the movement, the title of the New Kingdom of Granada. It was not till 1718, however, that the Spanish Government granted the president of the colony, Pedroza y Guerrero, the rank of viceroy ; and at the desire of…
New Guinea
NEW GUINEA, the largest island in the world (ex- Plate VI. eluding Australia), lies immediately north of Australia between 0? 25' and 10? 40' S. lat, and between 130? 50 and 150? 35' E. long. It is 1490 miles long, with a maximum breadth of 430 miles, its area being about 306,000 square miles.1 Physical Features. - It was probably in Miocene times, if not later, united to Australia ; the average d…
New Hampshire
NEW HAMPSHIRE, one of the New England States of the American Union, lies between 70? 37' and 72? 37' W. long., and between 42? 40' and 45? 18' 23" N. lat., and has an area of 9336 square miles. Its boundaries are partly natural. On the W. it is separated from the State of Vermont by Connecticut river ; on the N. from the province of Quebec by the natural ridge of the watershed between the St Lawre…
New Haven
NEW HAVEN, a city and town of New Haven county, Connecticut, U.S., in 41? 19' 28" N. lat. and 72? 55' 19" W. long. (local time 16 minutes before that of Washington), is widely known as the seat of Yale College. The town includes the city and two outlying suburbs - Westville and Fair Haven East. The city occupies an alluvial plain, from 3 to 4 miles in breadth, at the head of New Haven harbour, whi…
Newhaven
NEWHAVEN (anciently MEECHING), a seaport of Sussex, is situated on the English Channel near the mouth of the Ouse, and on a branch of the Loudon, Brighton, and South Coast Railway, 56 miles south from London, 6 miles south of Lewes, and 8A- east of Brighton. The village, which is distant about half a mile from the sea, is clean and well built, but is little more than a shipping station, although i…
New Hebrides And Santa Cruz
NEW HEBRIDES AND SANTA CRUZ. These islands form part of the long chain of groups in the west Pacific known as MELANESIA (q.v.), having the Solomon Islands about 200 miles west and north-west of their northern and New Caledonia at the same distance west of their southern extremity. They extend for about 700 miles between 9? 45' and 20? 16' S. lat., and between 165? 40' and 170' 30' E. long., - the …
New Jersey
NEW JERSEY. The State of New Jersey, one of the original colonies which formed the United States of America, lies between 38? 55' 39?65 and 41? 21' 19" N. lat., and 73? 53' 51" and 75? 33' 3" W. long., and is bounded on the E. by the Hudson river, Staten Island Sound, Raritan Bay, and the Atlantic Ocean, on the S. by Delaware Bay, on the W. by the Delaware river, and on the N. by the State of. New…
New London
NEW LONDON, a city and port of entry of the United States, one of the shire towns of New London county, Connecticut, lies on the west bank of the Thames, about 3 miles above its entrance into Long Island Sound. It is the southern terminus of the Central Vermont Railroad, and a station on the New York, New Haven, and Hartford and the New York, Providence, and Boston Railroads, whose trains cross th…
Newmarket
NEWMARKET, a market-town, partly in Cambridge and partly in Suffolk, and the seat of important races, is situated on the Cambridge and Bury branch of the Great Eastern Railway, 13 miles north-east of Cambridge and 60 north by east of London. The parish church of Saint Mary, an old Gothic building of stone, was recently restored, Newmarket has been celebrated for its races from the time of James I.…
New Mexico
NEW MEXICO, a Territory of the United States, is bounded on the N. by Colorado, on the E. by Texas and unorganized "public lands" adjacent to the Indian Territory, on the S. by Texas and Mexico, and on the W. by Arizona. It forms nearly a square, being about 335 miles in width from east to west and 345 miles in length from north to south on the eastern border, which lengthens to 390 miles on the w…
New Mills
NEW MILLS, a township of Derbyshire, is situated at the confluence of the rivers Goyt and Kinder, on the borders of Cheshire, 8 miles south-east of Stockport and 7 south-west of Glossop.
New Orleans
NEW ORLEANS, a city of the United States, situated on the left bank of the Mississippi, 107 miles from its mouth, in that portion of the State of Louisiana which constitutes the river's larger delta. This peculiar region is an irregular expanse of densely-wooded swamps, wide prairies, and sea-marshes, interlaced by innumerable lakes, streams, and bays, formed by the periodic overflows of the river…
New Plymouth
NEW PLYMOUTH, a seaport on the west coast of the North Island of New Zealand, is situated about 20 miles to the north-eastward of Cape Egmont, in 39? 4' S. lat. and 174? 5' E. long. It is the capital of the provincial district of Taranaki. The position of the town is picturesque, sloping to the ocean in front, and with a background of forest surmounted by the snow-clad cone of Mount Egmont (8000 f…
Newport
NEWPORT, a municipal and parliamentary borough of Hampshire, and the county town of the Isle of Wight, is situated near the centre of the island, at the head of the navigation of the Medina river, about 7 miles from the sea at Cowes. Three separate railway lines connect it with Cowes, Ryde, and Ventnor. On account of its central position Newport has since the decay of the more ancient town of Cari…
Newport
NEWPORT, a city of the United States, capital of Campbell county, Kentucky, lies on the south bank of the Ohio river, opposite Cincinnati, and separated from Covington by the Licking river.
Newport
NEWPORT a city of the United States, one of the capitals of the State of Rhode Island, and among the most fashionable of American watering-places, is situated on the west coast of the island from which the State derives its name, on the isthmus of the southern peninsula. By rail it is 19 miles south-south-west of Fall River, and by steamer 162 miles from New York. In front lies an excellent harbou…
Newport
NEWPORT, a seaport, market-town, and municipal and parliamentary borough of Monmouthshire, is situated on the right bank of the Usk, about 4 miles from its confluence with the Bristol Channel, and 12 miles north-east from Cardiff. On the east, north, and west it is finely sheltered by a line of lofty hills, and the neighbouring scenery is picturesque ; but the town is chiefly composed of a mean cl…
New Ross
NEW ROSS, a market-town and parliamentary borough of Leinster, Ireland, partly in Wexford and partly in Kilkenny, is situated on the acclivity of a hill on the east bank of the Barrow, 2 miles below its junction with the Nore, 85 miles south-south-west of Dublin and 24 west-north-west of Wexford. The Barrow is crossed by an iron bridge, erected at a cost of ?50,000, with a swivel pillar in the cen…
Newry
NEWRY, a seaport, market-town, and parliamentary borough, partly in Armagh but chiefly in Down, province of Ulster, Ireland, is situated on the Newry navigation at the head of Carlingford Lough, and on two railway lines, 18 miles south-east of Armagh and 63 north of Dublin. The western part, called Ballybot, is connected with the eastern part or old town in Down, situated on the acclivity of a hil…
New South Shetland
NEW SOUTH SHETLAND, or simply SOUTH SHETLAND, a group of islands on the borders of the Antarctic polar regions, lying about 600 miles south-south-east of Cape Horn, between 61? and 63? 10' S. lat. and between 53? and 63? W. long., and separated by Bransfield Strait from the region composed of Palmer Land, Trinity Land, Louis Philippe Land, &c. The more considerable islands are those of Smith (or J…
New South Wales
NEW SOUTH WALES. This was the name given by Captain Cook, in his exploratory voyage in 1770, to the southern portion of the eastern coast of Australia, from some imagined resemblance of its coast-line to that of South Wales. The name was afterwards extended to the eastern half of Australia, but by subsequent subtractions has gradually received a more limited meaning. It is still, however, three ti…
Newspapers
NEWSPAPERS, the authenticated history of newspapers begins in Germany. The earliest plainly periodical collection of the " news of the day," as distinguished from the isolated news-pamphlets (of which there is at least one example of as early a date as 1498, and in Germany alone about eight hundred examples, all dating before 1610, still to be found in existing libraries), is the Frankfurter Journ…
Newspapers Comparative Statistics
NEWSPAPERS COMPARATIVE STATISTICS, it is almost impossible by any statistical detail to give an idea of the recent advances made - even as regards circulation merely - by' the newspaper press ; but an outline of the general results reached by three statists, who published their summaries respectively in 1828, 1866, and 1882, may have its utility. The earliest summary is that of Adrien Balbi. It wa…
Newspapers Of Austria
NEWSPAPERS OF AUSTRIA, at the beginning of 1840 the whole number of AustroGerman and Hungarian periodicals, of all sorts, was less than 100, only 22 being (after a fashion) political newspapers ; and of these nearly all drew their materials and their inspiration from the official papers of Vienna ( Wiener Zeitung and Oesterreich,ischer Beobachter). These two were all that appeared in the capital. …
Newspapers Of France
NEWSPAPERS OF FRANCE, the annals of French journalism begin with the Gazette, established by Thdophraste Renaudot in 1631, under the patronage of Richelieu, and with his active co-operation. Much of its earliest foreign news came direct from the minister, and not seldom in his own hand. Louis XIII. took a keen, perhaps a somewhat childish, interest in the progress of the infant Gazette, and was a …
Newspapers Of Germany
NEWSPAPERS OF GERMANY, printed newspapers in Germany begin with the Frankfurter Journal, established in the year 1615, by Egenolph Emilie', a bookseller of Frankfort-on-Main. In the following year his example was imitated, doubtless with some improvement, by the foundation of the Frankfurter Oberpostamtszeitung, - continued until the year 1866 as Frankfurter Postzeitung. Fulda appears to have been…
Newspapers Of India And China
NEWSPAPERS OF INDIA AND CHINA, India. -For a considerable period under the rule of the East India Company, the Indian press was very unimportant both in character and influence. It was permitted to shape its course and to gain a position as it could, under the potent checks of the deportation power and the libel law, without any direct censorship. Nor was it found difficult to inflict exemplary pu…